Integration

Topic 7 Integration is an inverse process for

differentiation.
dy
If = f(x) then ∫ f(x) dx = y
dx

Integration Integration symbol is ∫

For a function f(x), we can evaluate the
integral as:
∫ f(x) dx = F(x) + c , where c is a constant.

1 2

Integration Techniques of Integration

There are 2 types of integration: Rules of integration

indefinite integral and definite integral
Substitution method
1. ∫ f(x) dx is indefinite integral Integration by parts

b
2. ∫a f ( x) dx is definite integral that
involves limit a and b, where a is called
lower limit of integration and b is called
upper limit of integration.

3 4

Rules of Integration Rules of Integration

Rule 1: Rule 2:
∫ a dx = ax + c n x n +1
∫x dx = + c, where n = integer and n ≠ -1
where a and c is constant n +1

Example
Example x 3 +1
∫x 3dx = +c
∫ 4 dx = 4x + c 3+1
x4
1 1 = +c
∫ dx = x + c 4
3 3 5 6

1
Rules of Integration Rules of Integration

Rule 3: Rule 4:
n axn +1
n
∫ax dx = a∫x dx = + c, ∫ [f(x) + g(x)]dx = ∫ f(x)dx + ∫ g(x)dx
n +1
where n = integer and n ≠-1
Example Example
5 +1
4x ∫ x3 + 2x2 dx = ∫ x3 dx + 2∫ x2 dx
∫4x 5 dx = 4∫x 5 dx = +c
5 +1 x 4 2x3
4x 6 2x 6 = + +c
= +c = +c 4 3
6 3
7 8

Rules of Integration Rules of Integration

Rule 5: Rule 6:
∫ [f(x) - g(x)]dx = ∫ f(x)dx - ∫ g(x)dx ∫ ex dx = ex + c

Rule 7:
Example 1
∫ eax dx = e ax + c
∫ x3 - 6x7 dx = ∫ x3 dx - 6∫ x7 dx a
4 8
x 6x
= - +c Example
4 8
4 8 2x 1 2x e 2x
x 3x ∫e dx = e +c = +c
= - +c 2 2
4 4 9 10

Rules of Integration Substitution Method

Rule 8: For a function f(x) that hard to

1 evaluate the integral using rules of
∫ dx = ln | x | + c
x
Rule 9: integration, the integral can be
1 1 evaluated using substitution method:
∫ dx = ln | ax + b | + c
ax + b a
Example du
1 1 ∫(f(u) ) dx = ∫f(u) du
∫
2x + 3
dx = ln | 2x + 3 | + c
2 dx
11 12

2
Substitution Method Substitution Method
2
Example1: Solve ∫ 2x dx Example2: Solve ∫ x dx
x +1 1 - 2x 3
Solution: Solution:
u = x2 + 1 du u = 1 - 2x 3 du
substitute u = x2 + 1 and dx = substitute u = 1 - 2x3 and dx =
du 2x du - 6x2
= 2x x du 1 1 1 1 = -6x 2 x2 du 1 1 1 1
dx ∫ = ∫ du = ∫ du = ln | u | + c dx
∫ =∫ du = ∫ du = ln | u | + c
du u 2x 2u 2 u 2 du u - 6x2 - 6u -6 u -6
dx = 1 dx =
2x = ln | x 2 + 1 | + c - 6x 2 1
= ln |1 - 2x3 | + c
2 -6

13 14

Substitution Method Integration by parts

x
Example3: Solve ∫e 1 + e x dx Integration by parts formula:
Solution: du If u = f(x) and v = g(x) then
substitute u = 1 + e x and dx = x
u = 1 + ex e ∫ u dv = uv - ∫ v du
du du how to choose u and dv
= ex x 1

∫e u x = ∫ u du = ∫u du 2

dx e
du 3
choose dv first (dv must include dx)
dx = x
=
u2 2 3
+ c = u2 + c and u is the leftover part
e 3 3
2 Example: ∫ xe2x dx
2
= (1 + e x ) 2 + c
3
u dv
3 15 16

Integration by parts Integration by parts

Rules to choose u and dv Example: Solve ∫ xe2x dx

u=x dv = e2xdx
if function is combination of x and Solution:
exponential, then u = x and dv = du v = ∫ e2xdx
=1
exponential. ∫u dv = uv - ∫ v du dx 1
1 1 du = dx = e2x
if function is combination of x and = x e2x - ∫ e2xdx 2
logarithmic, then u = logarithmic and 2 2
dv = x xe2x 1 2x xe2x 1 1 2x
= - ∫e dx = - ( e )+c
2 2 2 2 2
xe2x e2x
= - +c
17 2 4 18

3
 Properties of Definite
Integration by parts
Integration
a
Example: Solve ∫ 2x3 ln x dx - ∫a f(x) dx = 0
3
u = ln x dv = 2x dx
Solution:
v = ∫ 2x 3 dx a b
∫u dv = uv - ∫ v du du
=
1
= 2 ∫ x 3 dx
- ∫b f(x) dx = - ∫a f(x) dx
dx x
x 4 x 4 dx
= ln x -∫ dx x4 x4
b
+ ∫bc f(x) dx = ∫ac f(x) dx
2 2 x du = =2 =
x 4 2 - ∫a f(x) dx
x4 1 3
= ln x - ∫x dx
2 2
x4 1 x4 x4 x4
= ln x - + c = ln x - +c
2 2 4 2 8 19 20

Definite Integration Definite Integration

Example: Solve ∫023x2dx Example: Solve 2 2

∫2 5x + 2x dx
Solution: Solution:
3x3
2
2
2 2
∫0 3x dx = = x3 [ ] 2
0
2
∫2 5x + 2x dx = 0
3 0 because upper limit = lower limit
= 23 - 0
=8

21 22

Definite Integration

Example: Solve ∫02 x2 + 3x dx

Solution:
x3 3x2
2
2
2
∫0 x + 3x dx = +
3 2 0

23 3(22 )
= + -0
3 2
8 12 26
= + =
3 2 3
23