

‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٢
 ٢٦٢ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
? ??‫א‬‫א‬ ?‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ١٢W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J١
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
:‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KThree phase single circuit system ‫א‬‫א‬ •
KThree phase double circuit system‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J١ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
(G)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(R)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(C)‫א‬‫א‬،(XL)‫א‬‫א‬،
R‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E١ J١FG‫א‬C‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬G‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

θs

 K‫א‬–E١ J١F
 

(Ω) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(R)‫א‬‫א‬ K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R= ρ/A (1.1)
Ω/m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬RW
Ω.m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ρ
 m2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ A

‫א‬ACSR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬G‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(G)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(XL)‫א‬‫א‬ K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ XL= ω.L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
µo 1 D
L= + ln )
( (1.2)
2π 4 r

H/m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬LW
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ µo= 4 π x 10-7 H/m
 KEmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D  
 KEmF‫א‬‫א‬r  
،E٢ J١F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

D = D1 . D 2 . D 3 (1.3)

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬–E٢ J١F
 W١ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 Kf = 60 Hzr = 1.5 cm‫א‬D = 5 m
 W‫א‬
µo 1 D
L = + ln ) 
(      W‫א‬
2π 4 r

XL = ω . L = 377 * 12.12 * 10-7 = 0.457 Ω/km

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R = 0.074 Ω/km
XLR ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(C)‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K300 kV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬100 km‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2 π εo
Cn = 2 C = (1.4)
D
ln
r
F/m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CW
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ εo= 8.854 x 10-12 F/m
 KEmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D  
 KEmF‫א‬‫א‬r  
 

،E٣ J١F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

D = D1 . D 2 . D 3

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–E٣ J١F
 

-٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Capacitive reactance‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
Xc = 1 / ω Cn = 1/ 2 π f Cn Ω/m (1.5)

، Capacitive admittance ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Y = j 1 / Xc = j ω Cn = j 2 π f Cn siemens/m (1.6)
 
 W٢ J١
200 km‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kf = 60 Hz3 cm‫א‬D = 5 m‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2 π ε o 2 π x 8.854 x 10-12
Cn = 2 C = = = 9.577 x 10-12 F/m
D 500
ln ln
r 1.5

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Cn = 9.577 x 10-12 x 200 x 103 = 1.915 x 10-6 F.

W‫א‬‫א‬

Xc = 1 / ω Cn = 1 / ( 377 x 1.915 x 10-6 ) = 1385 Ω

W‫א‬‫א‬

Y = j ω Cn = j 377 x 1.915 x 10-6 = 722 x 10-6 ∟90° siemens

 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J١ J١

 ‫א‬‫א‬ 60 km‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
XL‫א‬‫א‬R‫א‬‫א‬EY‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J١F
 

   

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–E٤ J١F
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–E٥ J١F
-٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W
Sending end voltage per phase   ‫א‬‫א‬ Vs
Apparent power at sending end   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Ss
Active power at sending end   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Ps
Reactive power at sending end   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Qs
Power factor at sending end   ‫א‬‫א‬ Cos φs
Receiving end voltage per phase   ‫א‬‫א‬ VR
Apparent power at receiving end   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  SR
Active power at receiving end   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ PR
Reactive power at receiving end   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  QR
Power factor at receiving end   ‫א‬‫א‬ Cos φR
Line current     ‫א‬ IL
   Line resistance per phase    ‫א‬  R
Line reactance per phase   ‫א‬‫א‬ XL
Line voltage drop per phase ‫א‬‫א‬ ∆V
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

Vs = VR + ∆V (1.7)
 W‫א‬‫א‬

∆V = ZL IL = IL . R + j IL . XL (1.8)

 Line impedance‫א‬ZL = R + j XL W

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ IL . R
Resistive drop in phase with IL‫א‬‫א‬

-٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ IL . XL
Reactive drop in quadrature ‫א‬‫א‬
 with IL
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1.7)
 KE٦ J١F

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JE٦ J١F
 

 W‫א‬OMA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

OM2 = OA2 + AM2 = (OK + KA)2 + (AC + CM)2

(1.9)

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
  OM = OF‫א‬‫א‬، OF، OM θs
 W‫א‬
OM = OD + DF = OB + BD + DF

- ١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

VS = VR + BD + DF = VR + IL R cos φR + IL XL sin φR (1.10)

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

∆V = VS – VR = IL R cos φR + IL XL sin φR (1.11)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
VR ‫א‬‫א‬،Complex numbers‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Reference vector
W‫א‬E٦ J١F
VR = |VR| + j 0 = |VR| ∟0° (1.12)
IL = |IL| (cos φR – j sin φR) = |IL| ∟-φR° (1.13)
ZL = R + j XL = |ZL| ∟θ°
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Lagging‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

∆V = ZL . IL ∟(θ – φR)° (1.14)

 VS = VR + ∆V       W‫א‬‫א‬
VS = VR + ZL . IL ∟(θ – φR)°
VS = VR + |IL| (cos φR – j sin φR) (R + j XL)
VS = VR + (R IL cos φR + XL IL sin φR) + j (XL IL cos φR - R IL sin φR) (1.15)

(1.16)
‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ Leading‫א‬ 
 W
IL = |IL| (cos φR + j sin φR) = |IL| ∟φR° (1.17)
 VS = VR + ZL. IL ∟(θ + φR)°   W‫א‬‫א‬
VS = VR + |IL| (cos φR + j sin φR) (R + j XL)
- ١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

VS = VR + (R IL cos φR - XL IL sin φR) + j (XL IL cos φR + R IL sin φR) (1.18)

Vs = (VR + R I L cos ϕ R - X L I L sin ϕ R ) 2 + (X L I L cos ϕ R + R I L sin ϕ R ) 2

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

φS = φR + θS (1.19)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WLine voltage regulation ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

VR n .L − VR L V - VR
V.R % = x 100 = S x 100 (1.20)
VR L VR

‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫• א‬

SS = 3 VS I*L = 3 VS L I L = Ps + j QS (1.21)
PS = 3 VS I L cos ϕS = 3 VS L I L cos ϕS (1.22)
QS = 3 VS I L sin ϕS = 3 VS L I L sin ϕS (1.23)
 W‫א‬‫• א‬

SR = 3 VR I*L = 3 VR L I L = PR + j Q R (1.24)
PR = 3 VR I L cos ϕ R = 3 VR L I L cos ϕ R (1.25)
Q R = 3 VR I L sin ϕ R = 3 VR L I L sin ϕ R (1.26)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ XL‫א‬‫א‬ R‫א‬
 PLoss‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ QLoss ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
PLoss = 3 R IL2 = PS - PR (1.27)

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

QLoss = 3 XL IL2 = QS - QR (1.28)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬Transmission Line Efficiency‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
PR
η% = * 100 (1.29)
PS
،R = 5 Ω، f = 60 Hz،‫א‬W٣ J١
P = 1000 kW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،L = 30 mH
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬11 kV0.8
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 
       K‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
VR L 11000
VR = = = 6350 V.
3 3
PR 1000 * 10 3
  IL = = = 65.6 A. W‫א‬
3 VR cos φ R 3 * 6350 * 0.8

φR = cos-1 (0.8) = 36.87° lag

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

IL = |IL| ∟φR° = 65.6 ∟-36.87° A.

 W‫א‬
ZL = R + j XL = 5 + j 2 π * 60 * 0.03 = 5 + j 9.4 = 10.65∟62° Ω.
 W‫א‬‫א‬
∆V = ZL . IL = (65.6 ∟-36.87°) (10.65∟62°) = 698.64∟25.13° V.
 W‫א‬‫א‬–
VS = VR + ∆V = 6350 + (698.64∟25.13°) = 6988∟2.4° V.
VSL = √3 VS = √3 * 6988 = 12100 V. = 12.1 kV.
 W‫א‬‫א‬
φS = φR + θS = 36.87 + 2.4 = 39.3° lag
cos φS = 0.774 lag
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
PLoss = 3 R IL2 = 3 * 5 * (65.6)2 = 64.55 kW
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
PS = PR + PLoss = 1000 + 64.55 = 1064.55 kW
 W‫א‬
PR 1000
η% = * 100 = * 100 = 93.94 %
PS 1064.55
 W‫א‬‫א‬–
VR n .L − VR L V - VR 12.1 - 11
V.R % = * 100 = S * 100 = * 100 = 10 %
VR L VR 11

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬W٣ J١ J١
‫א‬60 → 120 km‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، Y‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬
 TF‫א‬XL‫א‬‫א‬R‫א‬‫א‬
E
‫א‬EXL‫א‬‫א‬R‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 Π  F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،E
 
WET ( T- Representation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٧ J١F‫א‬‫א‬
 

   

 KT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–E٧ J١F
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٨ J١F‫א‬T
 

- ١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 KT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JE٨ J١F

E٨ J١F‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

 WIC‫א‬IR ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

Is = IR + IC (1.30)

IC = Y V1 = j ω C V1 (1.31)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Z R + jX L
∆VR = L . I L = . IL (1.32)
2 2
W‫א‬‫א‬
Z
V1 = VR + ∆VR = VR + L I R (1.33)
2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Z R + jX L
∆V1 = L . IS = . IS (1.34)
2 2

 W(1.31) , (1.30)‫א‬(1.33)‫א‬
Y ZL
IS = Y VR + (1 + ) IR (1.35)
2

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W

Y ZL Y ZL
VS = VR + ∆VR + ∆V1 = (1 + ) VR + Z L (1 + ) IR (1.36)
2 4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WLine voltage regulation ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

VR n .L − VR L VS - VR
V.R % = * 100 = * 100 (1.37)
VR L VR

‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫• א‬

SS = 3 VS I*S = 3 VS L IS = Ps + j QS (1.38)

PS = 3 VS IScos ϕS = 3 VS L IScos ϕS (1.39)

QS = 3 VS ISsin ϕS = 3 VS L ISsin ϕS (1.40)

 W‫א‬‫• א‬

SR = 3 VR I*R = 3 VR L I R = PR + j Q R (1.41)

PR = 3 VR I R cos ϕ R = 3 VR L I R cos ϕ R (1.42)

Q R = 3 VR I R sin ϕ R = 3 VR L I R sin ϕ R (1.43)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ XL‫א‬‫א‬ R‫א‬

 PLoss‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ QLoss ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
W‫א‬
- ١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

PLoss = 3 (R/2) ( IS2 + IR2 ) = PS - PR (1.44)

QLoss = QS - QR (1.45)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬Transmission Line Efficiency‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
PR
η% = * 100 (1.46)
PS
WEΠ ( Π - Representation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،Π ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٩ J١F‫א‬‫א‬

   

 KΠ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–E٩ J١F
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٠ J١F‫א‬π
- ١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 

 KΠ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JE١٠ J١F

E١٠ J١F‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J١F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

IC1‫א‬ ‫א‬IR ‫א‬‫א‬
 W

IL = IR + IC1 (1.47)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

IC1 = (Y/2) VR = j (ω C/2) VR (1.48)

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

IC2 = (Y/2) VS = j (ω C/2) VS (1.49)

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

∆V = ZL . IL = (R + j XL) . IL (1.50)
W‫א‬‫א‬
VS = VR + ∆V = VR + ZL . IL = VR + ZL ( IR + IC1) (1.51)

 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W(1.51)‫א‬(1.48)‫א‬
Y ZL
VS = VR + ∆VR + ∆V1 = (1 + ) VR + Z L I R (1.52)
2
 W‫א‬‫א‬

IS = IL + IC2 = IR + IC1 + IC2 = IR +(Y/2) VR + (Y/2) VS (1.53)

 W(1.53)‫א‬(1.52)‫א‬

Y ZL Y ZL
IS = Y (1 + ) VR + (1 + ) IR (1.54)
2 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WLine voltage regulation ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

VR n .L − VR L V - VR
V.R % = * 100 = S * 100 (1.55)
VR L VR

‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫• א‬

SS = 3 VS I*S = 3 VS L IS = Ps + j QS (1.56)

PS = 3 VS IScos ϕS = 3 VS L IScos ϕS (1.57)

QS = 3 VS ISsin ϕS = 3 VS L ISsin ϕS (1.58)

 W‫א‬‫• א‬

SR = 3 VR I*R = 3 VR L I R = PR + j Q R (1.59)

PR = 3 VR I R cos ϕ R = 3 VR L I R cos ϕ R (1.60)

Q R = 3 VR I R sin ϕ R = 3 VR L I R sin ϕ R (1.61)

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ XL‫א‬‫א‬ R‫א‬

 PLoss‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  QLoss ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
W‫א‬
PLoss = 3 R IL2 = PS - PR (1.62)

QLoss = QS - QR (1.63)
‫א‬‫א‬Transmission Line Efficiency‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
PR
η% = * 100 (1.64)
PS
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١١ J١F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–E١١ J١F

- ٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

VS = A VR + B IR (1.65)
IS = C VR + D IR (1.66)
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

WT‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

(1.35)‫א‬‫א‬(1.36)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1.65) , (1.66)‫א‬‫א‬

Y ZL Y ZL
VS = (1 + ) VR + Z L (1 + ) IR
2 4
Y ZL
IS = Y VR + (1 + ) IR
2
Y ZL
A = D = (1 + ) (1.67)
2
Y ZL
B = ZL (1 + ) (1.68)
4
C = Y (1.69)
WΠ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
(1.54)‫א‬‫א‬(1.52)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1.65) , (1.66)‫א‬‫א‬

Y ZL
VS = (1 + ) VR + Z L I R
2
Y ZL Y ZL
IS = Y (1 + ) VR + (1 + ) IR
4 2
Y ZL
A = D = (1 + ) (1.70)
2
B = ZL (1.71)

- ٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

Y ZL
C = Y (1 + ) (1.72)
4
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 XC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ferranti Effect
 WE١٣ J١F،E١٢ J١F‫א‬

 KΠ–E١٢ J١F
 

 
 KΠ‫א‬–E١٣ J١F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
VS = ( VR - X L I C1 ) 2 + ( R I C1 ) 2 (1.73)

- ٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬W٤ J١ J١

‫א‬‫א‬120 km‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،Y‫א‬‫א‬C
‫א‬،XL‫א‬‫א‬R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١٤ J١F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–E١٤ J١F
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١٥ J١F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–E١٥ J١F

- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
 W‫א‬

VS = A VR + B IR (1.74)
IS = C VR + D IR (1.75)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٦ J١F‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JE١٦ J١F

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2 2
Y ZL Y ZL
A = D = 1+ + (1.76)
2 6
Y Z L Y 2 Z 2L
B = ZL . ( 1 + + ) (1.77)
4 24
Y Z L Y 2 Z 2L
C = Y . (1+ + ) (1.78)
4 24
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WLine voltage regulation ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
VR n .L − VR L V - VR
V.R % = * 100 = S * 100 (1.79)
VR L VR

‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫• א‬

SS = 3 VS I*S = 3 VS L IS = Ps + j QS (1.80)
PS = 3 VS IScos ϕS = 3 VS L IScos ϕS (1.81)
QS = 3 VS ISsin ϕS = 3 VS L ISsin ϕS (1.82)
 W‫א‬‫• א‬

SR = 3 VR I*R = 3 VR L I R = PR + j Q R (1.83)
PR = 3 VR I R cos ϕ R = 3 VR L I R cos ϕ R (1.84)
Q R = 3 VR I R sin ϕ R = 3 VR L I R sin ϕ R (1.85)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ XL‫א‬‫א‬ R‫א‬
 PLoss‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  QLoss  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
W‫א‬
PLoss = 3 R IL2 = PS - PR (1.86)

QLoss = QS - QR (1.87)
‫א‬‫א‬Transmission Line Efficiency‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
PR
η% = * 100 (1.88)
PS

- ٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬      K    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٢ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K?span?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬250
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 WConductivity‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬EPLF
PL = 3 I 2 R (1.89)
L
R = (1.90)
σ .a
 EΩ)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R W
 EmF‫א‬‫א‬L 
Em2F‫א‬‫א‬EaF
 EΩ.m)K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EσF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1.90)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WMechanical Strength‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 Modulus of Elasticity‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EYoung’s CoefficientF‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 WHeat expansion coefficient‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
40‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 50
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 WCost‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
60%
 ‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٢ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٧ J١F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

All Aluminum Conductor AAC‫–א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫( اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺟﺪل اﻟﺴﻠﻚ‬١٧ -١) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced ACSR‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E١٨ J١F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬726‫א‬26/7
‫( أﺳﻼك اﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮم‬١٨ -١) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﻮى ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻠﺐ‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 All Aluminum Alloy Conductor AAAC‫א‬ J

، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
F‫א‬AAC , ACSR
   ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬L
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ACSR
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 Aluminum Conductor Alloy Reinforced ACAR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ACSR 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K
 

 Aluminum Alloy Conductor Steel Reinforced AACSR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

        ACSR    
،‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬

Power Poles and Towers W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣ J٢ J١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 Wooden Poles  W‫א‬‫ א‬K١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  130 25‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٥‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬     J ‫א‬  – ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  50 J 40‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫ﻋﺎزل اﻟﺨﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ اﻟﺨﻂ‬

‫ﻣﺤﻮل ﻣﺤﻤﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬

‫ﻋﺎﻣﻮد ﺧﺸﺒﻲ‬
 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬–E١٩ J١F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬KE٢٠ J١FHE١٩ J١F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ H 
   ‫א‬‫א‬         
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

H–E٢٠ J١F
 
    ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 Concrete Poles  W‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

F‫א‬ J‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ J 8 –K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬            ‫א‬ ‫א‬   •
K‫א‬
‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬

 E٢١ J١F
‫א‬‫א‬
     

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 Metallic Poles  W‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،
  J ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
50–40‫א‬‫א‬3025‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،130–90‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 Steel Towers   W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫–א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 suspension/support towerL J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬ 
L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
E٢٢ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K–E٢٢ J١F

 Tension tower ‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 –‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K E٢٣ J١F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  K     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬     L ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 –E٢٣ J١F

 Angle tower ‫א‬‫א‬_

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 End tower‫א‬_
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤ J٢ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬E٢٤ J١F،(Catenary’s curveF‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–E٢٤ J١F
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٤ J٢ J١

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EwcF‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EL‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ETF‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬W٢ J٤ J٢ J١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
wc x2
y= (1.91)
2T
  L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬wc
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ x, y

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

L
 x = L/2EyFEDF E٢٥ J١F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–E٢٥ J١F
 
w c L2
D= (1.92)
8T
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
C=H–D (1.93)

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H
 
0.75 kg/m‫א‬،160 m‫א‬‫א‬ W ٣ J١
‫א‬‫א‬H=20 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،600kg‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬
C=H-D
 W‫א‬‫א‬
w c L2 0.75 × (160) 2
D= = = 4 m.
8T 8 × 600
 ‫א‬
C = 20 - 4 = 16 m

275‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤ J١
‫א‬   8000  ‫א‬    L 0.85 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K2‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫أﻗﺼﻰ ﺷﺪ‬
  = ‫ اﻟﺸﺪ اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح‬  
ãÚÇãá ÇáÃãÇä
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻷﻣﺎن‬
8000
T= = 4000 kg
2
wc= 0.85 kg/m , L = 275 m , T = 4000 kg‫א‬

w c L2 0.85 × (275) 2
D= = = 2 m
8T 8 × 4000
 W‫א‬‫א‬W٣ J٤ J٢ J١
E٢٦ J١F ‫א‬EtF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–E٢٦ J١F
 
 WViL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
π 2 2 π
Vi = ((d + 2t) − d ) = (2d + 2t).2t
4 4
Vi = π(d + t).t
 K‫א‬d 
Wρ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬wi‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

w i = π.ρ.(d + t ).t (1.94)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬
 
we = w c + w i (1.95)
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬180‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥ J١
‫א‬‫א‬1220‫א‬‫א‬L0.624‫א‬‫א‬
 K0.94‫א‬،٣L910‫א‬0.3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 EwiF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
w i = π.ρ.( d + t ). t
= π * 910 * ( 0 . 94 + 0 . 3 ) * 10 − 2 * 0 . 3 * 10 − 2
w i = 0 . 106 kg / m
 ‫א‬‫א‬
w e = w c + w i = 0.624 + 0.106 = 0.73 kg/m.
 W‫א‬
w e L2 0.73 * (180) 2
D= = = 2.42 m
8T 8 *1220
 W‫א‬‫א‬W٤ J٤ J٢ J١
‫א‬ P kg/m2‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٢٧ J١F‫א‬‫א‬ JEApF

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–E٢٧ J١F

 Ap = d . 1 m2          W

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

w w = Ap . P = d . P kg / m
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
we = w c2 + w 2w (1.96)
 WDe‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
w e L2
De = (1.97)
8T
 W،‫א‬θ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
w
θ = tan −1( w ) (1.98)
wc
‫א‬‫א‬DeDh ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
D = D e cos (θ) , D h = D e sin (θ) (1.99)

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

we = ( w c + w i ) 2 + w 2w (1.100)
 L‫א‬wc
 L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬wi 
 L‫א‬ww

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
w w = (d + 2t ) . p kg / m
 W‫א‬‫א‬
w e L2
De =
8T
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

D = D e cos (θ) , D h = D e sin (θ)

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

ww
θ = tan −1 ( ) 
wc + wi
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W٦ J١
 160 m‫א‬‫א‬
 0.95 cm‫א‬
 0.65 kg/m‫א‬
 602.5 kg‫א‬‫א‬
 40 kg/m2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
w w = d * 1 * p = 0.95 * 10 − 2 * 1 * 40 = 0.38 kg / m
 W‫א‬‫א‬
we = w c2 + w 2w = (0.65) 2 + (0.38) 2 = 0.7529 kg / m

 Wθ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬De‫א‬
w e L2 0.7529 × (160) 2
De = = = 4 m.
8T 8 × 602.5
⎛w ⎞
⎟⎟ = tan -1 ⎛⎜
0.38 ⎞
θ = tan -1 ⎜⎜ w ⎟ = 30.31
o
⎝ wc ⎠ ⎝ 0.65 ⎠
 W‫א‬‫א‬
D = D e cos (θ) = 4 × cos(30.31) = 3.45 m.
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
D h = D e sin (θ) = 4 × sin(30.31) = 2.02 m.
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W٧ J١
 275 m‫א‬‫א‬
 19.5 mm‫א‬
 0.85 kg/m‫א‬
 4000 kg‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

39 kg/m2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K910 kg/m‫א‬،13 mm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬do‫א‬‫א‬
d o = d + 2t = 19.5 + 2 *13 = 45.5 mm
 W‫א‬١‫א‬‫א‬

A p = d o * 1 = 45.5 *10-3 * 1 = 0.0455 m 2

 W1‫א‬
w w = A p * P = 0.0455 * 39 = 1.77 kg/m
 W‫א‬

w i = π.ρ.(d + t ).t = π * 910 * (19.5 + 13) * 13 * 10 -6

= 1.207 kg/m
 W‫א‬‫א‬

we = ( w c + w i ) 2 + w 2w = (0.85 + 1.207) 2 + (1.77) 2

= 2.714 kg/m
 W‫א‬
w e L2 2.714 * (275) 2
De = = = 6.4 m.
8T 8 * 4000
⎛ ww ⎞
⎟⎟ = tan -1 ⎛⎜ ⎞
1.77
θ = tan -1⎜⎜ ⎟ = 40.71
o
⎝ wc + wi ⎠ ⎝ 0.85 + 1.207 ⎠
 W‫א‬‫א‬
D = D e cos (θ) = 6.4 * cos(40.71) = 4.85 m.
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
D h = D e sin (θ) = 6.4 * sin(40.71) = 4.17 m .

- ٤٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٩W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬ K٢

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WW١ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Electric Field Intensity ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(E=V/D kV/cm)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 WESulfur hexafluoride (SF6‫א‬W١ J٢ J٢

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬KKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2.5
 K‫א‬
- ٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫• א‬
 K500 K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K(Electronegative gas)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K500‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K(Al2O3)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ •
2.35‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬30%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢ L 3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(Paschen's Law)‫א‬
‫א‬   
K Vbα pd‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ECoronaF‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٢ J٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
K‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٢F
 

 
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣ J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE‫א‬ WEParticlesF‫א‬ K١
‫؛‬ ε 2 ‫א‬‫א‬E ε1 Particles PrmitivityF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬ r‫א‬‫א‬
ε 2 − ε1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F = 1 r 3 .∇E 2
2 2ε1 + ε 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KBreakdown
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E=V/dEKv/cmF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٢F

 
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 KEF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬EpunctureF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 KEflashoverF‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٤ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 60kV/cm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K500 Kg/cm270,000 Kg/cm2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EannealingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬140 kV/cm ‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٤ J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬K٢     K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬K٤     K‫א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 WEPin type insulatorF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JW

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ٢٥
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ١١
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ٣٣
 
 WESuspension type insulatorF‫א‬‫א‬ JW
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ JW 

 ‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬  K ‫א‬    ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬ JW ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ١٣   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JW
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤ J٤ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬K٧
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥ J٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ C ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

  C ‫א‬
C1 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬m

 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
A •

I 2
= I 1
+ i 1  (2.1)
 ‫א‬
I2 = V 2
= V 2 = ωcV 2
X 1
c
ωc
  I1 = V 1 = V1 2 = ωcV 1
X c
ωc
i1 = V 1
= V 1
= ωmcV 1
X 1
mc
ωmc
 E2.1F‫א‬
∴ ωcV 2 = ωcV 1 + ωmcV 1
  ωcV 2 = ωcV 1 (1 + m)

V =V
2 1
(1 + m)

V 2
= V 1
(1 + m )

  V3 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬B •

I 3
= I 2
+ i 
2
(2.2)

- ٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
I3 = V 3
= V 3 = ωcV 3
X 1
c
ωc
  I 2 = V 2 = V1 2 = ωcV 2
X c
ωc
i2 = V 1
+V 2
=V1
+V 2
= ωmc(V 1 + V 2 )
X 1
mc
ωmc
 E2.2F‫א‬
∴ ωcV 3 = ωcV 2 + ωmc(V 1 + V 2)
ωcV 3 = ωcV 1 (1 + m) + ωmcV 1 + ωmcV 2
 
V =V
3 1
(1 + m) + mV 1 + mV 1 (1 + m)

V =V
3 1
(1 + 3m + m 2 )
V 3
= V 1
(1 + 3 m + m 2 )

 W V4 , V5 ‫א‬‫א‬
V = V (1 + 6 m + 5 m + m 3)
2
4 1

V =V
5 1
(1 + 10 m + 15 m 2 + 7 m 3 + m 4 )
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

V = V 1
+ V 2
+ V 3
+ V 4
+ V 5

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  V = V 1 (5 + 20 m + 21 m 2 + 8 m 3 + m 4 )
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z V
 

‫א‬m=0.1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 W‫א‬W٦ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zn‫א‬
5 = n‫א‬
  Z‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬W٧ J٢
 W‫א‬
m K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
Guardring‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 A ‫א‬

- ٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 

 

 
   •

 
 

 
B ‫א‬

 

   •

 
 
D ‫א‬

 

   •
  •

 
 
 

- ٦٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٣‫א‬‫א‬W١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬  J

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 W A ‫א‬

 
 

 
 

 W B ‫א‬

 
 
 
 

 
 ‫א‬

 

- ٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬

 

 
 ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬

 

 
 
 
 
 

 

 

 
 WξZ‫א‬
 

 

 

- ٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬20%‫א‬‫א‬17 KV
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K  J
K‫א‬  J

  
EF V2=17 , m=20%
 V2=V1(1+m)
17=V1 (1+0.2)

V=V1+V2=14.16+17=31.16 KV

 EF V3=17 , m=0.2

 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 

 
 

- ٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬KV118‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬  J
K‫א‬  J

‫א‬  J

 
 
EF V2=11KV , V1=8KV

 
 
 

 
 
 
 EF V3=17KV , m=0.2

 
 

 

  EF

 
 

- ٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬ 66‫א‬ E١
‫א‬‫א‬4:1‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
[3.32kv,4.16kv,6.16kv,936kv,15.1kv,50.4%]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ 10%25%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
[0.2159v,0.1914v,0.2341v,0.3586v 69.7%]
K‫א‬ E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K21.6
K‫א‬
[114.25kv]
1/6 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
K35‫א‬ K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
[48.64kv,80.5%]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬0.2CC
K‫א‬‫א‬
[6.43%,7.72%,10.56%,15.54%,23.5%,36.25%,46%]

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 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ١٢W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 WW١ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
      ‫א‬        
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ EtraysF ‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬capacitance‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ inductance‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 W‫א‬W٢ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬EcoreF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EscreeningF
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EfillerF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Emetallic sheathF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EarmourF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬W٣ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬W
  single core cable ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫ א‬K١
multi-core cable‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١ J٣F
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬ JE١ J٣F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

  K١
 E‫א‬F‫א‬ K٢
 ‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 ‫א‬W‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢ J٣F‫א‬

 
  JE٢ J٣F
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
  K١
E‫א‬F‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W K٣
E‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬W‫א‬ K٤
٠{١W‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬K٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
 

  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬      
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WPaper Insulated Cables‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK٦٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?belted cable?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?H type cable?H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬
 KH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٣F

 ‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٣F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،KK٧٥٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Polymer insulated cables‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WPVC‫א‬‫א‬K١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬PVC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K٣{٣‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 WXLPE‫א‬‫א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٧٥٣{٣‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬XLPEK‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬PR‫א‬EPR‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬XLPE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 W‫א‬W‫א‬W
high voltage cables‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
medium voltage cables‫א‬‫א‬ •
  low voltage cables‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ EUoF ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬EUF
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬K١
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤٠‫א‬‫א‬
XLPE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KK٣٣١١‫א‬‫א‬،٢٧٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ XLPE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ JPVC‫–א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
PVC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
١٥١١‫א‬‫א‬٣{٣
‫א‬‫א‬٣{٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١١XLPE , EPR‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥

- ٨٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬W٤ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Kinductive reactance‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kcapacitance‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
conductor resistance ‫א‬  J
  insulation resistance‫א‬  J
inductance‫ א‬ J
capacitance‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬W١ J٤ J٣
ρ‫א‬ ‫א‬ –‫א‬ERF‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E l FE٢AF JK
ρ .l
R= (3.1)
A
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
º٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Jº٩٠º٧٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

R =R
t 20
(1 + α 20 (t − 20)) (3.2)

‫א‬α20،º٢٠‫א‬R20t‫א‬‫א‬Rt 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١{٣F‫א‬Kº٢٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٣F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  º٢٠‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

º٢٠ K E٪١٠٠‫א‬F
٨ J
٠{٠٠٣٩ ١٠C١{٧٢٤ ١٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
٨ J
٠{٠٠٣٩ ١٠C١{٧٧٧ ٩٧ ‫א‬‫א‬
٨ J
٠{٠٠٣٩ ١٠CE١{٨١٤ J١{٧٤١F ٩٩ J٩٥ ‫א‬‫א‬
٨ J
٠{٠٠٤٠ ١٠C٢{٨٠٣ ٦١ ‫א‬
٨ J
٠{٠٠٤٥ ١٠C١٣{٨٠ ١٢ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٠{٠٠٤٠  ٨ J١٠C٢١{٤  ٨ ‫א‬
 
 

- ٨٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JE٤ J٣F
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٣F،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬     
‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ١ J٣
‫א‬1.5‫א‬‫א‬
 90 C°‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٢185‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 α20=0.0039/˚cρ20=1.724*10-8 ohm. M‫א‬E١ J٣F‫א‬
 1500Z1000*1.5Z‫א‬
 ٢10-6 *185Z٢185Z‫א‬
 W20 C°‫א‬
ρ 20 .l 1.724 *10 −8 *1500
R 20 = =
  A 185 *10 − 6 
= 0.13978 Ω
W90 C°‫א‬
R 90 = R 20 (1 + α 20 (90 − 20)) = 0.13978 (1 + 0.0039 * 70)
  
= 0.17794 Ω
 W‫א‬W٢ J٤ J٣
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬q‫א‬
qV‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬r‫א‬‫א‬
 E٥ J٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬x‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KR‫א‬‫א‬
 WD‫א‬‫א‬q

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 

 
q
D= coulomb/m2 (3.3)
2πx

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
D q
E= = Volt/m (3.4)
ε 2πxε

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
r r
q q R
V = ∫ − E.dx = ∫ − .dx = ln volts  (3.5)
R R
2πεx 2πε r

 WC ‫א‬
q 2πε
C= =
R
(3.6)
V ln
r

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ε = ε 0ε r = ε r
× 10 −9 
36π

 C = ε r
F/m (3.7)
R
18 × 10 × ln
9

r
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬εr
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣ J٤ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
      ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣{٤F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، q‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ x‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 WUo‫א‬
Uo
E= (3.8)
R
x. ln
r
 xEEmaxF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEminF‫א‬Ex = rF ‫א‬
 W،Ex = RF‫א‬
Uo Uo
E max = , E min = (3.9)
R R
r. ln R. ln
r r
 
 W‫א‬W٤ J٤ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬˚٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 

Ic=ωCV Amperes (3.10)

 ω =2 π f 
 E60 Hz‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬f
 
 W٢ J٣
‫א‬5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬εr=3‫א‬‫א‬ 15‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،60‫א‬132 KV
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
R = 15D2 = 7.5 cm , r = 5D2 = 2.5 cm
 W‫א‬
εr 3
C = = = 0.152 *10 - 9 F/m
R 7.5
18 × 10 9 * ln 18 × 109 * ln
r 2. 5
C = 0.152 * 10-6 F/km
 ‫א‬
Ic = ωCV = 2 π f C V
= 2 π * 60 * 0.152 * 10-6 * 132000
= 7.549 Amper/km

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Uo 132 2
E max = = = 67.97 kV/cm ,
R 7.5
r. ln 2.5 ln
r 2.5

Uo 132 2
E min = = = 22.66 kV/cm
R 7.5
R . ln 7.5 ln
r 2.5
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥ J٣

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
I‫א‬ K١
R‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EδF،L‫א‬ ωCU o2 tan(δ ) WWd‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ tan(δ ) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،EºK.m/WF‫א‬LK  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 T1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
T2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
- ٨٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

T3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 T4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
λ1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
λ2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٧ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
nI2 R.λ1
2
IR wd
T3 nI2 R.λ2

T2
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬
T1 T4

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JE٦ J٣F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

wd
2 nλ1 I2 R nλ2 I2 R
IR T1 /2 T1 /2

wd
2 T2 T3 T4
IR T1 /2 T1 /2

wd
2 T1 /2 T1 /2
IR

∆θ
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JE٧ J٣F
 

‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 WE∆θF‫א‬‫א‬
 

  ∆θ = ( I 2 R + 0.5wd ).T1 + ( I 2 R (1 + λ1 ) + wd )nT2 + ( I 2 R (1 + λ1 + λ 2 ) + wd )n(T3 + T4 )

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
1/ 2
⎧ ∆θ − wd [0.5T1 + n(T2 + T3 + T4 )] ⎫
I =⎨ ⎬
RT
⎩ 1 + nR (1 + λ1 )T 2 + nR (1 + λ1 + λ 2 )(T3 + T )
4 ⎭

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬∆θ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

- ٩٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬
 K
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦ J٣
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٦ J٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬º٣٠‫א‬‫א‬º٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
٢٠‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
١٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬º٢٥‫א‬E٢ J٣F‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٣F

º‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

٥٥ ٥٠ ٤٥ ٤٠ ٣٥ ٣٠ ٢٥ º ‫א‬
٠{٤٧ ٠{٥٨ ٠{٦٨ ٠{٧٧ ٠{٨٥ ٠{٩٣ ١  ٦٥ 
٠{٦٥ ٠{٧٢ ٠{٧٧ ٠{٨٤ ٠{٨٩ ٠{٩٤ ١ ٨٠ 
٠{٥٥ ٠{٦٤ ٠{٧٢ ٠{٨٠ ٠{٨٧ ٠{٩٣ ١ ٧٠ PVC
٠{٦٩ ٠{٧٥ ٠{٨٠ ٠{٨٦ ٠{٩١ ٠{٩٥ ١ ٩٠ XLPE
 

 
١٠٠٠L٦٠٠XLPE ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W٣ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠٠L٦٠٠XLPE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 º٤٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢١٨٥
 

- ٩٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬XLPE‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F٦٠٠٢١٨٥
 Kº٢٥‫א‬‫א‬

 Kº٤٠XLPEE٢ J٣F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ٠{٨٦Z‫א‬
 ‫א‬Cº٤٠‫א‬‫א‬Zº٤٠‫א‬‫א‬
 ٠{٨٦C٦٠٠Z  
 ٥١٦Z   
 

- ٩٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 

 ١٠٠٠L٦٠٠XLPE‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٣F

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
٤٣ •• •• • •• ٤٣ ‫א‬ 
  ٢
    †
 ‫٭‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ١١٥  ١٤٠      ١٠٥  ١٢٠      ١٦
 ١٥٠  ١٨٠      ١٤٠  ١٦٠      ٢٥
 ١٨٠  ٢١٥      ١٧٠  ٢٠٠      ٣٥
 ٢١٥  ٢٥٥  ٢٤٥  ٢٣٥  ٢٠٥  ٢٤٠  ٢٧٥  ٢٣٥  ٥٠
٢٦٥ ٣١٥ ٣٠٠ ٢٩٠ ٢٦٠ ٣٠٠ ٣٤٥ ٣٠٠ ٧٠
 ٣١٥  ٣٨٠  ٣٥٥  ٣٤٥  ٣٢٠  ٣٧٥  ٤٢٠  ٣٦٥  ٩٥
 ٣٦٠  ٤٣٠  ٤٠٠  ٣٩٠  ٣٧٠  ٤٣٠  ٤٨٥  ٤٢٥  ١٢٠
 ٤٠٥  ٤٨٠  ٤٤٠  ٤٣٥  ٤٣٠  ٤٩٠  ٥٤٠  ٤٨٥  ١٥٠
 ٤٦٠  ٥٤٠  ٤٨٥  ٤٩٠  ٤٩٠  ٥٧٠  ٦٠٠  ٥٦٠  ١٨٥
٥٣٠ ٦٣٠ ٥٥٠ ٥٦٠ ٥٨٠ ٦٧٠ ٧٠٠ ٦٦٠ ٢٤٠
٥٩٠ ٧٠٠  ٦١٠  ٦٣٠ ٦٦٠ ٧٧٠  ٧٨٠  ٧٥٠  ٣٠٠
 ٦٤٠  ٧٠٠  ٨٤٠  ٨٦٠  ٤٠٠
 ٦٩٠  ٧٧٠  ٩١٠  ٩٦٠  ٥٠٠
٧٤٠ ٨٤٠ ٩٨٠ ١٠٨٠ ٦٣٠
‫א‬
 ٨٩  ١٠٥      ٧٧  ٨٩      ١٦
 ١١٥  ١٣٥      ١٠٥  ١٢٠      ٢٥
 ١٣٥  ١٦٥      ١٢٥  ١٤٥      ٣٥
 ١٦٥  ١٩٥  ١٨٥  ١٧٥  ١٥٥  ١٧٥  ٢٠٠  ١٧٠  ٥٠
٢٠٠ ٢٤٠ ٢٣٠ ٢٢٠ ١٩٥ ٢٢٠ ٢٥٥ ٢١٥ ٧٠
 ٢٤٠ ٢٨٥  ٢٧٠  ٢٦٠  ٢٣٥  ٢٧٠  ٣١٥  ٢٦٥  ٩٥
 ٢٧٥  ٣١٠  ٢٩٥  ٢٨٠  ٣٦٥  ٣١٠  ١٢٠
 ٣١٠  ٣٤٥  ٣٣٠  ٣٢٠  ٤١٥  ٣٥٥  ١٥٠
 ٣٥٠  ٣٩٠  ٣٧٥  ٣٧٠  ٤٧٥  ٤١٠  ١٨٥
 ٤١٠  ٤٤٥  ٤٣٥  ٤٤٠  ٥٥٠  ٤٩٥  ٢٤٠

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

٤٦٠ ٤٩٥ ٤٩٠ ٥٧٠ ٦٣٠ ٥٧٠ ٣٠٠

  ‫א‬‫א‬W† ‫א‬‫א‬W‫٭‬

- ٩٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٦ J٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
º١٥‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬LK١{٢‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K١٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
١٨٠،١٥٠‫א‬ K٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٣FE٤ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٣F

º‫א‬‫א‬
 
º ‫א‬
٤٥ ٤٠ ٣٥ ٣٠ ٢٥ ٢٠ ١٠

٠{٦٣ ٠{٧١ ٠{٧٧ ٠{٨٤ ٠{٨٩ ٠{٩٥ ١{٠٥  ٦٥ 

٠{٧٣ ٠{٧٨ ٠{٨٣ ٠{٨٨ ٠{٩٢ ٠{٩٦ ١{٠٤ ٧٥ 

٠{٦٧ ٠{٧٤ ٠{٨٠ ٠{٨٥ ٠{٩٠ ٠{٩٥ ١{٠٤ ٧٠ PVC

٠{٧٧ ٠{٨١ ٠{٨٥ ٠{٨٩ ٠{٩٣ ٠{٩٧ ١{٠٣ ٩٠ XLPE

 

- ٩٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٣F

K.m/W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢F‫א‬
٣{٠ ٢{٥ ٢{٠ ١{٥ ١{٠ ٠{٩ ٠{٨

             
‫א‬
             
 ١٥٠
٠{٦٧ ٠{٧٣ ٠{٨١ ٠{٩١ ١{٠٧ ١{١١ ١{١٦
 ٤٠٠١٨٥
٠{٦٦ ٠{٧٢ ٠{٨٠ ٠{٩٠ ١{٠٧ ١{١٢ ١{١٧
١٢٠٠٥٠٠
٠{٦٥ ٠{٧١ ٠{٧٩ ٠{٩٠ ١{٠٨ ١{١٣ ١{١٨

             
‫א‬
             
 ١٦
٠{٧٤ ٠{٧٩ ٠{٨٦ ٠{٩٥ ١{٠٤ ١{٠٦ ١{٠٩
 ١٥٠٢٥
٠{٧٠ ٠{٧٦ ٠{٨٤ ٠{٩٣ ١{٠٧ ١{١٠ ١{١٤
٤٠٠١٨٥
٠{٦٨ ٠{٧٤ ٠{٨٢ ٠{٩٢ ١{٠٧ ١{١١ ١{١٦

 
 
 
 

 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٣
 
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
٠{٦٠ ٠{٤٥ ٠{٣٠ ٠{١٥  ‫א‬ 
٠{٩٤ ٠{٩٣ ٠{٩١ ٠{٨٧ ٠{٨١  ٢
٠{٩٠ ٠{٨٧ ٠{٨٤ ٠{٧٨ ٠{٧٠  ٣
٠{٨٩ ٠{٨٦ ٠{٨١ ٠{٧٤ ٠{٦٣  ٤ ١L٠{٦
٠{٨٧ ٠{٨٣ ٠{٧٨ ٠{٧٠ ٠{٥٩  ٥
٠{٨٦ ٠{٨٢ ٠{٧٦ ٠{٦٧ ٠{٥٥ ٦
٠{٩٢ ٠{٩٠ ٠{٨٩ ٠{٨٥ ٠{٨١  ٢
٠{٨٦ ٠{٨٤ ٠{٨٠ ٠{٧٥ ٠{٧٠  ٣ ٣{٣L١{٩
٠{٨٤ ٠{٨٠ ٠{٧٧ ٠{٧٠ ٠{٦٣  ٤ ٢٢L١٢{٧
٠{٨١ ٠{٧٨ ٠{٧٣ ٠{٦٦ ٠{٥٩  ٥
٠{٨٠ ٠{٧٦ ٠{٧١ ٠{٦٣ ٠{٥٥ ٦
٠{٩١ ٠{٨٩ ٠{٨٧ ٠{٨٣ ٠{٨٠  ٢
٠{٨٥ ٠{٨٢ ٠{٧٨ ٠{٧٣ ٠{٧٠  ٣
٠{٨٢ ٠{٧٨ ٠{٧٤ ٠{٦٨ ٠{٦٤  ٤  ٣٣L١٩
٠{٧٩ ٠{٧٥ ٠{٧٠ ٠{٦٣ ٠{٥٩  ٥
٠{٧٨ ٠{٧٤ ٠{٦٨ ٠{٦٠ ٠{٥٦ ٦
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 

- ٩٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W٤ J٣
٢٣٠٠٣‫א‬١٠٠٠L٦٠٠XLPE
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١{٥‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬LK٢{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬º٢٥‫א‬‫א‬٤٥
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ ٣٠٠ ٣
 E٣ J٣F
 E٣ J٣‫א‬‫א‬F٥٩٠
١Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،º١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬º٢٥‫א‬‫א‬ K١
Wº٢٥XLPE ٤ J٣،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٠{٩٣Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١{٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬LK٢{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
٥ J٣،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬LK
٣٠٠‫א‬F٢٤٠٠١٨٥‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬LK٢{٥‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 ٠{٧٤Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،١٨٠‫א‬‫א‬٤٥‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
١٠٠٠L٦٠٠٦ J٣،‫א‬‫א‬
W٤٥
 ٠{٨٦Z‫א‬‫א‬
،E١٥٠F‫א‬‫א‬١{٥‫א‬ K٤
١L٠{٦٧ J٣‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W١{٥٢٣٠٠

- ٩٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ٠{٩١Z‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ C ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Z ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ٣١٧{٧٧Z٠{٩١C٠{٨٦C٠{٧٤C٠{٩٣C٥٩٠ Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W٥ J٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
٣XLPE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٣
 ٣٥٠Z٢١٨٥
 Eº١٠‫א‬XLPE ،٤ J٣F١{٠٣Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ هﻨﺎ ﺗﺴﺎوي اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬F١Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٦٠،٣،١L٠{٦٦ J٣F٠{٩٠Z‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢٣٠٠ J٧٠،١L٠{٦،١٧ J٣F٠{٩٤Z‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ٣٠٥Z٠{٩٤C٠{٩C١C١{٠٣C٣٥٠Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٠٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 

 E‫א‬F‫א‬E٧ J٣F

٣٣L١٩٣{٣L١{٩ ١L٠{٦ ‫א‬

٢
٣٠٠ ٢
٣٠٠ ٢
٣٠٠ ٢
٣٠٠٧٠ ٢
٥٠ EF
  J J   J J  ١{٠٠  ١{٠٠  ١{٠٠  ٠{٥٠
  J J   J J  ٠{٩٧  ٠{٩٨  ٠{٩٩  ٠{٦٠
 ١{٠٠  ١{٠٠  ٠{٩٤  ٠{٩٦  ٠{٩٧  ٠{٨٠
 ٠{٩٧  ٠{٩٨  ٠{٩٢  ٠{٩٤  ٠{٩٥  ١{٠٠
 ٠{٩٥  ٠{٩٦  ٠{٩٠  ٠{٩٢  ٠{٩٤  ١{٢٥
 ٠{٩٤  ٠{٩٥  ٠{٨٩  ٠{٩١  ٠{٩٣  ١{٥٠
 ٠{٩٢  ٠{٩٤  ٠{٨٧  ٠{٨٩  ٠{٩٢  ١{٧٥
 ٠{٩٠  ٠{٩٢  ٠{٨٦  ٠{٨٨  ٠{٩١  ٢{٠٠
 ٠{٨٩  ٠{٩١  ٠{٨٥  ٠{٨٧  ٠{٩٠  ٢{٥٠
٠{٨٨ ٠{٩٠ ٠{٨٣ ٠{٨٦ ٠{٨٩ ٣
 
 W ‫א‬‫א‬W٣ J٦ J٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
º١٥‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬LK١{٢‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K١٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
١٨٠،١٥٠‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE١٠ J٣FE٨ J٣F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٣F

K.m/W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢F‫א‬
٣{٠ ٢{٥ ٢{٠ ١{٥ ١{٠ ٠{٩ ٠{٨
              ‫א‬
٠{٧٥ ٠{٨١ ٠{٨٧ ٠{٩٤ ١{٠٤ ١{٠٧ ١{١٠  ١٥٠
٠{٧٣ ٠{٧٩ ٠{٨٦ ٠{٩٤ ١{٠٥ ١{٠٨ ١{١١  ٤٠٠١٨٥
٠{٧٠ ٠{٧٧ ٠{٨٤ ٠{٩٣ ١{٠٦ ١{٠٩ ١{١٣ ١٢٠٠٥٠٠

              ‫א‬
٠{٨٣ ٠{٨٧ ٠{٩٢ ٠{٩٧ ١{٠٣ ١{٠٤ ١{٠٥  ١٦
٠{٧٨ ٠{٨٥ ٠{٩٠ ٠{٩٦ ١{٠٣ ١{٠٥ ١{٠٧  ١٥٠٢٥
٠{٧٦ ٠{٨٢ ٠{٨٧ ٠{٩٥ ١{٠٤ ١{٠٦ ١{٠٩ ٤٠٠ ‫ إﻟﻰ‬١٨٥ ‫ﻣﻦ‬

 
 W٦ J٣
١٥٠٠‫א‬١٠٠٠L٦٠٠XLPE
 ‫א‬‫א‬٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K
 ١{٢٥‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F٤٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kº٣٠‫א‬‫א‬LK١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٠Z٦D١٥٠٠Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Eº٣٠XLPE٤ J٣F٠{٨٩Z‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

٢٥ ٨ J٣F١{٠٣Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬٢١٥٠
٤٥ ٦١L٠{٦١٠ J٣F٠{٨٦Z‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬
١{٢٥ ‫א‬١L٠{٦‫א‬٩ J٣F٠{٩٥Z‫א‬

 E
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 ٠{٧٤٨٩٤٣٩Z٠{٩٥C٠{٨٦C١{٠٣C٠{٨٩Z
 ‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٠{٧٤٨٩٤٣٩C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z  ٢٥٠
 ٣٣٣{٨Z٠{٧٤٨٩٤٣٩D٢٥٠Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٣٣٣{٨‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٣F

 W‫א‬
 ٣١٠‫א‬٢٩٥‫א‬
 ٣٦٠‫א‬٢١٢٠‫א‬
 K٢١٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬E٩ J٣F

٣٣L١٩٣{٣L١{٩ ١L٠{٦
‫א‬
EF
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

         

  J J   J J  ١{٠٠  ١{٠٠  ٠{٥٠

  J J   J J  ٠{٩٩  ٠{٩٨  ٠{٦٠

 ١{٠٠  ١{٠٠  ٠{٩٧  ٠{٩٥  ٠{٨٠

 ٠{٩٩  ٠{٩٨  ٠{٩٦  ٠{٩٣  ١{٠٠

 ٠{٩٧  ٠{٩٥  ٠{٩٥  ٠{٩٠  ١{٢٥

 ٠{٩٦  ٠{٩٣  ٠{٩٤  ٠{٨٩  ١{٥٠

 ٠{٩٥  ٠{٩٢  ٠{٩٤  ٠{٨٨  ١{٧٥

 ٠{٩٤  ٠{٩٠  ٠{٩٣  ٠{٨٧  ٢{٠٠

 ٠{٩٣  ٠{٨٩  ٠{٩٣  ٠{٨٦  ٢{٥٠

٠{٩٢ ٠{٨٨ ٠{٩٢ ٠{٨٥ ٣

 

- ١٠٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٣F
 ‫א‬

EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 
٠{٦٠ ٠{٤٥ ٠{٣٠ 

 ٠{٩٦ ٠{٩٥ ٠{٩٣ ٠{٩٠  ٢

 ٠{٩٣ ٠{٩٠ ٠{٨٧ ٠{٨٢  ٣
 ٠{٩١ ٠{٨٩ ٠{٨٥ ٠{٧٨  ٤ ١L٠{٦
 ٠{٩٠ ٠{٨٧ ٠{٨٢ ٠{٧٥  ٥
٠{٩٠ ٠{٨٦ ٠{٨١ ٠{٧٢ ٦
 ٠{٩٤ ٠{٩٣ ٠{٩١ ٠{٨٨  ٢
 ٠{٨٩ ٠{٨٧ ٠{٨٤ ٠{٨٠  ٣
٣{٣L١{٩
 ٠{٨٧ ٠{٨٤ ٠{٨١ ٠{٧٥  ٤ ٢٢L١٢{٧
 ٠{٨٥ ٠{٨٢ ٠{٧٧ ٠{٧١  ٥
٠{٨٤ ٠{٨٠ ٠{٧٥ ٠{٦٩ ٦
 ٠{٩٣ ٠{٩٢ ٠{٨٩ ٠{٨٧  ٢
 ٠{٨٧ ٠{٨٥ ٠{٨٢ ٠{٧٨  ٣
 ٠{٨٥ ٠{٨٢ ٠{٧٨ ٠{٧٣  ٤  ٣٣L١٩

 ٠{٨٣ ٠{٧٩ ٠{٧٥ ٠{٦٩  ٥

٠{٨٢ ٠{٧٨ ٠{٧٣ ٠{٦٧ ٦
 
 W‫א‬W٧ J٣

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ 
  KE‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬F      ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٠٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬
‫א‬Ksquare mil  ‫א‬‫א‬circular mil 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
Z٠{٠٠١Z١١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ١‫א‬‫א‬،٠{٠٢٥٤
‫א‬‫א‬Esq.milF  ‫א‬‫א‬Ec.milF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
1 c.mil = 0.7854 sq.mil = 0.7854*10–6 in2 = 506.71*10–6 mm2
‫א‬wire guage‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
0.120000 (4/0)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬American Wire Guage (AWG) ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
0.12‫א‬E4/0F0000‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
105500
a, (c mil) =
1.261n

‫א‬‫א‬EnF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EaF
 K‫א‬(-3),(-2),(-1),0‫א‬n 0000,000,00,0‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬K٨ J٣
 J‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠٠
‫א‬EmV/A/mFLL
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

mV / A / m = 2 Z       W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
mV / A / m = 3 Z       W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EΩ/kmFL‫א‬z
٥٠١٠٠٠L٦٠٠XLPE‫א‬E١١ J٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦٠‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٣FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٠ ٥٠  ‫א‬–١٠٠٠L٦٠٠XLPE
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 ١٠٠٠L٦٠٠XLPEEmV/m/AF‫א‬E١١ J٣F
 
 

٤٣   ٤٣   E٢F‫א‬
     
١{٤٠ ١{٧٠ ١{٥٠ ١{٤٠ ٠{٨٧ ١{٠٠ ٠{٨٧ ٠{٨٦  ٥٠
٠{٩٩ ١{٢٠ ١{٠٠ ٠{٩٨ ٠{٦١ ٠{٧٠ ٠{٦٥ ٠{٦٢  ٧٠
٠{٧٢ ٠{٨٣ ٠{٧٨ ٠{٧٢ ٠{٤٥ ٠{٥٢ ٠{٥٢ ٠{٤٦  ٩٥
٠{٥٨ ٠{٦٥ ٠{٥٨ ٠{٣٦ ٠{٤٢ ٠{٤٥ ٠{٣٧  ١٢٠
٠{٤٨ ٠{٥٦ ٠{٤٨ ٠{٣٠ ٠{٣٥ ٠{٤١ ٠{٣٢ ١٥٠
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W
 W‫א‬١٠٠٠L٦٠٠XLPE ‫א‬E١١ J٣F‫א‬
 ٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬٥٠٢٩٥* ٣ K١
 ١٥٠‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠٢٧٠*٢ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬٢١٢٠*١ K٣
٣٠٠٤٥‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 LL٠{٤٥Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 ‫א‬C‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤{٥Z٤٥٠٠Z٢٠٠C٥٠C٠{٤٥Z
 LL١{٢Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 ‫א‬C‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٨Z١٨٠٠٠Z١٥٠C١٠٠C١{٢Z
 LL٠{٣٧Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 ‫א‬C‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤{٩٩٥Z٤٩٩٥Z٣٠٠C٤٥C٠{٣٧Z
 
 ١٠٠٠L٦٠٠XLPE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٣F
‫א‬ ‫א‬
٦٠‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٦٠‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
º º
   (Ω/km) ٩٠ (Ω/km) (Ω/km) ٩٠ E٢F‫א‬
 (Ω/km)      
 ٠{٠٩٦  ٢{٤٢٠  ١{٤٧٠          ١٦
 ٠{٠٩٥  ١{٥٤٠  ٠{٩٢٧          ٢٥
 ٠{٠٩٢  ١{١١٠  ٠{٦٦٨          ٣٥
 ٠{٠٩١  ٠{٨٢٢  ٠{٤٩٤  ٠{١٧٤  ٠{١٢٧  ٠{٨٢٢  ٠{٤٩٤  ٥٠
٠{٠٩٠ ٠{٥٦٨ ٠{٣٤٢ ٠{١٩٤ ٠{١٢٤ ٠{٥٦٨ ٠{٣٤٢ ٧٠
 ٠{٠٨٨  ٠{٤١١  ٠{٢٤٧  ٠{١٨٨  ٠{١١٨  ٠{٤١١  ٠{٢٤٧  ٩٥
 ٠{٠٨٨  ٠{٣٢٥  ٠{١٩٧  ٠{١٨٦  ٠{١١٥  ٠{٣٢٥  ٠{١٩٧  ١٢٠
 ٠{٠٨٨  ٠{٢٦٥  ٠{١٦٠  ٠{١٨٧  ٠{١١٦  ٠{٢٦٥  ٠{١٦٠  ١٥٠

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ٠{٠٨٨  ٠{٢١١  ٠{١٢٨  ٠{١٨٦  ٠{١١٥  ٠{٢١١  ٠{١٢٨  ١٨٥

٠{٠٨٨ ٠{١٦٢ ٠{٠٩٨ ٠{١٨١ ٠{١١٠ ٠{١٦٢ ٠{٠٩٨ ٢٤٠
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
mv / m / A = 2Z
   
z = R2 + X 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬
    mv / m / A = 3Z
 

 W٢٢٤٠‫א‬‫א‬
 L٠{١٨١ZEXF‫א‬،L٠{٠٩٨ZERF‫א‬
 
 z = R 2 + X 2 = (0.098) 2 + (0.181) 2 = 0.2058 Ω / km 
 
 mV/m/A = 2*0.2058 = 0.4116 mV/m/A W‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

    mv / m / A = 3Z = 3 × 0.2058 = 0.3564 mv / m / A
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬F‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٩ J٣
 W‫א‬W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥٠‫א‬٢٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬cable locators‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 

 ‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 ‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬ K٣
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ١١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬W١٠ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J١٠ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٨ J٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ J‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ Jpropagation time
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٣F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J١٠ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE٩ J٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
E١٠ J٣FK‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٣F
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٣F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٣W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W١ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬–
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬
،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W٣ J٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٣ J٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 sub-transient reactance E xd′′ F‫א‬‫א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 transient reactance E xd′ F‫א‬‫א‬K٢
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 synchronous reactance (xs) ‫א‬‫א‬K٣
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١ J٤F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

x d′′

EG

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٤F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٣ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬–
  J‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W٣ J٣ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬E50 hpF٥٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W٤ J٣ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬W٤ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬،
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬>>>‫؟‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J  J
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬٪٧٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٤ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬ •
‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
،‫א‬
  K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Etotal three phase powerF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Z١٠٠٠Z١FEMVAbF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٠٠٠٠٠٠
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،MVAb = 100 MVA‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬Eline to line voltageF‫א‬ K١

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EkVbF‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ،
 ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ١٢    ١١  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬       EIbF  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K٢
W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
MVAb × 10 3
Ib = (4.1)
3.kVb
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EZbF‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
W‫א‬
2
(kVb )
Zb = (4.2)
MVAb
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،       ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

2
⎛ MVA new ⎞ ⎛ kV old ⎞
Z new = Z old × ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (4.3)
⎝ MVA old ⎠ ⎝ kV new ⎠

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zold
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬kVold
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MVAold
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Znew
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KVnew
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MVAnew
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬W٢ J٤ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬
V, KE٢ J٤F‫א‬
ZLoad (P or S),
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
pf
K  ‫א‬
   W‫א‬
‫א‬٢ J٤
V2 V 2 . pf
ZL = ⎣± cos −1 ( pf ) = ⎣± cos −1 ( pf ) Ω
S P
‫א‬P،‫א‬‫א‬S،‫א‬EVF 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬pf،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
  ‫א‬   E١ J٤F    ‫א‬  
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( ١ J٤F
G E٣ J٤F
P=18 MW ‫א‬‫א‬
30 MVA V= 13.8 kV
Pf =0.8 lagg
‫א‬K١٠٢‫א‬
 13.8 kV
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٣ J٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

    MVAb= 30 MVA

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

kVb = 13.8 kV

W‫א‬
V 2 . pf (13.8) 2 × 0.8
ZL = ⎣± cos −1 ( pf ) = ⎣cos −1 (0.8)
 P 18
= 8.464 ⎣36.87 = 6.7712 + j 5.0784 Ω
o

 ‫א‬‫א‬
(kVb ) 2 (13.8) 2
Zb = = = 6.348 Ω
MVAb 30
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،
2 + j10
 ZG = = 0.315 + j1.575 pu
6.348

6.7712 + j 5.0784
ZL = = 1.0667 + j0.8 pu
6.348

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 KE٤ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬،EpuF‫א‬

ZL =1.066+j 0.8
ZG =0.315+j1.575

EG

 
 ‫א‬E٤ J٤F
 ‫א‬
‫א‬Π‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬KE J٥ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ nodes‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬ T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E–٥ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Z Z

Y/ 2 Y/ 2

‫א‬ EF
‫א‬‫א‬ π‫א‬‫א‬EF
 
 ‫א‬E٥ J٤F
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E J٥ J٤F
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 

 E٢ J٤F
‫א‬‫א‬ ،30 MVA‫א‬13.8/1.38 KV
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.z2= 0.0175 + j 0.02 Ω‫א‬‫א‬z1= 1.25 + j 2 Ω
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬   E٦ J٤F 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 MVAb= 30 MVAK
 KVb1= 13.8 kVK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V2 1.38
kVb 2 = kVb1 × = 13.8 × = 1.38 kV
V1 13.8
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
30 MVA
1.38kV
13.8kV

Z1=1.25 + j 2Ω Z2=0.0175 + j 0.02Ω

 
 ‫א‬E٦ J٤F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
(kVb1 ) 2 (13.8) 2
Z b1 = = = 6.348 Ω
MVAb 30
 W‫א‬‫א‬
(kVb2 ) 2 (1.38) 2
Z b2 = = = 0.06348 Ω
MVAb 30
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:‫أ‬
2
⎛V ⎞
Z eq = Z 1 + Z 2′ = Z 1 + Z 2 × ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟
⎝ V2 ⎠
2
⎛ 13.8 ⎞
= 1.25 + j 2 + (0.0175 + j 0.02)⎜ ⎟ = 1.25 + j 2 + 1.75 + j 2 = 3 + j4 Ω
⎝ 1.38 ⎠
 WEZpuF‫א‬
Z eq 3 + j4
Z pu = = = 0.4726 + j 0.63 pu
Z b1 6.348
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬: ‫ب‬

2
⎛V ⎞
Z eq = Z 2 + Z 1′ = Z 2 + Z 1 × ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟
⎝ V1 ⎠
2
⎛ 1.38 ⎞
= 0.0175 + j 0.02 + (1.25 + j 2)⎜ ⎟ = 0.0175 + j0.0 2 + 1.25 + j 2 + = 0.03 + j0.04 Ω
⎝ 13.8 ⎠
 WEZpuF‫א‬
Z eq 0.03 + j0.04
Z pu = = = 0.4726 + j 0.63 pu
Z b2 0.06348
‫א‬KEF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Z1 1.25 + j2
Z1 pu = = = 0.1969 + j 0.315 pu 
Z b1 6.348

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
Z2 0.0175 + j0.02
Z 2 pu = = = 0.2757 + j 0.315 pu 
Zb2 0.06348
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

Z pu = Z1 pu + Z 2 pu = 0.1969 + j 0.315 pu + (0.2757 + j 0.315)


= 0.4726 + 0.63 pu
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥ J٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 symmetrical three phase fault‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

‫א‬‫א‬E J٧ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 

  single line to ground fault –‫א‬K

‫א‬E J٧ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬unbalance‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

  line to line fault –‫א‬K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E J٧ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
  double line to ground fault –‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬E J٧ J٤F 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 

( ) ()
       

() ( )
      
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٤F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬W٦ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬120‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬   K١
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،،‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 KEFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EGF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K٥
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KK‫א‬

 WE٣ J٤F
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬،10kV‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬K10kV،100MVA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E J٨ J٤F

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬MVAb = 100 MVA‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
*‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
220
kVb E ‫א‬ ‫א‬) = 10 × = 200kV
11

*‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
11
kVbE ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ = 200 × = 10kV
220
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E J٨ J٤F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١
2
⎛ MVAnew ⎞⎛ kVold ⎞ 100 10 2
Z G new = Z G old × ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = j 0.25 × ×( )
⎝ MVAold ⎠⎝ kVnew ⎠ 120 10
∴ Z G = j 0.2083 pu
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 kVold‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬kVnew‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
⎛ MVAnew ⎞⎛ kVold ⎞ 100 11 2
Z T 1 new = Z T 1 old × ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = j 0 .1 × ×( )
⎝ MVAold ⎠⎝ kV new ⎠ 100 10
∴ Z T 1 = j 0.121 pu
W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(kVb ) 2 (200) 2
Zb = = = 400 Ω
MVAb 100
‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

Z TL Ω j 96.8
Z TL pu = = = j 0.242 pu
Zb 400
W‫א‬
2
⎛ MVAnew ⎞⎛ kVold ⎞ 100 220 2
Z new = Z old × ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = j 0.1 × ×( ) = j 0.1513 pu
⎝ MVAold ⎠⎝ kVnew ⎠ 80 200
W‫א‬
2
⎛ MVAnew ⎞⎛ kVold ⎞ 100 11 2
Z new = Z old × ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = j 0.18 × × ( ) = j 0.363 pu
⎝ MVAold ⎠⎝ kVnew ⎠ 60 10
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E J٨ J٤F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WF‫א‬‫א‬
10kV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

E G kv 10 E M kv 10
  E G pu = = = 1 pu , E M pu = = = 1 pu
kVb 10 kVb 10
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 G‫א‬،‫א‬ J
 F‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J
E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬

j 0.3293 × j 0.7563
Z eq = = j 0.2294 pu
j 0.3293 + j 0.7563
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،X1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٤F
 EIfF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E 1.0
If = = = 4.359 pu 
X1 0.2294
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
MVAb × 10 3 100 × 10 3
Ib = = = 288.675 A
3.kVb 3 × 200
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I f = I f pu × I b = 4.359 × 288.675
I f = 1258.33 A
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
j 0.7563
I g = 4.359 = 3.037 pu
j 0.7563 + j 0.3293
- ١٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
MVAb × 10 3 100 × 10 3
Ib = = = 5773.5 A
3.kVb 3 × 10
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I g = I g pu × I b = 3.037 × 5773.5
I g = 17534 A
W‫א‬
j 0.3293
I m = 4.359 = 1. 322 pu
j 0.7563 + j 0.3293
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
MVAb × 10 3 100 × 10 3
Ib = = = 5773.5 A
3.kVb 3 × 10
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I m = I m pu × I b = 1.322 × 5773.5
I m = 7634 A
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٤F

‫א‬‫א‬W٧ J٤
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
MVAsc = 3.kV r × I sc × 10 −3

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬kVrW
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Isc 
 K‫א‬‫א‬MVAsc

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٤F

 ،‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٤F‫א‬

 A  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   1 , 2 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 5 , 6‫א‬ B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 3 , 4‫א‬
‫א‬ 7 , 8‫א‬ C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KD‫א‬‫א‬
 E٤ J٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١١ J٤F3,4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
E١٠ J٤FF E١٠ J٤F،E١١ J٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬B ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
Isc = 1258 A
( kVr = 220 kV) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
MVAsc = 3.kV r × I sc × 10 −3 = 3 × 220 × 1258 × 10 −3
∴ MVAsc = 479.36 MVA
‫א‬‫א‬  
500MVA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٨ J٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W٩ J٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬W١ J٩ J٤
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬W٢ J٩ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬load compensation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
Flexible AC Transmission SystemsFACTS.
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬      ٢٦٢    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٣W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬      ٢٦٢    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WK‫א‬
(skin effect)‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 ECoronaF‫א‬‫א‬  J
 Elightning strokesF‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 (skin effect)‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٥
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬      ٢٦٢    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 8 π2 * 10-7 * f * µr * r (5.1)
mr =
ρ  
(H/m)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wµr W
(Ω.m)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wρ
(Hz)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wf
 (m)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wr
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wmr
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٢ J٥
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٢ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬        ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EcoronaF‫א‬‫א‬W٣ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Electric Field Intensity‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ١٤٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬      ٢٦٢    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(E = V/D kV/cm)

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EcoronaF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬  J
EKKKKKKK‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Wr‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

0.301 (5.2)
Ew = 30 m.d 1+
d.r

 W‫א‬r‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
0.308  
EC = 31 m.d 1+
d.r (5.3)
 
 W
(V/m)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ew
 (V/m)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ew
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  ‫א‬‫א‬      ٢٦٢    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
 

 (m)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬r
 ‫א‬‫א‬m
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬d
 
3.92 P (5.4)
d =
(273 + T)  
 EtorrF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PW
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
K(bundle conductors)‫א‬
K‫א‬  J٥
 K‫א‬  J٦
 

 Elightning strokesF‫א‬‫א‬W٤ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K ‫א‬١٠‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

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  ‫א‬‫א‬      ٢٦٢    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٤ J٥
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬10000200‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2000300‫א‬
K100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،108102‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L10000‫א‬‫א‬L100
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬250‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 300‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L1‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٤ J٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ،‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E١ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٤٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬      ٢٦٢    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K 10     
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K E٢ J٥F 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K E F     3000 km/S  
‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬  30000 km/S‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬400kA‫א‬
 K100bar‫א‬‫א‬
، ٣ J٥F ‫א‬ 150 µs  100  µs‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E
‫اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺣﺮآﺔ اﻟﻐﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺮﻋﺪﻳﺔ‬  

+ + + + + + + +  
+ + + + + + + + + + +
0
+ + + + + + + + +  
- 10 C - - + + + + + + +  ‫א‬
+ - - + +
- - - - - - - -
-  
0
+0 C - - - - - - - - - -  
- - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - -  
- - - - - - - - - -  
- - - - - - -
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
+ 300 C
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٥F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬      ٢٦٢    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬ --
- -- -- -- -
-- -
-
---- -
- -------- -- -- -  
- -------- - ----------- -- -- -- - -
---- --
-- -- -- -- ----
- - - -  ‫א‬ ----
- - - V = 3000 km/S - - - - 
-- -- - ---- ----  
----
30 - - - - ----
90 µS   ----  ----
---- ----
 - - - - ‫א‬‫א‬ ----  
V = 3000 km/S ---- -- - ‫ﺑﺮق‬
V = 30 000 km/S
-- ----
  - - - 
--  
+ +
+
  + +
+
+ ++
++ + + +  
+ ++
+ + + ++

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J٥F
 
i (kA)
 
60
 
40   ∆i 20 kA
= = 4 kA / µS
∆t 5 µS
 
∆i
20  
t (µS)
 
20 40 60 80 100
 
 ‫א‬WE J٣ J٥F
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬      ٢٦٢    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬  
%
100  
80
60
 
40
∆i
20 (kA/S)
∆t  

10 20 30 40 50
 
∆i
= 7 (kA/S)  ‫א‬ 50 %
∆t  

 ∆i/∆t‫א‬WE J٣ J٥F

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K (٤ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬
 K

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  ‫א‬‫א‬      ٢٦٢    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
 

         

---------- +++++++ --------- +++++++  
------ -- +++++ -------- +++++
--- +++
--- V +++
V  
--- +++
---
--- +++
 

 
V ++ --
++ V ---
++ ---  
+++++ ----- +++++ -- --
‫أرض‬ ‫أرض‬ ‫أرض‬ ‫أرض‬
‫ﺑﺮق ﺳﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ ﺑﺮق ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﻴﻦ‬  ‫ﺑﺮق ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮق ﺳﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺤﺎﺑﺔ واﻷرض‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺤﺎﺑﺔ واﻷرض‬ ‫اﻷرض واﻟﺴﺤﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻷرض واﻟﺴﺤﺎﺑﺔ‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٤ J٥F

 ‫א‬‫א‬W٣ J٤ J٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬  ٣٠٠K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬‫א‬ K       ‫א‬   ‫א‬
   70%     ‫א‬  40% K ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
     K ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬      ٢٦٢    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     400000 N/m       
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬W٤ J٤ J٥
 5 Ω‫א‬ 100 kA‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
U = i . R = 100 x 103 x 5 = 500 kV (5.5)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Us
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(∆i/∆tF‫א‬
Us = L ∆i/∆tUs = M ∆i/∆t (5.6)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W٥ J٤ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬، E٥ J٥F ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ، E‫א‬  ‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬      ٢٦٢    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، E٦ J٥F     

  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬ ∆i/∆t‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
- - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -- -- - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -
- - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - -  
-

+- + - - - - -+ -  
- -+- +
- -+-
- -- -- -- +- - 
+ - - -+ - - -  
 
+ + + + + + +
++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
+ + + + +
 

‫א‬‫א‬
 
- - - - - -- -- -- - - - - -
- - - - - - -- --- - - - - -- - 
- -
 


 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J٥F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬      ٢٦٢    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
 

- - - - - - - -  
- - - - - - - - + + + + +
١ ‫ﺳﺤﺎﺑﺔ‬ + + + + + ٢ ‫ﺳﺤﺎﺑﺔ‬

 
+ + + + + + + + - --- -- -- -
+ + + + + + - - - - -
+ +

‫ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﺑﺮﻗﻲ‬  
- -  ‫א‬
 
+ +

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W E٦ J٥F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦ J٤ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
F
 ‫א‬  Eexpulsion gapsF‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٥٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬      ٢٦٢    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
 

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EcapacitancesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، EV = Q/CF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

VT = I0ZT/(1+ZT/ZS) (5.7)

K‫א‬‫א‬ ZS   Esurge impedanceF‫א‬ ZT

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬K٣ ٢{٥‫א‬ ١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K ٥٠ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(counter  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  1  0.5  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   poise wires)
    K 100  50  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
        ‫א‬   ‫א‬    K 25 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬      ٢٦٢    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
 

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    KE ٧ J٥F  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 

 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬  
   
 
 ‫א‬WE٧ J٥F
   W‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬    spark gaps ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬      ٢٦٢    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
 

  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬Enonlinear elementF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   K‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬      K‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  Eflashover voltageF ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
        ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 20 kA 10 kA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 250 kA  100  kA‫א‬‫א‬ ( 20.8 µS) ‫א‬
(1.5µS)

- ١٥٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬      ٢٦٢    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
 

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬  
         ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬  
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   Esilicon carbideF ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
I = kVa (5.8)
‫א‬ak‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V‫א‬I 
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬ ‫א‬  5000 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  300  100   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬      ٢٦٢    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W٧ J٤ J٥

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
current F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ Echopping
basic insulation F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  30% ‫א‬    Elevel
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ Eline shieldingF‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKK
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬      ٢٦٢    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
 

 
 K‫א‬132 kV‫א‬‫א‬
132 kV  W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 145 kV  W J

 145x (√2√3)=119 kVpeak  W J

 3x119 = 357 kVpeak  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF
 123 kV   W‫א‬‫א‬ J

  510 kVpeak  W‫א‬ J

443 kV peak W 8/20 µS10 kA‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬EF
550 kV peakW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  550 kV rmsW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 x(550 - 443)/443zx100 = 24%W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
switchgear‫א‬‫א‬EF
650 kV peak  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 650 kV peak  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
25%E59 F440 kV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K2‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬      ٢٦٢    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
 

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٤F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٥F
W‫א‬‫ א‬E٦F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E
F
 
 
 
 
 
 

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 ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
• Electric Power Systems, Sayed A. Nassar and F. C. Trutt, Taylor and
Fracis, 2001 .
• Electric Power Cable Engineering, 2nd Edition, William A. Thue, Taylor
and Fracis, 2003 .
• Electric Power Systems, J. A. Harrison, McGraw Hill, 1996 .
• Power System Analysis, C. A. Gross, J. Wiley & Sons Ltd, 1997 .
• Elements of Power System Analysis, W. D. Stevenson, McGraw Hill
International Edition
 
 ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J١
 ٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J١ J١
 ٨‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١ J١
 ١٥         ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١ J١
 ٢٤         ‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٢ J١
 ٢٧        ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١
 ٢٨     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J١
 ٣١     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J١
 ٣٢        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢ J١
 ٣٩      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٢ J١
 ٥٠    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٠           ١ J٢
 ٥٠          ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢
 ٥٣          ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢
 ٥٥      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٢
 ٦١       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٢
 ٦٤          ‫א‬٦ J٢
 ٦٥        ‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٢
 ٧٣        ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٣           ١ J٣
 ٧٤          ‫א‬٢ J٣
 ٧٥          ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٣
 ٨١         ‫א‬٤ J٣
 ٨٧         ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٣
 ٩٠     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٣
 ٢٦٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ١٠٣          ‫א‬٧ J٣
 ١٠٤          ‫א‬٨ J٣
 ١٠٧        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩ J٣
 ١٠٩      ‫א‬‫א‬١٠ J٣
 ١١٤     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١١٤           ١ J٤
 ١١٥       ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤
 ١١٦          ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤
 ١١٨          ‫א‬٤ J٤
 ١٢٦         ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٤
 ١٢٨      ‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٤
 ١٣٣      ‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٤
 ١٣٥       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨ J٤
 ١٣٥          ‫א‬‫א‬٩ J٤
 ١٣٨     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٣٨           ١ J٥
 ١٣٨          ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٥
 ١٣٩          ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٥
 ١٤١          ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٥
 ١٥٥ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥٦‫א‬
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