‫ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬

‫ ﻧﺰﻫـﻪ ﺍﳉﺎﺑﺮﻱ‬. ‫ﺩ‬

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 ‫ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬

‫‪ ü‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻋﺎﱂ ﻋﻘﻴﺪﻩ ﻭﻣﺒﺪﺃ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﲤﺘﺪ ﻟﺘﻐﻄﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﺪﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺗﺘﺴﻊ ﻭﺗﻀﻴﻖ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﲤﻴﻴﺰﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻻﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻫﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﺘﺰﻡ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺣﻴﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺳﻜﺎ‪‬ﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻲ ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺺ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩﻱ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﻋﻦ ‪ ، % ٥٠‬ﻓﺎﺫﺍ ﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ‪ % ٥٠‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻋﺘﱪﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻗﻞ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺃﻗﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ü‬ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﲤﺘﺪ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﻠﻜﻴﺎﹰ ﻋﱪ ‪١٦٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻃﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻃﻮﻝ ‪١٤٠‬ﺷﺮﻗﺎﹰ ﰲ ﺷﺮﻕ‬
‫ﺇﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﺣﱴ ‪١٨‬ﻏﺮﺑﺎ ﲟﺤﺎﺫﺍﺓ ﺳﻮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻐﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﺘﺪ ﻋﱪ ‪ ٧٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﺮﺿﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ‪‬ﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﳉﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﺮﺽ ‪ ٦٠‬ﴰﺎﻻﹰ ﺣﱴ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﺮﺽ ‪ ٦‬ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻮﺍﺀ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻻﲨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﳓﻮ ‪ ٣١.٥‬ﻛﻢ‪٢‬ﳑﺘﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﻷﻃﻠﺴﻲ ﻏﺮﺑﺎﹰ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﳍﺎﺩﻱ ﺷﺮﻗﺎﹰ ﻣﻮﺯﻋﻪ ﺑﲔ ﻗﺎﺭﰐ ﺍﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺁﺳﻴﺎ ‪ .‬ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳕﻴﺰ ﻭﺣﺪﺗﲔ‬
‫ﻛﺒﲑﺗﲔ ﳘﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻗﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺎﻥ ﳑﺘﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﻷﻃﻠﺴﻲ ﻏﺮﺑﺎﹰ ﻭﺣﱴ ﺳﻴﻜﻴﺎﻧﺞ )ﺗﺮﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ (ﺷﺮﻗﺎﹰ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺭ ﻭﺍﺷﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﺰﺭ ﰲ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﲔ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻱ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺩﻱ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻲ‬
‫ﺇﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﻭﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ‪.‬‬
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 ‫‪ ü‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻋﻤﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺛﻠﺜﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻗﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺛﻠﺚ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻗﺎﺭﺓ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺸﺮﻑ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺛﻼﺙ ﳏﻴﻄﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻃﻠﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﳍﻨﺪﻱ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺩﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﺨﻠﻠﻬﺎ ﲝﺎﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﲝﺮ ﻗﺰﻭﻳﻦ ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺋﻖ ﻭﳑﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫‪ :‬ﺟﺒﻞ ﻃﺎﺭﻕ ‪ ،‬ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺲ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻀﻴﻖ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻨﺪﺏ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻀﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻔﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺩﻧﻴﻞ ﻭﻣﻀﻴﻖ ﻣﻠﻘﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻛﱪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﺩﻯ ﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻩ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﻋﱪ ﻋﺮﻭﺽ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺥ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺪﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ‪،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻃﺐ ﻭﺍﳉﺎﻑ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺗﻀﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ؛ ﳑﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﰐ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﱐ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﻛﱪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳉﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﰲ ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٣‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﻀﯿﻘﻤﻠﻘﺎ ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻧﺪوﻧﯿﺴﯿﺎ وﻣﺎﻟﯿﺰﯾﺎ‬

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 ‫‪ v‬ﺍﳌﻼﻣﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﺭﻳﺲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺗﻀﺎﺭﻳﺴﻴﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳉﺒﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﳍﻀﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻴﻜﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺍﳉﺒﺎﻝ ‪ :‬ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺍﳉﺒﺎﻝ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﻮﺩ ﺟﺒﺎﻝ ﺃﻃﻠﺲ ﰲ ﴰﺎﻝ ﻗﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﰲ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺏ ﻭﺗﻮﻧﺲ ﻭﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ‪،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺟﺒﻠﻲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳉﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻴﻂ ﲝﻔﺮﺓ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻵﺳﻴﻮﻱ ﺍﻻﻓﺮﻳﻘﻲ )ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻉ ﺍﻻﻓﺮﻳﻘﻲ ﺍﻵﺳﻴﻮﻱ( ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ‪٥٠٠٠‬ﻛﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻜﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺕ ﻣﻦ ﲝﲑﺓ ﻣﻼﻭﻱ ﻋﱪ ﺍﳍﻀﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻀﺒﺔ ﺍﳊﺒﺸﺔ ﰒ ﺍﺧﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻻﲪﺮ ﰒ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﻀﺎﺕ ﻋﱪ ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺒﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺖ ﻭﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻬﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﻉ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻑ ﻃﻮﺭﻭﺱ ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﱯ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻴﻂ ﺑﻄﺮﰲ ﺍﻷﺧﺪﻭﺩ ﻋﱪ ﺍﳍﻀﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻀﺒﺔ ﺍﳊﺒﺸﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻲ )ﺟﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻭﺍﺕ( ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺮﰊ )ﺟﺒﺎﻝ ﻣﺼﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﻥ( ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺒﺎﻝ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﲔ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﺟﺒﺎﻝ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻭﺍﺫﺍ ﲡﺎﻭﺯﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺷﺮﻗﺎ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﺣﱴ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﳉﺒﻠﻲ ﺍﱄ ﳜﺘﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﺑﺎ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ ﺍﻻﻟﺒﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻤﻼﺋﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻘﺪﺗﲔ ﺟﺒﻠﻴﺘﲔ ﳘﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫§ ﻋﻘﺪﺓ ﺃﺭﻣﻨﻴﺎ ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﻛﺘﻠﻪ ﺟﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻊ ﺍﻗﺼﻰ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﻭﺗﺘﻔﺮﻉ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ‬
‫ﺳﻼﺳﻞ ﺟﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬ﺟﺒﺎﻝ ﺑﻮﻧﺘﺲ ﰲ ﴰﺎﻝ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺒﺎﻝ ﻃﻮﺭﻭﺱ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺟﺒﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﺯ ﴰﺎﻝ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺟﺒﺎﻝ ﺯﺍﻏﺮﻭﺱ ﻏﺮﺏ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﻋﻘﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﻣﲑ‪:‬ﻭﺗﻘﻊ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻕ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻘﺪﺓ ﺃﺭﻣﻨﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﺎﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﻃﺎﺟﻜﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻛﺸﻤﲑ ﻭﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﻟﺸﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻮﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﻘﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻔﺮﻉ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺳﻼﺳﻞ ﺟﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺟﺒﺎﻝ ﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﻮﺵ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺟﺒﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﰲ ﴰﺎﻝ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺟﺒﺎﻝ ﺗﻴﺎﻥ ﺷﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺘﺪ ﻋﱪ ﻗﲑﻏﻴﺰﻳﺎ ﻭﺳﻴﻜﻴﺎﻧﺞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻭﺯﺑﻜﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪-٢‬ﺍﳍﻀﺎﺏ ‪ :‬ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺍﳍﻀﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﳑﺘﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺷﺮﻗﺎ ﺣﱴ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻃﻠﺴﻲ ﻏﺮﺑﺎﹰ ﻭﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺪﱐ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ‪١٠٠٠-٥٠٠‬ﻡ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺷﺘﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳍﻀﺎﺏ ‪ :‬ﺍﳍﻀﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻫﻀﺒﺔ ﺟﺰﻳﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ‪ ،‬ﻫﻀﺒﺔ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮﻯ ﻭﻫﻀﺒﺔ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﻝ ‪ :‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳕﻴﺰ ﰲ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﻝ ﳘﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻭﲤﺘﺪ ﻛﺄﺷﺮﻃﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﲜﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺣﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﻷﻃﻠﺴﻲ ﻭﲤﺘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮﺍﺣﻞ ﻧﻴﺠﲑﻳﺎ ﺣﱴ ﺟﺒﻞ ﻃﺎﺭﻕ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻭﲤﺘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺏ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺼﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺳﻬﻮﻝ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﲔ ﻭﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﴰﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻭﺗﻘﻊ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﻗﺰﻭﻳﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻄﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺫﺭﺑﻴﺠﺎﻥ ﻭﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻤﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﻗﺎﺯﻗﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻤﻦ ﻭﻣﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﺃﺭﻳﺘﺮﻳﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲝﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﰲ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻤﻦ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺳﻮﺍﺣﻞ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻹﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺛﺮﻭﺍ‪‬ﺎ ‪ .‬ﻓﺴﻬﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻃﻠﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ ﻭﻗﺰﻭﻳﻦ ﺧﺼﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻓﺮﺓ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺥ ﻳﻜﺜﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻄﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ‪،‬ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻣﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ﻭﲝﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻭﺍﳋﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺿﻴﻘﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺥ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ‪‬ﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺮﻳﺔ ‪ :‬ﻭﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻷ‪‬ﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻯ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﻝ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳﻬﻮﻝ ‪‬ﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻞ ﰲ ﻣﺼﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳﻬﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺪ ﰲ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳﻬﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺠﺮ ﻭﻏﺎﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﻐﺎﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳﻬﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﺪﻳﻦ ﺩﺟﻠﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳﻬﻮﻝ ﺑﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ )‪‬ﺮ ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻄﺎﱐ ‪ ،‬ﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳﻬﻮﻝ ﺗﺮﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻴﺔ )‪‬ﺮﻱ ﺳﻴﺤﻮﻥ ﻭﺟﻴﺤﻮﻥ ( ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎﹰ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ‪:‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﳚﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﺩﻯ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﻋﱪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﺫﺭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺲ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺀ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﺑﲔ ﺭﺑﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫§ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎﺀ ‪ :‬ﻳﺴﻴﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﰲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎﺀ ﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺟﻮﻱ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﳉﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻐﺰﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺷﺘﺎﺀ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺘﻼﻗﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﳉﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺍﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﺒﺔ ﻓﺘﺴﻘﻂ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﻋﺼﺎﺭﻳﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺸﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﰲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎﺀ ﻫﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﴰﺎﻝ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﺍﳌﻮﲰﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫§ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻒ ‪ :‬ﻳﺴﻴﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻒ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺟﻮﻱ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ‬
‫ﳉﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻓﺌﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﺍﳌﻮﲰﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﺘﺴﻘﻂ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﺍﳌﻮﲰﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎﹰ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﳉﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺎﻣﺶ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪ ü‬ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻳﺴﻴﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﳚﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﰲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺍﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﺒﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﻴﻄﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻴﻪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻱ ﻭﺍﻷﻃﻠﺴﻲ ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﻤﻄﺮ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ )ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻮﺍﺋﻲ( ‪:‬ﻭﻳﺘﻮﺯﻉ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﰲ ﺟﺰﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻕ ﺍﺳﻴﺎﻭﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻏﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﳝﺘﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻏﺰﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﻔﺔ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻗﻠﻴﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﻮﲰﻲ ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﻮﲰﻲ ﰲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻨﺠﻼﺩﻳﺶ ﻭﳝﺘﺎﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﺧﻪ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺻﻴﻔﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻮﺩ ﺍﳉﻔﺎﻑ ﰲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎﺀ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺪﻝ ﺍﳌﻤﻄﺮ ﺷﺘﺎﺀ )ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ( ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺥ ﰲ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺗﻮﻧﺲ ﻭﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﻭﺑﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ‬
‫‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﺴﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﺧﻪ ﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﺣﺎﺭ ﺟﺎﻑ ﺻﻴﻔﺎﹰ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ ﳑﻄﺮ ﺷﺘﺎﺀً ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﻘﻂ ﺃﻣﻄﺎﺭﻩ ﰲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎﺀ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﳉﻨﻮﺏ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺧﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺎﻓﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺧﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳕﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﳕﻄﲔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺧﺎﺕ ﳘﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﻭﻱ ‪ :‬ﻭﳝﺘﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺷﺎﻣﻼﹰ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻯ‬
‫ﰲ ﴰﺎﻝ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﰒ ﺻﺤﺎﺭﻯ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰒ ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﳝﺘﺪ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﺣﱴ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺻﺤﺮﺍﺀ ﺛﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﻭﻱ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻛﱪ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‬

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 ‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﻭﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﳉﻔﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻻ ﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﻬﻤﺮ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﺰﻳﺮﺓ ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﺴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﰐ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺑﻘﻠﺘﻪ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﳕﻄﲔ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﲔ ﳘﺎ ‪ :‬ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ‬
‫ﻭﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻤﺮﺓ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻷﻋﻮﺍﻡ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺥ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﻭﻱ ‪:‬ﻭﳝﺘﺪ ﰲ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﲔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﲔ ﳘﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺻﺤﺎﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ ﻭﳝﺘﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳍﻮﺍﻣﺶ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ ﳌﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮ ‪‬ﻀﺒﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﺘﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﻥ ﺃﻣﻄﺎﺭﻩ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﲝﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺪﺧﻠﻪ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻭﻻ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﻌﻠﻪ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﺀ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺻﺤﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﳝﺘﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﻭﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﺘﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺥ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻻﻓﺮﻳﻘﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺯﻉ ﻣﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻗﻠﻴﻢ ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﺘﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺗﺬﺑﺬﺏ ﰲ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻒ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪ v‬ﺍﳌﻼﻣﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻮﺯﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻼﻣﺢ ﻋﺎﻣﻪ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﺣﺼﺎﺀ ‪١٩٩٥‬ﻡ ﺭﺑﻊ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻗﺮﺍﺑﺔ ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﰲ ‪ ٥٣‬ﻗﻄﺮﺍﹰ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻴﺎﹰ ‪،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ )‪٣٧٢‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ(‬
‫ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﻛﺄﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﺪﻭﻝ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﻮﻥ ‪ % ٢٧‬ﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﺭﺓ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭ‪ % ٥١‬ﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻞ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩﻫﻢ ﰲ ﻗﺎﺭﰐ ﺃﻭﺭﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﲑﻛﺘﲔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﺄﻗﻠﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﻀﻤﺎﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﺎﻟﺴﻼﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻓﻴﺄﻭﺍﺳﻂ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺟﻨﻮ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻲ ﰲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﻭﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ﻭﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﱵ ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﺼﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺮﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺮﺳﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﻮﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﳒﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﰲ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺘﺼﻒ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻔﻠﻔﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻳﺾ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﻈﺔ ‪ .‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻗﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺑﻨﻐﻼﺩﺵ ‪.‬ﻭﻳﺘﺼﻒ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻼﻣﺢ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻗﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻤﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻭﻕ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﺍﻵﺭﻱ ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﻐﻠﺐ ﰲ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﺑﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﻘﺎﺱ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻴﻮﻥ ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﺘﻮﺯﻋﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﴰﺎﻝ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻴﻮﻥ ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﻘﻄﻨﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﴰﺎﳍﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻌﺎﻳﺸﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻡ ﻭﺗﺂﻟﻔﺖ ﰲ ﺿﻞ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻐﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻓﻐﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺣﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺑﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺮﻯ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪ ü‬ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ )‪ (٥٣‬ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ )‪ (٢٧‬ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭ)‪ (٢٤‬ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺩﻭﻟﺘﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﺑﺎ ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺩﻭﻝ ﻋﻤﻼﻗﺔ ‪ :‬ﺗﻀﻢ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﻐﻼﺩﻳﺶ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺠﲑﻳﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺩﻭﻝ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺳﻜﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ١٠٠- ٥٠‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺩﻭﻝ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ‪:‬ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺳﻜﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٥٠- ٢٠‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺏ ‪ ،‬ﺗﱰﺍﻧﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﻥ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺑﻜﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺩﻭﻝ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺳﻜﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٢٠- ١٠‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺯﻗﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺭﻛﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﺎﺳﻮ ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺩﻭﻝ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺳﻜﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪١٠-٥‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻣﺎﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﱄ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺠﺮ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻧﺲ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻐﺎﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﻨﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﺴﻄﲔ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺎﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﺩﻭﻝ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺳﻜﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٥- ١‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺗﺮﻛﻤﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺳﲑﺍﻟﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻏﻮ ‪ ،‬ﻗﲑﻏﻴﺰﻳﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺳﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﳍﺮﺳﻚ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٧‬ﺩﻭﻝ ﺿﺌﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ )ﺩﻭﻝ ﳎﻬﺮﻳﺔ( ‪ :‬ﻳﻘﻞ ﺳﻜﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺟﻴﺒﻮﰐ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺟﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺮ ‪،‬ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺎﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺎﻟﺪﻳﻒ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪ ü‬ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺩﻭﻝ ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ‪:‬ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻛﻢ‪ ٢‬ﰲ ﻗﺎﺭﺓ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ‪:‬ﻗﺎﺯﻗﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ‪ .‬ﰲ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ‪:‬ﻣﺼﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺎﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﱄ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺠﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﻭﻝ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ‪ :‬ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﲔ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻛﻢ‪ ٢‬ﺗﻨـﺰﺍﻧﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺠﲑﻳﺎ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ‪،‬ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺏ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻣﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﻭﻝ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ‪ :‬ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﺍﻟﻒ ﻛﻢ‪ ٢‬ﻭﻧﺼﻔﻤﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻛﻢ‪ ٢‬ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺑﻜﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻛﻤﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﻭﻝ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ‪ :‬ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪٢٥‬ﺍﻟﻒ ﻛﻢ‪ ٢‬ﻭ ﻣـﺎﺋﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﻢ‪ ٢‬ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﻳﺘﺮﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﲑﺍﻟﻴﻮﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺫﺭﺑﻴﺠﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﻭﻝ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ‪٢٥‬ﺍﻟﻒ ﻛﻢ‪ ٢‬ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻗﻄﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﺴﻄﲔ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺟﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺟﻴﺒﻮﰐ ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺎﻟﺪﻳﻒ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪ ü‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺇﱃ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺩﻭﻝ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ‪:‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ‪٨٢٨‬ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ‪/‬ﻛﻢ‪،٢‬ﻭﺗﻀﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﳕﻄﲔ ﳘﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ ‪:‬ﺩﻭﻝ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﻀﺨﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺳﻜﺎ‪‬ـﺎ ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﻐﻼﺩﻳﺶ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺠﲑﻳﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ‪ :‬ﺩﻭﻝ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺼﻐﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﺭﺍﺿﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ‪:‬ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﺪﻳﻒ‪،‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﻦ‪،‬ﻓﻠﺴﻄﲔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺟﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺩﻭﻝ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ‪:‬ﻭﺗﻀﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ‪/١٠٠-٣٠‬ﻛﻢ‪ ، ٢‬ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺏ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻧﺲ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ ‪،‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴـﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺫﺭﺑﻴﺠﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﺩﻭﻝ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ‪ :‬ﻭﺗﻀﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ‬
‫‪٣٠‬ﻧﺴﻤﺔ‪/‬ﻛﻢ‪ ٢‬ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺩﻭﻝ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺎﺩ ‪.....‬‬
‫‪.............‬ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻴﺈﱃ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ‪ :‬ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺠﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﱃ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺎﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺯﻗﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻤﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺟﻴﺒﻮﰐ ‪،‬ﺍﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﻨﻴــﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٨‬‬

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 ‫‪ ü‬ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪:‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ‪٢١‬ﺩﻭﻟﺔ )‪ (٩‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﻭ)‪ (١٢‬ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺁﺳﻴﻮﻳﺔ ‪ .‬ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫‪١٤‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻛﻢ‪ ،٢‬ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺳﻜﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻦ ‪٢٥٥‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﻋﻦ‪ ، %٩٠‬ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﲨﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ) ﻋﺪﺩﻳﻬﺎ ( ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳍﻀﺎﺏ ﺍﻵﺳﻴﻮﻳﺔ ‪:‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻫﻀﺒﱵ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮﻯ ﻭﺍﳍﻀﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻀﻢ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﻭﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﺫﺭﺑﻴﺠﺎﻥ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺍﱃ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺭﻣﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺭﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﻗﱪﺹ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﻭﺭﺑﻊ ﻛﻢ ‪٢‬ﻭﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻋﻦ ‪١٥٨‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﻭﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ‪. %٩٢‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻳﺔ ‪ :‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﱵ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺑﻨﻐﻼﺩﻳﺶ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﻭﺳﲑﻻﻧﻜﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻟﺪﻳﻒ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ‪٣٥٠‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪:‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﺯﺍﻗﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭﺯﺑﻜﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻛﻤﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻃﺎﺟﻜﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﲑﻏﻴﺰﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ ‪ ٥٤‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﻗﺮﺍﺑﺔ ‪. %٧٠‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ‪ ١٢٠‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﱃ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪:‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺟﺰﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺮﻭﱐ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿـﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺛﺮﺓ ﰲ ﰲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷـﺮﻕ ﺁﺳـﻴﺎ ) ﺑﻮﺭﻣﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﻳﻼﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺒﲔ‪ .( .....‬ﻭﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳـﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ‪٢٢٠‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻏﺮﺏ ﻭﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ‪:‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻄﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻏﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﺳﻮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻃﻠﺴﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﱃ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ‪١٥‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻜﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻦ ‪٢٠٠‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻗﺮﺍﺑﺔ ‪١١٨‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﳏﺪﺩﻩ‪.‬‬

‫‪٢٠‬‬

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 ‫‪ v‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻼﻣﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺜﺎﻷﳕﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﻭﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺝ ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺇﱃ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺘﲔ ﳘﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﻠﻔﺔ ‪ :‬ﻭﲤﺎﺭﺱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﻓﻴﻨﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﺼﻒ ﺑﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻇﺮﻭﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺴﻮ‪‬ﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﰲ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺪﺍﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺻﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻘﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﺰﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺎﺩ ‪،‬ﺍﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪،‬ﺃﻭﻏﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﺗﱰﺍﻧﻴﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ ‪ :‬ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻣﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﻀﻢ‬
‫ﺃﻗﺎﻟﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺮﻋﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﺫ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺑﺔ ‪ % ٢٠,٧‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﺣﺸﺎﺋﺶ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﺲ‬
‫ﰲ ﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﲑﻏﻴﺰﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﺯﺑﻜﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪،‬ﻛﺎﺯﺍﺧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺟﻴﻜﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻛﻤﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﺫﺭﺑﻴﺠﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺏ ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻧﺲ ‪ ،‬ﴰﺎﻝ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ‪.‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺸﻤﲑ‬
‫‪،‬ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪،‬ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﺴﻄﲔ ﺍﶈﺘﻠﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻏﻨﺎﻡ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﺮﰉ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﳊﺎﺭﺓ ‪ :‬ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﺣﺸﺎﺋﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻓﺎﻧﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺗﱰﺍﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺠﲑﻳﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻣﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﺗﺸﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﺠﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻗﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﻨﺎ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻐﺎﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﺑﻴﺴﺎﻭ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﺍﻷﺧﻀﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻟﺪﻳﻒ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺮﰉ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﳊﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻏﻨﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻋﺰ ﻭﺍﻻﺑﻞ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﻭﻳﺔ ‪ :‬ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﻣﺎﻝ ﻭﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﻷﻏﻨﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻹﺑﻞ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﰉ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﻭﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻻﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺸﺮ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٣٠‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺎﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻣﺎﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺠﺮﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﱰﺍﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﻭﻣﺎﱄ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺻﻴﺪ ﺍﻻﲰﺎﻙ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﱂ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ‪٧,٣‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻃﻦ ﻣﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﻙ ﻭﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﻄﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺃﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﲝﻜﻢ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻜﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺿﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻨﺎﻗﻪ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺜﲎ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺏ ﻭﻣﻮﺭﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻱ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻤﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﺳﻔﻦ‬
‫ﺷﺮﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎ‪‬ﺎﺩﻳﻒ ﳑﺎ ﻗﺼﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻻﻓﺘﻘﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﱂ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻄﺤﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺗﺰﺧﺮ ﲟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﺿﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ‬
‫ﳑﺎ ﺍﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺮﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻞ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﺩﲪﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﻙ ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻭﻳﻄﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﱪﻳﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﺰﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻣﺘﻬﺎﻥ ﺻﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﻙ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﲤﺎﺭﺱ‬
‫ﻛﺤﺮﻓﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺆﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻏﲑ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺬﺍﺀ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﲰﺎﻙ ﻗﺮﺍﺑﺔ ‪ % ٧.٣‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﺼﺪﺭ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﺠﻼﺩﻳﺶ ﰒ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ﻓﺎﳌﻐﺮﺏ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺝ – ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ‪ :‬ﺍﺩﻯ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻭﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ‪٦٨‬ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﻋﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﺌﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ؛ ﳑﺎ ﺃﻋﻄﻰ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻨﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺭﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﺼﺪﺭ ﻏﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻀﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﲤﺘﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺮﻭﻃﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺄﰐ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﻥ ﰒ ﺗﱰﺍﻧﻴﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩ – ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﺎﺭﺳﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳊﻀﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ ﻛﺎﳊﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﺑﻞ ﻭﺃﺷﻮﺭ ﻭﺣﻀﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺳﺒﺄ ﻭﲪﲑ ﻭﻣﻌﲔ ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺑﺔ ‪٢٥٩‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻱ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺍﺯﻱ ‪ % ١٧,٥‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺪ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻛﺎﺯﺧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﺍﻻﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺠﲑﻳﺎ ﰒ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﲢﻴﻂ ﺍﻻﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻻﺑﻴﺾ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﳉﻨﻮﺏ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﻎ ﻭﳏﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺄﰐ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺢ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﲰﻲ ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﻀﻢ ﺍﻻﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﰲ ﺍﺳﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ‬
‫ﺍﻛﺜﻒ ﺍﻻﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺳﻜﺎﻧﺎﹰ ‪،‬ﻭﺍﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺟﺎﹰ ﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺯ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﻱ ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺪﺓ ﺍﻗﺼﻰ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻻﻣﻄﺎﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﱐ‬
‫ﻭﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﻧﻔﻞ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻞ ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﻮﺯﻉ ﰲ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻭﻏﻨﺪﺍ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺴﻢ ﲞﺼﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﺭﺿﻪ ﻭﻭﻓﺮﺓ ﻣﻴﺎﻫﻪ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺰﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﻭﺍﳊﺒﻮﺏ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ ﻭﻗﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﺳﻴﺎ ‪ :‬ﻳﻀﻢ ﲬﺲ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﱵ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺸﺘﻬﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺑﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﻭﳏﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺒﻮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﲨﺎﻝ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﺭﺯ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺢ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺟﻮﺯ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱭ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﱐ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻁ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﻛﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺑﻞ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫـ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮﺍﹰ ﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﺮﻱ ﻭﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﺑﺄﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻨﻮﻋﺖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺇﱃ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﹰ ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﰲ ﻗﺎﺯﻗﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﳌﻨﻴﻮﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺳﺒﺎﺋﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻨﺠﻨﻴﺰ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺑﺎﻟﻴﺖ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺒﺎﺕ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ‪ :‬ﻛﺎﻟﻔﺤﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻗﺎﺯﻗﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻭﺯﺑﻜﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ)ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﻭﻧﻴﺠﲑﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺰ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﻭﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻭ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﲤﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﺪﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺻﺨﺮﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﺒﺲ ﻭﻣﺄﻛﻞ ﻭﻣﺴﻜﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻮﻃﻦ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ‪ :‬ﻭ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ‪،‬ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎ‪‬ﺎ ‪،‬ﻭﳝﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ :‬ﻗﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ ‪،‬ﺣﻠﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻃﺤﻦ ﺍﳊﺒﻮﺏ ‪ ،‬ﲡﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﻛﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ‬
‫‪،‬ﺩﺑﻎ ﺍﳉﻠﻮﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻑ ﻭﲡﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻻﲰﺎﻙ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ ‪ :‬ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﻮﻃﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﻘﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻭﺯﺑﻜﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺯﺧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﺴﻄﲔ ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺏ ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻧﺲ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻐﺎﻝ ‪ ،‬ﺗﱰﺍﻧﻴﺎﻭﺃﻟﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺧﺎﻣﺴﺎﹰ ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﺔ ﻫﻴﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﲢﺖ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺔ ﻭﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺔ ‪.‬ﻓﻬﻢ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﺑﲔ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻭﳜﺘﻠﻔﻮﺍ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ ﺑﻜﻮ‪‬ﻤﻴﻨﺘﻤﻮﺍ ﻟﻺﺳﻼﻡ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﳛﺎﻭﻟﻮﺍ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺟﻬﺪﻫﻢ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﺪﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﻫﺎ ﺇﻻ‬
‫ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺴﻠﻂ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻲ ﺃﻟﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺗﱰﺍﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺇﺛﻴﻮﺑﻴﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻮ‪‬ﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻋﺘﻨﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻡ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳍﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺭﺍﺽ ﻏﲑ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ü‬ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺳﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻗﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫‪ ٢٨٢‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﻳﺘﻮﺯﻋﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺼﲔ )‪١٢٢‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ( ‪ ،‬ﺍﳍﻨﺪ )‪١١٦‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ( ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺒﲔ )‪٧.٥‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ( ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﻗﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ‪ ٧٠‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﻳﺘﻮﺯﻋﻮﺍ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳘﻬﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﺛﻴﻮﺑﻴﺎ )‪٢١.٥‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ( ﻛﻴﻨﻴﺎ )‪١٠‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ(‬
‫ﺍﻭﻏﻨﺪﺍ )‪٦.٥‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ( ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﺔ ﰲ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻭﺭﺑـــﺎ‪:‬ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﺑـﺎ ‪١٥‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﻳﺘﻮﺯﻋﻮﻥ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺩﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﲑﻛﺘﲔ ‪ :‬ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺮﺍﺑﺔ ‪ ٣.٥‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺑﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﺭﺑﻊ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﺑﻜﻨﺪﺍ ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻌﻴﺶ ‪‬ﺎ ‪ ١.٦‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮﻭﻥ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ‪ :‬ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﲝﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ٣٥٠‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﻳﺘﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﻢ ﰲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﱵ ﺳﺪﱐ ﻭﻣﻠﺒﻮﺭﻥ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪ ü‬ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳉﻬﻞ ﺑﺘﻌﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻗﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻻﺿﻄﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﲏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺪﱐ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻠﻤﲔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺼﲑ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﲝﻖ ﺍﳉﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺲ ﺃﺑﻨﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺿﻤﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭﺓ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻛﺜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺣﺪﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﱐ ‪ ،‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﳏﻤﻮﺩ )‪٢٠٠٩‬ﻡ( ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻴﺰ ﰲ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺽ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺷﺎﻛﺮ ‪ ،‬ﳏﻤﻮﺩ )‪١٩٩٨‬ﻡ( ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﻭﻛﺔ ‪ ،‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﲬﻴﺲ )‪١٩٩٥‬ﻡ( ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪-http://www.islammemo.cc/nahn-we-el-gharb/2007/11/28/55672.html‬‬

‫‪-h p://www.altebyan.com/vb/showthread.php?t=2046‬‬

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