GRAMMAR

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
Reference : “ Grammar For All Levels ” By Adnan Naim

Prepared by : Mulla (2002)

May 2002 (version 0)

‫ ﺑﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻣﺪﻱ‬: ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻭﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ‬

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 n English Alphabetic ‫ﺍﻷﲜﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬
n Parts of Speech ‫ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‬
n Sentences ‫ﳉﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍ ﹸ‬
n Verb to BE “‫ﻓﻌﻞ ”ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
n Verb to DO “‫ﻓﻌﻞ ”ﻳﻌﻤﻞ‬
n Verb to HAVE “‫ﻓﻌﻞ ”ﳝﻠﻚ‬
n Nouns ‫ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ‬
– Countable Nouns ‫ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻭﺩﺓ‬
– Spelling Rules for Plurals ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺇﻣﻼﺀ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ‬
– Uncountable Nouns ‫ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻭﺩﺓ‬
– Definite & Indefinite Articles ‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻜﺮﺓ‬
n Pronouns ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ‬
– Object Pronouns ‫ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ‬
– Reflexive Pronouns ‫ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
– Relative Pronouns ‫ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻞ‬
n Making Questions ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
n ‫ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ‬How
n some/‫ ﺑﻌﺾ‬any/‫ﺃﻱ‬
n Making Negative ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ‬
n TENSES ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻨﺔ‬
– Present Simple Tense ‫ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬
– Past Simple Tense ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬
– Future Simple Tense ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬
– Present Continuous Tense ‫ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
– Past Continuous Tense ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
– Future Continuous Tense ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
– Present Perfect Tense ‫ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ‬
– Past Perfect Tense ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ‬
– Future Perfect Tense ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ‬
– Present Perfect Continuous ‫ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
n Imperatives ‫ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬
n Modals ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ‬
n Comparing Adjectives ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ‬
n Adverbs ‫ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ‬
n Active & Passive ‫ﺍﳌﺒﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ‬
n Transitive & Intransitive Verbs ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ‬...
n Prepositions ‫ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳉﺮ‬
n Question-Tags ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺬﻳﻠﺔ‬
n Conditional “if” ”‫ﻟﻮ“ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﻴﺔ‬
n Reported Speech ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﻘﻮﻝ‬
n Countries and Nationalities ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺎﺕ‬

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 ‫‪English Alphabetic‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﲜﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻷﲜﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ‪1. Capital Letters‬‬

‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪G‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪I J K‬‬ ‫‪L M‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪U‬‬ ‫‪V W X‬‬ ‫‪Y Z‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﲜﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ‪2. Small Letters‬‬

‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪d‬‬ ‫‪e‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪j‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪p‬‬ ‫‪q‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪u‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬ ‫‪w‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪z‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ ‪l Consonant Letters‬‬

‫‪b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x y z‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ‪l Vowels Letters‬‬

‫‪a e‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪o u‬‬

‫‪Parts of Speech‬‬
‫ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ‪Noun‬‬ ‫‪Ahmed, book‬‬
‫ﺿﻤﲑ ‪Pronoun‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺃﻭ ﳛﻞ ﳏﻠﻪ‬ ‫‪I, he, she, it, etc. ……..‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ ‪Verb‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺷﻲﺀ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫‪Play, played, will play‬‬
‫ﺭﺟﻞ ﻏﲏ ‪rich man‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﺔ ‪Adjective‬‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺳﺒﻘﺖ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﺑﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺼﻒ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ‬
‫‪Adverb‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪Ahmed writes quickly.‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻭﺿﻮﺣﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﲪﺪ ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺄﰐ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﻟﺘﺒﲔ‬ ‫‪Ahmed goes to school‬‬
‫ﺃﲪﺪ ﻳﺬﻫﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﳉﺮ ‪Preposition‬‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫‪They traveled by plane‬‬
‫ﻫﻢ ﺳﺎﻓﺮﻭﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ‬

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 ‫‪ Ali and Ahmad visited us yesterday.‬ﻫﻮ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺼﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻭ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﲨﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻒ ‪Conjunction‬‬
‫ﻭﲨﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺯﺍﺭﻭﻧﺎ ﺃﻣﺲ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫‪Alas! She died.‬‬
‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻌﺠﺐ ‪Interjection‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﻟﻸﺳﻒ ! ﻟﻘﺪ ﻣﺎﺗﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪a, an, the‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪ a‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﲝﺮﻑ‬ ‫‪This is a book.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻛﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ‪Article‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪ an‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫‪This is an apple.‬‬
‫ﲝﺮﻑ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺗﻔﺎﺣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪This is the book I bought yesterday.‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪ the‬ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﻳﺘﻪ ﺃﻣﺲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻭﺃﻥ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﲰﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻓﻌـﻞ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬
‫‪):‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﻃﺒﻴﺐ( ﻭﻟﻮ ﺃﺭﺩﻧﺎ ﺗﺮﲨﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ‪Ali doctor :‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺇﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﻃﺌﺔ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﺣﺘﻮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻀﻊ ﳍﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻓﺘﺼﺒﺢ ‪Ali is a doctor :‬‬

‫‪Sentences‬‬
‫ﳉﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍ ﹸ‬

‫‪1. Simple Sentences‬‬ ‫ﲨﻞ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ‬

‫‪2. Compound Sentences‬‬ ‫ﲨﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ‬
‫‪3. Complex Sentences‬‬ ‫ﲨﻞ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ‬

‫‪1. Simple Sentences‬‬

‫ﲨﻞ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1) I saw a boy.‬‬
‫‪2) The boy was riding a bicycle.‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺘﲔ ﻟﻨﻜﻮﻥ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪I saw a boy riding a bicycle.‬‬

‫‪2. Compound Sentences‬‬

‫ﲨﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻠﺘﲔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺘﲔ ﳍﻤﺎ ﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻭﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻌﲎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﺑﻄﻬﻤﺎ ﲝﺮﻑ‬
‫ﻋﻄﻒ ﻣﺜﻞ‪and/ but /or :‬‬

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 : and ‫ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﲨﻠﺘﲔ ﳍﻤﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ‬: ‫ﻭﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻒ‬
Ahmed did his homework. Anas helped him.
: ‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺘﲔ ﻟﻨﻜﻮﻥ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬
Ahmed did his homework and Anas helped him.

but: ‫ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﲨﻠﺘﲔ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻴﺌﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﲔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﲔ‬: ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬

Khaled is rich. He is unhappy.
: ‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺘﲔ ﻟﻨﻜﻮﻥ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬
Khaled is rich but he is unhappy.

or: ‫ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﲨﻠﺘﲔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺧﻴﺎﺭ‬: ‫ﺃﻭ‬

We can play football. We can watch TV.
: ‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺘﲔ ﻟﻨﻜﻮﻥ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬
We can play football or we can watch TV.

3. Complex Sentences
‫ﲨﻞ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ‬
: ‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻠﺘﲔ‬
Main Clause ‫ﲨﻠﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
: ‫ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬Subordinate Clause ‫ﲨﻠﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‬
n Noun Clause ‫ﲨﻠﺔ ﺃﲰﻴﺔ‬
n Adjectival Clause ‫ﲨﻠﺔ ﻭﺻﻔﻴﺔ‬
n Adverbial Clause ‫ﲨﻠﺔ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺔ‬

Clause & Phrase

‫ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻭ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ‬
n A clause is a combination of words containing a verb and has a complete
meaning.
:‫ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬.‫ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺗﺎﻡ‬
I saw the man who was carrying a stick.

n A phrase is a combination of words forming part of the sentence but

without a verb.
:‫ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬.‫ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﺰﺀﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻓﻌﻞ‬
I saw the man carrying a stick.

Verb to BE “‫ﻓﻌﻞ ”ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬

n It is used as a principal and a helping verb.

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 : ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻔﻌﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬

Subject ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬Present ‫ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬ Past ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬ Past participle ‫ﺃﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ‬

I am was been
He, She, It is was been
We, They, You are were been
.‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬
.‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‬
: Examples ‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬
1. I am a pupil.
2. They are boys.

Negative Sentences with the verb to BE

“‫ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ”ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
n We make negative statements with the verb to BE by using the word not
after the verb to be.
(not) . ‫ﻧﻜﻮﻥ ﲨﻞ ﻣﻨﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻓﻌﻞ )ﻳﻜﻮﻥ( ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ‬

Affirmative ‫ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬ Negative ‫ﻧﻔﻲ‬

I am at home. I am not at home.
You are tall. You are not tall.

Making Questions with the verb to BE

“‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻣﻊ ﻓﻌﻞ ”ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
n “Yes” or “No” questions and short answers
: ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺑـ )ﻧﻌﻢ( ﻭ )ﻻ( ﻭ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﺼﺮﺓ‬

“Yes” or “No” questions Short Answers ‫ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﺼﺮﺓ‬

‫ﺃﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﺑـ ﻧﻌﻢ ﻭ ﻻ‬ Affirmative ‫ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬ Negative ‫ﻧﻔﻲ‬
+Subject + Complement
Be ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻤﻠﺔ‬ Yes + Subject + Be No + Subject + Be + not
Are you a teacher? Yes, I am. No, I am not.
Were the boys at school? Yes, they were. No, they were not.

Verb to DO “‫ﻓﻌﻞ ”ﻳﻌﻤﻞ‬

n It is used as a principal and a helping verb.
: ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻔﻌﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻭﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬

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 Subject Present Past Past participle
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ‬
I, you, we, they do did done
He, She, It does did done

.‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬

.‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‬

Verb to HAVE
“‫ﻓﻌﻞ ”ﳝﻠﻚ‬
n It is used as a principal and a helping verb.
: ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻔﻌﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻭﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬
Subject Present Past Past participle
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ‬
I, you, we, they have had had
He, She, It has had had
.‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬
.‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‬

Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE as a main verb

‫ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻓﻌﻞ ”ﳝﻠﻚ“ ﻛﻔﻌﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬

Subject + + Complement
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ + not + have ‫ﺗﻜﻤﻠﺔ‬
do/does/did
I do not have a car.
He does not have A new watch.
They did not have breakfast this morning.

Making Questions with the verb to HAVE as a main verb

‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻣﻊ ﻓﻌﻞ ”ﳝﻠﻚ“ ﻛﻔﻌﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬

Short Answers
“Yes” or “No” questions ‫ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﺼﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﺑـ ﻧﻌﻢ ﻭ ﻻ‬ Affirmative Negative
‫ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻲ‬
+ No + Subject
+Subject Yes + Subject
Do/Does/Did +have Complement + do/does/did
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ + do/does/did
‫ﺗﻜﻤﻠﺔ‬ +not

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 Do you have a car? Yes, I do. No, I do not.

a new No, he does

Does he have Yes, he does.
watch? not
Breakfast
No, they did
Did they have this Yes, they did.
not.
morning?

Verb to HAVE as a helping verb

‫ﻓﻌﻞ ”ﳝﻠﻚ “ ﻛﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬
n Verb to have is used as a helping verb to form the perfect tense.
.‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻌﻞ ﳝﻠﻚ ﻛﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ‬
:‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬
n They have lived here for two years.
n Adel has just finished his work.

Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE as a helping verb

‫ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻓﻌﻞ ”ﳝﻠﻚ“ ﻛﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬
.‫ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬not ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻧﻔﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻓﻌﻞ ﳝﻠﻚ ﻧﻀﻊ‬
:‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬
I have lived here for a long time.
I have not lived here for a long time.

Making Questions with verb to HAVE as a helping verb

‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻣﻊ ﻓﻌﻞ ”ﳝﻠﻚ“ ﻛﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬
n “Yes” or “No” questions and short answers
: ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺑـ ﻧﻌﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﻭ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﺼﺮﺓ‬
.‫ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﻣﻊ ﻓﻌﻞ ﳝﻠﻚ ﻛﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻧﻘﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
:‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
n They have lived here for a long time.
n Have they lived here for a long time?
n Yes, they have. No, they have not.

Other Uses of Verb to HAVE

“‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻊ ﻓﻌﻞ ”ﳝﻠﻚ‬
n To express necessity in the present and past have to, has to, had to.
:‫ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬.‫ﻟﻴﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‬
I have to leave now.
n With some model auxiliaries.

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 :‫ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬.‫ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ‬
You had better see a doctor.

n To show that something is caused by another person.

:‫ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬.‫ﻟﻴﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺷﻴﺌﹰﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺣﺼﻞ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺁﺧﺮ‬
I have my shoes cleaned every week.

Nouns ‫ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ‬
Nouns are words we use to name:
: ‫ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﺬﻛﺮ‬
.‫ ﺷﻌﻮﺭ‬، ‫ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ‬، ‫ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬، ‫ ﺷﻲﺀ‬، ‫ ﺷﺨﺺ‬، ‫ ﻋﻠﻢ‬، ‫ﺍﺳﻢ‬
‫ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ‬ People man, father, teacher, neighbor, …
‫ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ‬ Things book, table, sugar, fruit, …
‫ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ Places school, street, city, house, …..
‫ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ‬ Ideas freedom, honesty, truth, ….
‫ﺷﻌﻮﺭ‬ Feelings happiness, anger, boredom, joy, ….

Countable & Uncountable Nouns

‫ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻭ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻭﺩﺓ‬
n Countable Nouns: are things that be counted as one, two, three, and so on.

.‫ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ‬، ‫ ﺍﺛﻨﺎﻥ‬، ‫ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﺑـ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬: ‫ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻭﺩﺓ‬
n Uncountable Nouns: cannot be counted.
.‫ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﺃﻱ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺭﻗﻢ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ‬: ‫ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﺩﺓ‬

Countable Nouns
‫ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻭﺩﺓ‬
n These nouns have singular and plural forms.
.‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﳍﺎ ﺻﻴﻎ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﻭﲨﻊ‬
n Before singular countable nouns you can use a/an.
. a/an ‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
n You cannot use singular countable nouns alone without words such as:
a, an, one, my, your, his, etc.
.‫ﻻ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﲟﻔﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬

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 Spelling Rules for Plurals
‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺇﻣﻼﺀ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ‬

We form plurals of most nouns by adding “s” to the singular noun.

.‫“ ﻟﻼﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ‬s”‫ﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻜ‬

Singular Plural
one book two books
one horse many horses

‫ﺣــﺎﻻﺕ ﺧﺎﺻـﺔ‬
es ‫ ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﳍﺎ‬sh, ch, z, x, s ‫ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﻭﻑ‬

Singular Plural
match matches
bus buses
dish dishes
box boxes

ies ‫ ﻭﻧﻀﻴﻒ‬y ‫ ﲢﺬﻑ‬،‫ ﻭﺳﺒﻘﻪ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺳﺎﻛﻦ‬y ‫ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﲝﺮﻑ‬

Singular Plural
city cities
baby babies

.‫ ﻓﻘﻂ‬s ‫ ﻧﻀﻴﻒ‬،‫ ﻭﺳﺒﻘﻪ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‬y ‫ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﲝﺮﻑ‬

Singular Plural
boy boys
key keys

es ‫ ﻧﻀﻴﻒ‬،‫ ﻭﺳﺒﻘﻪ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺳﺎﻛﻦ‬o ‫ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﲝﺮﻑ‬

Singular Plural
potato potatoes
tomato tomatoes

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 .‫ ﻓﻘﻂ‬s ‫ ﻧﻀﻴﻒ‬،‫ ﻭﺳﺒﻘﻪ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‬o ‫ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﲝﺮﻑ‬

Singular Plural
radio radios
zoo zoos

es ‫ ﻭﻧﻀﻴﻒ‬،v ‫ ﳓﻮﳍﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺮﻑ‬fe ‫ ﺃﻭ‬f ‫ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﲝﺮﻑ‬

Singular Plural
knife knives
shelf shelves

: ‫ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ‬

Singular Plural
classroom classrooms
policeman policemen

: ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺫﺓ‬

Singular Plural
man men
woman women
child children
person people
foot feet
tooth teeth
goose geese
mouse mice

Uncountable Nouns
‫ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻭﺩﺓ‬

n Uncountable nouns cannot be counted.

es , s ‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﲨﻊ ﳍﺎ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
: ‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠـــﺔ‬
n salt, coffee, tea, food, meat, gold, music, blood.
. ‫ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻭﺩﺓ‬an ‫ ﺃﻭ‬a ‫ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬

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 ‫ﻣﺰﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻭﺩﺓ‬
flour ‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬ salt ‫ﻣﻠﺢ‬ meat ‫ﳊﻢ‬
information ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ coffee ‫ﻗﻬﻮ ﺓ‬ knowledge ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬
butter ‫ﺯﺑﺪ‬ food ‫ﻃﻌﺎﻡ‬ tea ‫ﺷﺎﻱ‬
sugar ‫ﺳﻜﺮ‬ gold ‫ﺫﻫﺐ‬ blood ‫ﺩﻡ‬
news ‫ﺃﺧﺒﺎﺭ‬ glass ‫ﺯﺟﺎﺝ‬ cheese ‫ﺟﱭ‬
milk ‫ﺣﻠﻴﺐ‬ paper ‫ﻭﺭﻕ‬ bread ‫ﺧﺒﺰ‬
rice ‫ﺭﺯ‬ wood ‫ﺧ ﺸﺐ‬ furniture ‫ﻣﻔﺮﻭﺷﺎﺕ‬
rain ‫ﻣﻄﺮ‬ steel ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ grass ‫ﻋ ﺸﺐ‬
cloth ‫ﻗﻤﺎﺵ‬ music ‫ﻣﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ‬ marble ‫ﺭﺧﺎﻡ‬

.‫ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ‬

:‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬
n Coffee is a traditional drink in Saudi Arabia.
n Milk has many minerals.

. ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻮ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﺩ ﻓﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ‬
n Two cups of tea are not enough for me.
n Five liters of oil do not operate this machine.

Definite & Indefinite Articles

‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻜﺮﺓ‬
a/an
are used as indefinite articles. . ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﺄﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻧﻜﺮﺓ‬
The
is used as definite articles. .‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
n We put “a” before a noun starting with a constant sound.
.‫ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﲝﺮﻑ ﺳﺎﻛﻦ‬a ‫ﻧﻀﻊ‬
n We put “an” before a noun starting with a vowel sound.
. ‫ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﲝﺮﻑ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‬an ‫ﻧﻀﻊ‬

Indefinite Articles “a” & “an”

‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻜﺮﺓ‬

n We put “a” before a noun starting with a constant sound.

. ‫ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﲝﺮﻑ ﺳﺎﻛﻦ‬a ‫ﻧﻀﻊ‬
n We put “an” before a noun starting with a vowel sound.
. ‫ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﲝﺮﻑ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‬an ‫ﻧﻀﻊ‬

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 Vowels : ‫ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
a–e–i–o–u

We use a/an:
Before a singular a table
.‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻭﺩﺓ‬
countable noun. an egg

Before a job, a particular ‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ Saleh is a doctor
group of people or a He is an engineer. She is
nationality. .‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ‬ an English women.

He washes his hands ten

With numbers that mean
“‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﲏ ”ﻛﻞ‬ times a day. (means
every.
every day).

We DO NOT use a/an:

No article is used with ‫ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ‬ Love, beauty, hatred, wood,
abstract nouns and the
names of metals. .‫ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ‬ silver, gold

No article is used before ‫ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﺃﻭ‬There are books on the table.
plural or uncountable
nouns. .‫ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﺩﺓ‬ Milk is good for you.

The Definite Article “The”

“‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ”ﺃﻝ‬

The is used before: : ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ”ﺍﻝ“ ﻗﺒﻞ‬

A noun that is the only one ‫ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻪ ﺳﻮﻯ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ The river Nile
of its kind. .‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ The Ka’aba
Names of rivers, seas, The Arabian Gulf
.‫ﺍﱁ‬........‫ﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ‬‫ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻷ‬
oceans, etc…. The Red Sea
A noun which is the object
.‫ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﳉﻤﻠﺔ‬ Umar answered the question.
of a sentence.
The names of musical
.‫ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ Can you play the duff?
instruments.
The United Kingdom The
Names of some countries. .‫ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‬
U.S.A.
With some time at the weekend
.‫ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
expressions. in the evening

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 On the first day of every
With dates. .‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺭﻳﺦ‬
month.
With some general Listen to the radio/news.
.‫ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬
expressions. Go to the market/desert.
Use article with the name ‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺃﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ I saw a man. The man was
that is repeated. .‫ﺫﻛﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ young.
No article is used with the ‫ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬ I do not like science. My
names of studies of favorite subject is
subjects. .‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ‬ mathematics.
No article is used before ‫ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ I am going to school.
such words as school,
home, bed, work, etc. ....‫ ﻋﻤﻞ‬،‫ ﺳﺮﻳﺮ‬،‫ ﻣﱰﻝ‬،‫ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺔ‬ I always go to bed early.
on Monday, in June
No article is used before ‫ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
in summer (sometimes in the
such words such as day and
month names. . ‫ﺭ‬‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻬ‬‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ summer).
before breakfast.

Pronouns ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ‬
A pronoun replaces a noun . ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﳛﻞ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‬

Subject Object Possessive Possessive Reflexive

Pronouns Pronouns Adjectives Pronouns Pronouns
‫ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺱ‬
I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
We us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves
they them their theirs themselves

• We use a pronouns instead of a noun when it is clear who or what we are

talking about .
. ‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻧﺘﺤﺪﺙ‬

: Example ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
Ali is a good student. He passes all his tests.

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 Object Pronouns
‫ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ‬
n We use an object pronoun . ‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺿﻤﲑ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ‬

– After a preposition. ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳉﺮ‬

Do you live near them?

Send the box directly to me.

– After to and for with verbs like make, give, send, lend, pass, take,
show.

The little boy made it for her.

Reflexive Pronouns
‫ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
n Reflexive pronouns are used: .‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
– for emphasize ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ‬

Did you do the decorations yourself ?

I did the painting myself.

– With some special expressions ‫ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺑﲑ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‬

Help yourself .
Enjoy yourself.
Behave yourself.
I live by myself. (I live alone)

Relative Pronouns
‫ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻞ‬
• The relative pronouns are used to join sentences together.

.‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻞ ﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ‬

: ‫ﻭ ﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﺗﺒﻊ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‬
.‫ ﻧﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﰒ ﻧﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ‬-1
who ‫ﻼ ﻧﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻋﺎﻗ ﹰ‬‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﺎﻋ ﹰ‬
‫ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻏﲑ ﻋﺎﻗﻞ ﻧﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬.‫ ﻭﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬whom ‫ﻼ ﻧﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻔﻌﻮ ﹰﻻ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﻗ ﹰ‬
. which
. ‫ ﻓﺘﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﺪﻝ ﺃﻱ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻧﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳉﻤﻞ‬that ‫ﺃﻣﺎ‬

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 ‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻧﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ‪. whose‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺮﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺣﺬﻓﺖ ﻣﺜﻠﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ]ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ[ ‪Who‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪ who‬ﻟﺘﺤﻞ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Here is the man. The man is a doctor.‬‬
‫ﳓﺬﻑ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ‪ The man‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻧﻀﻊ ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ who‬ﰒ ﻧﻀﻊ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﺬﻓﻨﺎ ﻣﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻓﺘﺼﺒﺢ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Here is the man who is a doctor.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪1) The man came here. The man was a doctor.‬‬
‫‪The man who was here is a doctor‬‬
‫‪2) My friend swims well. He lives here.‬‬
‫‪My friend who lives here swims well.‬‬

‫‪Whom‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ]ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ[‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ‪ whom‬ﻟﺘﺤﻞ ﳏﻞ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ .‬ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬
‫‪The man came here. I visited him.‬‬
‫ﳓﺬﻑ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ‪ him‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﰒ ﻧﻀﻊ ‪ whom‬ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻀﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﺬﻓﻨﺎ ﻣﺜﻠﻬﺎ )ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ( ﻓﺘﺼﺒﺢ‪:‬‬
‫‪The man whom I visited came here.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪1) The man was working with me. I paid him.‬‬
‫‪The man whom I paid was working with me.‬‬
‫‪2) This is the girl. You gave her a flower.‬‬
‫‪This is the girl whom you gave a flower.‬‬

‫‪Which‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ]ﻟﻠﺠﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ[‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ‪ which‬ﻟﺘﺤﻞ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻋﺎﻗﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻴﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ .‬ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬
‫‪He found his book. He lost it yesterday.‬‬
‫ﻧﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ‪ him‬ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ‪ his book‬ﻓﻨﺤﺬﻓﻬﺎ ﻭﻧﻀﻊ ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ which‬ﰲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﰒ ﻧﻀﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﺬﻓﻨﺎ ﻣﺜﻠﻬﺎ )ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ( ﻓﺘﺼﺒﺢ ‪:‬‬
‫‪He found his book which he lost yesterday.‬‬

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 : ‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬
1) This is the house. I live in it.
This is the house which I live in.
2) This book is cheap. It is very useful.
This book which is very useful is cheap.

That [‫ ﺍﻟﱵ ]ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻗﻞ ﻭ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬

: ‫ ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬.‫ ﻟﺘﺤﻞ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ ﻭﻏﲑ ﻋﺎﻗﻞ ﺃﻱ ﲢﻞ ﳏﻞ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺷﺮﺣﻬﺎ‬that ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬

This is the boy. You met her.

This is the boy that (whom) you met.

I have a bird. It sings.

I have a bird that (which) sings.

Whose [‫ ﺍﻟﱵ ]ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬

: ‫ ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬.‫ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬whose ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬

This is the man. His car hit the boy.
This is the man whose his car hit the boy.

‫ ﰒ ﻧﻀﻊ‬whose ‫ ﻓﻨﺤﺬﻑ ﺿﻤﲑ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻧﻀﻊ ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻝ‬the man ‫ ﳑﻠﻮﻛﺔ ﻟـ‬car ‫ﻫﻨﺎ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬
. car ‫ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬

Making Questions
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

: ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﳋﱪﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﻧﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ‬

Helping Verbs : ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻫﻲ‬
n am – is – are – was – were – have – has – had – will – would – shall –
should – can – could – may – might – must – ought to

: ‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠـﺔ‬
n They are doctors. Are they doctors?
n She can help us? Can they help us?
n I will go to the market? Will you go to the market?

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 ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬

‫‪ (1‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ‪ s‬ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪: do‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠـﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪n They play tennis.‬‬ ‫?‪Do they play tennis‬‬
‫‪n I write books.‬‬ ‫?‪Do you write books‬‬

‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺻﻠﻪ )ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ( ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬
‫‪ (2‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﻪ ‪ s‬ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪: does‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠـﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪n ِAhmed plays tennis.‬‬ ‫?‪Does Ahmed play tennis‬‬
‫?‪n Huda watch TV. Does Huda watch TV‬‬

‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺻﻠﻪ )ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ( ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬
‫‪ (3‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪: did‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠــﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪n They watched TV last night.‬‬
‫?‪Did they watch TV last night‬‬

‫‪n I played football yesterday.‬‬

‫?‪Did you play football yesterday‬‬

‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺻﻠﻪ )ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ( ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈــﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﺑـ ‪ Yes‬ﺃﻭ ‪ No‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﱂ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺈﺣﺪﻯ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Wh Questions‬‬

‫?‪Where‬‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ‬

‫?‪When‬‬ ‫ﻣﱴ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ‬

‫?‪Why‬‬ ‫ﳌﺎﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬

‫?‪What‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻲﺀ‬

‫?‪Which‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﲔ ﺷﻴﺌﲔ‬

‫?‪Who‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻦ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﺎﻗﻞ‬

‫?‪Whom‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﻗﻞ‬

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 ‫)‪Wh Questions (Cont.‬‬

‫?‪Whose‬‬ ‫ﳌﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫?‪How‬‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫?‪How many‬‬ ‫ﻛﻢ ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬

‫?‪How much‬‬ ‫ﻛﻢ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫?‪How long‬‬ ‫ﻛﻢ ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ‬

‫?‪How old‬‬ ‫ﻛﻢ ﻋﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ‬

‫?‪How far‬‬ ‫ﻛﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫‪Steps for Making a Question‬‬

‫ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ‬

‫‪ (1‬ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪When, Where, Why………..etc‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪ ‪) helping verb‬ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﺪ( ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺃﻱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (3‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪:‬‬
‫* ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ‪ s‬ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪do‬‬
‫* ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﻪ ‪ s‬ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪does‬‬
‫* ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪did‬‬
‫ﻼ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺻﻠﻪ‬‫‪ (4‬ﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﺻ ﹰ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻔﻪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (5‬ﺍﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠــــﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪They are going to eat meat.‬‬

‫?‪What are they going to eat‬‬

‫* ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻗﺪﻣﻨﺎ ‪ are‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ they‬ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﰒ ﺣﺬﻓﻨﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ‪ meat‬ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ‪.‬‬

‫‪They played tennis at school.‬‬

‫?‪Where did they play tennis‬‬

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 ‫ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺗﻪ ﺇﱃ‬ed ‫ ﻭﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺣﺬﻑ‬.‫ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻭ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‬did ‫* ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎ‬
.‫ﺎ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ‬‫ ﻷ‬at school ‫ ﻭﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﺣﺬﻓﻨﺎ‬.‫ﺃﺻﻠﻪ‬

: ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬
:‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
I ‫ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬you you ‫ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬I
we ‫ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬my you ‫ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬your

what ‫ﻼ ﻭ‬
‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﺎﻗ ﹰ‬who ‫ﻼ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﺑﻞ ﻧﻀﻊ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻻ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻌ ًﹰ‬
.‫ﻼ‬‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻋﺎﻗ ﹰ‬
: ‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬
Ahmed broke the window. Who broke the window?
The book describes accidents. What describes accidents?

How ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ‬

He was very pleased to meet his friend.

‫ﻟﻠﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ How
How was he to meet his friend?

Thirty boys are in this class.

‫ﻟﻠﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬ How many
How many boys are in this class?

I am twenty years old.

‫ﻟﻠﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ‬ How old
How old are you?

You paid five pounds for this coat.

‫ﻟﻠﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬ How much
How much did you pay for this coat?

It is 450 KM from Dammam to Riyadh.

‫ﻟﻠﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ‬ How far
How far is it from Dammam to Riyadh?

This rope is two meters long.

‫ﻟﻠﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﻮﺍﻝ‬ How long
How long is this rope?

This fence is four meters high.

‫ﻟﻠﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ How high
How high is this fence?

Sami is meter and a half tall.

‫ﻟﻠﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ‬ How tall
How tall is Sami?

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 some/‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬
any/‫ﺃﻱ‬

.‫ﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﳋﱪﻳﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ‬‫ ﻭﺃﺧﻮﺍ‬some ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬

1) We had some books. 2) Somebody was there.
3) He is somewhere.
.‫ﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ‬‫ ﻭﺃﺧﻮﺍ‬any ‫ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
: ‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ‬
1) Do you have any books? 2) Is anybody at home?
3) Is he anywhere?
: ‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ‬
1) We do not have any books. 2) I did not see anybody.
3) He is not anywhere.

Making Negative
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ‬

:‫ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬not ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﳋﱪﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻔﻲ ﻧﻀﻊ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬

Helping Verbs :‫ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻫﻲ‬

am – is – are – was – were – have – has – had – will – would – shall – should –
can – could – may – might – must – ought to
: ‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠــﺔ‬
n They are happy. They are not happy?
n He can help us? He can not help us?

Long forms & Short forms of Verb to be

(Affirmative) ‫ﰲ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬ (Negative) ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ‬

Long Forms Short Forms Long Forms Short Forms

I am I’m I am not I’m not
He is He’s He is not He’s not
She is She’s She is not She’s not
It is It’s It is not It’s not
You are You’re You are not You’re not
We are We’re We are not We’re not
They are They’re They are not They’re not

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 ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻨﺄﰐ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻫﻲ‪ (do, does, did) :‬ﰒ ﻧﻀﻊ )‪ (not‬ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺻﻠﻪ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻨﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ‪Affirmative‬‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻲ ‪Negative‬‬

‫‪some‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌ ﺾ‬ ‫‪no, any‬‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ‪....‬ﻭ ‪both……and‬‬ ‫‪neither………….nor‬‬
‫ﺇﻣﺎ‪......‬ﺃﻭ ‪either…..or‬‬ ‫‪neither………….nor‬‬
‫ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ ‪sometimes‬‬ ‫‪never‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪.......‬ﻣﺜﻞ ‪as………as‬‬ ‫‪not so…………..as‬‬
‫ﻛﻞ ‪all‬‬ ‫‪not all‬‬
‫ﻛﻞ ‪every‬‬ ‫‪no, not every‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻨﺔ ‪TENSES‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ‪1. Present Simple Tense‬‬

‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﻘﺎﺋﻖ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍ‪‬ﺮﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺄﰐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﻞ‪every‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺋﻤﹰﺎ ‪always‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ‪usually‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪‬ﺎ ‪generally‬‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ‪often‬‬ ‫ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ً ‪sometimes‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺍ ‪rarely‬‬ ‫ﺃﺑﺪﹰﺍ ‪never‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﲔ ﻵﺧﺮ ‪from time to time‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠــﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1.‬‬ ‫‪I go to school everyday.‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬ ‫‪They usually sleep at 11.00 p.m.‬‬
‫‪3.‬‬ ‫‪We often drink coffee in the morning.‬‬
‫‪4.‬‬ ‫‪She is never late to school.‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﻏﺎﺋﺐ ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ‪ s‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪1. Ali drinks milk every morning.‬‬
‫‪2. A cow gives us milk.‬‬

‫‪2. Past Simple Tense‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬

‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻭﻗﻊ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ﺃﻱ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ‪ ed‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺫﺓ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻳﺄﰐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺲ ‪yesterday‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ‪last‬‬ ‫ﻣﻀﻰ ‪ago‬‬

‫‪in 1988 AD, in 1415 AH:‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ‬

‫‪I, He, She, it‬‬ ‫‪was‬‬

‫‪They, We, You‬‬ ‫‪were‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠـﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1. I watched television last night.‬‬
‫‪2. They visited their uncle yesterday.‬‬
‫‪3. We went to Makkah two months often.‬‬

‫‪3. Future Simple Tense‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬

‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ ‪ will‬ﺃﻭ ‪ shall‬ﰒ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﰐ ‪ shall‬ﻣﻊ ﺿﻤﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ‪ I‬ﻭ ‪ we‬ﺃﻣﺎ ‪ will‬ﻓﺘﺄﰐ ﻣﻊ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ‪ shall‬ﻧﺪﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﻠﺖ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ‪ will‬ﺑﺪﳍﺎ ﻣﻊ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺄﰐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻏﺪﹰﺍ ‪tomorrow‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ ‪next‬‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ‪in the future‬‬
‫‪in 2010 AD, in 1425 AH:‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ‬

‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠـﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1. I will go to school tomorrow.‬‬
‫‪2. They will play foot ball next Friday.‬‬
‫‪3. He will join the army in the future.‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺃﺧﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪:‬‬
‫‪am , is , are‬‬ ‫‪going to‬‬

‫‪4. Present Continuous Tense‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ + ing‬ﻓﻌﻞ ‪am / is / are +‬‬
‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪am + verb + ing‬‬
‫‪He, she, it‬‬ ‫‪is + verb + ing‬‬
‫‪They, we, you‬‬ ‫‪are + verb + ing‬‬
‫ﻳﺄﰐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻵﻥ ‪now‬‬ ‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪at the moment‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ‪look‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻤﻊ ‪listen‬‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ‪at the present time‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠـــﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1. I am reading a story at the moment.‬‬
‫‪2. They are watching television now.‬‬
‫‪3. Look! the bus is coming.‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﺫﻯ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ‪:‬‬
‫ﳛﺐ ‪like‬‬ ‫ﳛﺐ ‪love‬‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ‪want‬‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ‪prefer‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻤﲎ ‪wish‬‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺮﻩ ‪hate‬‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺮﻩ ‪dislike‬‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻌﺮ ‪feel‬‬
‫ﻳﺄﻣﻞ ‪hope‬‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻊ ‪hear‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ‪think‬‬ ‫ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ‪seem‬‬
‫ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ‪appear‬‬ ‫ﳜﺸﻰ ‪fear‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ‪consider‬‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺎﺳﺐ ‪fit‬‬
‫ﻳﺼﺪﻕ ‪believe‬‬ ‫ﻳﺜﻖ ‪trust‬‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻬﻢ ‪understand‬‬

‫‪. Past Continuous Tense‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻗﻊ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺃﺧﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ + ing‬ﻓﻌﻞ‪was / were +‬‬
‫ﻳﺄﰐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ‪when‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ‪while‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪as‬‬ ‫ﻷﻥ ‪because‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ ﻣﻌﻪ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲣﻠﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠــﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪While I was sleeping , a thief entered my room.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‬
‫)ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﻨﺖ ﻧﺎﺋﻤﹰﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺧﻞ ﻟﺺ ﻏﺮﻓﱵ( ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺛﲔ ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺣﺼﻞ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫‪When we were eating , my father came .‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‬

‫) ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﻨﺎ ﻧﺄﻛﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻱ( ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺛﲔ ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﳎﻲﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﺣﺼﻞ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﻞ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻓﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪A thief entered my room while I was sleeping .‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

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‫‪My father came when we were eating .‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻱ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﻨﺎ ﻧﺄﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪ while‬ﻭﲢﺬﻑ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ‪ while‬ﺎ ﻓﻌﻼﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺊ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ‪6. Future Continuous Tense‬‬

‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪ + ing‬ﻓﻌﻞ‪( will + be +‬‬
‫ﻳﺄﰐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻟﻠﺰﻣﻦ ‪at‬‬ ‫ﲝﻠﻮﻝ ‪by‬‬ ‫ﰲ ﻏﻀﻮﻥ ‪in‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ‪..‬ﺇﱃ ‪from…to‬‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ‪،‬ﲨﻴﻊ ‪all‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ‪after‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠـــﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1. By 7.30 tomorrow, I will be flying to Cairo.‬‬
‫‪2. They will be waiting for you at 5 o'clock .‬‬

‫‪7. Present Perfect Tense‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ‬

‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺣﺼﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ ﻗﺒﻞ ﳊﻈﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﻻﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺣﱴ‬
‫ﺍﻵﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ‪has / have +‬‬
‫ﻳﺄﰐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺬ ‪since‬‬ ‫ﳌﺪﺓ ‪for‬‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮ ‪just‬‬
‫ﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ ‪yet‬‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻷﺑﺪ ‪ever‬‬ ‫ﺃﺑﺪﹰﺍ ‪never‬‬
‫ﺣﺪﻳﺜﹰﺎ ‪recently‬‬ ‫ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ‪already‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠــﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1.‬‬ ‫‪I have lived in Riyadh for six years.‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬ ‫‪I have not visited him since 1995.‬‬
‫‪3.‬‬ ‫‪Ahmed has already finished his homework.‬‬
‫‪4.‬‬ ‫‪She has written three letters just now.‬‬

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 Since & For

• Since means “from some definite point or period n the past up to now”
.‫ﺗﻌﲏ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ”ﻣﻨﺬ“ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻭ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ‬
• For means “a definite period of time”
.‫ﺗﻌﲏ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ”ﳌﺪﺓ“ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬

Since‫ﻣﻨﺬ‬ For ‫ﳌﺪﺓ‬

2 o’clock a moment
Monday 3 minutes
yesterday an hour
last night many hours
last week/ last month/ last year 3 days/ 5 weeks / 4 months
1996 a year
last century 10 years
he came………… a century

8. Past Perfect Tense ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ‬

.‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ ﰲ ﳊﻈﺔ ﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‬
: ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ‬
had +‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ‬
: ‫ﻳﺄﰐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
after ‫ﻣﻨﺬ‬ before ‫ﳌﺪﺓ‬

which ‫ﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ‬ as soon as ‫ﰲ ﺍﻷﺑﺪ‬

: ‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠــﺔ‬
1. I had washed before I prayed.
2. They went home after they had finished their work.
3. Ahmed had eaten the cake which he bought.
4. As soon as they had bought a car, they drove to Makkah.

.‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ ﻣﻌﻪ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ‬

9. Future Perfect Tense ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ‬

.‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺅﻩ ﰲ ﺯﻣﻦ ﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬
:‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ‬
will + have +‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ‬
: ‫ﻳﺄﰐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
by ‫ﲝﻠﻮﻝ‬ at ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬

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 : ‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠـﺔ‬
1. By 2.00 this afternoon, I will have finished my work.
2. At 10.00 tonight, she will have written five letters.

10. Present Perfect Continuous Tense ‫ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

.‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻭﻗﻊ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻭ ﰎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻭ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ‬
:‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ‬
has / have + been +‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬+ ing

: ‫ﻳﺄﰐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ‬

for ‫ﳌﺪﺓ‬ since ‫ﻣﻨﺬ‬
: ‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠــﺔ‬
1. I have been studying English for six years.
2. She has been sleeping since 2 o’clock.

:‫ ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬: Present Perfect ‫ﻟﻜﻲ ﻧﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ‬

• Maha started making cakes three hours ago. There are now one hundred
cakes on the table.
:‫ﻥ‬‫ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺘﲔ ﻧﻜﻮ‬
Present Perfect Continuous Tense ‫ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
• She has been making cakes for three hours.
Present Perfect Tense ‫ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ‬
• She has made 100 cakes.

Imperatives ‫ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬

• Imperatives are verbs used at the beginning of sentences either in the
affirmative or negative to indicate instructions, invitations, signs and
notices or telling someone what to do.
‫ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﻯ‬،‫ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬
.‫ﺇﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ‬
• The Imperatives uses the simple form of the verb such as: walk, read,
open,….etc.
.‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
: ‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠــﺔ‬
Give Instructions ‫ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬
• Mix the flour and the sugar. (Affirmative ‫)ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬

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 • Take two tablets every four hours. (Affirmative ‫)ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬

Make Invitations ‫ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﻯ‬

• Come in; make yourselves at home. (Affirmative ‫)ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬
• Please start; do not wait for me. (Negative ‫)ﻧﻔﻲ‬

Tell someone what to do ‫ﺇﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻴﻔﻌﻠﻪ‬

• Open your book. (Affirmative ‫)ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬
• Do not forget to post the letter. (Negative ‫)ﻧﻔﻲ‬
Give Warnings ‫ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﲢﺬﻳﺮﺍﺕ‬
• Keep out. Danger. (Affirmative ‫)ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬

Make Signs & Notices ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬

• Push. (Affirmative ‫)ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬
• Insert 2 X 50 SR. (Affirmative ‫)ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬
• Keep off the grass. (Affirmative ‫)ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬

Make Requests ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬

• Please open the door. (Affirmative ‫)ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬

Modals ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ‬

n A modal has only one form of the verb for all persons, but it can have
several meanings and time frames, depending on the context in which it is
used.
.‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻟﻪ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻊ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻪ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﱐ ﻭ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ‬
n Form ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬
shall, should, will would, may, might, can, could, must, ought to + (‫)ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ‬

n Modals have no infinitives or past participles.

.‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ‬

Modals
Expresses : ‫ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ‬ Example ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ‬
Promise ‫ﻭﻋﺪ‬ You shall take a reward.
shall Determination ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ He does not want to obey me: but he shall.
Threat ‫ﺪﻳﺪ‬ You shall be punished if you come late.

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 Duty ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ‬ You should obey your teachers.
should
Advice or opinion ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻴﺤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ‬ You should stop smoking.
The simple future tense. ‫ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬ He will visit us tomorrow.
will I will travel when I like.
Determination or promise ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺪ‬
We will do as you wish.
Possibility ‫ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ I hoped that I might succeed.
might
I thought that the weather might change
can,
He can do it carefully.
am/is/are Ability ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺭﺓ‬
He is able to solve the problem.
able to
shall be
able, will be Ability in the future ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ I shall be able to help you.
able
Past, present or future possibility Fahad could drive his car a year ago.
could ‫ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬/ ‫ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬/‫ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‬ Ali is not in class today. He could be sick.
Do not leave now. It could rain now.
must Necessity ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ‬ You must listen to your teachers.
The past form of must :past necessity Faisal could not come to our dinner party.
had to
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‬ He had to stay home to study.
ought to Advice ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻴﺤﺔ‬ You ought to help the poor.
ought to Actions that were advisable in the past You ought to have studied.
have ‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‬ (You did not. That was a mistake)

Short Answers ‫ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﺼﺮﺓ‬

Affirmative ‫ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬ Negative ‫ﻧﻔﻲ‬ Question ‫ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬
Affirmative Negative
They should eat They should not Should they eat
Yes, they should. No, they should not.
now. eat now. now?
He will not
He will leave. Will he leave? Yes, he will. No, he will not.
leave.
He would not
He would succeed. Would he leave? Yes, he would. No, he would not.
succeed.
I might not
I might succeed. Might I succeed?
succeed.
I may sleep. I may not sleep. May I sleep?
I can do it. I can not do it. Can I do it? Yes, you can. No, you can not.
He could not
He could talk. Could he talk? Yes, he could. No, he could not.
talk.
We could not
We could have a test Could we have a
have a test Yes, you could. No, he could not.
tomorrow. test tomorrow?
tomorrow.
You must not go
You must go now. Must you go now? Yes, I must. No, I must not.
now.
You ought to help You ought not to Ought you to help
Yes, I ought to. No, I ought not.
them. help them. them?

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 ‫‪Comparing Adjectives‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ‬

‫‪1. Comparing Short Adjectives‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺷﻴﺌﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺨﺼﲔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ‪ er‬ﻷﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ﰒ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ‪than‬‬
‫‪• Ali is older than Ahmed.‬‬
‫‪• My Car is faster than yours.‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﲝﺮﻑ ‪ e‬ﻓﺄﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ‪ r‬ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬
‫‪• safe‬‬ ‫‪safer than‬‬
‫‪• simple‬‬ ‫‪simpler than‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﲝﺮﻑ ‪ y‬ﻓﺄﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﻠﺐ ﺍﻟـ ‪ y‬ﺇﱃ ‪ i‬ﰒ ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ‪ er‬ﻛﺎﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪• easy‬‬ ‫‪easier than‬‬
‫‪• heavy‬‬ ‫‪heavier than‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻴﺌﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺨﺼﲔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ‪ the‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻭ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ‪ est‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪• Everest is the highest mountain.‬‬
‫‪• This is the biggest building in Riyadh.‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﲝﺮﻑ ‪ e‬ﻓﺄﻧﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ‪ e‬ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪• safe‬‬ ‫‪the safest‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﲝﺮﻑ ‪ y‬ﻓﺄﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﻠﺐ ﺍﻟـ ‪ y‬ﺇﱃ ‪ i‬ﰒ ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ‪ est‬ﻛﺎﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪• easy‬‬ ‫‪the easiest‬‬

‫‪2. Comparing Long Adjectives‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺷﻴﺌﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺨﺼﲔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ‪ ،‬ﻛﻞ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﻓﲔ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻛﲔ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪﻳﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﲨﻴﻞ ‪beautiful‬‬ ‫ﺻﻌﺐ ‪difficult‬‬

‫ﺧﻄﺮ ‪dangerous‬‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ‪correct‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻢ ‪Important‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻴﺢ ‪fluent‬‬

‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺒﻞ ‪ er‬ﻭﻻ ‪. est‬‬

‫ﻓﻔﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺷﻴﺌﲔ ﺗﺴﺒﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ‪ more‬ﰒ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ‪than‬‬
‫‪• Jeddah is more beautiful than Riyadh.‬‬
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 • French is more difficult than English.
: ‫ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻴﺌﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺨﺼﲔ‬.2
the most ‫ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻴﺌﲔ ﺗﺴﺒﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬
• My red car is the most beautiful car in her city.
• This is the most important subject in this book.

: ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﲎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺃﺛﻨﲔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺛﻨﲔ‬
‫ﺟﻴﺪ‬ good better than the best
‫ﺳﻴﺊ‬ bad worse than the worst
(‫ﻛﺜﲑ )ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻭﺩ‬ many
more than the most
(‫ﻛﺜﲑ )ﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻭﺩ‬ much
(‫ﻗﻠﻴﻞ )ﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻭﺩ‬ little less than the least
‫ﺑﻌﻴﺪ‬ far farther than the farthest

• Adel is better than his brother at school.

• This girl is the worst one in her class.

as……..as (‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ )ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ‬

not as….as ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺜﻠﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ‬

as……..as (‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ )ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ‬

.‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﺣﲔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺻﻔﺘﲔ‬
• Ali is as tall as his brother.
• This bag is as big as my bag.

not as……..as ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺜﻠﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ‬

.‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺻﻔﺘﲔ‬
• Ali is not as tall as his brother.
• This bag is not as big as my bag.

Adverbs [‫ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ]ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ‬

• An Adverb always modifies a verb.

‫ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻑ ﻳﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎﹰ‬
• Most adverbs are formed by adding ly to the adjectives.

.‫ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺔ‬ly ‫ﻮﻥ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺗﻜ‬

slow slowly nice nicely
happy happily careful carefully
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 There are many kinds of adverbs:
:‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ‬

1. Adverbs of manner: express how an action was done.

.‫ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﳊﺪﺙ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬

• I closed the window carefully.

• The soldier fought bravely.

2. Adverbs of time: express the time when an action is or was done.

.‫ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬: ‫ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ‬

• I’m going to leave for Cairo tomorrow.

• What’s going to happen next?
3. Adverbs of place: express when an action is done.
.‫ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﳊﺪﺙ‬: ‫ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ‬

• I shall stand here.

• I’ve looked everywhere for my lost pen.
Some words that end in ly can be both adjectives or adverbs. Most of them refer
to time.
: ‫ ﻣﺜﻞ‬.‫ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬.‫ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬ly ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑـ‬

daily ‫ﻳﻮﻣﻴﹰﺎ‬ weekly ‫ﺃﺳﺒﻮﻋﻴﹰﺎ‬

monthly ‫ﺷﻬﺮﻳﹰﺎ‬ yearly ‫ﺳﻨﻮﻳﹰﺎ‬

• A daily newspaper is published daily.

• We get up early to catch an early train.

4. Adverbs of frequency: tell how often we do something.

: ‫ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ‬.‫ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲣﱪﻧﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬

always ‫ﺩﺍﺋﻤﹰﺎ‬ often ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ‬

usually ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ sometimes ‫ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ‬
seldom ‫ﻧﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ‬ Rarely ‫ﻧﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ‬
Never ‫ﺃﺑﺪﹰﺍ‬ Occasionally ‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﻲ ﻵﺧﺮ‬

Verb to BE: ‫ ﻳﺄﰐ ﻇﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬:‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬

Ali is always on time.
Other Verbs: ‫ ﻳﺄﰐ ﻇﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ‬:‫ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬

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 Ali sometimes reads a book.

Adverbial Clause of Time

‫ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
Conjunctions: ‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬
when, whenever, as, as soon as, while, after, before, until, since

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of time with the main
sentence.
.‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
: ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
• I found a watch. I was walking in the street.
• I found a watch while I was walking in the street.

Adverbial Clause of Place

‫ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ‬
Conjunctions: ‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬
where, wherever

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of place with the main
sentence.
.‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
:‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
• Wherever he goes his brother follows him.

Adverbial Clause of Cause

‫ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬
Conjunctions: ‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬
because, since, as

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of cause with the main
sentence.
.‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
: ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
• I stayed at home yesterday because it was raining.

Adverbial Clause of Manner

‫ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬
Conjunctions: ‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬

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 As, as if, as through
These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of manner with the
main sentence.
.‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
.‫ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻏﲑ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬as if ‫ﺩﺍﺋﻤﹰﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
: ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
• He speaks as if he were a king.
.‫ﺎ ﻏﲑ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﳎﺮﺩ ﺧﻴﺎﻝ‬‫ ﻷ‬was ‫ ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ‬were ‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
• It looks as if it would rain.
.‫ﺎ ﳎﺮﺩ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ‬‫ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻏﲑ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭﺃ‬will ‫ ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ‬would ‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬

Adverbial Clause of Purpose

‫ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ‬
Conjunctions: ‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬
that, so that, in order that

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of purpose with the
main sentence.
.‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬

a) We use (may + infinitive) when the main verb is in the present or future.
.‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ( ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬+‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ )ﺭﲟﺎ‬
: ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
n He works hard. He wishes to succeed.
n He works hard so that (that or in order that) he may succeed.

b) We use (might + infinitive) when the main verb is in the simple past.
.‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ( ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬+‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ )ﺭﲟﺎ‬
: ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
n He was walking quickly in order that he might not be late.

Adverbial Clause of Result

‫ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬

We use:
so + adverb + that such + noun+ that

to link the main sentence with the adverbial clause of result.

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 .‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺎﺕ ﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬

: ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
• The man is so weak that he can not walk.
• He wrote such good answers that he got he marks.

Adverbial Clause of Contrast

‫ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺾ‬

Conjunctions: ‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬

though, although

• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of contrast with

the main sentence.

.‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
: ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
• He is poor. He is happy.
• Although (though) he is poor, he is happy.

Adverbial Clause of Contrast

‫ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬

Conjunctions: ‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬

as….as, so……as

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of contrast with the
main sentence.

.‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
: ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
• Nabeel is as clever as his father.
• Sami is not so strong as his brother.

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 Adverbial Clause of Condition
‫ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‬

Conjunctions: ‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬

if, unless

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of condition with the
main sentence.
. ‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
: ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
• If we are ill, we go to bed.
• If we work hard, we will succeed.
• If we worked hard, we would succeed.
• If he had fallen, he would have hurt himself.
• Unless the rain falls, the crops will not grow.

as……..as [ ‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ ]ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ‬

not as….as ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺜﻠﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ‬

as……..as [ ‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ ]ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ‬

.‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﺣﲔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺣﺎﻟﲔ‬

• Ahmed drives as dangerously as his brother.

not as….as ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺜﻠﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ‬

.‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺣﺎﻟﲔ‬

• Hamad does not drive as dangerously as his brother.

Active & Passive

‫ﺍﳌﺒﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ‬

.‫ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺎﳌﺒﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﹰﺎ‬

.‫ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺎﳌﺒﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻬﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ‬
:‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺒﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ‬
• Statements ‫ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﳋﱪﻳﺔ‬
• Questions ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠـــﺔ‬
• Command ‫ﺍﻷﻣــــﺮ‬

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 ‫‪A. Statements‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﳋﱪﻳﺔ‬

‫‪Ahmed broke the window yesterday.‬‬

‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻡ ‪ Active‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﻫﻮ ‪. Ahmed‬‬

‫‪The window was broken yesterday.‬‬

‫‪The window was broken (by Ahmed) yesterday.‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ ‪ Passive‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﻫﻮ ‪ Ahmed‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺿﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﹰﺎ ﺑــ ‪ by‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻡ ‪ Active‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺒﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ ‪ Passive‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﳋﱪﻳﺔ ﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻼ‪) .‬ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ(‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻓﺎﻋ ﹰ‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻧﻀﻊ ﻓﻌﻞ ‪ to be‬ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻧﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﹰﺎ ﺑــ ‪ by‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺸﻄﺐ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺿﻤﲑﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺃﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﰲ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠـــــﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺒﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻡ ‪Active‬‬ ‫‪Passive‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ‬

‫‪Ali writes letters.‬‬ ‫‪Letters are written (by Ali).‬‬
‫‪Huda wrote the lesson.‬‬ ‫‪The lesson was written (by Huda).‬‬
‫‪Saleh will buy a car.‬‬ ‫‪A car will be bought (by Saleh).‬‬
‫‪Khaled is helping Ahmed.‬‬ ‫‪Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).‬‬
‫‪She has eaten the apple.‬‬ ‫‪The apple has been eaten (by her).‬‬

‫ﻳﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻌﻞ ‪ to be‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪am, is, are‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬

‫‪was, were‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬
‫‪shall be, will be‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬
‫‪am being, is being, are being‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪was being, were being‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪has been, have been‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ‬
‫‪had been‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ‬
‫‪can be, could be, may be, might be, must be, ought to be‬‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬

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 ‫‪B. Questions‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻡ ‪ Active‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺒﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ ‪ Passive‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻼ‪) .‬ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ(‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻓﺎﻋ ﹰ‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻧﻀﻊ ﻓﻌﻞ ‪ to be‬ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻧﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﹰﺎ ﺑــ ‪ by‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺸﻄﺐ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺿﻤﲑﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺃﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﰲ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠـــــﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺒﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻡ ‪Active‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ ‪Passive‬‬

‫?‪Does Ahmed write letters‬‬ ‫?)‪Are Letters written (by Ali‬‬
‫‪Did he eat the cake?.‬‬ ‫?)‪Was the cake eaten (by him‬‬
‫?‪Will Ali buy a new car‬‬ ‫?)‪Will a new car be bought (by Ali‬‬
‫?‪Why is he using a pen‬‬ ‫‪Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).‬‬
‫?‪Who broke the window‬‬ ‫?‪By whom the window was broken‬‬

‫‪C. Command‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻡ ‪ Active‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺒﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ ‪ Passive‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺿﻊ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ‪ let‬ﰲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ‪) .‬ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ(‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻓﺎﻋ ﹰ‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺿﻊ ﻓﻌﻞ ‪ to be‬ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ‪. be‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠـــــﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺒﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻡ ‪Active‬‬ ‫‪Passive‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ‬

‫‪Write the lesson.‬‬ ‫‪Let the lesson be written.‬‬
‫‪Open the door.‬‬ ‫‪Let the door be opened.‬‬
‫‪Send this letter to your friend.‬‬ ‫‪Let this letter be sent to your friend.‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈـــﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻟﺬﺍ ﳚﺐ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﲢﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺒﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﻔﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺳﺆﺍ ﹰﻻ ﻣﺬﻳ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺬﻳﻴﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺒﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠــﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺒﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻡ ‪Active‬‬ ‫‪Passive‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ‬

‫‪Ali does not write letters‬‬ ‫‪Letters are not written (by Ali).‬‬
‫?‪Dickens wrote those novels, didn’t he? Those novels were written by Dickens, weren’t they‬‬
‫?‪Dickens didn’t write that play, did he‬‬ ‫?‪That play wasn’t written by Dickens, was it‬‬

‫‪Transitive & Intransitive Verbs‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ‬

‫)ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ( ‪: Intransitive Verbs‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻔﻌﻮ ﹰﻻ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪The sun rises.‬‬
‫)ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ( ‪: Transitive Verbs‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻔﻌﻮ ﹰﻻ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﹰﺍ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪Ali raised his hand.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ‬

‫*ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻮﻱ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﲢﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫*ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﳌﻔﻌﻮﻟﲔ ﻟﺬﺍ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪Nora gave Huda a flower .‬‬ ‫ﺗﺒﲎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﲔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ‬

‫‪a) Huda was given a flower (by Nora).‬‬

‫)‪b) A flower was given to Huda (by Nora‬‬
‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﻭﺿﻊ ‪ to‬ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ ‪ Huda‬ﺣﲔ ﺗﺄﺧﲑﻩ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Prepositions‬‬
‫ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳉﺮ‬

‫ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳉﺮ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻭﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﲎ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳉﺮ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﲨﻞ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﺤﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪A preposition shows the relation between the subject and the object. There are‬‬
‫‪also prepositions of time and prepositions of place.‬‬

‫ﺗﺪﻝ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳉﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺟﺮ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺟﺮ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬

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 Use of Prepositions
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳉﺮ‬

Prepositions ‫ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳉﺮ‬ Use ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ Example ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

Day ‫ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ‬ On Monday

Day + morning, night ‫ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬+ ‫ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ‬ On Friday morning

on Afternoon, evening, date‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ My birthday is on June 10.

Special days‫ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ I will travel on National Day.

To mean above ‫ﲟﻌﲎ ﻓﻮﻕ‬ The tea is on the table.

Season ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ The trees grow in spring.

Year ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ I was born in 1968.

Month ‫ﺷﻬﺮ‬ The test is in May.

in
The morning ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﺡ‬ I go to work in the morning.
The evening ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺀ‬ I go home in the evening
To mean above ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬ He is in the mosque.
Time ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬ I will come back at 2 o’clock.
Festival ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻴﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻻﺕ‬ I will meat you at the school festival.

Meal times ‫ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ‬ I will talk to my father at lunch.

at
The weekend ‫ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮﻉ‬ We will travel at the weekend.
Noon ‫ﺍﻟﻈﻬﺮ‬ We pray at noon everyday.
Night ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻞ‬ We sleep at night.
To mean place ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬ He is at the grocer’s.

Prepositions of Place ‫ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳉﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ‬

Prepositions ‫ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳉﺮ‬ Use ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ Example ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

at an exact place ‫ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﳏﺪﺩ‬ He lives at number 5, King Fahad Street.

at at work ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ Ahmed is at work.

at the table ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻭﻟﺔ‬ They are standing at the dinner table

under ‫ﲟﻌﲎ ﲢﺖ‬ The cat is under the table.

in front of ‫ﲟﻌﲎ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ‬ The teacher is in front of the class.

to direction/place ‫ﺍﲡﺎﻩ‬/‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ I go to school everyday.

in To mean inside ‫ﲟﻌﲎ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ Put this book in the box.

In a country ‫ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪ‬ I live in Saudi Arabia.

In a town./street ‫ﰲ ﺷﺎﺭﻉ‬/‫ﰲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬ I live in Al-Madina.

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 in bed ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺵ‬ The baby is in bed.

In a building or area ‫ﰲ ﻣﺒﲎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ You were in the club last night.

In a chair ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺳﻲ‬ Ali is sitting in his chair.

with ‫ﲟﻌﲎ ﺑـ‬ I write with a pen.
from ‫ﲟﻌﲎ ﻣﻦ‬ I am from Riyadh.
behind ‫ﲟﻌﲎ ﺧﻠﻒ‬ The wall is behind the class.
between ‫ﲟﻌﲎ ﺑﲔ‬ Samah is sitting between Fatma and Salwa.

on TV ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻥ‬ Ali watches football on TV every Saturday.

Time ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﶈﺪﺩ‬ He arrives on time.

More Examples ‫ﻣﺰﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬

Prepositions ‫ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳉﺮ‬ Example ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

in ‫ﰲ‬ The medicine is in the bottle.
on ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ The knife is on the table.
at ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ‬،‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ Someone is at the door.
near ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ‬ Ahmed is sitting near the window.
between ‫ﺑﲔ‬ The house is between the school and the mosque.
opposite ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ The bank is opposite to the post office.
into ‫ ﰲ‬،‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ The electrician is putting his hand into the TV.
onto ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ The water is spilling onto the floor.
off ‫ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ The man is falling off the chair.
out of ‫ﻣﻦ ﻓﻮﻕ‬ The child is falling out of the window.
across ‫ ﺧﻼﻝ‬،‫ﻋﱪ‬ The carpenter cut across the wood.
over/above ‫ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫ﻓﻮﻕ‬ The light is over (above) the table.
under/below ‫ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ‬،‫ﲢﺖ‬ The fire is under (below) the stairs.
through ‫ ﺧﻼﻝ‬،‫ﻋﱪ‬ The ball is going through the window.
among ‫ﻭﺳﻂ‬ The teacher is sitting among the students.
in ‫ﰲ‬ The medicine is in the bottle.
on ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ The knife is on the table.
at ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ‬،‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ Someone is at the door.
near ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ‬ Ahmed is sitting near the window.
between ‫ﺑﲔ‬ The house is between the school and the mosque.
opposite ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ The bank is opposite to the post office.
into ‫ ﰲ‬،‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ The electrician is putting his hand into the TV.
onto ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ The water is spilling onto the floor.
round ‫ﺣﻮﻝ‬ The car is going round the tree.

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 ‫ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ‪in front of‬‬ ‫‪The child is sitting in front of the TV.‬‬
‫ﺧﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ‪behind‬‬ ‫‪The headmaster is sitting behind the pupils.‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪on top of‬‬ ‫‪The sweets are on top of the table.‬‬
‫ﲜﺎﻧﺐ ‪at the side of‬‬ ‫‪The garage is at the side of the house.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ‪along‬‬ ‫‪The man is walking along the street.‬‬
‫ﲜﻮﺍﺭ ‪next to‬‬ ‫‪The bank is next to the baker’s.‬‬

‫‪Question-Tags‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺬﻳﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺬﻳﻠﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ”ﺃﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ؟“ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ‬
‫ﳐﺘﺼﺮ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺧﱪﻳﺔ ﺗﺴﺒﻘﻪ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﳜﺎﻟﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻟﻨﻔﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ ﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻨﻔﻴﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫* ﺃﻣﺎ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻓﻴﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ ﺃﻱ ﳜﺎﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ‪.‬‬
‫* ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

‫”‪Questions that we expect the answer “Yes‬‬

‫ﺃﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻧﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑـ“ﻧﻌﻢ“‬

‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫?‪* There’s a supermarket near here, isn’t there‬‬
‫‪Yes , there is.‬‬
‫*ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﺖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ )ﺍﻟﺘﺬﻳﻴﻞ( ﻣﻨﻔﻴﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ‪. Yes‬‬
‫* ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﻧﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺆﺍ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻧﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﰒ ﻧﻀﻊ ‪ not‬ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬
‫?‪* You come from the United States, don’t you‬‬
‫‪Yes, I do.‬‬
‫*ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﰎ ﺗﺬﻳﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪ do‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫”‪Questions that we expect the answer “No‬‬

‫ﺃﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻧﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑـ“ﻻ“‬

‫?‪1) You don’t come from Algeria, do you‬‬

‫‪No, I don’t.‬‬
‫?‪2) It doesn’t take long time be car, does it‬‬
‫‪No, it doesn’t.‬‬
‫*ﻻﺣﻆ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﰲ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎ ‪ do/does‬ﻛﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫?‪3) You didn’t travel last year, did you‬‬
‫‪No, I didn’t.‬‬
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 ‫*ﻻﺣﻆ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﰲ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎ ‪ did‬ﻛﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫”‪Conditional “if‬‬
‫”ﻟﻮ“ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ‪1) if + present‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺃﻭﻝ ‪will +‬‬

‫)ﺇﻥ ﲤﻄﺮ ﻏﺪﹰﺍ ‪ ،‬ﺳﺄﺑﻘﻰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ( ‪If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.‬‬

‫‪If you eat too much, you will become fat.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ‪2) if + past‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺃﻭﻝ ‪would +‬‬

‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﺪﺙ ﻏﲑ ﳑﻜﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﻭﻗﻮﻋﻪ ‪.‬‬

‫‪If Shakespeare lived today, he would use different English.‬‬

‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺷﻜﺴﺒﲑ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻣﻊ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎ )ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ‪ ( would +‬ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ‪:‬‬

‫‪if + subject + past‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺃﻭﻝ ‪subject+ would+‬‬

‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪ be‬ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ‪ were‬ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﻻ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪ was‬ﺣﱴ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺍ ً‪.‬‬
‫‪If I were you, I would buy a new car.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ‪3) if + had +‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ‪would have +‬‬

‫‪If he had lived in Taif, he would have been happy.‬‬

‫‪If he had visited Makkah, he would have seen the Ka’aba.‬‬

‫ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ‪4) if + present‬‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ‪present‬‬

‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﻭﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪If you boil water, it becomes steam.‬‬ ‫) ﻟﻮ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻏﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﲞﺎﺭﹰﺍ (‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻘﻴﺪﺓ ﺑﻮﻗﺖ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ‪ becomes‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ‪5) if + present‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ‪instructions‬‬

‫‪If the radio is too loud, turn it off.‬‬ ‫‪Or‬‬ ‫‪Turn the radio off if it is too loud.‬‬

‫‪If you are under 17, don’t drive a car. Or‬‬ ‫‪Don’t drive a car if you are under 17.‬‬

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 Reported Speech
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﻘﻮﻝ‬

.‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬

Indirect Speech
There are four kinds of direct and Indirect Speech.
: ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬
1) Statement ‫ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﳋﱪﻳﺔ‬
2) Question ‫ﺍ ﻟ ﺴﺆ ﺍ ﻝ‬
3) Command ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬
4) Exclamation ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﺐ‬
Statement ‫ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﳋﱪﻳﺔ‬

: ‫ ﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬Reported ‫ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻼﻡ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﻝ‬Direct ‫* ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺧﱪﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬

‫ ﻧﻀﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﰒ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‬-1
.‫ ﻭﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬said ‫ ﻧﻀﻊ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬-2
: ‫ ﳓﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻭ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ‬-3
I he, she we they
My his, her our their
: ‫ ﳓﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻨﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‬-4
Present ‫ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬ Past ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬
Past ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬ Past Perfect ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﺎﻡ‬
: ‫ ﳓﻮﻝ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‬-5
Now ‫ﺍﻵﻥ‬ then ‫ﺣﻴﻨﺌﺬ‬
here ‫ﻫﻨﺎ‬ there ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
Last night ‫ﻫﻨﺎ‬ the night before ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
this ‫ﻫﻨﺎ‬ that ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
yesterday ‫ﻫﻨﺎ‬ the day before ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
tomorrow ‫ﻫﻨﺎ‬ the following day ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬

Direct ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬ Indirect ‫ﻏﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬

“I live in Riyadh” He said that he lived in Riyadh.
“We are happy” They said that they were happy.
She said: "I have not been in the school library She said that she had not been to the school
recently”. library recently.
He said to me: "I shall see you tomorrow”. He told me that he would see me the next day.
: ‫ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﲏ ﺃﺿﺎﻑ‬and added that : ‫( ﺑﲔ ﲨﻠﺘﲔ ﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻀﻊ ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬.) ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬

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 They said to him: “We shall see you tomorrow. They told him that they would see him the next
We shall visit Ahmed”. day and added that they would visit Ahmed.
: ‫ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺣﻴﻨﺌﺬ ﻻ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺃﺯﻣﻨﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺇﳕﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻘﻂ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ‬say, says ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‬
She says: “I will cook the food tomorrow”. She says that she will cook the food tomorrow.
We say: “We are playing football now”. We say that we are playing football now.

Question ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ‬

: ‫ ﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬Reported ‫ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻼﻡ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﻝ‬Direct ‫* ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬

:‫ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‬، ‫ ﳛﺪﺩ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ‬asked ‫ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬-1
Present ‫ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬ Past ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬
Past ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬ Past Perfect ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﺎﻡ‬
.‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻛﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺭﺑﻂ‬-2
.‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺇﱃ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺧﱪﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻫﻮ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬-3
.‫ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ‬-4

Direct ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬ Indirect ‫ﻏﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬

“What is your name?”. He asked me what my name was.
“Why are you late?” The teacher asked me why I was late.
“Where is your book?”. He asked me where my book was.
:‫ ﻛﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺭﺑﻂ ﻟﻠﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ‬if ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
“Is your school very large?”. He asked me if my school was very large.
.‫ ﺍﺣﺬﻓﻬﺎ ﻭﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬does ‫ ﺃﻭ‬do ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺃﻭ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
“Where do you live”. He asked me where I lived.
“Does he go to school?”. I asked him if he went to school.
.( had + ‫ ﺍﺣﺬﻓﻬﺎ ﻭﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ )ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ‬did ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺃﻭ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
“Where did you go yesterday?”. Sami asked me where I had gone the day before.
“Did Ahmed buy a new car?”. Ali asked me if Ahmed had bought a new car.
: ‫ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺣﻴﻨﺌﺬ ﻻ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺃﺯﻣﻨﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺇﳕﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻘﻂ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ‬ask, asks ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ‬
“Who is your English teacher?”. They ask me who my English teacher is.
“What are your marks?”. He asks me what my marks are.

Command ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬

: ‫ ﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬Reported ‫ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻼﻡ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﻝ‬Direct ‫* ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻃﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬

. ‫ ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬ordered ‫ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ) ﺃﻣﺮ‬-1
. ‫ ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻞ‬begged ‫ﻭﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ) ﺭﺟﺎﺀ‬

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 . ‫ ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻴﺤﺔ‬advised ‫ﻭﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ) ﻧﺼﺢ‬
. ‫ ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺇﱃ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻳﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﺔ‬told ‫ﻭﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ) ﺃﺧﱪ‬

. ‫ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬to ‫ ﺍﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻷﻗﻮﺍﺱ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬-2

. ‫ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﺪﺗﺎ‬Please, do ‫ ﺍﺣﺬﻑ ﻛﻠﻤﱵ‬-3
. ‫ ﻏﲑ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ‬-4

Direct ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬ Indirect ‫ﻏﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬

He said to the servant: “bring me a glass of He ordered the servant to bring him a
water”. glass of water.
The son said to his father: “please , give me The son begged his father to give him
some money”. some money.
The doctor advised me to drink a lot of
The doctor said to me: “Drink a lot of water”.
water.
He said to me: “Do not go to the market He told me not to go to the market that
tonight”. night.

Exclamation ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﺐ‬

: ‫ ﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬Reported ‫ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻼﻡ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﻝ‬Direct ‫* ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺗﻌﺠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬

: ‫ ﺍﺣﺬﻑ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ‬-1

With regret ‫ﺑﻨﺪﻡ‬ With anger ‫ﺑﻐﻀﺐ‬

With joy ‫ﺑﻔﺮﺡ‬ With admiration ‫ﺑﺈﻋﺠﺎﺏ‬
With sadness ‫ﲝﺰﻥ‬

that ‫ ﺍﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻷﻗﻮﺍﺱ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬-2

. ‫ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﳋﱪﻳﺔ‬-3

‫ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺗﻌﺠﺐ‬how, what : ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﻌﺠﺐ ﻣﺜﻞ‬: ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬
. ! ‫ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﺐ‬Alas, Hurrah, Oh : ‫ﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ‬‫ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﻌﺠﺐ ﺑﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﰲ‬

Direct ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬ Indirect ‫ﻏﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬

He said with sorrow that he would not find
He said : “Alas! I will not find my money”.
his money.
He said : “How foolish I have been”. He said with regret that he had been foolish.

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 Countries and Nationalities
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺎﺕ‬

:‫ﻼ‬‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﺣﺮﻑ ”ﻱ“ ﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﻭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻨﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ ﺳﻌﻮﺩﻱ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ‬
i, n, ian, ish, ese :‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﲬﺲ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﳏﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻭ ﻫﻲ‬
: ‫ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬.‫ﻭ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ‬

Country Nationality
Saudi Arabia Saudi
Algeria Algerian
Oman Omani
Libya Libyan
Palestine Palestinian
Syria Syrian
Britain British
Turkey Turkish
China Chinese
Lebanon Lebanese
France French
Switzerland Swiss

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