CHAPTER 4

DIFFERENTIATION

NHAA/IMK/UNIMAP
 INTRODUCTION
• Differentiation
– Process of finding the derivative of a function.

• Notation
d
 f  x  , f  x 
dx
dy
, y, Dx  y 
dx

NHAA/IMK/UNIMAP
 DERIVATIVE OF A POWER FUNCTION

If n is an integer, then:

d n
dx
 
x  nx n 1

NHAA/IMK/UNIMAP
DERIVATIVE OF A CONSTANT
If f is differentiable at function x and c is any real
number, then c is differentiable:

d d
 cf  x    c  f  x  
dx dx

NHAA/IMK/UNIMAP
Example 1
Differentiate the following function:

 a f  x  2 x3
 b f  x   4 x  2
 c f  x   3 x 10

Answer

NHAA/IMK/UNIMAP
Example 1
Differentiate the following function:

 a f  x  2 x3
 b f  x   4 x  2
 c f  x   3 x 10

Answer
a) f   x   6 x 2
b) f   x   8 x 3
c) f   x   30 x 11

NHAA/IMK/UNIMAP
 DERIVATIVE OF SUM AND
DIFFERENCE RULES
If f and g are differentiable at function x, then the
function f+g and f-g are differentiable:

d d d
 f  x  g  x    f  x   g  x 
dx dx dx
d d d
 f  x  g  x    f  x    g  x 
dx dx dx

NHAA/IMK/UNIMAP
Example 2
Differentiate the following function:
 a f  x  x3  2 x
 b f  x    x 3  3 x 2
 c f  x   x 5  20

Answer

NHAA/IMK/UNIMAP
Example 2
Differentiate the following function:
 a f  x  x3  2 x
 b f  x    x 3  3 x 2
 c f  x   x 5  20

Answer
a) f   x   3x 2  2
b) f   x   3x 4  6 x
c) f   x   5 x 4

NHAA/IMK/UNIMAP
Derivative of Trigonometric Functions

dy
y  f  x  f (x)
dx
sin x cos x

cos x  sin x

sin kx k cos kx

cos kx  k sin kx

NHAA/IMK/UNIMAP
DERIVATIVE OF EXPONENTIAL &
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
dy
y  f  x  f (x)
dx
ex ex
e ax ae ax
1
ln x x
1 d 1
ln ax  ax 
ax dx x

NHAA/IMK/UNIMAP
 PRODUCT RULE
If u and v are differentiable at function x, then so the
product u.v, thus

d d d
uv   u v   v  u 
dx dx dx

NHAA/IMK/UNIMAP
Example 3:
Differentiate the following function:
 a  
y  x2  2 3 x4  x 
 b y  x 2 sin 4 x
 c y  e x x3
d y  2e 3 x ln 5 x
Answer

NHAA/IMK/UNIMAP
Example 3:
Differentiate the following function:
 a  
y  x2  2 3 x4  x 
 b y  x 2 sin 4 x
 c y  e x x3
d y  2e 3 x ln 5 x
Answer
dy
a)  6 x 5  12 x3  3 x 2  24 x  2
dx
dy
b)  2 x  2 x cos 4 x  sin 4 x 
dx
dy
c)  ex x2  3  x 
dx
dy 3x  1 
d)  2e   3ln 5 x 
NHAA/IMK/UNIMAP
dx x 
 QUOTIENT RULE
If u and v are differentiable at functionu x, then is
also differentiable v

d d
v u   u  v 
d u  dx dx
   2
dx  v  v

NHAA/IMK/UNIMAP
Example 4
Differentiate the following function:
x2  1
 a y 3
x 3 2 x
x
 b y
cos4 x2 x
e
 c y
sin 3x
Answer

NHAA/IMK/UNIMAP
Example 4
Differentiate the following function:
x2  1
 a y 3
x 3 2 x
x
 b y
cos4 x2 x
e
 c y
sin 3x
Answer
dy x  5x  2
4 2
a)  2
x  x  2
2
dx
dy
b)  x 2 sec 2 x  3  2 x tan 2 x 
dx
dy
c)  e 4 x cos ec3 x  4  3cot 3 x 
dx
NHAA/IMK/UNIMAP
Example 5
Differentiate and SIMPLIFY the following function:
 a y  e cos x
2x

 b  
y  x3  2 sin 2 x
4e 3 x
 c y
sin x
sin 2 x  1
d y
cos 3 x

NHAA/IMK/UNIMAP
 Answer
dy
a)  e 2 x  2 cos x  sin x 
dx
dy
b)  2  x 3  2  cos 2 x  3 x 2 sin 2 x
dx
dy
c)  4e 3 x csc x  3  cot x 
dx
dy
d)  sec 3 x  2 cos 2 x  3 tan 3 x  sin 2 x  1 
dx

NHAA/IMK/UNIMAP
 COMPOSITE FUNCTION
The Chain Rule
– If g is differentiable at point x and f is
differentiablef at  g the point g(x), then is
y  f  g  x   atux.
differentiable  g  x
– Let and , then

dy dy du
 
dx du dx

NHAA/IMK/UNIMAP
Example 7
Differentiate the following function:

 a y  ln 3x  1
 b y  sin 3x
Answer
dy 3
a) 
dx 3 x  1
dy 3cos 3 x
b) 
dx 2 sin 3 x

NHAA/IMK/UNIMAP
 COMPOSITE FUNCTION
“Outside-Inside” Rule
– Alternative method for Chain Rule:
– If y  f  g  x   ,then

dy
 f '  g  x  .g  x 
dx

NHAA/IMK/UNIMAP
Example 8
Differentiate the following function:

 a y  ln  sin 3x 
 b y  e sin 2 x
 c y  x 2 ln e 2 x 
Answer

NHAA/IMK/UNIMAP
Example 8
Differentiate the following function:

 a y  ln  sin 3x 
 b y  e sin 2 x
 c y  x 2 ln e 2 x 
Answer
dy
a)  3cot 3 x
dx
dy
b)  2esin 2 x cos 2 x
dx
c)
dy
dx

 2 x x  ln  e 2 x  
NHAA/IMK/UNIMAP
 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

x 2  y 2  25  0, x 3  y 3  9 xy  0

• These equation define an implicit relation between

variables x and y.
• When we cannot put an equation F(x,y)=0 in the
dy differentiation to find
form y = f(x), use implicit
dx

NHAA/IMK/UNIMAP
 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
• Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect
to x, treating y as a differentiable function of x

• Collect the terms dy

with on one side of the
equation dx
dy
• Solve fordx

NHAA/IMK/UNIMAP
 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
Example 1:
dy
for 3 x y  2 x ln y  3 x .
2 3
Find
dx
Solution:
Step 1
Differentiate wrt x
d
dx
  d
3 x y   2 x ln y  
2

dx
d
dx
 
3x 3

 2 d
 3x
dx
d
 
dx
2   d d 
 y   y 3x    2 x  ln y   ln y  2 x    9 x 2
   dx dx 

NHAA/IMK/UNIMAP
 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
Simplify
dy 1 dy
3x2
 6 xy  2 x  2 ln y  9 x 2
dx y dx
Step 2: Rearrange
dy 2 x dy
3x2
  9 x 2  2 ln y  6 xy
dx y dx
Step 3: Factorize
dy  2 2 x 
 3x    9 x 2  2 ln y  6 xy
dx  y 

NHAA/IMK/UNIMAP
 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
Step 4: obtained
dy 9 x 2  2 ln y  6 xy

dx 2x
3x 
2

NHAA/IMK/UNIMAP
 CHAPTER 4

APPLICATION:
(I) TANGENT LINE
(II) RELATED RATES
(III) MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM VALUES
 Tangent line

Consider a function y  f  x y

 x ,y 
, with 1 1 point Normal Line
lying on the graph: dy
Tangent Line
m
 Tangent line  x ,y  to the
1 1
dx
dy
0
function at is the dx

y straight
 f  x line that y  x2  4
x
touches
at that point.
 Normal line is the
line that is
perpendicular to the
tangent line.
• Tangent Line Equation:
y  m( x  x1)  y1
or
y  mx  c
• Normal Line Equation:
1
y   ( x  x1)  y1
m
or
1
y   xc
m
Example 1:
1.Find the slope of the curve at the given points

a y  x2  2x 1 ; x  3
(b) y2  x2  y4  2x ;(2,1)
Answer

2. Find the lines that are tangent and normal to the

curve at the given point.
a  y  x2  3 ; x  2
(b) x2  xy  y2 1 ;(2,3)
Answer
Example 1:
1.Find the slope of the curve at the given points

a y  x2  2x 1 ; x  3
(b) y2  x2  y4  2x ;(2,1)
Answer
a) m  4
b ) m  1
2. Find the lines that are tangent and normal to the
curve at the given point.
a  y  x2  3 ; x  2
(b) x2  xy  y2 1 ;(2,3)
Answer
1 15
a ) yn  4 x  1/ yt   x 
4 2
7 1 4 29
b) yn  x  / yt   x 
4 2 7 7
 RELATED RATES

• A process of finding a rate at which a quantity

changes by relating that quantity to the other
quantities.
• The rate is usually with respect to time, t.
Example 2
A area,
Suppose that the radius, r and r2 of a circle
dA andrequation that
are differentiable functions of t. Write
relates to . dt dt

Answer: A  r 2  1
Differentiate (1) wrt t :
d  A  d r 2 
 
   
dt dt  

dA  2r dr
dt dt
Example 3
How fast is the area of a rectangle changing from one
side 10cm long and the side increase at a rate of 2cm/s
and the other side is 8cm long and decrease at a rate of
3cm/s?
Solution: x

dx dy
At x  10,  2cm / s. At y  8,  3cm / s
dt dt

Area of rectangle : A  xy  1

Differentiate (1) wrt t: d d
 A   xy 
dt dt
dA dy dx
x y
dt dt dt
 10  3  8 2
 14cm 2 / s
Example 4
A stone is dropped into a pond, the ripples forming
concentric circles which expand. At what rate is the
area of one of these circles increasing when the radius
is 3m and increasing at the rate of 0.6ms-1?
Solution:
r

dr
At r  3,  0.6cm / s
dt

Area of circle : A  r 2  1

Differentiate wrt t : d  A  d  r 2 
 
dt dt  
dA dr
 2r
dt dt
 2  3 0.6
 3.6m 2 / s
Example 5
A 13ft ladder is leaning against a house when its base
starts to slide away. By the time the base is 12 ft from
the house, the base is moving at the rate of 5ft/s.

(a) How fast is the top of the ladder sliding down the
wall?
(b) At what rate is the area of the triangle formed by the
ladder, wall and ground changing
(c) At what rate is the angle between the ladder and the
ground changing?
 Answer
dy
a)  12 ft / s
dt
dA 119 2
b)  ft / s
dt 2
d
c)  1rad / s
dt
Exercise 1
The length l of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of
2cm/s, while the width w is increasing at the rate 2cm/s.
When l=12cm and w=5cm find the rates of change

(a) The area

(b) The perimeter
Answer
dA
a)  14cm 2 / s
dt
dP
b) 0
dt
 MAXIMUM & MINIMUM

• Use 1st derivative to locate and identify extreme

values(stationary values) of a continuous function
from its derivative

Definition: Absolute Maximum and Absolute

Minimum
• Let f be a function with domain D. Then f has an
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUMf  x  f (c), xD on D at a point c if:
value

f  x  f (c), xD
ABSOLUTE MINIMUM
 STATIONARY POINT
• A point on the graph of a function y = f(x) where the
rate of change is zero.
dy  0
dx
Example 6
Find stationary points:
dy
0 y
1 y  x  4x  3
 
 
 
2 dx
dy
0
(2) y  x3 3x  3 dx

dy
0
dy dx
0
dx
 1st DERIVATIVE TEST

Suppose that f is continuous on [a,b] and differentiable

on (a,b).
dy
a) If  0 at each point x   a, b, then y is said to be increasing on  a,b
dx
dy
b) If  0 at each point x   a, b, then y is said to be decreasing on  a,b
dx

y
dy
0
dx

dy dy
0 0
dx dx
x
 2ND DERIVATIVE TEST:
TEST FOR CONCAVITY
Let y=f(x) be twice-differentiable on an interval I
d2y
a) Concave up on an open interval if 2
 0 on  a,b
dx
d2y
b) Concave down on an open interval if 2
 0 on  a,b
dx
y y

d2y
0 d2y
dx 2
0
dx 2
x x
 MAXIMUM POINT &
MINIMUM POINT
• If
d 2y
0  y is minimum
dx 2

Therefore (x,y) is a minimum point.

If d y 0 
2
• y is maximum
dx2
Therefore (x,y) is a maximum point.
 CONCAVITY

A point where the graph of a function has a tangent line

and where the concavity changes is a POINT OF
INFLEXION.
d2y
0
dx 2

dy
dx
0 y
dy
0
dx d2y
0
dx 2

x
d2y
0
dx 2
dy
0
dy dx
0
dx
Example 5:
dy 2
Find and y2
d and then sketch the graph
y. of
dx dx

y x   x  x  8x  5
3 2
Solution:
Step 1: Find the stationary point
dy
Stationary value : 0
dx
dy
 3x 2  2 x  8
dx
3x 2  2 x  8  0
 3x  4 x  2  0 Stationary values

4
x  ,2
3
Therefore, the stationary points are:
 4 41 
 ,  &   2,17 
 3 27 
 The 1st Derivative Test
4
Since the stationary values  2, are :
3
The intervals:  4 4 
 2,  ,   
  ,2  3 3  x

2 4
3
Table: Interval x=c Sign of dy
Conclusion
dx

-3 + Increasing
  ,2
 4 0 - Decreasing
  2, 
 3
4  2 + Increasing
 ,
3 
Step 2 : Find inflexion point
d2y
Inflexion value : 2  0
dx
d2y
 6x  2
dx 2

6x  2  0
1
x
3
Therefore, the inflexion points is:

 1 209 
 , 
 3 27 
 The 2nd Derivative Test
1
Since the inflexion value
 is :
3
The intervals:  1  1 
  ,    ,
 3  3  x
1

3
Table: Interval x=c Sign of d2y Conclusion
dx 2

 1 -2 - Concave
   ,   Downwards
 3
 1  0 + Concave Upwards
 ,
 3 
Step 4: Test for maximum and minimum

At x  2;
d2y
 10  0
dx 2

Therefore, (-2, 17) is a maximum point.

4
x ;
At 3
d2y
 10  0
dx 2

Therefore, (4/3, -41/27) is a minimum point.