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PARTIAL FRACTIONS

I. Remainder obtained when f(x) is divided by x – a is f(a).

If degree of divisor is ‘n’, then the degree of remainder is (n – 1).

f(x), g(x) are two polynomials. If g(x) ≠ 0, then ∃ two polynomials q(x) , r(x) such that

f ( x) r ( x)
= q(x) + if the degree of f(x) is > that of g(x).
g ( x) g ( x)

f(x)
II. Method of resolving proper fraction into partial fractions.
g(x)

Type 1: When the denominator g(x) contains non-repeated linear factors i.e.

g(x) = (x – a) (x – b) (x – c).

f ( x) = A + B
+ C
( x − a )( x − b)( x − c ) x−a x−b x −c

Type 2: When the denominator g(x) contains repeated and non repeated linear factors.

i.e. g(x) = (x – a)2 (x – b),

f (x) A C
= + B +
(x − a) (x − b)
2 x −a (x − a) 2 (x − b)

Type 3: When the denominator g(x) contains non repeated irreducible quadratic factors.

i.e. g(x) = (ax2 + bx + c) (x – d).

f (x)
= Ax + B + C .
(ax + bx + c)(x − d)
2
(ax + bx + c)
2 x −d

Type 4: When the denominator g(x) contains repeated irreducible quadratic factors

i.e. g(x) = (ax2 + bx + c)2 (x – d)

f (x) = Ax + B + Cx + D + E
(ax + bx + c) (x − d)
2 2
(ax + bx + c)
2
(ax + bx + c)
2 2 x−d

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Very Short Answer Questions

I. Resolve the following into partial fractions.

2x + 3
1.
(x + 1)(x − 3)

2x + 3 A B
Sol. Let = +
(x + 1)(x − 3) x + 1 x − 3

Taking lcm and equating both sides

2x + 3 = A(x − 3) + B(x + 1)
1
x = −1 ⇒ 1 = A(−4) ⇒ A = −
4
9
x = 3 ⇒ 9 = B(4) ⇒ B =
4
2x + 3 −1 9
= +
(x + 1)(x − 3) 4(x + 1) 4(x − 3)

5x + 6
2.
(2 + x)(1 − x)

5x + 6 A B
Sol. Let = +
(2 + x)(1 − x) 2 + x 1 − x

Multiplying with (2 + x) (1 – x)

5x + 6 = A(1 – x) + B(2 + x)

4
Put x = –2, –10 + 6 = A(1 + 2) ⇒ A = −
3

11
Put x = 1, 5 + 6 = B(2 + 1) ⇒ B =
3

5x + 6 4 11
∴ =− +
(2 + x)(1 − x) 3(2 + x) 3(1 − x)

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Short Answer Questions

3x + 7
1.
x − 3x + 2
2

Sol: We know that

3x + 7 3x + 7
=
x − 3x + 2 (x − 2)(x − 1)
2

3x + 7 A B
Let = +
x − 3x + 2 (x − 2) (x − 1)
2

⇒ A(x − 1) + B(x − 2) = 3x + 7 … (1)

Substituting x = 2 in (1)

We get A = 13

Substituting x = 1 in (1)

We get –B = 10 i.e., B = –10

3x + 7 13 10
∴ = −
x − 3x + 2 x − 2 x − 1
2

x+4
2.
(x − 4)(x + 1)
2

x+4 A B C
Sol. = + +
(x − 4)(x + 1) x + 1 x + 2 x − 2
2

Taking LCM and equating both sides

x + 4 = A(x 2 − 4) + B(x + 1)(x − 2) + C(x + 1)(x + 2)

x = −1 ⇒ 3 = A(1 − 4) = −3A ⇒ A = −1
x = −2 ⇒ 2 = B(−2 + 1)(−2 − 2) = 4B
2 1
⇒B= =
4 2
1
x = 2 ⇒ 6 = C(2 + 1)(2 + 2) = 12C ⇒ C =
2
x+4 1 1 1
∴ =− + +
(x − 4)(x + 1)
2
x + 1 2(x + 2) 2(x − 2)

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2x 2 + 2x + 1
3.
x3 + x 2

2x 2 + 2x + 1 2x 2 + 2x + 1 A B C
Sol. Let = = + 2+
x +x
3 2
x (x + 1)
2
x x x +1

Multiplying with x2(x + 1)

2x2 + 2x + 1 = A x(x + 1) + B(x + 1) + Cx2

Put x = 0, 1 = B

Put x = –1, 2 – 2 + 1 = C(1) ⇒ C = 1

Equating the coefficients of x2,

2=A+C⇒A=2–C=2–1=1

2x 2 + 2x + 1 1 1 1
∴ = + 2+
x +x
3 2
x x x +1

2x + 3
4.
(x − 1)3

Sol. Put x – 1 = y ⇒ x = y + 1

2x + 3 2(y + 1) + 3 2y + 5
⇒ = =
(x − 1)3 y3 y3
2 5 2 5
= + = +
y 2 y3 (x − 1)2 (x − 1)3
2x + 3 2 5
∴ = +
(x − 1) 3
(x − 1) 2
(x − 1)3

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x 2 − 2x + 6
5.
(x − 2)3

Sol: Let x – 2 = y

x 2 − 2x + 6 (y + 2)2 − 2(y + 2) + 6
∴ =
(x − 2)3 y3

y 2 + 4y + 4 − 2y − 4 + 6
=
y3
y 2 + 2y + 6
=
y3
1 2 6
= + 2+ 3
y y y

1 2 6
= + +
x − 2 (x − 2) 2 (x − 2)3

x 2 − 2x + 6 1 2 6
∴ = + +
(x − 2) 3
x − 2 (x − 2) 2
(x − 2)3

2x 2 + 3x + 4
6.
(x − 1)(x 2 + 2)

2x 2 + 3x + 4 A Bx + C
Sol. Let = + 2
(x − 1)(x + 2) x − 1 x + 2
2

Multiplying with (x – 1)(x2 + 2)

2x 2 + 3x + 4 = A(x 2 + 2) + (Bx + C)(x − 1)

x = 1 ⇒ 2 + 3 + 4 = A(1 + 2)
9 = 3A ⇒ A = 3

Equating the coefficients of x2

2 = A + B ⇒ B = 2 – A = 2 – 3 = –1

Equating constants

4 = 2A – C ⇒ C = 2A – 4 = 6 – 4 = 2

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2x 2 + 3x + 4 3 −x + 2
= + 2
(x − 1)(x + 2) x − 1 x + 2
2

3x − 1
7.
(1 − x + x 2 )(x + 2)

3x − 1 A Bx + C
Sol. Let = +
(1 − x + x )(x + 2) 2 + x 1 − x + x 2
2

Multiplying with (2 + x)(1 – x + x2)

3x – 1 = A(1 – x + x2) (Bx + C)(2 + x)

x = –2 ⇒ –7 = A(1+2+4) = 7A ⇒ A = –1

Equating the coefficients of x2

0 = A + B ⇒ B = –A = 1

Equating the constants –1 = A + 2C

2C = –1 – A = –1 + 1 = 0 ⇒ C = 0

3x − 1 1 x
=− +
(1 − x + x )(x + 2)
2
2 + x 1− x + x2

x2 − 3
8.
(x + 2)(x 2 + 1)

x2 − 3 A Bx + C
Sol. Let = + 2
(x + 2)(x + 1) x + 2 x + 1
2

Multiplying with (x + 2)(x2 + 1)

x 2 − 3 = A(x 2 + 1) + (Bx + C)(x + 2)

x = −2 ⇒ 4 − 3 = A(4 + 1)
1
1 = 5A ⇒ A =
5
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Equating the coefficients of x2

1 4
1 = A + B ⇒ B = 1− A = 1− =
5 5

Equating the constants –3 = A + 2C

1 16 8
2C = −3 − A = −3 − = − ⇒ C = −
5 5 5

x2 − 3 1 4x − 8
= +
(x + 2)(x + 1) 5(x + 2) 5(x 2 + 1)
2

x2 +1
9.
(x 2 + x + 1)2

x2 +1 Ax + B Cx + D
Sol. Let = 2 + 2
(x + x + 1)
2 2
x + x + 1 (x + x + 1) 2

Multiplying with (x2 + x + 1)2

x2 + 1 = (Ax + B)(x2 + x + 1) + (Cx + D)

Equating the coefficients of x3, A = 0

Equating the coefficients of x2,

A+B=1⇒B=1

Equating the coefficients of x,

A+B+C=0

⇒ 1 + C = 0 ⇒ C = –1

Equating the constant, B + D = 1

⇒D = 1 – B = 1 – 1 = 0

∴ Ax + B = 1, Cx + D = –x

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x2 +1 1 x
∴ 2 = 2 − 2
(x + x + 1) 2
x + x + 1 (x + x + 1)2

x3 + x 2 + 1
10.
(x − 1)(x 3 − 1)

x3 + x 2 + 1 x3 + x 2 + 1
Sol. Let =
(x − 1)(x 3 − 1) (x − 1)(x − 1)(x 2 + x + 1)

x3 + x 2 + 1 A B Cx + D
Let = + + 2 ...(1)
(x − 1)(x − 1)(x + x + 1) x − 1 (x − 1)
2 2
x + x +1

A(x − 1)(x 2 + x + 1) + B(x 2 + x + 1) + (Cx + D)(x − 1) 2

=
(x − 1) 2 (x 2 + x + 1)

∴ x 3 + x 2 + 1 = A(x − 1)(x 2 + x + 1) + B(x 2 + x + 1) + (Cx + D)(x − 1) 2 ...(2)

Put x = 1 in (2)
1 + 1 + 1 = A(0) + B(1 + 1 + 1) + (C(1) + D)(0)
⇒ 3B = 3 ⇒ B = 1

Equating the coefficients of x3 in (2)

1=A+C …(3)

Equating the coefficients of x2 in (2)

1 = A(1 – 1) + B(1) + C(–2) + D(1)

⇒ 1 = B – 2C + D

∵ B = 1 ⇒ 1 = 1 − 2C + D ⇒ 2C = D …(4)

Put x = 0 in (2)

1 = A(–1)(1) + B(1) + D(–1)2

⇒ –A + B + D = 1 ⇒ –A + 1 + D = 1

⇒A = D …(5)

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From (3), (4) and (5)

D 3D 2
1= D+ ⇒ =1⇒ D =
2 2 3

2 D (2 / 3) 1
From (5) A = , from (4) C = = =
3 2 2 3

1 2
 x+ 
x + x +1
3 2
+2
(2 / 3) 1 3 3
∴ = +
(x − 1)(x − 1) x − 1 (x − 1)
3 2
x + x +1

x3 + x 2 + 1 2 1 x+2
⇒ = + +
(x − 1)(x − 1) 3(x − 1) (x − 1) 3(x + x + 1)
3 2 2

x2
11.
(x − 1)(x − 2)

x2 A B
Sol. Let = 1+ +
(x − 1)(x − 2) x −1 x − 2

Multiplying with (x – 1)(x – 2)

x 2 = (x − 1)(x − 2) + A(x − 2) + B(x − 1)

Put x = 1, 1 = A(–1) ⇒ A = –1

Put x = 2, 4 = B(1) ⇒ B = 4

x2 1 4
∴ = 1− +
(x − 1)(x − 2) x −1 x − 2

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x3
14.
(x − 1)(x + 2)

x3 x3
Sol. Let = 2
(x − 1)(x + 2) x + x − 2

x(x 2 + x − 2) − 1(x 2 + x − 2) + 3x − 2
=
x2 + x − 2

3x − 2 3x − 2
= x −1 + = x −1 +
x +x−2
2
(x − 1)(x + 2)
3x − 2 A B
Let = +
(x − 1)(x + 2) x − 1 x + 2

Multiplying with (x – 1)(x + 2)

3x – 2 = A(x + 2) + B(x – 1)

1
Put x = 1, 1 = A(3) ⇒ A =
3

8
Put x = –2, –8 = B(–3) ⇒ B =
3

x3 1 8
∴ = x −1 + +
(x − 1)(x + 2) 3(x − 1) 3(x + 2)

x3
15.
(2x − 1)(x − 1) 2

Sol. Let

x3 1 A B C
= + + +
(2x − 1)(x − 1) 2
2 2x − 1 x − 1 (x − 1) 2

Multiplying with 2(2x – 1)(x – 1)2

2x 3 = (2x − 1)(x − 1) 2 + 2A(x − 1) 2 + 2B(2x − 1)(x − 1) + 2C(2x − 1)

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1 1 1 1
Put x = , 2   = 2A   ⇒ A =
2 8 4 2

Put x = 1, 2(1) = 2C(1) ⇒ C = 1

Put x = 0,

0 = (–1)(1) + 2A(1) + 2B(–1)(–1) + 2C(–1)

⇒ 2A + 2B – 2C = 1

⇒ 2B = 1 + 2C – 2A = 1 + 2 – 1 = 2 ⇒ B = 1

x3 1 1 1 1
∴ = + + +
(2x − 1)(x − 1) 2
2 2(2x − 1) (x − 1) (x − 1) 2

x3
16.
(x − a)(x − b)(x − c)

x3 A B C
Sol. Let = 1+ + +
(x − a)(x − b)(x − c) x −a x −b x −c

Multiplying with (x – a)(x – b)(x – c)

x 3 = (x − a)(x − b)(x − c) + A(x − b)(x − c) + B(x − a)(x − c) + C(x − a)(x − b)

Put x = a, a3 = A(a – b)(a – c)

a3
⇒A=
(a − b)(a − c)

Put x = b, b3 = B(b – a)(b – c)

b3
⇒B=
(b − a)(b − c)

Put x = c, c3 = C(c – a)(c – b)

c3
⇒C=
(c − a)(c − b)

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x3 a3 b3 c3
= 1+ + +
(x − a)(x − b)(x − c) (a − b)(a − c)(x − a) (b − a)(b − c)(x − b) (c − a)(c − b)(x − c)

3x − 18
17. Resolve into partial fractions.
x 3 (x + 3)

3x − 18 A B C D
Sol. Let = + 2+ 3+
x (x + 3) x x
3
x x +3

3x − 18 Ax 2 (x + 3) + Bx(x + 3) + C(x + 3) + Dx 3
∴ =
x 3 (x + 3) x 3 (x + 3)
⇒ 3x − 18 = Ax 2 (x + 3) + Bx(x + 3) + C(x + 3) + Dx 3 ...(1)

Put x = –3 in (1)

3(–3) – 18 = A(0) + B(0) + C(0) + D(–3)3

⇒ –27D = –27 ⇒ D = 1

Put x = 0 in (1)

3(0) – 18 = A(0) + B(0) + C(0 + 3) + D(0)

⇒ 3C = –18 ⇒ C = –6

Equating the coefficients of x3 in (1)

0 = A + D ⇒ A = –D = –1 ⇒ A = –1

Equating the coefficients of x2 in (1)

0 = 3A + B ⇒ B = –3A = –3(–1) = 3 ⇒ B = 3

3x − 18 −1 3 6 1
= + 2− 3+
x (x + 3) x x
3
x x+3

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2x 2 + 1
7. Resolve 3 into partial fractions.
x −1

2x 2 + 1 2x 2 + 1
Sol. = ...(1)
x 3 − 1 (x − 1)(x 2 + x + 1)

2x 2 + 1 A Bx + C
= + 2
(x − 1)(x + x + 1) x − 1 x + x + 1
2

2x 2 + 1 A(x 2 + x + 1) + (Bx + C)(x − 1)

⇒ =
(x − 1)(x 2 + x + 1) (x − 1)(x 2 + x + 1)
∴ 2x 2 + 1 = A(x 2 + x + 1) + (Bx + C)(x − 1)...(1)

Put x = 1 in (1)

2(1) + 1= A(1 + 1 + 1) + (B + C)(0)

⇒ 3A = 3 ⇒ A = 1

Put x = 0 in (1)

0 + 1 = A(1) + (0 + C)(0 – 1)

⇒1=A–C⇒C=0

Equating the coefficients of x2 in (1)

2=A+B⇒2=1+B⇒B=1

2x 2 + 1 1 (1)(x) + 0 1 x
∴ = + 2 = + 2
x −1 x −1 x + x +1 x −1 x + x +1
3

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x3 + x 2 + 1
8. Resolve 2 into partial fractions.
(x + 2)(x 2 + 3)

x3 + x 2 + 1 Ax + B Cx + D
Sol. Let = 2 +
(x + 2)(x + 3) x + 2 x 2 + 3
2 2

(Ax + B)(x 2 + 3) + (Cx + D)(x 2 + 2)

=
(x 2 + 2)(x 2 + 3)

∴ x 3 + x 2 + 1 = (Ax + B)(x 2 + 3) + (Cx + D)(x 2 + 2) ...(1)

⇒ x 3 + x 2 + 1 = (A + C)x 3 + (B + D)x 2 + (3A + 2C)x + (3B + 2D)

Comparing the coefficients of x3, x2, x and constant terms

A + C = 1, B + D = 1,

3A + 2C = 0, 3B + 2D = 1

Solve A = –2, C = 3, B = –1, D = 2

x3 + x 2 + 1 −2x − 1 3x + 2
∴ = 2 +
(x + 2)(x + 3) x + 2 x 2 + 3
2 2

3x + 2 2x + 1
= −
x2 + 3 x2 + 2

3x 3 − 2x 2 − 1
9. Resolve 4 2 into partial fractions.
x + x +1

Sol. x 4 + x 2 + 1 = x 4 + 2x 2 + 1 − x 2

= (x 2 + 1)2 − x 2 = (x 2 + x + 1)(x 2 − x + 1)
3x 3 − 2x 2 − 1 3x 3 − 2x 2 − 1
=
x4 + x2 +1 (x 2 + x + 1)(x 2 − x + 1)
Ax + B Cx + D
= + 2
x + x +1 x − x +1
2

Multiplying with x4 + x2 + 1,

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3x3 – 2x2 – 1 = (Ax + B)(x2 – x + 1) + (Cx + D)(x2 + x + 1)

Equating the coefficients of like terms, we get

A+C=3 … (1)

⇒C=3–A

– A + B + C + D = –2 … (2)

A–B+C+D=0 … (3)

B + D = –1 … (4) D = –1–B

Substitute (C), (D) in (2)

–A + B + 3 – A – 1 – B = –2

⇒ –2A = –4 ⇒ A = 2

Substitute C, D in (3)

A – B + 3 – A – 1 – B = 0 ⇒ 2 = 2B ⇒ B = 1

∴ C = 3 – 2 = 1, D = –1–1 = –2

Ax + B = 2x + 1, Cx + D = x – 2

3x 3 − 2x 2 − 1 2x + 1 x−2
∴ 4 = 2 + 2
x + x +1
2
x + x +1 x − x +1

x 4 + 24x 2 + 28
10. Resolve into partial fractions.
(x 2 + 1)3

x 4 + 24x 2 + 28
Sol.
(x 2 + 1)3

Put x2 + 1 = y ⇒ x2 = y – 1

x 4 + 24x 2 + 28 (y − 1)2 + 24(y − 1) + 28

Now =
(x 2 + 1)3 y3
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y 2 − 2y + 1 + 24y − 24 + 28 y 2 + 22y + 5
= =
y3 y3
y 2 22y 5 1 22 5
= + + = + +
y 3 y3 y 3 y y 2 y3
1 22 5
= + 2 + 2
(x + 1) (x + 1)
2 2
(x + 1)3

x 4 + 24x 2 + 28 1 22 5
∴ = 2 + 2 + 2
(x + 1)
2 3
(x + 1) (x + 1) 2
(x + 1)3

x3
11. Resolve into partial fractions.
(2x − 1)(x + 2)(x − 3)

x3 1 A B C
Sol. = + + +
(2x − 1)(x + 2)(x − 3) 2 2x − 1 x + 2 x − 3

Multiplying with 2(2x – 1)(x + 2)(x – 3)

2x 3 = (2x − 1)(x + 2)(x − 3) + 2A(x + 2)

(x − 3) + 2B(2x − 1)(x − 3) + 2C(2x − 1)(x + 2)

1 1 5  5 1
Put x = , 2   = 2A   ⋅  −  ⇒ A = −
2 8 2  2 50

−8
Put x = –2, 2(–8) = 2B(–5)(–5) ⇒ B =
25

27
Put x = 3, 2(27) = 2C(5)(5) ⇒ C =
25

x3 1 1 8 27
∴ = − − +
(2x − 1)(x + 2)(x − 3) 2 50(2x − 1) 25(x + 2) 25(x − 3)

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x4
12. Resolve into partial fractions.
(x − 1)(x − 2)

x4 x4
Sol. = 2
(x − 1)(x − 2) x − 3x + 2

x 2 (x 2 − 3x + 2) + 3x(x 2 − 3x + 2) + 7(x 2 − 3x + 2) + 15x − 14

=
x 2 − 3x + 2

15x − 14
= x 2 + 3x + 7 +
x 2 − 3x + 2

15x − 14 A B
Let = +
(x − 1)(x − 2) x − 1 x − 2

Equating the coefficients of (x – 1)(x – 2)

15x − 14 = A(x − 2) + B(x − 1)

Put x = 1, 15 – 14 = A(–1) ⇒ A = –1

Put x = 2, 30 – 14 = B(1) ⇒ B = 16

x4 1 16
∴ = x 2 + 3x + 7 − +
(x − 1)(x − 2) x −1 x − 2

3x
13. Find the coefficient of x4 in the expansion of .
(x − 2)(x + 1)

3x A B
Sol. = +
(x − 2)(x + 1) x − 2 x + 1

Multiplying with (x – 2)(x + 1)

3x = A(x + 1) + B(x – 2)

Put x = –1, –3 = B(–3) ⇒ B = 1

Put x = 2, 6 = A(3) ⇒ A = 2

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3x 2 1
∴ = +
(x − 2)(x + 1) x − 2 x + 1

−1
2 1  x
= + = − 1 −  + (1 + x) −1
 x  1+ x  2
−2  1 − 
 2
 x x 2 x3 x4 
= − 1 + + − + (
+ ... + 1 − x + x 2 − x 3 + x 4 ... )
 2 4 8 16 

1 15
∴ Coefficient of x4 = − +1 =
16 16

x
14. Find the coefficient of xn in the expansion of .
(x − 1) (x − 2)
2

x A B C
Sol. = + +
(x − 1) (x − 2) x − 1 (x − 1)
2 2
x−2

Multiplying with (x – 1)2 (x – 2)

x = A(x – 1)(x – 2) + B(x – 2) + C(x – 1)2

Put x = 1, 1 = B(–1) ⇒ B = –1

Put x = 2, 2 = C(1) ⇒ C = 2

Put x = 0, 0 = 2A – 2B + C ⇒ 2A = 2B – C

= –2 – 2 = –4 ⇒ A = –2

x −2 1 2
∴ = − +
(x − 1) (x − 2) x − 1 (x − 1)
2 2
x −2

2 1 2
= − +
1 − x (1 − x)2  x
−2 1 − 
 2
−1
 x
= 2(1 − x) −1 − (1 − x) −2 − 1 − 
 2

 x2 x2 xn 
= 2[1 + x + x 2 + ... + x n + ...] − [1 + 2x + 3x 2 + ... + (n + 1)x n + ...] − 1 + + + ... n + ...
 2 4 2 

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 1 
∴ Coefficient of xn = 2(1) − (n + 1) −  n 
2 

1 1
= 2 − n −1 − n
= 1− n − n .
2 2

x +3
15.Resolve in to partial fractions.
(1 − x)2 (1 + x 2 )

x +3
Sol: Let
(1 − x)2 (1 + x 2 )

A B Cx + D
= + +
(1 − x) (1 − x) 2
(1 + x 2 )

⇒ x + 3 = A(1 − x)(1 + x 2 ) + B(1 + x 2 ) + (Cx + D)(1 − x)2

Comparing the coefficients of like power of x, we get

A+B+D=3 … (1)

–A + C – 2D = 1 … (2)

A + B – 2C + D = 0 … (3)

–A + C = 0 … (4)

Solving above equations, we get

3 3 1
A = , B = 2, C = , D = −
2 2 2

x +3 3 2 3x − 1
∴ = + +
(1 − x) (1 + x ) 2(1 − x) (1 − x)
2 2 2
2(1 + x 2 )

x 2 + 5x + 7
16. Resolve into partial fractions.
(x − 3)3

Sol. Let x – 3 = y ⇒ x = y + 3

x 2 + 5x + 7 (y + 3)2 + 5(y + 3) + 7
=
(x − 3)3 y3

y 2 + 6y + 9 + 5y + 15 + 7
=
y3

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y 2 + 11y + 31 1 11 31
= = + 2+ 3
y3 y y y
x 2 + 5x + 7 1 11 31
∴ = + +
(x − 3) 3
x − 3 (x − 3) 2
(x − 3)3

x 2 + 13x + 15
17. Write as a sum of partial fractions.
(2x + 3)(x + 3) 2

x 2 + 13x + 15 A B C
Sol. Let = + +
(2x + 3)(x + 3) 2
2x + 3 x + 3 (x + 3) 2

Multiplying (2x + 3)(x + 3)2

x 2 + 13x + 15 = A(x + 3) 2 + B(x + 3)(2x + 3) + C(2x + 3)

3 9 39 9
Put x = − , − + 15 = A  
2 4 2 4
9A 9 − 78 + 60 9
⇒ = = − ⇒ A = −1
4 4 4

Put x = –3, 9 – 39 + 15 = C(–3)

⇒ –3C = –15 ⇒ C = 5

Equating the coefficients of x2,

A + 2B = 1 ⇒ 2B = 1 – A = 1 + 1 = 2 ⇒ B = 1

x 2 + 13x + 15 −1 1 5
∴ = + +
(2x + 3)(x + 3) 2
2x + 3 x + 3 (x + 3)2

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1
18. Resolve into partial fractions.
(x − 1) (x − 2)
2

1 A B C
Sol. Let = + +
(x − 1) (x − 2) x − 1 (x − 1)
2 2
x−2

1
⇒
(x − 1) (x − 2)
2

A(x − 1)(x − 2) + B(x − 2) + C(x − 1) 2

=
(x − 1) 2 (x − 2)

⇒ 1 = A(x − 1)(x − 2) + B(x − 2) + C(x − 1) 2 ...(1)

Put x = 1 in (1)

1 = A(0) + B(1 – 2) + C(0)

⇒ –B = 1 ⇒ B = –1

Put x = 2 in (1)

1 = A(0) + B(0) + C(2 – 1)2 ⇒ C = 1

Equating the coefficients of x2 in (1)

0 = A + C ⇒ A = –C = –1 ⇒ A = –1

1 −1 1 1
∴ = − +
(x − 1) (x − 2) x − 1 (x − 1)
2 2
x −2

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III.

x2 − x +1
1.
(x + 1)(x − 1) 2

x2 − x +1 A B C
Sol. Let = + +
(x + 1)(x − 1) 2
x + 1 x − 1 (x − 1)2

Multiplying with (x + 1)(x – 1)2

x2 – x + 1 =

A(x – 1)2 + B(x + 1)(x – 1) + C(x + 1)

3
Put x = –1, 1 + 1 + 1 = A(4) ⇒ A =
4

1
Put x = 1, 1 – 1 + 1 = C(2) ⇒ C =
2

Equating the coefficients of x2

3 1
A+B=1⇒B=1–A=1– =
4 4

x2 − x +1 3 1 1
∴ = + +
(x + 1)(x − 1) 2
4(x + 1) 4(x − 1) 2(x − 1)2

9
2.
(x − 1)(x + 2) 2

9 A B C
Sol. Let = + +
(x − 1)(x + 2) 2
x − 1 x + 2 (x + 2) 2

Multiplying with (x – 1)(x + 2)2

9 = A(x + 2)2 + B(x – 1)(x + 2) + C(x – 1)

x = 1 ⇒ 9 = 9A ⇒ A = 1

x = –2 ⇒ 9 = –3C ⇒ C = –3
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Equating the coefficients of x2

A + B = 0 ⇒ B = –A = –1

9 1 1 3
∴ = − −
(x − 1)(x + 2) 2
x − 1 x + 2 (x + 2) 2

x −1
3.
(x + 1)(x − 2) 2

x −1 A B C
Sol. Let = + +
(x + 1)(x − 2) 2
x + 1 x − 2 (x − 2)2

⇒x–1=

A(x – 2)2 + B(x – 2)(x + 1) + C(x + 1) …(1)

Put x = 2 in (1)

2 – 1 = A(0) + B(0) + C(2 + 1)

1
⇒ 1 = 3C ⇒ C =
3

Put x = –1 in (1)

– 1 –1 = A(–1–2)2 + B(0) + C(0)

−2
⇒ 9A = –2 ⇒ A =
9

Equating the coefficients of x2 in (1)

2
0 = A + B ⇒ B = –A =
9

−2 2 1
x −1
∴ = 9 + 9 + 3
(x + 1)(x − 2) 2
x + 1 x − 2 (x − 2) 2

x −1 −2 2 1
= + +
(x + 1)(x − 2) 2
9(x + 1) 9(x − 2) 3(x − 2) 2
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1
4.
(1 − 2x)2 (1 − 3x)

Sol. Let

1 A B C
= + +
(1 − 2x) (1 − 3x) 1 − 3x 1 − 2x (1 − 2x)2
2

Multiplying with (1 – 2x)2 (1 – 3x)

1 = A(1 − 2x)2 + B(1 − 3x)(1 − 2x) + C(1 − 3x)

2
1  2 A
x = ⇒ 1 = A 1 −  = ⇒ A = 9
3  3 9

1  3 C
x= ⇒ 1 = C 1 −  = − ⇒ C = −2
2  2 2

Equating the coefficients of x2

0 = 4A + 6B

6B = –4A = –36

B = –6

1 9 6 2
= − −
(1 − 2x) (1 − 3x) 1 − 3x 1 − 2x (1 − 2x)2
2

1
5.
x (x + a)
3

1 A B C D
Sol. Let = + + +
x 3 (x + a) x x 2 x 3 x + a

A ⋅ x 2 (x + a) + B(a)(x + a) + C(x + a) + Dx 3
=
x 3 (x + a)

∴1 = A(x 2 )(x + a) + Bx(x + a) + C(x + a) + Dx 3 …(1)

Put x = 0 in (1)

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1 = A(0) + B(0) + C(0 + a) + D(0)

1
⇒ 1 = C(a) ⇒ C =
a

Put x = –a in (1)

1 = A(0) + B(0) + C(0) + D(–a)3

1
⇒ 1 = –Da2 ⇒ D = −
a3

Equating the coefficients of x3 in (1)

0=A+D

1 1
⇒ A = –D = 3
,A= 3
a a

Equating the coefficients of x2 in (1)

0 = Aa + B

 1 1
⇒ B = –aA = −a  3
=− 2
a  a

1
∴B = −
a2

 1   1  1  1 
 3  − 2    − 3 
=  a  +  a2  +  3 +  a 
1 a
x (x + a)
3
x x x x+a
1 1 1 1 1
⇒ = 3 − 2 2+ 3− 3
x (x + a) a x a x
3
ax a (x + a)

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3x 3 − 8x 2 + 10
6.
(x − 1) 4

Sol: Let x – 1 = y

3x 3 − 8x 2 + 10
∴
(x − 1) 4

3(y + 1)3 − 8(y + 1) 2 + 10

=
y4

3(y3 + 3y 2 + 3y + 1) − 8(y 2 + 2y + 1) + 10
=
y4

3y3 + y 2 − 7y + 5
=
y4

3 1 7 5
= + 2− 3+ 4
y y y y

3 1 7 5
= + − +
x − 1 (x − 1) (x − 1) (x − 1) 4
2 3

3x 3 − 8x 2 + 10
∴
(x − 1) 4

3 1 7 5
= + − +
x − 1 (x − 1) (x − 1) (x − 1) 4
2 3

3x − 18
7. Resolve into partial fractions.
x 3 (x + 3)

3x − 18 A B C D
Sol. Let = + 2+ 3+
x (x + 3) x x
3
x x +3

3x − 18 Ax 2 (x + 3) + Bx(x + 3) + C(x + 3) + Dx 3
∴ =
x 3 (x + 3) x 3 (x + 3)
⇒ 3x − 18 = Ax 2 (x + 3) + Bx(x + 3) + C(x + 3) + Dx 3 ...(1)

Put x = –3 in (1)

3(–3) – 18 = A(0) + B(0) + C(0) + D(–3)3

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⇒ –27D = –27 ⇒ D = 1

Put x = 0 in (1)

3(0) – 18 = A(0) + B(0) + C(0 + 3) + D(0)

⇒ 3C = –18 ⇒ C = –6

Equating the coefficients of x3 in (1)

0 = A + D ⇒ A = –D = –1 ⇒ A = –1

Equating the coefficients of x2 in (1)

0 = 3A + B ⇒ B = –3A = –3(–1) = 3 ⇒ B = 3

3x − 18 −1 3 6 1
= + 2− 3+
x (x + 3) x x
3
x x+3

2x 2 + 1
8. Resolve into partial fractions.
x3 −1

2x 2 + 1 2x 2 + 1
Sol. = ...(1)
x 3 − 1 (x − 1)(x 2 + x + 1)

2x 2 + 1 A Bx + C
= + 2
(x − 1)(x + x + 1) x − 1 x + x + 1
2

2x 2 + 1
⇒ =
(x − 1)(x 2 + x + 1)
A(x 2 + x + 1) + (Bx + C)(x − 1)
(x − 1)(x 2 + x + 1)
∴ 2x 2 + 1 = A(x 2 + x + 1) + (Bx + C)(x − 1)...(1)

Put x = 1 in (1)

2(1) + 1= A(1 + 1 + 1) + (B + C)(0)

⇒ 3A = 3 ⇒ A = 1

Put x = 0 in (1)
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0 + 1 = A(1) + (0 + C)(0 – 1)

⇒1=A–C⇒C=0

Equating the coefficients of x2 in (1)

2=A+B⇒2=1+B⇒B=1

2x 2 + 1 1 (1)(x) + 0 1 x
∴ = + 2 = + 2
x −1 x −1 x + x +1 x −1 x + x +1
3

x3 + x 2 + 1
9. Resolve into partial fractions.
(x 2 + 2)(x 2 + 3)

x3 + x 2 + 1 Ax + B Cx + D
Sol. Let 2 = 2 +
(x + 2)(x + 3) x + 2 x 2 + 3
2

(Ax + B)(x 2 + 3) + (Cx + D)(x 2 + 2)

=
(x 2 + 2)(x 2 + 3)

∴ x3 + x 2 + 1 =
(Ax + B)(x 2 + 3) + (Cx + D)(x 2 + 2) ...(1)

⇒ x 3 + x 2 + 1 = (A + C)x 3 + (B + D)x 2 + (3A + 2C)x + (3B + 2D)

Comparing the coefficients of x3, x2, x and constant terms

A + C = 1, B + D = 1,

3A + 2C = 0, 3B + 2D = 1

Solve A = –2, C = 3, B = –1, D = 2

x3 + x 2 + 1 −2x − 1 3x + 2
∴ = 2 +
(x + 2)(x + 3) x + 2 x 2 + 3
2 2

3x + 2 2x + 1
= −
x2 + 3 x2 + 2

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3x 3 − 2x 2 − 1
10. Resolve 4 2 into partial fractions.
x + x +1

Sol. x 4 + x 2 + 1 = x 4 + 2x 2 + 1 − x 2

= (x 2 + 1)2 − x 2 = (x 2 + x + 1)(x 2 − x + 1)
3x 3 − 2x 2 − 1 3x 3 − 2x 2 − 1
=
x4 + x2 +1 (x 2 + x + 1)(x 2 − x + 1)
Ax + B Cx + D
= + 2
x + x +1 x − x +1
2

Multiplying with x4 + x2 + 1,

3x3 – 2x2 – 1 =

(Ax + B)(x2 – x + 1) + (Cx + D)(x2 + x + 1)

Equating the coefficients of like terms, we get

A+C=3 … (1)

⇒C=3–A

– A + B + C + D = –2 … (2)

A–B+C+D=0 … (3)

B + D = –1 … (4) D = –1–B

Substitute (C), (D) in (2)

–A + B + 3 – A – 1 – B = –2

⇒ –2A = –4 ⇒ A = 2

Substitute C, D in (3)

A – B + 3 – A – 1 – B = 0 ⇒ 2 = 2B ⇒ B = 1

∴ C = 3 – 2 = 1, D = –1–1 = –2

Ax + B = 2x + 1, Cx + D = x – 2

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3x 3 − 2x 2 − 1 2x + 1 x−2
∴ 4 = 2 + 2
x + x +1
2
x + x +1 x − x +1

x3
11. Resolve into partial fractions.
(2x − 1)(x + 2)(x − 3)

x3 1 A B C
Sol. = + + +
(2x − 1)(x + 2)(x − 3) 2 2x − 1 x + 2 x − 3

Multiplying with 2(2x – 1)(x + 2)(x – 3)

2x 3 = (2x − 1)(x + 2)(x − 3) + 2A(x + 2)

(x − 3) + 2B(2x − 1)(x − 3) + 2C(2x − 1)(x + 2)

1 1 5  5 1
Put x = , 2   = 2A   ⋅  −  ⇒ A = −
2 8   2   
2  50

−8
Put x = –2, 2(–8) = 2B(–5)(–5) ⇒ B =
25

27
Put x = 3, 2(27) = 2C(5)(5) ⇒ C =
25

x3 1 1 8 27
∴ = − − +
(2x − 1)(x + 2)(x − 3) 2 50(2x − 1) 25(x + 2) 25(x − 3)

x4
12. Resolve into partial fractions.
(x − 1)(x − 2)

x4 x4
Sol. = 2
(x − 1)(x − 2) x − 3x + 2

x 2 (x 2 − 3x + 2) + 3x(x 2 − 3x + 2) + 7(x 2 − 3x + 2) + 15x − 14

=
x 2 − 3x + 2

15x − 14
= x 2 + 3x + 7 +
x 2 − 3x + 2

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15x − 14 A B
Let = +
(x − 1)(x − 2) x − 1 x − 2

Equating the coefficients of (x – 1)(x – 2)

15x − 14 = A(x − 2) + B(x − 1)

Put x = 1, 15 – 14 = A(–1) ⇒ A = –1

Put x = 2, 30 – 14 = B(1) ⇒ B = 16

x4 1 16
∴ = x 2 + 3x + 7 − +
(x − 1)(x − 2) x −1 x − 2

3x
13. Find the coefficient of x4 in the expansion of .
(x − 2)(x + 1)

3x A B
Sol. = +
(x − 2)(x + 1) x − 2 x + 1

Multiplying with (x – 2)(x + 1)

3x = A(x + 1) + B(x – 2)

Put x = –1, –3 = B(–3) ⇒ B = 1

Put x = 2, 6 = A(3) ⇒ A = 2

3x 2 1
∴ = +
(x − 2)(x + 1) x − 2 x + 1

−1
2 1  x
= + = − 1 −  + (1 + x) −1
 x  1+ x  2
−2  1 − 
 2
 x x 2 x3 x4 
= − 1 + + − + (
+ ... + 1 − x + x 2 − x 3 + x 4 ... )
 2 4 8 16 

1 15
∴ Coefficient of x4 = − +1 =
16 16

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x
14. Find the coefficient of xn in the expansion of .
(x − 1) (x − 2)
2

x A B C
Sol. = + +
(x − 1) (x − 2) x − 1 (x − 1)
2 2
x−2

Multiplying with (x – 1)2 (x – 2)

x = A(x – 1)(x – 2) + B(x – 2) + C(x – 1)2

Put x = 1, 1 = B(–1) ⇒ B = –1

Put x = 2, 2 = C(1) ⇒ C = 2

Put x = 0, 0 = 2A – 2B + C ⇒ 2A = 2B – C

= –2 – 2 = –4 ⇒ A = –2

x −2 1 2
∴ = − +
(x − 1) (x − 2) x − 1 (x − 1)
2 2
x −2

2 1 2
= − +
1 − x (1 − x)2  x
−2 1 − 
 2
−1
−1 −2  x
= 2(1 − x) − (1 − x) − 1 − 
 2

 x2 x2 xn 
= 2[1 + x + x + ... + x + ...] − [1 + 2x + 3x + ... + (n + 1)x + ...] − 1 +
2 n 2 n
+ + ... n + ...
 2 4 2 

 1 
∴ Coefficient of xn = 2(1) − (n + 1) −  n 
2 

1 1
= 2 − n −1 − n
= 1− n − n .
2 2

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5x + 6
15. Find the coefficients of x3 in the expansion of .
(2 + x)(1 − x)

5x + 6 A B
Sol. Let = +
(2 + x)(1 − x) 2 + x 1 − x

Multiplying with (2 + x)(1 – x)

5x + 6 = A(1 – x) + B(2 + x)

11
x = 1 ⇒ 11 = B(2 + 1) = 3B ⇒ B =
3
−4
x = −2 ⇒ −4 = A(1 + 2) = 3A ⇒ A =
3

5x + 6 −4 11
= +
(2 + x)(1 − x) 3(2 + x) 3(1 − x)
−4 11
= +
 x  3(1 − x)
3 ⋅ 2 1 + 
 2
−1
2 x 11
= − 1 +  + (1 − x) −1
3 2 3

2  x x 2 x3  11
= − 1 − +
3 2 4
− + ...  +
8
(
1 + x + x 2 + x 3 ... )
 3

2  1  11
∴ Coefficient of x 3 = −  −  + (1)
3 8 3

2 + 88 90 15
= = =
24 24 4

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4 3x 2 + 2x
16. What is the coefficient of x in the expansion of 2 .
(x + 2)(x − 3)

3x 2 + 2x A Bx + C
Sol. Let = + 2
(x + 2)(x − 3) x − 3 x + 2
2

Multiplying with (x2 + 2)(x – 3)

3x 2 + 2x = A(x 2 + 2) + (Bx + C)(x − 3)

x = 3 ⇒ 27 + 6 = A(9 + 2)

33 = 11A ⇒ A = 3

Equating the coefficients of x2

3=A+B⇒B=3–A=3–3=0

Equating the constants,

2A – 3C = 0 ⇒ 3C = 2A = 6 ⇒ C = 2

3x 2 + 2x 3 2
= + 2
(x + 2)(x − 3) x − 3 x + 2
2

3 2
= +
 x  x2 
−3  1 −  2 1 + 
 3  2 
−1 −1
 x  x2 
= − 1 −  + 1 + 
 3  2 

 x x 2 x3 x 4   x2 x4 
= − 1 + + + + + ...  + 1 − + − ... 
 3 9 27 81   2 4 

1 1
∴ Coefficients of x 4 = − +
81 4

−4 + 81 77
= =
324 324

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x −4
17. Find the coefficient of xn in the expansion of .
x − 5x + 6
2

x −4 A B
Sol. Let = +
x − 5x + 6 x − 2 x − 3
2

Multiplying with (x – 2)(x – 3)

x − 4 = A(x − 3) + B(x − 2)
x = 2 ⇒ −2 = A(2 − 3) = − A ⇒ A = 2
x = 3 ⇒ −1 = B(3 − 2) = B ⇒ B = −1

x −4 2 1
= −
x − 5x + 6 x − 2 x − 3
2

2 1
= +
 x  x
−2  1 −  3 1 − 
 2  3
−1 −1
 x 1 x 
= − 1 −  + 1 − 
 2 3 3 

 x x2 xn  1  x x2 xn 
= − 1 + + + ... + n + ...  + 1 + + + ... + n + ... 
 2 4 2  3 3 9 3 

1 1
Coefficient of x n = n +1
−
3 2n

3x
18. Find the coefficient of xn in the power series expansion of .
(x − 1)(x − 2) 2

Sol: Let

3x A B C
= + +
(x − 1)(x − 2) 2
x − 1 x − 2 (x − 2)2

⇒ A(x − 2)2 + B(x − 1)(x − 2) + C(x − 1) = 3x Substituting x = 1 in (1), we get A = 3

Substituting x = 2 in (2), we get C = 6

Equating coefficient of x2 in (1) we get

A + B = 0 ⇒ B = –A ⇒ B = –3

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3x 3 3 6
∴ = − +
(x − 1)(x − 2) 2
x − 1 x − 2 (x − 2) 2

−1 −2
3 x 3 x
= −3(1 − x)−1 + 1 −  + 1 − 
2 2 2 2

Now

(1 − x)−1 = 1 + x + x 2 + ... + x n + ...if | x |< 1

−1
 x x x2 xn
1 −  = 1+ + + ... + n + ...
 2 2 4 2

x
if <1
2

i.e. |x| < 2

−2 2 3
 x x x x
1 −  = 1+ 2   + 3  + 4  
 2 2 2 2
i.e., |x| < 2.
n
x x
+... + (n + 1)   + ..., if <1
2 2

The above expansion are valid when |x| < 1.

 x x2 
∴
3x
(x − 1)(x − 2)2
= −3 1 + x + x 2
(+ ... + x n
+ ... +  1 )
+ + + ... +
xn
2n
+ ... 
 2 4 

3 
2 n
x x x
+ 1 + 2   + 3   + ... + (n + 1)   + ... 
2  2 2 2 


Coefficient of xn in this expansion is

3 1  3 (n + 1)
−3 +  n + n
22  2 2

3 3(n + 1)
= −3 + n +1
+ .
2 2n +1

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