St Andrew’s Academy

Mathematics Department

Higher Mathematics

INTEGRATION
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Integration
Contents
Integration 1
1 Indefinite Integrals RC 1
2 Preparing to Integrate RC 4
3 Differential Equations A 5
4 Definite Integrals RC 7
5 Geometric Interpretation of Integration A 8
6 Areas between Curves A 13
7 Integrating along the y-axis RC 18
8 Integrating sinx and cosx RC 19
9 A Special Integral RC 20
10 Integrating sin(ax + b) and cos(ax + b) RC 23

1
 Integration
1 Indefinite Integrals RC
In integration, our aim is to “undo” the process of differentiation. Later we
will see that integration is a useful tool for evaluating areas and solving a
special type of equation.
We have already seen how to differentiate polynomials, so we will now look
at how to undo this process. The basic technique is:
n x n +1
∫x =dx
n +1
+c n ≠ −1, c is the constant of integration.

Stated simply: raise the power (n) by one (giving n + 1 ), divide by the new
power ( n + 1 ), and add the constant of integration (c ) .
EXAMPLES
1. Find ∫ x 2 dx .
x3
∫ x dx =
2
+ c = 13 x 3 + c .
3
2. Find ∫ x −3 dx .
−3 x −2 1
∫x dx = + c =− 2 + c .
−2 2x
5
3. Find ∫ x 4 dx .
9
5 x4 9
4 x 4 + c.
∫ x dx =
4
9 + c = 9
4

 We use the symbol ∫ for integration.

 The ∫ must be used with “dx” in the examples above, to indicate that we
are integrating with respect to x.
 The constant of integration is included to represent any constant term in
the original expression, since this would have been zeroed by differentiation.
 Integrals with a constant of integration are called indefinite integrals.

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Checking the answer
Since integration and differentiation are reverse processes, if we differentiate
our answer we should get back to what we started with.
For example, if we differentiate our answer to Example 1 above, we do get
back to the expression we started with.

differentiate
1 x3 + c x2
3
integrate

Integrating terms with coefficients

The above technique can be extended to:
n ax n +1
n
∫ ax =
dx a ∫ x =
dx
n +1
+c n ≠ −1, a is a constant.

Stated simply: raise the power (n) by one (giving n + 1 ), divide by the new
power ( n + 1 ), and add on c.
EXAMPLES
4. Find ∫ 6 x 3 dx .

6x 4
∫ 6x = +c
3
dx
4
= 32 x 4 + c .
− 32
5. Find ∫ 4 x dx .
−1
− 32 4x 2
∫ 4 x =
dx
− 12
+c

−1
=
−8 x 2 + c
8
=
− + c.
x

Note
It can be easy to confuse integration and differentiation, so remember:
1 x2 + c
∫ x=
dx 2 ∫ k dx= kx + c .

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Other variables
Just as with differentiation, we can integrate with respect to any variable.
EXAMPLES
6. Find ∫ 2 p −5 dp .

−52 p −4 Note
∫2 p =
dp
−4
+c
dp tells us to integrate
1 with respect to p.
=
− 4 + c.
2p

7. Find ∫ p dx .
∫ p dx Note
Since we are integrating
= px + c . with respect to x, we
treat p as a constant.
Integrating several terms
The following rule is used to integrate an expression with several terms:

∫ ( f ( x ) + g ( x ) ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ g ( x ) dx .
Stated simply: integrate each term separately.
EXAMPLES

8. Find ⌠ ( 1
 3 x 2 − 2 x 2 dx .
⌡ )
3

⌠
⌡ (
 3x − 2 x
2 1
2
) dx =
3x 3 2 x 2
3
− 3 +c
2
3
4x 2
=x − 3
+c
3
x 3 34 x 3 + c .
=−

9. Find ⌠
−5
(
 4 x 8 + 3 x + 7 dx .
⌡ )
3

⌠
(
 4x
⌡
− 58
)
+ 3 x + 7 dx =
4x 83x 2
3 + 2 + 7x + c
8
3
=83 × 4 x 8 + 32 x 2 + 7 x + c
3
= 32
3 x 8
+ 32 x 2 + 7 x + c .

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2 Preparing to Integrate RC
As with differentiation, it is important that before integrating, all brackets are
multiplied out, and there are no fractions with an x term in the denominator
(bottom line), for example:
1 3 1 −1 1 5 5 x − 23 .
3
= x −3 2
= 3x −2 =x 2 5
= 14 x −5 2 = 4
x x x 4x 43 x

EXAMPLES
⌠ dx
1. Find  for x ≠ 0 .
⌡ x2
⌠ dx ⌠ 1
 2 is just a short way of writing  2 dx , so:
⌡x ⌡x

⌠ dx ⌠ 1 −2
=
 2 =
⌡x ⌡ x2
dx ∫x dx

x −1
= +c
−1
1
=− + c.
x
⌠ dx
2. Find  for x > 0 .
⌡ x
⌠ dx ⌠ 1 − 12
=
 =
⌡ x ⌡ x2
1 dx ∫x dx
1
x2
= 1
+c
2
= 2 x + c.

⌠ 7
3. Find  2
dp where p ≠ 0 .
⌡ 2p

⌠ 7
 2
dp = ∫ 72 p −2 dp
⌡ 2p
−1
7 p +c
=×
2 −1
7
=
− + c.
2p

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 ⌠ 3 x − 5x
5
4. Find  dx .
⌡ 4
⌠ 3 x − 5x
5


⌡ 4
= dx ⌠
⌡ 4 (
3 x 5 − 5 x dx
4 )
3x 6 5x 2
= − +c
4×6 4×2
3 x6 − 5 x2 + c
= 24 8
= 18 x 6 − 58 x 2 + c .

3 Differential Equations A
A differential equation is an equation
differentiate
dy 1 x3 + c
involving derivatives, e.g. = x2 . 3 x2
dx
integrate
A solution of a differential equation is an
expression for the original function; in this
case=y 13 x 3 + c is a solution.
In general, we obtain solutions using integration:
⌠ dy
y = dx or f ( x ) = ∫ f ′ ( x ) dx .
⌡ dx
This will result in a general solution since we can choose the value of c.
y

The general solution corresponds to a “family”

of curves, each with a different value for c.
O x
The graph to the left illustrates some of the
curves=y 13 x 3 + c with different values of c.

If we have additional information about the function (such as a point its graph
passes through), we can find the value of c and obtain a particular solution.

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EXAMPLES
1. The graph of y = f ( x ) passes through the point ( 3, − 4 ) .
dy
If = x 2 − 5 , express y in terms of x.
dx
⌠ dy
y = dx
⌡ dx
= ∫ ( x 2 − 5 ) dx
= 13 x 3 − 5 x + c .

We know that when x = 3 , y = −4 so we can find c:

y = 13 x 3 − 5 x + c
−4 13 ( 3 )3 − 5 ( 3 ) + c
=
−4 = 9 − 15 + c
c =2
So y = 13 x 3 − 5 x + 2 .

2. The function f , defined on a suitable domain, is such that

1
f ′ ( x ) = x 2 + 2 + 23 .
x
Given that f (1) = 4 , find a formula for f ( x ) in terms of x.
f ( x ) = ∫ f ′ ( x ) dx
1
=   x 2 + 2 + 23  dx
⌠
⌡ x 
= ∫(x )
+ x −2 + 23 dx
2

= 13 x 3 − x −1 + 23 x + c
1
= 13 x 3 − + 23 x + c .
x
We know that f (1) = 4 , so we can find c:
1
f ( x )= 13 x 3 − + 23 x + c
x
4 13 (1)3 − 11 + 23 (1) + c
=
4 = 13 − 1 + 23 + c
c = 4.
1
So f ( x )= 13 x 3 − + 23 x + 4 .
x

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4 Definite Integrals RC

If F ( x ) is an integral of f ( x ) , then we define:

) dx [ F ( =
x )]a
b
F (b ) − F ( a )
b
∫a f ( x=
where a and b are called the limits of the integral.
Stated simply:
 Work out the integral as normal, leaving out the constant of integration.
 Evaluate the integral for x = b (the upper limit value).
 Evaluate the integral for x = a (the lower limit value).
 Subtract the lower limit value from the upper limit value.

Since there is no constant of integration and we are calculating a numerical

value, this is called a definite integral.
EXAMPLES
3
∫1 5x
2
1. Find dx .
3
3  5x 3 
∫1 =
2
5 x dx  3 
 1
 5 ( 3 )3   5 (1)3 
=  − 3 
 3   
=5 × 32 − 53
= 45 − 53 = 43 13 .

∫0 ( x + 3 x 2 ) dx .
2 3
2. Find
2
 x 4 3x 3 
∫0 ( x + 3 x ) dx =
2
4 + 3 
3 2

 0
2
 x4 
=  + x3 
4 0
 24 3  04 
=  + 2  −  + 03 
 4   4 
= 16
4
+8−0
= 4 + 8 = 12.

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 4
⌠ 4
3. Find  3 dx .
⌡−1 x
4
⌠ 4 4
 3
dx = ∫−1 4 x −3 dx
⌡−1 x
4
 4 x −2 
= 
 −2  −1
4
2
= − 2 
 x  −1
2  2 
=  − 2  −  −
 4   ( −1)2 
2 +2=
=− 16 1 78 .

5 Geometric Interpretation of Integration A

We will now consider the meaning of integration in the context of areas.

∫0 ( 4 − x ) dx =
2 2
Consider 2
 4 x − 13 x 3 
 0
(
= 8 − 83 − 0 )
= 5 13 .
On the graph of y= 4 − x 2 :
y
y= 4 − x 2
∫0 ( 4 − x ) dx .
2 2
The shaded area is given by

Therefore the shaded area is 5 13 square units.

–2 O 2 x

In general, the area enclosed by the graph y = f ( x ) and the x-axis, between
x = a and x = b , is given by
b
∫a f ( x ) dx .

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 EXAMPLE
1. The graph of =
y x 2 − 4 x is shown below. Calculate the shaded area.
y =
y x 2 − 4x

O 4 5 x
5
 x 3 4x 2 
∫4 ( x − 4 x ) dx =
5
3 − 2 
2

 4
 53   43 2
=  − 2 ( 5 )2  −  − 2 ( 4 ) 
3   3 
= 125 64
3 − 50 − 3 + 32
= 61
3 − 18
= 2 13 .
So the shaded area is 2 13 square units.

Areas below the x-axis

Care needs to be taken if part or all of the area lies below the x-axis. For
example if we look at the graph of = y x2 − 4 :
y The shaded area is given by
=y x 2 − 4x 4
 x 3 4x 2 
∫1 ( x − 4 x ) dx =
4
3 − 2 
2

 1
 43 2
O 4 x
 3 
(
=  − 2 ( 4 )  − 13 − 2 )
1
= 64 1
3 − 32 − 3 + 2
63 − 30 =
= 21 − 30 =
−9.
3
In this case, the negative indicates that the area is below the x-axis, as can be
seen from the diagram. The area is therefore 9 square units.

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Areas above and below the x-axis
Consider the graph from the example above, with a different shaded area:
y From the examples above, the total shaded area is:
=
y x 2 − 4x
Area 1 + Area 2 = 2 13 + 9 = 11 13 square units.
Area 1
Using the method from above, we might try to
calculate the shaded area as follows:
O 4 5 x 5
 x 3 4x 2 
Area 2
∫1 ( x − 4 x ) dx =
5
3 − 2 
2
1
 1
 53 
=  − 2 ( 5 )2  − 13 − 2
3 
( )
= 125 1
3 − 50 − 3 + 2
124 − 48 =
= −6 32 .
3
Clearly this shaded area is not 6 23 square units since we already found it to
be 11 13 square units. This problem arises because Area 1 is above the x-axis,
while Area 2 is below.
To find the true area, we needed to evaluate two integrals:
∫1 ( x − 4 x ) dx ∫4 ( x − 4 x ) dx .
4 5
2
and 2

We then found the total shaded area by adding the two areas together.
We must take care to do this whenever the area is split up in this way.

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 EXAMPLES
2. Calculate the shaded area shown in the diagram below.
y
y =3 − 2 x − x 2
2
–3 O 1 x

To calculate the area from x = −3 to x = 1 :

1
 2x 2 x3 
∫−3 ( 3 − 2 x − x ) dx = 3 x − 2 − 3  −3
1
2

1
= 3 x − x 2 − 13 x 3 
−3

= ( 3 (1) − (1) − 13 (1) ) − ( 3 ( −3 ) − ( −3 )

2 3 2
− 13 ( −3 )3 )
= ( 3 − 1 − 13 ) − ( −9 − 9 + 9 )
= 3 − 1 − 13 + 9
= 10 23 So the area is 10 23 square units.

We have already integrated the equation of the curve, so we can just

substitute in new limits to work out the area from x = 1 to x = 2 :
2
∫1 ( 3 − 2 x − x ) dx = 3 x − x − 13 x 1
2 2 2 3

= (3 ( 2 ) − ( 2 ) − 13 ( 2 ) ) − (3 (1) − (1)
2 3 2
− 13 (1)3 )
= ( 6 − 4 − 83 ) − (3 − 1 − 13 )
= 2 − 83 − 2 + 13
Remember
−2 13 . So the area is 2 13 square units. The negative sign just
=
indicates that the area
So the total shaded area is 10 23 + 2 13 =
13 square units . lies below the axis.

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 3. Calculate the shaded area shown in the diagram below.
y y = x 2 + 2 x − 24

O 5 x

2
First, we need to calculate the root between x = 2 and x = 5 :
x 2 + 2 x − 24 =
0
( x − 4)( x + 6) =
0
x = 4 or x = −6.
So the root is x = 4
To calculate the area from x = 2 to x = 4 :
4
 x 3 2x 2 
∫2 ( x + 2 x − 24 ) dx =  3 + 2 − 24 x  2
4
2

4
=  13 x 3 + x 2 − 24 x 
2

= ( 13 ( 4 ) + ( 4 ) − 24 ( 4 )) − ( 13 ( 2 )
3 2 3
+ ( 2 )2 − 24 ( 2 ) )
= ( 643 + 16 − 96 ) − ( 38 + 4 − 48)
= 56
3 − 36
−17 13
= So the area is 17 13 square units.
To calculate the area from x = 4 to x = 5 :
5
∫4 ( x + 2 x − 24 ) dx =  13 x + x − 24 x  4
5
2 3 2

= ( 13 (5) + (5) − 24 (5) ) − ( 13 ( 4 ) + ( 4 )

3 2 3 2
− 24 ( 4 ) )
= ( 1253 + 25 − 120) − ( 643 + 16 − 96 )
= 61
3 − 15
= 5 13 So the area is 5 13 square units.

So the total shaded area is 17 13 + 5 13 =

22 23 square units.

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6 Areas between Curves A
The area between two curves between x = a and x = b is calculated as:
b
∫ ( upper curve − lower curve ) dx
a
square units.

So for the shaded area shown below:

y
y = f (x)

a
The area is ∫ ( f ( x ) − g ( x ) ) dx square units.
a
O
x
y = g (x) b

When dealing with areas between curves, areas above and below the x-axis do
not need to be calculated separately.
However, care must be taken with more complicated curves, as these may give
rise to more than one closed area. These areas must be evaluated separately.
For example:
y
y = g (x)

c
O a x
b
y = f (x)

b
In this case we apply ∫ ( upper curve − lower curve ) dx
a
to each area.
So the shaded area is given by:
b c
∫a ( g ( x ) − f ( x ) ) dx + ∫b ( f ( x ) − g ( x ) ) dx .

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EXAMPLES
1. Calculate the shaded area enclosed by the curves with equations
y= 6 − 3 x 2 and y =−3 − 2 x 2 .
y

y= 6 − 3 x 2
O x

y =−3 − 2 x 2

To work out the points of intersection, equate the curves:

6 − 3 x 2 =−3 − 2 x 2
6 + 3 − 3x 2 + 2 x 2 =0
9 − x2 = 0
( 3 + x )( 3 − x ) =0
x= −3 or x = 3.
Set up the integral and simplify:
3
∫ ( upper curve − lower curve ) dx
−3

= ∫ ( ( 6 − 3 x ) − ( −3 − 2 x ) ) dx
3
2 2
−3

= ∫ ( 6 − 3 x + 3 + 2 x ) dx
3
2 2
−3

= ∫ ( 9 − x ) dx .
3
2
−3

Carry out integration:

3
 x3 
∫−3 ( 9 − x ) dx =
3
9 x − 3 
2

  −3
 ( 3 )3   ( −3 )3 
=  9(3) −  −  9 ( −3 ) − 3 
 3   
= ( 27 − 273 ) − ( −27 + 273 )
= 27 − 9 + 27 − 9
= 36.
Therefore the shaded area is 36 square units.

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2. Two functions are defined for x ∈  by f ( x ) = x 3 − 7 x 2 + 8 x + 16 and
g ( x=
) 4 x + 4 . The graphs of y = f ( x ) and y = g ( x ) are shown
below.
y
y = f (x)
y = g (x)

–1 O 2 6 x

Calculate the shaded area.

b
Since the shaded area is in two parts, we apply ∫ ( upper − lower ) dx twice.
a
Area from x = −1 to x = 2 :
2
∫ ( upper − lower ) dx
−1 Note
= ∫ ( x − 7 x + 8 x + 16 − ( 4 x + 4 ) ) dx
2
3 2 The curve is at the top
−1 of this area.
= ∫ ( x − 7 x + 4 x + 12 ) dx
2
3 2
−1
2
 x 4 7x 3 4x 2 
= − + + 12 x 
4 3 2  −1
  ( −1) 7 ( −1) 
4 3
 2 4 7 × 23
+ 2 ( −1) + 12 ( −1) 
2
=  − + 2 × 2 + 12 × 2  − 
2
−
 4 3   4 3 

= ( 4 − 563 + 8 + 24 ) − ( 14 − 73 + 2 − 12 )
= 99
4
= 24 34 .

So the area is 24 34 square units.

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Area from x = 2 to x = 6 :
6
∫ ( upper − lower ) dx
2
Note
= ∫ ( 4 x − 4 − ( x − 7 x + 8 x + 16 ) ) dx
6
3 2 The straight line is at the
2 top of this area.
= ∫ ( − x + 7 x − 4 x − 12 ) dx
6
3 2
2
6
 x 4 7x 3 4x 2 
=−
 4 + 3 − 2 − 12 x 
 2
 6 4
7×6 4×6
3 2
  2 4 7 × 23 4 × 2 2 
= − + − − 12 × 6  −  − + − − 12 × 2 
 4 3 2   4 3 2 
(
= ( −324 + 504 − 72 − 72 ) − −4 + 56
3 − 8 − 24 )
= 160
3
= 53 13 .
So the area is 53 13 square units.

So the total shaded area is 24 34 + 53 13 = 1 square units.

78 12

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 3. A trough is 2 metres long. A cross-section of the trough is shown below.
y
y = x 2 − 4x + 5

y =2

O x
The cross-section is part of the parabola with equation y = x 2 − 4 x + 5 .
Find the volume of the trough.
To work out the points of intersection, equate the curve and the line:
x 2 − 4x + 5 =2
x 2 − 4x + 3 =0
( x − 1)( x − 3=
) 0 so =x 1 or = x 3.
Set up the integral and integrate:
∫1 ( upper − lower ) dx = ∫1 ( 2 − ( x − 4 x + 5) ) dx
3 3
2

∫ ( −x + 4 x − 3 ) dx
3
= 2
1
3
 x 3 4x 2 
=−
 3 + 2 − 3x 
 1
 ( 3 )3   (1)3 
= − + 2 (3) − 3 (3)  −  −
2
+ 2 (1)2 − 3 (1) 
 3   3 
(
= ( −9 + 18 − 9 ) − − 13 + 2 − 3 )
= 0 + 13 − 2 + 3
= 34
= 1 13 .
Therefore the shaded area is 1 13 square units.
=Volume cross-sectional area × length
= 34 × 2
= 83= 2 32 .

Therefore the volume of the trough is 2 23 cubic units.

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7 Integrating along the y-axis RC
For some problems, it may be easier to find a shaded area by integrating with
respect to y rather than x.
EXAMPLE
The curve with equation y = 19 x 2 is shown in the diagram below.
y
y = 19 x 2

y = 16

y=4

O x

Calculate the shaded area which lies between y = 4 and y = 16 .

We have y = 19 x 2
9 y = x2
x = ± 9y x

x = ±3 y . x =3 y

The shaded area in the diagram to the

right is given by:
16 16 1

∫4
3 y dy = ∫ 3 y 2 dy
4
O
y=4 y = 16
y
16
3 y 2 
3

= 3 
 2  4
3 16
= 2 y 
4
3 3
= 2 16 − 2 4
= 2 × 64 − 2 × 8
= 112.
Since this is half of the required area, the total shaded area is 224 square units.

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8 Integrating sinx and cosx RC
We know the derivatives of sin x and cos x , so it follows that the integrals are:

∫ cos x=
dx sin x + c , ∫ sin x dx =
− cos x + c .

Again, these results only hold if x is measured in radians.

EXAMPLES
1. Find ∫ (5sin x + 2cos x ) dx .
∫ (5sin x + 2cos x ) dx = −5cos x + 2sin x + c .
π
4
2. Find ∫ ( 4cos x + 2sin x ) dx .
0
π
4 π
[ 4sin x − 2cos x ]04
∫ 4cos x + 2sin x dx =
0

( ) ( )
=  4sin π4 − 2cos π4  − [ 4sin0 − 2cos0]
 

 ( 2 ) (
2  )
=  4 × 1 − 2 × 1  − [ −2 ] Note
It is good practice to
= 4 − 2 +2 rationalise the
2 2

( )
denominator.
= 2 × 2 +2
2 2
= 2 + 2.
4
3. Find the value of ∫ 12 sin x dx .
0
4
1 sin x dx =  − 1 cos x  4
∫2  2 0 Remember
0
We must use radians
=− 12 cos ( 4 ) + 12 cos ( 0 ) when integrating of
= 1 ( 0.654 + 1)
2
differentiating
trigonometric functions.
= 0.827 (to 3 d.p.)

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9 A Special Integral RC
n
The method for integrating an expression of the form ( ax + b ) is:

n ( ax + b )n+1
∫ ( ax + b ) =
dx
a ( n + 1)
+c , where a ≠ 0 and n ≠ −1 .

Stated simply: raise the power (n ) by one, divide by the new power and also
divide by the derivative of the bracket ( a ( n + 1)) , add c.
EXAMPLES

∫ ( x + 4)
7
1. Find dx .

( x + 4 )8
∫ ( x + 4)
7
+cdx =
8 ×1
( x + 4)
8

= + c.
8
2. Find ∫ ( 2 x + 3 )2 dx .

( 2 x + 3 )3
∫ (2x + 3)
2
+cdx=
3×2
(2x + 3)
3

= + c.
6
⌠ 1
3. Find  dx where x ≠ − 95 .
⌡ 5x + 9
3

⌠ 1 ⌠ 1
 dx = 
 1 dx
5x + 9 ⌡( )3
3
⌡ 5 x + 9
− 1
= ∫ (5x + 9 ) 3 dx
2
(5x + 9 ) 3
= 2 ×5
+c
3
2
3
5x + 9
= 10
+c
3
2
3 3 5x + 9 + c .
= 10

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 3
4. Evaluate ∫ 3 x + 4 dx where x ≥ − 34 .
0
3 3 1

∫ 3 x + 4 dx = ∫ ( 3 x + 4 ) 2 dx
0 0
3
 (3x + 4 )2 
3

= 3 
 2 × 3  0
3
2 ( 3 x + 4 ) 
3

=
 9  Note
 0 Changing powers back
2
( 3 ( 3 ) + 4 )   2  to roots here makes it
(3 (0) + 4 )
3 3

=   easier to evaluate the

−
 9   9  two brackets.
   
Remember
3 3
2 13 2 4 To evaluate 43 , it is
= −
9 9 easier to work out 4
= 29 ( 13 − 8
3
) (or 8.638 to 3 d.p.).
first.

Warning
Make sure you don’t confuse differentiation and integration – this could lose
you a lot of marks in the exam.
Remember the following rules for differentiation and integrating expressions
n
of the form ( ax + b ) :

d  ax + b )n  = an ( ax + b ) n −1 ,
dx ( 

n ( ax + b )n+1
∫ ( ax + b ) =
dx
a ( n + 1)
+c .

These rules will not be given in the exam.

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22
Using Differentiation to Integrate
Recall that integration is the process of undoing differentiation. So if we
differentiate f ( x ) to get g ( x ) then we know that ∫ g ( x =
) dx f ( x ) + c .
EXAMPLES
5
5. (a) Differentiate y = with respect to x.
( 3 x − 1)4
⌠ 1
(b) Hence, or otherwise, find  dx .
⌡ ( 3 x − 1)
5

5
5 ( 3 x − 1)
−4
(a)=y =
( 3 x − 1) 4

dy
= 5 × 3 × ( −4 )( 3 x − 1)
−5

dx
60
= − 5.
( 3 x − 1)
⌠ 60 5
(b) From part (a) we know  − dx = + c . So:
⌡ ( 3 x − 1) ( 3 x − 1)4
5

⌠ 1 5
−60 5 dx = 4 + c
⌡ ( 3 x − 1) ( 3 x − 1) Note
⌠ 1 1
 5  We could also have used
 dx =
− 
60  3 x 1 4 + c  the special integral to
⌡ ( 3 x − 1) ( )
5
 −  obtain this answer.
1
=
− 4 + c1 where c1 is some constant.
12 ( 3 x − 1)
1
6. (a) Differentiate y = with respect to x.
(x − 1)
3 5

⌠ x2
(b) Hence, find  dx .
(
 x3 −1
)
6
⌡
1
(x − 1)
−5
(a) =
y = 3

( x 3 − 1)
5

dy
−5 ( x 3 − 1) × 3 x 2
−6
=
dx
15 x 2
= − 6 .
( x − 1)
3

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23
 ⌠ 15 x 2 1
(b) From part (a) we know  − 3 dx =3 5 + c . So:

( ) ( x − 1)
6
⌡ x −1

⌠ x2 1
−15 dx = 5 + c
(
 x3 −1
) ( x 3 − 1)
6
⌡ Note
In this case, the special
⌠ x2 
1  integral cannot be used.
dx = 1
− 15 
5 +c

(
 x3 −1
)  ( x − 1)
6
⌡  3 

1
=
− 5 + c2 where c 2 is some constant.
15 ( x − 1)
3

10 Integrating sin(ax + b) and cos(ax + b) RC

Since we know the derivatives of sin ( ax + b ) and cos ( ax + b ) , it follows that
the integrals are:

∫ cos ( ax + b )=
dx 1 sin ( ax + b ) + c ,
a

∫ sin ( ax + b ) dx =
− 1a cos ( ax + b ) + c .

These are given in the exam.

EXAMPLES
1. Find ∫ sin ( 4 x + 1) dx .

∫ sin ( 4 x + 1) dx =− 14 cos ( 4 x + 1) + c .

(
2. Find ∫ cos 32 x + π5 dx . )
∫ cos ( 2 x + π5=
) dx ( )
2 sin 3 x + π + c .
3
3 2 5

1
3. Find the value of ∫ cos ( 2 x − 5 ) dx .
0

1
1
∫ cos ( 2 x − 5) =
dx  12 sin ( 2 x − 5 ) 
0
0 Remember
= 12 sin ( −3 ) − 12 sin ( −5 ) . We must use radians
when integrating or
=1 ( −0.141 − 0.959 )
2 differentiating
trigonometric functions.
= −0.55 (to 2 d.p.).

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24
 (
of y sin 3 x + π6 , the x-axis, and
4. Find the area enclosed be the graph= )
the lines x = 0 and x = π6 .
y
=y sin 3 x + π6 ( )
O π
x
6
π
6 π

⌡ (
⌠ sin 3 x + π
6 ) (
 − 1 cos 3 x + π  6
dx =
 3 6 0 )
0

(( ) ) (
=  − 13 cos 3 π6 + π6  −  − 13 cos 3 ( 0 ) + π6 
   )
=  − 13 cos ( 90 + 30 ) ° +  13 cos ( 30 ) °

 ( )
=  − 13 × ( − 12 )  +  13 × 23 
  
= 16 + 63
1+ 3
= .
6
1+ 3
So the area is square units.
6
5. Find ∫ 2cos ( 12 x − 3 ) dx .

∫ 2cos ( 12 x − 3=
) dx (
2 sin 1 x − 3 + c
1
2
2 )
= 4sin ( 12 x − 3 ) + c

6. Find ∫ 5cos ( 2 x ) + sin ( x − 3 ) dx .

∫ 5cos ( 2 x ) + sin ( x − 3 )=
dx 52 sin ( 2 x ) − cos ( x − 3 ) + c

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25
 1
7. (a) Differentiate with respect to x.
cos x
tan x
(b) Hence find ⌠  dx .
⌡ cos x
1
= ( cos x ) , and dxd ( cos x )−1 = −1( cos x )−2 × − sin x
−1
(a)
cos x
sin x
= .
cos 2 x
tan x sin x
sin x
(b) = = cos x
.
cos x cos x cos 2 x
sin x 1
From part (a) we know ⌠
 2= dx +c .
⌡ cos x cos x
tan x 1
Therefore ⌠
 = dx +c.
⌡ cos x cos x

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26
Exercise 1

27
Exercise 2

28
Exercise 3 Area Under a Curve

29
Exercise 4 Area Below the x-axis

30
 Exercise 5 : The Area under a Curve

1. The diagram opposite shows the graph of

y = x2 – 5x.

Calculate the shaded area.

2. The diagram shows the graph of

y = 4x – x2.

Calculate the area between the

curve and the x-axis.

3. The diagram shows part of the graph

of y = 6x + 2x2.

(a) Find the coordinates of A.

(b) Calculate the shaded area.

4. The dagram shows part of the graph of

y = 2x2 – 18.

(a) Calculate the coordinates of P and Q.

(b) Find the shaded area.

31
5. The diagram shows part of the graph of
y = 3 – 3x2.

Calculate the shaded area.

6. The diagram shows the graph of

y = x2 – 2x – 12.

Calculate the shaded area.

7. The diagram shows part of the graph of

y = 10 – 4x – 3x2

Calculate the shaded area.

8. The diagram shows the graph of

y = 8 – 2x – x2.

(a) Find the coordinates of A and B.

(b) Calculate the shaded area.

32
 9. The diagram opposite shows part of the
graph of y = x3 – 3x2 + 2x.

(a) Find the coordinates of P and Q.

(b) Calculate the shaded area.

10. The diagram shows the graph of

y = x3 – 3x2 – 10x.

(a) Find the coordinates of A and B.

(b) Calculate the shaded area.

11. The diagram shows the graph of

y = x3 – 4x2 – 7x + 10.

(a) Find the coordinates of A and B.

(b) Calculate the shaded area.

12. The diagram shows the graph of

y = x4 – 5x2 + 4.

Calculate the shaded area.

33
 Exercise 6 : Integration

  
4 2 2

1. Calculate (a)  x2(x – 5) dx (b) 1

x 2 3
x dx (c)
x
1 2
 2
x dx

y y = x2 – 6x

2. Calculate the shaded area in the diagram x

opposite.

3. The diagram shows part of the graph of

y = 7x – 10 – x2.
Calculate the shaded area.

2 5 x

y
y = 2x2 + 2x – 20

4. Find the area between the curves shown.

y = 40 + 5x – x2

34
 y
5. The diagram opposite illustrates the graph
of y = f(x) where f(x) = 2x3 – x2 – 8x + 4.

(a) Show that x – 2 is a factor of f(x) and

hence fully factorise f(x).
(b) Calculate the shaded area.

2 x

4
6. The diagram shows part of y = f(x).

(a) Find a formula for f(x).

(b) Calculate the area enclosed by f(x) and
the x-axis.

-1 1 x

y
(4,32)

7. (a) Find the equation of the parabola opposite.

(b)..Hence calculate the shaded area between y = 2x
this parabola and the line y = 2x.

O 8 x

y = x2 – px + 12
y
8.In the diagram opposite the area shown
is 60. The curve has equation
y = x2 – px + 12.
12
Calculate the value of p.

6 x

35
 y
A(-2,5)
9. The diagram opposite shows the curve
y = x3 +2x2 – 5x – 5 and the line AB.
The line AB is a tangent to the curve
at the point A(-2,5). B

(a) Find the equation of the tangent AB. x

(b) Hence find the coordinates of B.
(c) Calculate the shaded area between the
curve and the line.

18 m 18 m
10. The diagram shows a tunnel 36 metres
wide by 28 metres high.
The roof of the tunnel is in the form of a
parabola with equation y = 24 - 16 x 2 .
28 m
(a) Find the coordinates of A and B.
(b) Calculate the shaded area.

A B X

11. f /(x) = 3x2 – 4x + 6 and f(2) = 17.

Find a formula for f(x).

/ 2x 3 - x 2
12. f (x) = and f(6) = 100.
x
Find a formula for f(x).

13. f /(x) = 4x(x2 – 1) and f(-1) = 2. Find a formula for f(x).

14. The graph of y = g(x) passes through the point (3,-1).

dy 1
If  3x 2 - 2 , express y in terms of x.
dx x
y f(x)

15. The graphs of y = f(x) and y = g(x)

intersect at the point A on the y-axis. A
If g(x) = 4x + 2 and f /(x) = 2x – 6,
find f(x). x
g(x)

36
 Exercise 7 : Area Between two Curves

1. The diagram opposite shows the curve

y = 4x – x2 and the line y = 3.

(a) Find the coordinates of A and B.

(b) Calculate the shaded area.

2. The curves with equations y = x2 and

y = 2x2 – 25 intersect at P and Q.

Calculate the area enclosed between

the curves.

3. The diagram opposite shows the curve

y = 7x – 2x2 and the line y = 3x.

Calculate the shaded area.

4. The curves with equations y = 2x2 – 6

and y = 10 – 2x2 intersect at K and L.

Calculate the area enclosed by these two

curves.

37
5. The diagram opposite shows part of
the curves y = x3 + x2 and
y = 2x2 + 2x.

Calculate the shaded area.

6. The curve y = x(x – 3)(x + 3) and

the line y = 7x intersect at the points
(0,0), (-4,-28) and (4,28).

Calculate the area enclosed by the

curve and the line.

7. The parabolas y = x2 – 4x + 8 and

y = 8 + 4x – x2 intersect at A and B.

(a) Find the coordinates of A and B.

(b) Calculate the shaded area.

38
 8. The diagram shows parts of the curves
y = x3 – 1 and y = x2 – 1.

Calculate the shaded area.

9. The curve y = x3 – x2 – 7x + 5 and the

line y = 2x – 4 are shown opposite.

(a) B has coordinates (1,-2). Find the

coordinates of A and C.
(b) Hence calculate the shaded area.

10. The diagram shows the line y = 3x – 5 and

the curve y = x3 – 5x2 – 5x + 7.

(a) Find the coordinates of P and Q.

(b) Calculate the shaded area.

11. The diagram opposite shows an area

enclosed by 3 curves:

1
y = x(x + 3), y = 4 and y = x - x 2
x2 4

(a) P and Q have coordinates (p,4) and (q,1).

Find the values of p and q.

39
(b) Calculate the shaded area.
Exercise 8 Trigonometric Integration

Exercise 9

40
ANSWERS

Exercise 1

41
Exercise 2

42
Exercise 3

Exercise 4

43
Exercise 8

Exercise 9

44
 Higher : Integration Revision
2008 P1

Ans B
2008 P2

2
Ans 50
3
2007 P1

Ans

45
 Ans
Ans
Ans
2006 P2 2006 P1 2007 P2

46
4
3
4
4
3
 Ans
Ans
Ans
2004 P2 2004 P1 2005 P2 2005 P2

Ans 36

47
8
5
3
8
4
 2002W

Ans
Ans
2003 P2
P1

48
4
5
 Ans
2002W P2

49
1
7
 Ans
Ans
Ans
2001 P2 2002 P2 2002 P2

50
4
4
6
 Ans
2001 P2

51
7
 2000 P1

Ans

52
 Ans
Specimen 2 P1 2000 P2

53
4
3
3
3
2
 Specimen 1 Specimen 2

Ans
Ans
P1 P1

Ans 1

54
5
4
 Ans
Specimen 1 P2

55
3
4
3
 Higher Mathematics
Integration Homework

St Andrew’s Academy Maths Dept 2016-17 Higher

56