EF‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

٦
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  

EFOUR-WHEEL DRIVEF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 

 ٪٩٥٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ٦W‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 H
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١١٦ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٢١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
EFOUR-WHEEL DRIVEF
 
EIntroductionF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(four-wheel-drive (4WD))E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(SUVs)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(all-wheel-drive (AWD))
،E٢ J٦١ J٦F(light-duty trucks)‫א‬‫א‬(pickup trucks)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(AWD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬(take-off)‫א‬(spinning)
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  

 
(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J٦F
- ٢٢٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  

 
(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J٦F
 
‫א‬ (4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE
،(AWD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E٧٧F‫א‬،(4WD)‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬E١٨٠F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(AWD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(4WD)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(AWD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٢٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EFour-Wheel Drive versus All-Wheel DriveF
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٦FK(AWD)‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬WEBF،(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEAFWE٣ J٦F
(AWD)‫א‬
 
 
 

- ٢٢٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  
‫א‬EA J٣ J٦F(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، (transfer case)
(shift lever)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2WD)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(locking hubs)‫א‬‫א‬K(shift button)‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K(4WD)‫א‬
E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(4WD)E‫א‬
‫א‬(viscous clutch (coupling))EF،(inter-axle (center) differential)
 K(rear driveline)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(front driveline)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EB J٣ J٦F(AWD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K(transfer case)،(4WD)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(transaxle)(AWD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،(center differential)(viscous clutch)(FWD)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(transfer clutch)
(AWD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(rear axle assembly)‫א‬‫א‬(rear driveline)
‫א‬‫א‬(2WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(AWD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(4WD)
‫א‬(AWD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(AWD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(single-speed transfer case)
 K(two-speed transfer case)‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(AWD)‫א‬

- ٢٢٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EEFOUR-WHEEL DRIVE (4WDF
 
(4WD)E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،E٤ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬،(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤ J٦F

‫א‬(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،(main RWD)‫א‬(RWD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٢٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  
(two-speed transfer case)K(auxiliary FWD)‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(high and low speed ranges)
‫א‬K(main FWD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(4WD)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K(auxiliary RWD)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،(high ground clearance)
‫א‬‫א‬(tire tread)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(underbody protection)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

EPurpose of the Four-Wheel DriveF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(four-wheel drive)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(passenger cars)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(vans)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(four-wheel drive systems)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬(manual transmissions/transaxles)
 K(automatic transmissions/transaxles)
EFour-Wheel Drive ComponentsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٥ J٦F(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
(transfer case)‫א‬‫א‬ J١ 
(drive shafts and joints)‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ 
(front differential)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣ 
 (rear differential)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤ 
 (drive selection system)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥ 

- ٢٢٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  
 

 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J٦F
 
(locking devices)(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(front hubs)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
EDesigns of Four-Wheel Drive SystemsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W،E٦ J٦F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 KEA J٦ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ELF(transmission)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 KEB J٦ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ELF(transaxle)

- ٢٢٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  

 
 K(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٦ J٦F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WB،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WA
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،EA J٦ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Emain rear-drive shaft‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬(transfer case)K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(auxiliary front-drive shaft)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٢٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  
،(rear differential)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(rear drive shaft)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(rear driving wheels)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(front drive shaft)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K(front driving wheels)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(front differential) ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(rear wheels)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
F‫א‬‫א‬،EB J٦ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Emain front-drive shaft‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(transfer case)‫א‬‫א‬KE
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬(transaxle)‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(front wheels)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٧ J٦F

- ٢٣٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(transfer case)‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٦F 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬(4WD)‫א‬
(chain)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEA J٦ J٦F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(set of drive gears)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F(drive selector switch or shifter) ‫א‬‫א‬ 
F‫א‬‫א‬،E٨ J٦F(4WD)‫א‬(2WD)
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E(H)(L)
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEN‫א‬F‫א‬(2WD)(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٨ J٦F
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬(U-joints)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 (U-joints)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K(rear-wheels hubs)‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٣١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  
(CV joints)‫א‬‫א‬(U-joints)‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،KE٩ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٩ J٦F
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٠ J٦F

- ٢٣٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬(solid axle)،‫א‬‫א‬(one half shaft)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٠ J٦F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
ETransfer CaseF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(transfer case)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
(output shaft)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(4WD)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(transmission)‫א‬
 KE١١ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١١ J٦F

- ٢٣٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W،(drive shafts)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(set of gears)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 E١٢ J٦F
(sprockets)(chain)E F‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 E١٣ J٦F
 

 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٢ J٦F
 
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
(part-time transfer case)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١ 
 (full-time transfer case)E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ 
،(part-time 4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬(2WD)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،(2WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٣٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  

 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٣ J٦F
 
F(full-time 4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F(spinning)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 (Single-speed transfer case)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١ 
 E١٣ J٦F(two-speed transfer case)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ 
 
‫א‬E١٧ J٦FE١٤ J٦F‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬١٤ J٦F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٣٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  
  


 
 

 (N)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEF،‫א‬‫א‬WEFWE١٤ J٦F

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،E١W٢{٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬KE١W١F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١W١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 

 
 (2H)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٥ J٦F

- ٢٣٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  

 
 (4H)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٦ J٦F
 

 
 (4H)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٧ J٦F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W،‫א‬
F(sliding-gears transfer case)‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 E١٢ J٦
(planetary-gear transfer case) ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 E١٨ J٦F
- ٢٣٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE١٨ J٦F
 
 (Full-Time Transfer Case)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬(full-time transfer case)
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩ J٦FKE١W٢F‫א‬‫א‬،E١W١F‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K(viscous coupling (clutch))
‫א‬،(full-time transfer case)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 F(differential assembly)
‫א‬(viscous coupling (clutch))E
‫א‬،EF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ٢٣٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  

 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬WE١٩ J٦F
 
 (Part-Time Transfer Case)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬(part-time transfer case)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K  ،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١W٢{٦F‫א‬‫א‬،E١W١F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠ J٦F 

- ٢٣٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 (Part-Time Transfer Case Selection Control)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K(speed range)‫א‬(drive range)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٠ J٦F

- ٢٤٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬F(2WD)‫א‬‫א‬W2H J١
، E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4H J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4L J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
     (N)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬   
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E٢١ J٦
،(2L)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(lever ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،(electronic controlled push button)‫א‬‫א‬،control)
 K(switch control)‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢١ J٦F

- ٢٤١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  

 ETransfer Cases TypesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 
 (Planetary-Gear Transfer Case)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
E٢٢ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٢ J٦F
 (part-time)‫א‬(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٤٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  
W
 EA J٢٣ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬ 
(ring gear)‫א‬‫א‬(planet-pinion carrier)‫א‬‫א‬(sun gear)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
K(driving or input gear)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(sun-gear shaft)‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬(pins)‫א‬
(driven or output shaft)E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬(carrier shaft)‫א‬‫א‬
 KEB J٢٣ J٦F
 
  
 



‫א‬‫א‬WB،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WAWE٢٣ J٦F
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J١ 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣ 
 ‫א‬ J٤ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٥ 

- ٢٤٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬KE(H)‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E(L)‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E(H)‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
،E(L)‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬EB J٢٣ J٦F(brake band)EF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K(L)‫א‬‫א‬،
  

 
‫א‬ WE٢٤ J٦F
 (part-time)‫א‬(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٤٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  
‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬(H)‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،Epins‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE(H)‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤ J٦F 
‫א‬‫א‬،(N)‫א‬K(2H, 4H, and 4L)‫א‬‫א‬(4WD)
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 (Full-Time Transfer Case with Differential Unit)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(drive chain)‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬،E٢٥ J٦F 
‫א‬K(differential case sprocket)‫א‬‫א‬(drive sprocket)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE(rear output shaft)‫א‬‫א‬(front output shaft)‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٢٥ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E٢٦ J٦F 
(standard differential)E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬(G)‫א‬F
‫א‬K(sliding clutch (D))‫א‬‫א‬(A, C, and E)‫א‬‫א‬
K(F and H)(I)E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٤٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٥ J٦F
 (H or L)‫א‬

 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٦ J٦F

- ٢٤٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
  (Full- and Part-Time Transfer Case with Viscous Couplings)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
E٢٧ J٦F(viscous coupling (clutch))‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٧ J٦F
 
E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 
(thick silicon fluid)‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٨ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٤٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٨ J٦F
 
 (Electronically Controlled Transfer Case)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢٩ J٦F 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٣٠ J٦F(electric shift or stepper motor)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
K(ECM)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٩ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬(4WD/2WD)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J١ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬(solenoid valves)‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٤٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 WE٢٩ J٦F
 
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٠ J٦F 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(AWD)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٤٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  
FE FK(multiple-disc clutch)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E
 

 
 ‫א‬E‫א‬FWE٣٠ J٦F
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣١ J٦F(magnetic clutch)
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٥٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(shifting on-the-fly)?‫א‬
 K(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣١ J٦F
 
EAuxiliary Front-Drive AxlesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٦ J٦FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٧ J٦FE١٦ J٦FE١٥ J٦F‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٥١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  

 
 (4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬WE٣٢ J٦F
  

 
(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬WE٣٣ J٦F
 ‫א‬

- ٢٥٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  
‫א‬K(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٢ J٦F 
‫א‬،(front differential)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(front-axle housing)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(front-axle shafts)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،(U-joints)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬(steering knuckle)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣٣ J٦F 
K(two-piece housing)  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 EFront-Axle DisconnectF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
4WD‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٣٤ J٦FE2WD
 KE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(sleeve)E٣٥ J٦F
 ‫א‬،EA J٣٤ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٦ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬EB J٣٤ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(dragging)
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٥٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٤ J٦F
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٥ J٦F

- ٢٥٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  

 
 E٣٨ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٦ J٦F
 
‫א‬E٣٧ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٧ J٦F
  
(heating element)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬(plunger)‫א‬(gas)،‫א‬‫א‬
 K

- ٢٥٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  

ELocking HubsFE‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(wheel hubs)‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(back-drive)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٩ J٦FE٣٨ J٦F(locking hubs)
 
EManual Locking HubsF ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ J١
 J٦F(manual locking hubs) ‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬ 
K(part-time 4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬(disengage)EF(engage)
 

 
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٨ J٦F

- ٢٥٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬(engage) 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(ENGAGE)??‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(4WD)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(disengage)EF 
?‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(DISENGAGE)?
(FREE)??‫א‬‫א‬ 
? ?(LOCK)? ?،(ENGAGE)??
 KE٣٩ J٦F(DISENGAGE)
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٩ J٦F
 
EAutomatic Locking HubsF ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
KE٤٠ J٦F(automatic locking hubs)‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬

- ٢٥٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(2WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬٣‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K(AUTO or AUTOMATIC)??
 

 
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤٠ J٦F
  

- ٢٥٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  

ETransfer Case LubricationF‫א‬‫א‬

(partially full)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(SAE 75W-90 or SAE 80W-90)‫א‬(gear oil)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K(ATF)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(SAE 80W-90 GL-4)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(oil seals)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬(gaskets)(seals)
‫א‬ ‫א‬،E
 F‫א‬‫א‬
 K

- ٢٥٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EALL-WHEEL DRIVEF
 
(AWD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
(AWD)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(transfer case)‫א‬‫א‬(AWD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬(AWD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤١ J٦FK‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
(AWD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤١ J٦F
 
‫א‬‫א‬،(AWD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،(auxiliary RWD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (FWD)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(RWD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(auxiliary FWD)‫א‬
- ٢٦٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  
،(AWD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،(single-speed transfer case)‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(transaxle)‫א‬(transmission)‫א‬‫א‬
 
EAll-Wheel-Drive SystemsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(shafts)‫א‬(gears)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬KE٤٢ J٦F(AWD)‫א‬‫א‬(U-joints)‫א‬
،(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(AWD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(two-speed transfer case)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(FWD)‫א‬‫א‬،(AWD)‫א‬
(AWD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(full-time AWD)E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،(part-time AWD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 (AWD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤٢ J٦F

‫א‬(AWD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،(inter-axle differential (center))E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E٤٢ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤٣ J٦F(single-speed transfer case)‫א‬

- ٢٦١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  

EPart-Time All-Wheel-DriveF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(FWD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٣ J٦F 
‫א‬(part-time AWD)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(transaxle)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤٣ J٦F
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤٤ J٦F

- ٢٦٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE٤٤ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F(transfer drive gear)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
E٤٥ J٦F(transfer driven gear)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(short transfer shaft)‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(pinion)‫א‬‫א‬(bevel gear)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(lock)EF‫א‬(fork)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E FK
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(unlock)EF(sleeve)‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤٥ J٦F
 ‫א‬

- ٢٦٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  

EFull-Time All-Wheel-DriveFE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(viscous coupling (clutch))‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٦ J٦F 
   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤٦ J٦F

- ٢٦٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF،‫א‬‫א‬
 K (AWD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  

 
‫א‬WE٤٧ J٦F
(AWD)‫א‬
 
 E٤٧ J٦F 
KE٤٦ J٦FE٤٥ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬،(AWD)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬KE٤٨ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K(driven front wheels)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٦٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤٨ J٦F
 
 EInter-axle (Center) DifferentialFE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(inter-axle differential)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(center differential)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F(AWD)‫א‬
KE٤٩ J٦FE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F(4WD)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،(begin to spin)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٦٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، (limited-slip differentials)‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬WE٤٩ J٦F
 EF
 
EEViscous Coupling (ClutchF‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬(self-actuated fluid coupling)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٥٠ J٦FE٤٩ J٦F  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٦٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥٠ J٦F
 

   
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥١ J٦F
 
‫א‬KE٥١ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K(air)‫א‬٪١٠‫א‬(silicon fluid)٪٩٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٢٦٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  

EViscous-Coupling DifferentialsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(center differential)
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٥١ J٦FE٥٠ J٦F
‫א‬‫א‬(limited-slip differential)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬EF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٥٢ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K(limited-slip differential)‫א‬‫א‬
E F،‫א‬‫א‬E F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ 
 ‫א‬ J٣ 
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥٢ J٦F
- ٢٦٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  

ETorque-Sensing DifferentialsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
(center differential)‫א‬KE٥٣ J٦F
 K(AWD)‫א‬‫א‬(rear-axle differential)
E٥٠L٥٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
(2 sets)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(spur gears)‫א‬‫א‬(worm gears)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(to maximize traction)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥٣ J٦F

- ٢٧٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  

ELocking DifferentialsFE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬EFK  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEA J٥٤ J٦FEFE٥٤ J٦F 
 ‫א‬(dog clutch) 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬KEB,C J٥٤ J٦FE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 
WC،‫א‬‫א‬WB،‫א‬WAWE٥٤ J٦F
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

- ٢٧١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  

ECenter Differential AWDF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(AWD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(center differential)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٥٦ J٦FE٥٥ J٦F
‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬،(manual transmission)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(switch)‫א‬‫א‬
،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF،(automatic transmission)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٥٥ J٦F

- ٢٧٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  

 
 (AWD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥٦ J٦F

EElectronically Controlled AWDF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،(overdrive)‫א‬(transaxle)
‫א‬‫א‬K(lockup torque converters)E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KECV-joints)‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٥٧ J٦F‫א‬
 K(center differential)(full-time AWD)
 ‫א‬(FWD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K 
(stator)(turbine)(impeller)(torque converter)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(turbine shaft)‫א‬K(lockup clutch)
‫א‬ ،(planetary gears)‫א‬‫א‬(planetary controls)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(selected gear range)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥٧ J٦F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(reduction driving gear)‫א‬‫א‬(transaxle reduction drive shaft)‫א‬
K(rear drive shaft)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(transfer clutch)‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٧٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥٧ J٦F
(AWD)‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K(multiple-disc transfer clutch)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(AWD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬(sensors)‫א‬ 
K(driveline)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(load)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(TCU)K(Transmission Control Unit (TCU))?‫א‬
(fluid flow)‫א‬‫א‬(solenoid)‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(transfer clutch)‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(full-time AWD)E‫א‬

- ٢٧٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  
،‫א‬‫א‬(TCU)‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬E٪٩٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٪٥٠F،‫א‬‫א‬E٪٥F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
  

- ٢٧٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EXF‫א‬‫א‬E√FW 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 KEF
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 EFE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬– 
 ‫א‬‫א‬– 
 ‫א‬‫א‬– 
 ‫א‬‫א‬– 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 – 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 
- ٢٧٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEF J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEF،‫א‬‫א‬
 WK‫א‬
 EF‫א‬– 
 EF‫א‬– 
 EF‫א‬EF‫א‬– 
 EF‫א‬EF‫א‬– 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
  ‫א‬– 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬– 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 
 – 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EF J٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬– 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 
 ‫א‬‫א‬– 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
  – 
 E F– 

- ٢٧٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEF J٩
‫א‬‫א‬WEF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 EF‫א‬– 
 EF‫א‬– 
 EF‫א‬EF‫א‬– 
 EF‫א‬EF‫א‬– 
 W‫א‬ J١٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬– 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬– 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬W 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 K‫א‬

- ٢٧٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W 
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F X J١
 √ J٢
 EL–LFX J٣
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FX J٤
 √ J٥
 EF X J٦
 
 W 
  J١
  J٢
  J٣
  J٤
  J٥
  J٦
  J٧
  J٨
  J٩
  J١٠
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٢٧٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  

 W 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J١ 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣ 
 ‫א‬ J٤ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٥ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 W(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬ J١ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥  
 W،E(N)‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
، E
 ‫א‬F(2WD)‫א‬‫א‬W2H J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٨٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 

  
‫א‬(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4H J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(4WD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4L J٣
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٨١ -