CHAPTER 1.

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

1. What is the equilibrium expression for the equation for

4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) ⇌ 4NO(g) + 6H2O(l) !

2. Determine the equilibrium constant expression for the following reaction !

4HCl(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2H2O(g) + 2Cl2(g)

3. Ethanol (C2H5OH) is an important industrial chemical used as a solvent, fuel additive, and in the
production of various chemicals. It can be produced through the direct hydration of ethylene (C2H4)
with water vapor (H2O). The reaction is carried out under specific conditions to maximize yield and
efficiency. The reaction is as follows: C2H4(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ C2H5OH(g) ∆H = - x kJ
Based on Le Chatelier's principle, determine the correct statement for the equilibrium reaction
above…
A. Increasing the temperature will increase the amount of ethanol produced.
B. Lowering the pressure will increase the amount of ethanol produced.
C. Increasing the concentration of water vapor will increase the amount of ethanol produced.
D. Decreasing the concentration of ethylene will increase the amount of ethanol produced.
E. Adding a catalyst will shift the equilibrium toward the production of ethanol.

4. Sulfuryl chloride (SO2Cl2) decomposes into sulfur dioxide (SO2) and chlorine gas (Cl2) according to
the following equilibrium reaction: SO2Cl2(g) ⇌ SO2(g) + Cl2(g)
This reaction is endothermic and reaches equilibrium in a closed container. According to Le
Chatelier's principle, if the pressure of the container is increased, the equilibrium will shift...
A. Toward the reactants to produce more SO2Cl2.
B. Toward the products to produce more (SO2) and (Cl2).
C. Toward the side with fewer moles of gas to increase the pressure.
D. Toward the side with more moles of gas to increase the pressure.
E. The equilibrium will not shift because pressure does not affect gaseous reactions
5. One of the important reactions in the sulfuric acid production process via the contact process is the
formation of sulfur trioxide gas from sulfur dioxide gas and oxygen gas. The reaction is as follows:
2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g) ∆H = -118°C
To achieve optimum reaction yield, the following factors should be considered:
A. Increasing the concentration of the products so that the equilibrium shifts toward the products.
B. Increasing the pressure so that the equilibrium shifts toward the side with the greater number of
moles of gas.
C. Decreasing the pressure so that the equilibrium shifts toward the side with the greater number of
moles of gas.
D. Raising the temperature so that the equilibrium shifts toward the products.
E. Lowering the temperature so that the equilibrium shifts toward the products.

6. Consider the following reaction: 2NO2(g) ⇌ 2NO(g) + O2(g) ∆H = - 58 kJ

(brown) (colorless)
If the volume of the gas in the reaction is decreased, what change will occur in the reaction?
A. The equilibrium will shift to the right, forming colorless gas.
B. The equilibrium will shift to the left, forming colorless gas.
C. The equilibrium will shift to the right, forming brown gas.
D. The equilibrium will shift to the left, forming brown gas.
E. The equilibrium will shift to the center, forming colorless gas.

7. Among the equilibrium reactions below, the equilibrium that will shift to the right when the pressure
is increased is...
A. N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g)
B. H2(g) + I2(g) ⇌ 2HI(g)
C. PCl5(g) ⇌ PCl(g) + Cl(g)
D. 2H2O2(g) ⇌ 2H2O(g) + O2(g)
E. CO(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ CO2(g) + H2(g)

8. Consider the following reaction: COCl2(g) ⇌ CO(g) + Cl2(g)

If initially there are 6 moles of COCl2l(g) and 4 moles of Cl2(g)are formed at equilibrium, determine
the total pressure of the system at equilibrium. The equilibrium constant (Kp) at 25°C is 6.77.
A. 7.12 atm
B. 8.46 atm
C. 9.22 atm
D. 15.9 atm
E. 18.4 atm

9. In a 2 liter container, the following equilibrium reaction occurs: H2(g) + CO2(g) ⇌ H2O(g) + CO(g)
If, at the start of the reaction, there are 0.8 moles of H2 gas, 0.8 moles of CO2 gas, 0.5 moles of H2O
gas, and 0.5 moles of CO gas, then the equilibrium constant (Kc) and the degree of dissociation of
CO2 are, respectively…
A. 2.7 and 62.5%
B. 3.4 and 78.4%
C. 5.1 and 72.8%
D. 6.9 and 85.0%
E. 8.2 and 97.0%
10. Consider the following reaction: BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) ⇌ BaSO4(aq) + 2NaCl(aq)
If 2.4 gram BaCl2 reacts with 4.2 gram Na2SO4 and forms 1.1 gram of BaSO4 at equilibrium,
determine the values of Kc for the reaction. The reaction occurs in a 200 mL container at 28°C !
(Ar Ba = 137, Cl = 35.5, Na = 23, S = 32, O = 16)
A. 0.53
B. 0.77
C. 2.55
D. 1.87
E. 0.88

11. In a container, the following equilibrium reaction occurs: 2SO₂(g) + O₂(g) ⇌ 2SO₃(g)
Initially, 2 moles of SO₂ and 3 moles of O₂ are added in 1 L container. At equilibrium, 0.5
moles of SO₃ is produced. The reaction occurs at 25°C with the gas constant R = 0.082
atm·L/mol·K. Determine the equilibrium pressure constant (Kp)…
A. 1.2 x 10-2 atm-1
B. 2.5 x 10-3 atm-1
C. 4.0 x 10-3 atm-1
D. 1.6 x 10-3 atm-1
E. 1.4 x 10-5 atm-1

12. At equilibrium, the concentrations are [H2S] = 0.04 M, [H₂] = 0.71 M, and [S] = 0.71 M. The
temperature is 40°C. Calculate the values of Kc and Kp for the following equilibrium reaction :
H2S (g) ⇌ H2(g) + S(g)
A. Kc = 12.60 M-1 and Kp = 0.51 atm-1
B. Kc = 13.75 M-1 and Kp = 0.45 atm-1
C. Kc = 11.56 M-1 and Kp = 0.45 atm-1
D. Kc = 12.60 M-1 and Kp = 0.49 atm-1
E. Kc = 11.56 M-1 and Kp = 0.51 atm-1

13. The reaction shown below has an equilibrium constant Kp = 3.33.

N2O4(g) ⇌ 2NO2(g)
If the partial pressure of the gases for N2O4 is 3.1 atm and NO2 is 7.4 atm. Calculate the
reaction quotient (Qp) and state whether the reaction proceeds to the right or the left as
equilibrium is approached.
A. Qp = 17.66 ; the reaction proceeds to the left.
B. Qp = 17.66 ; the reaction proceeds to the right.
C. Qp = 1.766 ; the reaction proceeds to the left.
D. Qp = 1.766 ; the reaction proceeds to the right.
E. Qp = 3.333 ; the reaction is at equilibrium.

14. Consider the following reaction: CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) ⇌ CH4(g) + 2O2(g)

If the value of K1 for the above reaction is 3 x 10-3. Determine the value of K2 for the
following reaction :
A. 1.22
B. 4.32
C. 2.08
D. 8.32
E. 9.16
15. Consider the following reaction:
A + 2B ⇌ 2D K1 = 2.1
2B + 3A ⇌ 3C K2 = 8.1
Determine the value of K3 for the following chemical reaction !
3C + 2B ⇌ 4D + A K3 = …
A. 0.26
B. 0.54
C. 2.42
D. 8.29
E. 9.18

16. Consider the following reaction : PCl5(g) ⇌ PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)

If 2 moles PCl5 in initial state and 30% PCl5 decompose into PCl3 and Cl2. Determine the
value of Kp if total preassure for the reaction is 1.7 atm.
A. 1.99
B. 2.87
C. 3.07
D. 0.17
E. 0.68

17. Consider the following reaction: NH4Cl(g) ⇌ NH₃(g) + HCl(g)

The equilibrium constant for this reaction at 29°C is Kc = 8.24. Initially, 0.6 moles of NH4Cl
decompose in a 1 L flask and reach equilibrium. Calculate the concentration of NH4Cl at
equilibrium !
A. 0.02 M
B. 0.12 M
C. 0.43 M
D. 0.56 M
E. 0.65 M

18. At a certain temperature, in a 1 liter container, the following equilibrium reaction occurs:
2HI(g) ⇌ H2(g) + I2(g)
If 26 grams of HI is heated at that temperature until equilibrium is reached, and in the
equilibrium state, the mole ratio of HI:H2 is 4:1, the equilibrium constant for the reaction is :
(Ar H = 1 and I = 127)
A. 7.10 x 10-2
B. 9.20 x 10-3
C. 12.7 x 10-2
D. 6.30 x 10-3
E. 11.5 x 10-4
19. At a certain temperature, a mixture of nitrogen dioxide gas and carbon monoxide gas
initially has a ratio of 1 : 2. When 20% of the carbon monoxide has reacted, equilibrium is
achieved in a 1-liter container according to the reaction: NO2(g) + CO(g) ⇌ NO(g) + CO2(g)
The equilibrium constant for the reaction is....
1
A.
5
1
B.
2
1
C.
6
2
D.
3
1
E.
4

20. For the following equilibrium reaction: 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g)

the equilibrium constant Kc = 0.15 at 400 K. The production of sulfur trioxide involves the
following chemical equilibrium reaction. If the reaction mixture initially contains 1.2 moles of
SO2, 0.8 moles of O2, and 0.5 moles of SO3 in a 5 liter container, determine the direction in
which the reaction will proceed to reach equilibrium.
A. The reaction will shift to the right because Qc < Kc
B. The reaction will shift to the right because Qc > Kc
C. The reaction will shift to the left because Qc > Kc
D. The reaction will shift to the left because Qc < Kc
E. The reaction will stay in the middle because Qc = Kc

-- Good Luck --