‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬   E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   E٣
‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 •
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Structural Analysisfor Slabs and Beams
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬: ‫א‬‫א‬ J١

‫א‬ ‫א‬  (Beams) ‫א‬‫א‬  (slabs) ‫א‬    
 W‫א‬‫א‬K(Footings)‫א‬(Columns)
  Slabs‫א‬ ƒ
 Beams‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
 Girders‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
Columns‫ƒ א‬
 Footings‫ƒ א‬
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٣F‫א‬

Over hanging beam Simple slab or beam

continous slab or beam

(Column)

Simple frame
(Column)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٣F
- ٢٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
T،،،W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٣F‫א‬KUL،

U L T
U - section L - section circular sec T - section square sec Rectangular sec

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٣F
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٣
‫א‬ Statically System ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  W W١ J٢ J٣

E٣ J٣F (Knife Edge Support) ‫א‬ 
     ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

Knife edge support

 
 E٣ J٣F
 W‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٢ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ (Linear Elastic Theory)‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W
 Three Moment Equation‫א‬‫א‬E
 Virtual Work Method‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 Moment Distribution‫א‬E
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬      E‫א‬  ‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٠{٤،‫א‬‫א‬٠{٨(lo)‫א‬‫א‬(d)‫א‬
i.e d / l0 < 0.8 for simple beams.
d / l0 < 0.4 for continues beams.
 (Deep Beam)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Plastic Analysis)‫א‬
 
 W(Effective Span l0)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣ J٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 l01‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 l02 = l0 × 1.05 ‫א‬‫א‬١{٠٥ •

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

  l03 = l0 + d •
 E٤ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zd
 

L 1

L 2 = 1.05 L

L
C L
C

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٣F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E(Rigid Connections)
  l01 = Centerline to Centerline of Supports‫א‬‫• א‬
 l02 = 1.05 × l0‫א‬‫א‬١{٠٥ •
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE‫א‬‫א‬–
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L03 = Distance from Centerline to Centerline
  Or L03 =l0 +d
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (l01)‫א‬‫א‬ •

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬ •
L02 = l0 + d2
 E٥ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 
C
L

d1
d2

L
1

C
L
 
E٥ J٣F

 :(Straining Actions)‫א‬‫א‬W٤ J٣

(Normal Forces) ‫א‬‫א‬(Straining Actions)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(Bending Moments)‫א‬(Shear Forces)‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (N)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (M) ‫א‬   (Q)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬(D.L + L.L )‫א‬‫א‬
 Z(N)‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
  :Simple Slab or Simple BeamE‫א‬‫א‬FE١

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬(Q)‫א‬ •
 

  Q = K q × wt × L (3-1)

 E J٦ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬٠{٥Z (shear factor) ‫א‬ZK q

 Uniformly Distributed Load (D.L +L.L) ‫א‬‫א‬Zwt
 Span of Slab or beam ‫א‬‫א‬ZL
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬(M)‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
2
  M = w × L / Km (3-2)


 E J٦ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬ ٨Z(moment factor)‫א‬ZKm

w t/m

Loads
L

wL
Q=
2
S.F.D
K q = 0.5 Q

B.M.D
K m= 8
2
wL
M=
8
 
E٦ J٣F

 WOver Hanging Slab or Beam‫א‬‫א‬E٢

  W‫א‬‫א‬(D.L + L.L )‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W(Q)‫א‬ ƒ

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

(D.L+L.L) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬        
 ‫א‬    KKKK (D.L only)  ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE J٧ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬(D.L + L.L)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
i.e. Q = K q × wt × L (3-3)
 
 ،E‫א‬F٠{٥Z (shear factor) ‫א‬ZK q W
 Uniformly Distributed Load (D.L +L.L) ‫א‬‫א‬ZW t
 Span of Slab or beam  ‫א‬‫א‬ZL

W(M)‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬       E
‫א‬ ‫א‬  (D.L)  ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬    (D.L+L.L)
KE J٧ J٣F
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

w1 = D.L + L.L (t/m) D.L

w w
Loads

L L L
1 1
w1L
2
wL1
Kq = 0.5 S.F.D
wL1
w1L
M -v 2
e
Case of max +ve M B.M.D

w1L2
8
w1 t/m w1(D.L + L.L)
w t/m (D.L)
Loads

w1L21
M -ve =
2

Case of max -ve M B.M.D

2
wL
8
 
 E٧ J٣F
 

W
 
2 2
Max. M +ve. = wt×L /8 – w × L1 /2 (3-4)

 (D.L+L.L)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZwtW
 (D.L. only)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zw
 ‫א‬‫א‬ZL1 ‫א‬‫א‬ZL
 

- ٣٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬       E
E J٧ J٣F ‫א‬‫א‬ (D.L+L.L.)‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ (D.L.)

 
  Max. M-ve = w × L12/2 (3-5)
 
 
 Continues Slab or Beam E٢
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٠‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 
W(M)‫א‬‫א‬ •

2
M = w×L / Km (3-7)

 E٨ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬(moment factor)‫א‬ZKm

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZL
 
(Q)‫א‬ •

Q = K q × wt × L (3-6)
   

 E٩ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬ (shear factor) ‫א‬ZK q

 (D.L+L.L)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zwt
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZL

L1‫א‬L،٪٢٠‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 WL2
L = (L1 + L2) / 2 and, wt = (wt1 + wt2) / 2
Where, L1 < 1.2 L2 or, L2 < 1.2 L1

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

w t/m or w1 w t/m or w2

Loads

L or L L or L
2 1

-24 -9 -24 Km
( Moment factor)
+11 +11
w L2
2
wL 9 w L2
24 24
B.M.D

w L2 w L2
11 11
 
 ‫א‬E٨ J٣F
 
0.4 0.6 0.6 0.4

K q ( Shear factor)
0.6 wL
0.4 wL

S.F.D

0.4 wL
0.6 wL
 ‫א‬E٩ J٣F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
(Q)‫א‬ •
 
Q = K q × wt × L (3-8)

 E١٠ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬٠ (shear factor) ‫א‬ZK q

- ٣٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 (D.L+L.L)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zw t 

 Effective Span of Slab or beam ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZL 

W(M)‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
2
M = w×L / Km (3-9)

 E١٢ J٣FE١١ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬(moment factor)‫א‬ZKm

 EffectiveSpan of Slab or beam ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZL
 L ،٪٢٠  ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  W
 WL2L1‫א‬
L = (L1 + L2) / 2 and, wt = (wt1 + wt2) / 2
Where, L1 < 1.2 L2 or, L2 < 1.2 L1

0.45 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Kq
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٣F

-24 -10 -12 -12

+10 +12 +12

Km ( Moment factor)

‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٣F

- ٣٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

-24 -10 -12 -12

+12 +16 +16

Km ( Moment factor)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٣F
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬E‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬F E
 EE٦ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
W‫א‬‫א‬ E

 F ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ƒ
 E٧ J٣‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 WE‫א‬FE
 E١٠ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

E١٢ J٣FE١١ J٣F‫א‬

- ٣٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W٦{٣
 
KE٢ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
 W‫א‬

W = 0.6 t/m2

Loads

m m
3.0 3.0

wL2 --v M
e wL2
24 24
B.M.d

+v e M +v e M

loads & B.M at section s-s

 
 
 
Bending Moments:
2
w × l 0 .6 × 3 .5 2
M +ve = 11 = 11 = 0.668mt / m
t 1
‫א‬‫א‬

 
2
× 0 .6 × 3 .5 2
  M −ve = w l t 1
= = 0 .816 mt / m ‫א‬‫א‬
9 9
 
:٢ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
- ٣٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

.‫أوﺟﺪ ﻋﺰوم اﻻﻧﺤﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﻤﺮة اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ذات ﺑﺤﺮﻳﻦ و ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠىﻬﺎ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻣﻮزع ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻀﺎم‬
3.5 t/m

C
A
B
6m 6m
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
×
2
3.5 × 6 2  ‫א‬‫א‬
  M + ve =w l t 1
= = 11 .45 mt / m
11 11

×
2
3 .5 × 6 2  ‫א‬‫א‬
  M −ve = w l t 1
= = 14 .0 mt / m
9 9

   
  Q A = 0 .4 × wt × l1 = 0 .4 × 3 .5 × 6 = 8 .4 mt / m  C ‫ و‬A‫א‬‫א‬
 
  Q A = 0 .6 × wt × l1 = 0 .6 × 3 .5 × 6 = 12 .6 mt / m  B‫א‬‫א‬

:٣ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
.‫أوﺟﺪ ﻋﺰم اﻻﻧﺤﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﻤﺮة اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ذات ﺑﺤﺮ واﺣﺪ و ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠىﻬﺎ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻣﻮزع ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻀﺎم‬
1.8 t/m

B
A

7m
 
 

- ٤٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
 
×
2
1 .8 × 7 2  ‫א‬‫א‬
  M + ve =w l t 1
= = 11 .025 mt / m
8 8

   
 Q A = + 0 .5 × wt × l1 = 0 .5 × 1 .8 × 7 = + 6 .3mt / m   A‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Q B = − 0 .5 × wt × l1 = −0 .5 × 1 .8 × 7 = − 6 .3mt / m  B‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 W١
E٢ J٢F   ‫א‬ B2  B1 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
KE٢‫א‬F
 
 W٢
E٣ J٢F‫א‬ B2  B1‫א‬ S1 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
KE٢‫א‬F
 
 

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