EF‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
 ‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
 
 ٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٦W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W J١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬     
 ،‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 W‫א‬١ J٢
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   K   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE
‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١ J١ ‫א‬،?‫א‬‫א‬? ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J١
 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬       ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،?‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ?    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ،E٢ J١  ‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    K٢ J١   
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J١
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬K ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKK،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

Engine ClassificationsW‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J١ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K،‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١ J٣
EIntermittentF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 EContinuousF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Intermittent Combustion Engines  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
  Continuous Combustion Engines  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١ J٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 WEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
       K‫א‬
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
      

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  J١
‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
‫א‬  J٧
 
Engine CycleW‫א‬١ J٢ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Four-Stroke CycleW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K ،،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F٧٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٨٠
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١KE‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 

-٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

   
 ‫א‬ J  ‫א‬ J ‫א‬ J ‫א‬ J
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣ J١
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J١
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?‫א‬?‫א‬  J
KE‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١W١٤{٧F‫א‬
K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤ J١
 
 WE٣ J١‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Suction StrokeW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
Compression StrokeW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

Power StrokeW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
Exhaust StrokeW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
  Two-Stroke CycleW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K٥ J١،‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬??‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥ J١
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
? ?‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E
 F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J١
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ١٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Valve LocationW‫א‬٢ J٢ J٣
،EL-headFL W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KET-headFT،EI-headFI،EF-headFF
 ‫א‬‫א‬KTI FL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

T: L-head, F-head, and T-headFL‫א‬ J

 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEL-head engineFL
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٦ J١،L
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF-headFF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٦ J١،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ١٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
 

  
   
EF-headFF‫א‬ J EL-headFL‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 
 ET-headFT‫א‬ J
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 
 TFL‫א‬W٦ J١
 
- ١٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ET-headFT‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦ J١‫א‬
 K
 
 I-head WI‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  EI-head engineF I    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K٧ J١،٧ J١،
 

   

 ‫א‬ J  ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬F
 EI
 
 EI-headF I‫א‬W٧ J١
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
٨ J١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٩ J١    K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 
 
‫א‬W٨ J١
 ‫א‬
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
 
V-6W٩ J١
 
،‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬     ١٠ J١  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٠ J١
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬I‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ I‫א‬ ‫א‬
Eoverhead camshaftF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١١ J١،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K١٢ J١  ‫א‬،
 K١٣ J١
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١١ J١
 
 

- ١٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬W١٢ J١
 

 
 
‫א‬F‫א‬W١٣ J١
 E‫א‬
- ٢٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

Combustion Chamber DesignW‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K E F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١W٩٨{٥٨‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬??
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KI‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٤ J١
 
 

- ٢١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٤ J١
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥ J١K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

- ٢٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
 
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬W١٥ J١
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،١٠‫א‬
 V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
K

 ‫א‬،E١٦ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

- ٢٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬W١٦ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬K١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Cylinder arrangementW‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٢ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،V،W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K،
 
 Inline EnginesW‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K١٧ J١‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

  
  J   J
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٧ J١
 
V engines WV‫א‬ J
٤٥٦٠٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٨ J١‫א‬FV‫א‬
 W‫א‬VK١٥
 ‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J
  J
‫א‬‫א‬  J

- ٢٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
 
 V‫א‬W١٨ J١
 

 Horizontally Opposed Engines W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬V،E١٩ J١‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬??‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٩ J١
 
Radial Engines W‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠ J١
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢٠ J١
 

 K

- ٢٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

Number of Cylinders W‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٢ J٣

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J
V-12،V-8،V-6  J
‫א‬‫א‬  J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬V-8K‫א‬‫א‬
E١F ‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

- ٢٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J١F‫א‬
 KV-8V-6،‫א‬٦٤‫א‬
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J١F
 
 
 
- ٢٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

Fuel TypesW‫א‬٦ J٢ J٣

F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ELNG, Liquefied Natural GasF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬
LPG, Liquefied F‫א‬‫א‬ECNG, Compressed Natural GasF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEPropane Gas
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
LNG‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬LPGCNG
 KLPGCNGLNG‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
Cooling MethodsW‫א‬٧ J٢ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬،٢١ J١‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬٢١ J١K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٣٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 

 

 ‫א‬V‫א‬ J
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢١ J١

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 W‫א‬ J٤
 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١W٢٥١W٢٠
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬،٦٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K?‫א‬?‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤
٢٢ J١K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 

   
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢٢ J١
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

- ٣٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
 
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٦٠٠‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 

- ٣٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J١F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١W٢٥١W١٦  ١W١٠١W٨  ‫א‬
 ٤٢٢٧{٥  ١٠
 ٦٠٠  ٣٠٠
‫א‬ F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ٨٢  ٣٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
٤٠٠‫א‬‫א‬ ٧٠٠‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ٥٠٠  ١٠٠٠
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٪٠{٥Z‫א‬  ٪٣Z‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  
 ٪٣٨٣٢  ٪٢٨٢٢  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J١
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،E٢ J١F‫א‬
 W

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
K
٨٢
  ،‫א‬٣٢ ‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
،‫א‬٪١٠‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬  J 
  J
  J
‫א‬‫א‬  J

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J
 
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
   J 
   J
  J
  J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 ‫א‬  J 
 ‫ א‬ J
‫ א‬ J
‫ א‬ J

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 ‫א‬  J 
 ‫ א‬ J
‫ א‬ J
‫ א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫ א‬ J
‫ א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
   J 
 ‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J
  J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
 ‫א‬  J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
  J
  J
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٩
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠
 I-head  J
 F-head  J
L-head  J
T-head  J

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J١١

 
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٢
 ‫א‬  J 
‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J
  J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٣
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٤
  ‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
 W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٥
 ‫א‬  J 
‫א‬  J
  J
  J

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٦
 ‫א‬  J 
‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J

 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٧

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J١

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J٢

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J٣

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J٤

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J٥

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J٦

 
 
 

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