Ketogenic Diet in the Treatment of Epilepsy
The Power of Psychobiotics in Depression: A Modern Approach through the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: A Literature Review
Minerals and the Menstrual Cycle: Impacts on Ovulation and Endometrial Health
Applications of Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning in Nutrition: A Systematic Review

Journal Description

Nutrients

Nutrients is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal of human nutrition published semimonthly online by MDPI. The Asia Pacific Nutrigenomics Nutrigenetics Organisation (APNNO), Italian Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (SIGENP), Nutrition Society of New Zealand (NSNZ), Ocular Wellness & Nutrition Society (OWNS) and others are affiliated with Nutrients and their members receive a discount on article processing charges.

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, MEDLINE, PMC, Embase, PubAg, AGRIS, and other databases.
Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Nutrition and Dietetics) / CiteScore - Q1 (Food Science)
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 17.5 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.5 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).
Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Companion journal: Dietetics

Impact Factor: 4.8 (2023); 5-Year Impact Factor: 5.8 (2023)

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2072-6643

Latest Articles

16 pages, 2317 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations of Perchlorate, Nitrate, and Thiocyanate with Bone Mineral Density in the US General Population: A Multi-Cycle Study of NHANES 2011–2018

by Donglan Wang, Ying Zhang, Yayu He, Fengmei Song, Yan Tang, Limou Chen, Yangcan Wang, Fei Yang and Xueqiong Yao

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2658; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162658 (registering DOI) - 11 Aug 2024

Abstract

Background: Perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate are widely recognized as endocrine disrupting chemicals, which are closely related to thyroid function. Animal and human studies show a correlation between thyroid hormone and bone mineral density (BMD). However, it remains unknown whether perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate were associated with BMD. This study aimed to explore the association between perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate exposure with BMD. Method: A cross-sectional analysis among 5607 participants from the 2011–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was conducted in the present study. Perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate were detected in urine by ion chromatography. Survey-weighted generalized linear regression, restricted cubic splines, and qgcomp models were used to assess the association of BMDs with single and mixed perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate exposures. In addition, age, gender, and BMI stratified these associations. Results: Negative associations were found between perchlorate and nitrate with BMDs. Furthermore, based on the qgcomp model results, the combined association of perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate exposure was negatively associated with BMDs (β = −0.017, 95% CI: −0.041, −0.024 for total BMD; β = −0.017, 95% CI: −0.029, −0.005 for lumbar BMD). Additionally, there was a significant effect after gender, age, and BMI stratification between perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate with BMDs in the normal weight group (β = −0.015, 95% CI: −0.020, −0.011 for total BMD; β = −0.022, 95% CI: −0.028, −0.016 for lumbar BMD) and children and adolescents group (β = −0.025, 95% CI: −0.031, −0.019 for total BMD; β −0.017, 95% CI: −0.029, −0.005 for lumbar BMD). Conclusions: The present study indicated a negative correlation between BMDs and urinary perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate levels, with nitrate being the main contributor to the mixture effect. People with normal weight and children and adolescents were more likely to be affected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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Flow diagram of participant selection in NHANES 2011–2018. Abbreviations: NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; BMD, bone mineral density. Full article ">Figure 2
Spearman rank correlation matrix for urinary perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate measured in the population (n = 5607), NHANES 2011–2018. Full article ">Figure 3
Predicted cubic splines for the associations of urinary perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate with BMDs. The relationship between total BMD and urinary perchlorate (A), nitrate (B), and thiocyanate (C). The relationship between lumbar BMD and urinary perchlorate (D), nitrate (E), and thiocyanate (F). Models were adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, race, income to poverty ratio, education, serum cotinine levels, drinking, exercise, serum 25 (OH) D, thyroid problems, hypertension, diabetes, urinary perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate levels. Abbreviations: BMD, bone mineral density; CI, confidence interval; p for trend of urinary perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate. Full article ">Figure 4
Association of co-exposure of perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate with total BMD (A) and lumbar BMD (B) by qgcomp models. Models were adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, race, income to poverty ratio, education, serum cotinine levels, drinking, exercise, serum 25 (OH) D, thyroid problems, hypertension, diabetes, urinary perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate levels. Abbreviations: BMD, bone mineral density; CI, confidence interval. Full article ">Figure 5
Regression coefficients and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) between BMDs with urinary perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate concentrations in NHANES 2011–2018, stratified by subgroups. Models were adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, race, income-to-poverty ratio, education, serum cotinine levels, drinking, exercise, serum 25 (OH) D, thyroid problems, hypertension, and diabetes, except for the stratified variable. Abbreviations: BMD, bone mineral density; CI, confidence interval. Full article ">

24 pages, 711 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effects of Physical Exercise on the Microbiota in Irritable Bowel Syndrome

by Chunpeng Li, Jianmin Li, Qiaorui Zhou, Can Wang, Jiahui Hu and Chang Liu

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2657; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162657 (registering DOI) - 11 Aug 2024

Abstract

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, and constipation. Recent studies have underscored the significant role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of IBS. Physical exercise, as a non-pharmacological intervention, has been proposed to alleviate IBS symptoms by modulating the gut microbiota. Aerobic exercise, such as running, swimming, and cycling, has been shown to enhance the diversity and abundance of beneficial gut bacteria, including Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. These bacteria produce short-chain fatty acids that possess anti-inflammatory properties and support gut barrier integrity. Studies involving IBS patients participating in structured aerobic exercise programs have reported significant improvements in their gut microbiota’s composition and diversity, alongside an alleviation of symptoms like abdominal pain and bloating. Additionally, exercise positively influences mental health by reducing stress and improving mood, which can further relieve IBS symptoms via the gut–brain axis. Long-term exercise interventions provide sustained benefits, maintaining the gut microbiota’s diversity and stability, supporting immune functions, and reducing systemic inflammation. However, exercise programs must be tailored to individual needs to avoid exacerbating IBS symptoms. Personalized exercise plans starting with low-to-moderate intensity and gradually increasing in intensity can maximize the benefits and minimize risks. This review examines the impact of various types and intensities of physical exercise on the gut microbiota in IBS patients, highlighting the need for further studies to explore optimal exercise protocols. Future research should include larger sample sizes, longer follow-up periods, and examine the synergistic effects of exercise and other lifestyle modifications. Integrating physical exercise into comprehensive IBS management plans can enhance symptom control and improve patients’ quality of life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Immunology)

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11 pages, 268 KiB

Open AccessReview

General Dietary Recommendations for People with Down Syndrome

by Joanna Gruszka and Dariusz Włodarek

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2656; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162656 (registering DOI) - 11 Aug 2024

Abstract

Down syndrome (DS) is caused by trisomy of chromosome 21 and is associated with characteristic features of appearance, intellectual impairment to varying degrees, organ defects, and health problems typical of this syndrome. Studies on the frequency of consumption of food products in this group show many irregularities, in particular too low consumption of vegetables and fruits, wholegrain cereal products and dairy products, and excessive consumption of meat products and sweets. It is necessary to correct eating habits. The diets of people with trisomy 21 should be consistent with the recommendations of rational nutrition for the general population and take into account specific dietary modifications related to the occurrence of diseases and health problems characteristic of this syndrome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

16 pages, 1078 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Breaking the Silence on Food Risks for Elderly People Living Alone

by Miguel Company-Morales, Lina Casadó-Marín, Araceli Muñoz and Andrés Fontalba-Navas

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2655; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162655 (registering DOI) - 11 Aug 2024

Abstract

(1) Background: Currently, numerous qualitative research studies on food and its influence on health are being conducted. In qualitative research, data are obtained by analyzing participants’ responses. However, silence during conversation has been little studied. The aim of this study was to interpret the silences in the narratives of elderly people living alone about the potential risks of not keeping a healthy diet. (2) Methods: This is a descriptive and interpretative observational study under the qualitative research paradigm following a phenomenological and ethnographic perspective. The study was developed in two phases with people over 65 years old. In the first phase, from June 2021 to January 2022, 90 interviews, 12 life history analyses, 58 food diaries and 51 free listings (cultural domain technique) were conducted. In the second phase, from March to June 2022, 3 participatory workshops and 24 pile sorts (cultural domain technique) were conducted, as well as 3 focus groups. Only data from participants over 65 years old living alone are analyzed in this paper. The ATLAS-ti (Version 22) qualitative analysis software was used for coding and data analysis. (3) Results: The results show that elderly people living alone would sometimes remain silent during the various conversations conducted within the research. This silence reflects their desire to downplay the risks to their health from not eating well due to their unwanted loneliness. The people participating in our research had chronic health problems, financial insecurity and emotional problems. (4) Conclusions: We concluded that elderly people living alone are unable to maintain a healthy diet because they downplay their risk of malnutrition. This mindset is caused by their loneliness and bolstered by a situation of learned helplessness and social injustice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)

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18 pages, 515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What Determinants Are Related to Milk and Dairy Product Consumption Frequency among Children Aged 10–12 Years in Poland? Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study

by Jadwiga Hamulka, Ewa Czarniecka-Skubina, Magdalena Górnicka, Jerzy Gębski, Teresa Leszczyńska and Krystyna Gutkowska

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2654; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162654 (registering DOI) - 11 Aug 2024

Abstract

Due to their high nutritional value, milk and dairy products should be a permanent element of a properly balanced diet for children and adolescents. The study aimed to identify (i) the frequency of milk and dairy product consumption by children aged 10–12 years in the opinion of children and their parents and (ii) the determinants related to the consumption of these products (including lifestyle, nutrition knowledge, and the nutritional status of children’s as well as parents’ nutrition knowledge). A cross-sectional study was conducted with 12,643 primary school students aged 10–12 and 7363 parents. Dietary data were collected using the Food Frequency Consumption and Nutritional Knowledge Questionnaire (SF-FFQ4PolishChildren^® and KomPAN^®). Anthropometric measurements were taken and body mass index (BMI) and waist/height ratios (WHtR) were calculated. A logistic regression model was used to assess the likelihood of the frequent consumption of dairy products in the opinion of both the children and their parents, and the quality of the obtained models was assessed using model fit statistics and the Hosmer and Lemeshow test. The frequency of consuming milk and milk products (every day and more) was low in the opinion of children aged 10–12 years (29.6%). According to their parents, the frequency of the consumption of dairy products was slightly higher (44.8%). Six factors associated with the frequency of milk and dairy product consumption were identified independently. These included schoolchildren and their parents’ nutrition knowledge, physical activity, sleep, gender, and place of residence. More of these products were consumed by children with greater nutrition knowledge—both their own and their parents’—higher physical activity, longer sleep duration, males, and those living in the city. Family eating habits, particularly eating meals together, also played an important role in the consumption of milk and dairy products. According to the parents, the children in older grades were less likely to consume dairy products more frequently. The obtained results suggest an insufficient consumption of milk and dairy products. The identification of modifiable factors, such as nutrition knowledge, physical activity, sleep duration, and eating meals with the family, suggests the need to improve the existing strategies, including activities encouraging nutritional education for both schoolchildren and their parents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2024 Collection: Dietary, Lifestyle and Children Health)

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15 pages, 1823 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Vitamin D and Skeletal Muscle Mass on Prognosis of Patients with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

by Nobuhiko Nakamura, Nobuhiro Kanemura, Takuro Matsumoto, Hiroshi Nakamura, Yuhei Shibata, Kimihiro Yamaguchi, Junichi Kitagawa, Yoshikazu Ikoma, Tomomi Suzaki, Yuto Kaneda, Soranobu Ninomiya, Eri Takada, Takeshi Hara, Hisashi Tsurumi and Masahito Shimizu

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2653; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162653 (registering DOI) - 11 Aug 2024

Abstract

This study investigated the prognostic impact of vitamin D deficiency and reduced skeletal muscle mass in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients. A retrospective analysis of 186 newly diagnosed DLBCL patients from 2012 to 2022 was conducted, measuring serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and the skeletal muscle index (SMI). Decreased vitamin D levels were linked to more severe DLBCL disease, with a median 25(OH)D concentration of 13 (4.0–27) ng/mL. Males in the group with a low SMI had a considerably lower 25(OH)D concentration. The optimal threshold of 25(OH)D levels for overall survival (OS) was 9.6 ng/mL, with lower values associated with a higher likelihood of recurrence and mortality. Multivariable analysis showed hazard ratios for OS of 1.4 [95% CI 0.77–2.5] for a low SMI and 3.2 [95% CI 1.8–5.8] for low 25(OH)D concentration. The combination of a low SMI and low vitamin D concentration resulted in the worst prognosis. Thus, low levels of vitamin D associated with disease progression significantly impact DLBCL prognosis, which can be further stratified by the SMI, providing valuable insights for patient management and potential therapeutic interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

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Patient flow. DLBCL: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Full article ">Figure 2
Comparison of vitamin D levels in patients with a high SMI and low SMI. All cases (a), male (b), and female (c). SMI: skeletal muscle index. Full article ">Figure 3
Kaplan–Meier curves for overall survival (a) and progression-free survival (b) of all patients. OS: overall survival; PFS: progression-free survival; CI: confidence interval. Full article ">Figure 4
Kaplan–Meier curves by SMI of overall survival (a) and progression-free survival (b). Overall survival (c) and progression-free survival (d) by vitamin D level. SMI: skeletal muscle index. Full article ">Figure 5
Kaplan–Meier curves for SMI and vitamin D combined for overall survival (a) and progression-free survival (b). SMI: skeletal muscle index. Full article ">Figure 6
Relationships between vitamin D and overall survival (a) and progression-free survival (b) with the Cox proportional hazards model using restricted cubic splines. Comparison of the impact of vitamin D on overall survival (c) and progression-free survival (d) across two groups stratified by SMIs using a covariate-adjusted restricted cubic spline hazard model. The solid line depicts the log hazard ratio and the shaded area represents the 95% confidence interval. OS: overall survival; PFS: progression-free survival; SMI: skeletal muscle index. Full article ">

20 pages, 2910 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genes Involved in Susceptibility to Obesity and Emotional Eating Behavior in a Romanian Population

by Maria Vranceanu, Lorena Filip, Simona-Codruța Hegheș, David de Lorenzo, Anamaria Cozma-Petruț, Timea Claudia Ghitea, Carmina Mariana Stroia, Roxana Banc, Oana Maria Mîrza, Doina Miere, Vasile Cozma and Daniela-Saveta Popa

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2652; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162652 (registering DOI) - 11 Aug 2024

Abstract

Obesity, a significant public health concern with high prevalence in both adults and children, is a complex disorder arising from the interaction of multiple genes and environmental factors. Advances in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and sequencing technologies have identified numerous polygenic causes of obesity, particularly genes involved in hunger, satiety signals, adipocyte differentiation, and energy expenditure. This study investigates the relationship between six obesity-related genes (CLOCK, FTO, GHRL, LEP, LEPR, MC4R) and their impact on BMI, WC, HC, WHR, and emotional eating behavior in 220 Romanian adults. Emotional eating was assessed using the validated Emotional Eating Questionnaire (EEQ). Our analysis revealed significant variability in obesity-related phenotypes and emotional eating behaviors across different genotypes. Specifically, CLOCK/CC, FTO/AA, and LEP/AA genotypes were strongly associated with higher obesity metrics and emotional eating scores, while GHRL/TT and MC4R/CC were linked to increased BMI and WHR. The interplay between genetic predisposition and emotional eating behavior significantly influenced BMI and WHR, indicating a complex relationship between genetic and behavioral factors. This study, the first of its kind in Romania, provides a foundation for targeted interventions to prevent and reduce obesity and suggests potential strategies for gene expression modulation to mitigate the effects of emotional eating. Adopting a ‘One Health’ approach by creating an evidence base derived from both human and animal studies is crucial for understanding how to control obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gene-Nutrient Interactions and Precise Nutrition in Human Health)

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14 pages, 1431 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Potential Beneficial Effects of Ferula communis L. Extract Supplementation in Postmenopausal Discomfort

by Roberta Macrì, Jessica Maiuolo, Federica Scarano, Vincenzo Musolino, Annalisa Fregola, Micaela Gliozzi, Cristina Carresi, Saverio Nucera, Maria Serra, Rosamaria Caminiti, Antonio Cardamone, Anna Rita Coppoletta, Sara Ussia, Giovanna Ritorto, Valeria Mazza, Ezio Bombardelli, Ernesto Palma, Carolina Muscoli and Vincenzo Mollace

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2651; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162651 (registering DOI) - 11 Aug 2024

Abstract

Peri-menopausal discomfort can have a detrimental effect on the physical health of women due to physiological and behavioral changes. Estrogen and progesterone-based hormone therapy can alleviate menopausal symptoms, but estrogen supplementation may have negative health effects. The effectiveness of hormone replacement therapy using natural compounds for peri-menopausal disorders is still uncertain. Evidence from in vivo experiments indicates that Ferula L. extract in ovariectomized rats leads to better sexual behavior. The effect seems to be linked to the phytoestrogenic properties of ferutinin, the primary bioactive compound in the extract. The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical impact of Ferula communis L. extract (titrated at 20% ferutinin, and given at doses of 100 mg/die for 90 days) on the quality of life of 64 menopausal women. The clinical trial was randomized, double-blind, and placebo controlled. Our data showed that Ferula communis L. extract reduced by 67 + 9% all symptoms associated to postmenopausal discomfort and enhanced significantly sexual behavior. In addition, the supplement led to a significant improvement of BMI and oxidative stress decrease in the women who received it, while also keeping platelet aggregation within normal levels. Overall, these results could point to the potential use of supplementation with Ferula communis L. extract to revert or mitigate menopause dysfunction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Critical Role of Nutrition in Aging-Related Hormonal Changes and Metabolic Diseases)

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23 pages, 324 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Thyroid Hormones on Cardiometabolic Risk in Children and Adolescents with Obesity, Overweight and Normal Body Mass Index (BMI): A One-Year Intervention Study

by Eleni Ramouzi, Konstantina Sveroni, Maria Manou, Christos Papagiannopoulos, Sofia-Maria Genitsaridi, Athanasia Tragomalou, Aikaterini Vourdoumpa, Diamanto Koutaki, George Paltoglou, Penio Kassari and Evangelia Charmandari

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2650; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162650 (registering DOI) - 11 Aug 2024

Abstract

Thyroid hormones regulate metabolism and have a major impact in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis. The purpose of our study was to examine the relation of thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroid hormones with cardiometabolic parameters in children and adolescents with obesity, overweight, and normal body mass index (BMI) before and after the implementation of a comprehensive, multidisciplinary, personalized, lifestyle intervention program for 1 year. One thousand three hundred and eleven (n = 1311) children and adolescents aged 2 to 18 years (mean age ± SD: 10.10 ± 2.92 years) were studied prospectively. Patients were categorized as having obesity (n = 727, 55.45%), overweight (n = 384, 29.29%) or normal BMI (n = 200, 15.26%) according to the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) cutoff points. All patients received personalized guidance on diet, sleep, and physical activity at regular intervals throughout the 1-year period. Detailed clinical evaluation and hematologic, biochemical and endocrinologic investigations were performed at the beginning and the end of the study. Subjects with obesity had a more adverse cardiometabolic risk profile than subjects with overweight and normal BMI on both assessments. At initial evaluation, total T3 concentrations were positively associated with uric acid and HbA1C, and free T4 concentrations were negatively associated with insulin concentrations, while there was no association between TSH concentrations and cardiometabolic risk parameters. Following the 1 year of the multidisciplinary, lifestyle intervention program, the concentrations of lipids, HbA1C, ALT, and γGT improved significantly in all subjects. Changes in TSH concentrations were positively associated with changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP), glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol concentrations. Changes in free T4 concentrations were negatively associated with changes in cholesterol and insulin concentrations. Furthermore, changes in T3 concentrations were positively associated with changes in HbA1C, glucose, uric acid, and triglyceride concentrations. These findings indicate that in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity, thyroid hormones are associated with indices conferring cardiometabolic risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

25 pages, 565 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cross-Sectional Assessment of Nutritional Status, Dietary Intake, and Physical Activity Levels in Children (6–9 Years) in Valencia (Spain) Using Nutrimetry

by María Morales-Suárez-Varela, Isabel Peraita-Costa, Agustín Llopis-Morales and Agustín Llopis-González

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2649; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162649 (registering DOI) - 10 Aug 2024

Abstract

The aims of this research were to evaluate the current nutritional status, dietary intake, and level of physical activity and assess the need for intervention. This was a cross-sectional study with 2724 participating children aged 6–9 years old. Nutritional status was assessed using nutrimetry, dietary intake with a 3-day food-recall questionnaire and physical activity with an ad hoc questionnaire. The nutricode with the highest prevalence was healthy weight/normal stature, with 51.3% of the sample. For the BMI for age Z-score, those in the overweight/obesity category represented 37.5% of the sample, while the thinness category included 7.6%. Intake of calories, proteins, sugar, lipids, SFA, MUFA, and cholesterol were significantly higher than recommended. The thinness groups consumed a significantly higher amount of excess calories while the overweight/obesity groups had the lowest mean excess calorie intake. Children in the thinness category presented the highest rates at both ends of the spectrum for sedentary activities. This study showed the high prevalence of malnutrition in schoolchildren. The results for the risk of thinness and overweight/obesity according to individual nutrient intake should be carefully interpreted. Lifestyle is a fundamental aspect to consider when combating malnutrition, especially at the level of dietary and physical activity habits, to combine various methods of intervention to improve nutritional status. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

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29 pages, 3113 KiB

Open AccessReview

Current Status of Chronic Intestinal Failure Management in Adults

by Héctor Solar, Mariana L. Ortega and Gabriel Gondolesi

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2648; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162648 (registering DOI) - 10 Aug 2024

Abstract

Background: Chronic intestinal failure (CIF) is a heterogeneous disease that affects pediatric and adult populations worldwide and requires complex multidisciplinary management. In recent years, many advances in intravenous supplementation support, surgical techniques, pharmacological management, and intestinal transplants have been published. Based on these advances, international societies have published multiple recommendations and guidelines for the management of these patients. The purpose of this paper is to show the differences that currently exist between the recommendations (ideal life) and the experiences published by different programs around the world. Methods: A review of the literature in PubMed from 1980 to 2024 was carried out using the following terms: intestinal failure, CIF, home parenteral nutrition, short bowel syndrome, chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction, intestinal transplant, enterohormones, and glucagon-like peptide-2. Conclusions: There is a difference between what is recommended in the guidelines and consensus and what is applied in real life. Most of the world’s countries are not able to offer all of the steps needed to treat this pathology. The development of cooperative networks between countries is necessary to ensure access to comprehensive treatment for most patients on all continents, but especially in low-income countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Insights/Advances in Intestinal Failure Management)

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30 pages, 1072 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dietary Flavonoids: Mitigating Air Pollution’s Cardiovascular Risks

by Oscar Andrés Rocha-Velasco, María Morales-Suárez-Varela and Agustín Llopis-González

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2647; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162647 (registering DOI) - 10 Aug 2024

Abstract

Air pollution significantly impacts cardiovascular health, yet pollution reduction strategies in cardiovascular disease prevention remain limited. Dietary flavonoids show promise in protecting cardiovascular health, but their potential to mitigate air-pollution-induced risks is unexplored. This study investigates this research gap. Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, literature from 2014–2024 was searched across MedLine/PubMed, ScienceDirect, and MDPI databases. Of 463 identified studies, 53 were eligible for analysis based on PICO criteria. Findings revealed significant impacts of air pollution on cardiovascular health, including increased disease risks and mortality. Flavonoid intake demonstrated protective effects against these risks. Flavonoid mechanisms include improved endothelial function, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, blood pressure regulation, antiplatelet effects, cardioprotection, and enhanced lipid and glucose metabolism. Higher flavonoid intake was consistently associated with reduced cardiovascular risks. While reducing pollution remains crucial, promoting flavonoid-rich diets is a promising complementary strategy. Public health initiatives should raise awareness about these benefits. Further research on direct interactions between flavonoid intake and air pollution exposure is needed. Current evidence supports integrating dietary interventions into broader strategies to reduce air pollution’s cardiovascular impacts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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18 pages, 348 KiB

Open AccessReview

An Anti-Inflammatory Diet and Its Potential Benefit for Individuals with Mental Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases—A Narrative Review

by Sophie M. van Zonneveld, Ellen J. van den Oever, Benno C. M. Haarman, Emmy L. Grandjean, Jasper O. Nuninga, Ondine van de Rest and Iris E. C. Sommer

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2646; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162646 (registering DOI) - 10 Aug 2024

Abstract

This narrative review synthesizes current evidence regarding anti-inflammatory dietary patterns and their potential benefits for individuals with mental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Chronic low-grade inflammation is increasingly recognized as a key factor in the etiology and progression of these conditions. The review examines the evidence for the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties of dietary components and food groups, focusing on whole foods rather than specific nutrients or supplements. Key dietary components showing potential benefits include fruits and vegetables (especially berries and leafy greens), whole grains, legumes, fatty fish rich in omega-3, nuts (particularly walnuts), olive oil, and fermented foods. These foods are generally rich in antioxidants, dietary fiber, and bioactive compounds that may help modulate inflammation, support gut health, and promote neuroprotection. Conversely, ultra-processed foods, red meat, and sugary beverages may be harmful. Based on this evidence, we designed the Brain Anti-Inflammatory Nutrition (BrAIN) diet. The mechanisms of this diet include the modulation of the gut microbiota and the gut–brain axis, the regulation of inflammatory pathways, a reduction in oxidative stress, and the promotion of neuroplasticity. The BrAIN diet shows promise as an aid to manage mental and neurodegenerative disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gastrointestinal Dysfunction and Nutritional Intervention)

24 pages, 830 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Revisiting the Link between Workplace Support for Families, Family Support, Diet Quality, and Satisfaction with Food-Related Life in the Second Year of the Pandemic

by Berta Schnettler, Andrés Concha-Salgado, Ligia Orellana, Mahia Saracostti, Katherine Beroiza, Héctor Poblete, Germán Lobos, Cristian Adasme-Berríos, María Lapo, Leonor Riquelme-Segura and José A. Sepúlveda

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2645; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162645 (registering DOI) - 10 Aug 2024

Abstract

The main objective of this study was to examine the actor and partner effects between Perceived Workplace Support for Families (PWSFs) and family support (PFS), diet quality, and satisfaction with food-related life (SWFoL) in households with both parents working and adolescents, along with the role of the three family members’ diet quality as a mediator. During the second year of the pandemic in Chile, 860 dual-earner parents of different sexes and their adolescent child (average age 13 years, with 50.7% being male) were recruited from two cities. Parents responded to a measure of PWSFs and the Perceived Family Support Scale. Mothers, fathers, and adolescents answered the Adapted Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) and the satisfaction with food-related life Scale. The examination employed the mediation Actor–Partner Interdependence Model and structural equation modeling for the analyses. Results showed that mothers’ PWSFs improved their and their teenage children’s SWFoL, while fathers’ PWSFs only improved their SWFoL. The mothers’ PFS improved their and the fathers’ diet quality while enhancing their SWFoL and the adolescents’ SWFoL. The fathers’ PFS enhanced their and the adolescents’ SWFoL. The mothers’ PFS also indirectly enhanced their and the fathers’ SWFoL via each parent’s diet quality. Each family member’s diet quality was positively related to their SWFoL, while mothers’ diet quality was positively related to the fathers’ SWFoL. These results imply that resources obtained by parents from PFS positively impact the SWFoL of the three family members through different mechanisms. They also highlight the importance of maternal family support for SWFoL during the pandemic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Policies and Education for Health Promotion)

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40 pages, 1032 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nutrition Intervention and Microbiome Modulation in the Management of Breast Cancer

by Yue Jiang and Yuanyuan Li

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2644; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162644 (registering DOI) - 10 Aug 2024

Abstract

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women. The escalating incidence of BC underscores the necessity of multi-level treatment. BC is a complex and heterogeneous disease involving many genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Growing evidence suggests that nutrition intervention is an evolving effective prevention and treatment strategy for BC. In addition, the human microbiota, particularly the gut microbiota, is now widely recognized as a significant player contributing to health or disease status. It is also associated with the risk and development of BC. This review will focus on nutrition intervention in BC, including dietary patterns, bioactive compounds, and nutrients that affect BC prevention and therapeutic responses in both animal and human studies. Additionally, this paper examines the impacts of these nutrition interventions on modulating the composition and functionality of the gut microbiome, highlighting the microbiome-mediated mechanisms in BC. The combination treatment of nutrition factors and microbes is also discussed. Insights from this review paper emphasize the necessity of comprehensive BC management that focuses on the nutrition–microbiome axis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutrition in Gynecological Diseases)

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19 pages, 777 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Regulation of Intestinal Inflammation by Walnut-Derived Bioactive Compounds

by Kexin Dai, Neel Agarwal, Alexander Rodriguez-Palacios and Abigail Raffner Basson

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2643; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162643 (registering DOI) - 10 Aug 2024

Abstract

Walnuts (Juglans regia L.) have shown promising effects in terms of ameliorating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), attributed to their abundant bioactive compounds. This review comprehensively illustrates the key mechanisms underlying the therapeutic potential of walnuts in IBD management, including the modulation of intestinal mucosa permeability, the regulation of inflammatory pathways (such as NF-kB, COX/COX2, MAPCK/MAPK, and iNOS/NOS), relieving oxidative stress, and the modulation of gut microbiota. Furthermore, we highlight walnut-derived anti-inflammatory compounds, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; e.g., ω-3 PUFA), tocopherols, phytosterols, sphingolipids, phospholipids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tannins. We also discuss unique anti-inflammatory compounds such as peptides and polysaccharides, including their extraction and preparation methods. Our review provides a theoretical foundation for dietary walnut supplementation in IBD management and provides guidance for academia and industry. In future, research should focus on the targeted isolation and purification of walnut-derived anti-inflammatory compounds or optimizing extraction methods to enhance their yields, thereby helping the food industry to develop dietary supplements or walnut-derived functional foods tailored for IBD patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Different Nutritional, Supplementation and Physical Activity Strategies on Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease—Second Edition)

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20 pages, 1310 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Political Economy of Maternal Child Malnutrition: Experiences about Water, Food, and Nutrition Policies in Pakistan

by Farooq Ahmed, Najma Iqbal Malik, Shamshad Bashir, Nazia Noureen, Jam Bilal Ahmad and Kun Tang

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2642; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162642 (registering DOI) - 10 Aug 2024

Abstract

This study examined access to water, food, and nutrition programs among marginalized communities in Southern Punjab, Pakistan, and their effects on nutrition. Both qualitative and quantitative data were used in this study. We held two focus group discussions (one with 10 males and one with 10 females) and conducted in-depth interviews with 15 key stakeholders, including 20 mothers and 10 healthcare providers. A survey of 235 households was carried out to evaluate water and food insecurity, with the data analyzed using Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test, t-test, and Pearson’s chi-square test. The results revealed that 90% of households experienced moderate-to-severe water insecurity, and 73% faced moderate-to-severe food insecurity. Household water and food insecurity were positively correlated with each other (correlation coefficient = 0.205; p = 0.004). Greater household water (p = 0.028) and food insecurity (p < 0.001) were both associated with higher perceived stress. Furthermore, lower socioeconomic status was strongly related to higher levels of water (p < 0.001) and food insecurity (p < 0.001). Qualitative findings highlight the impact of colonial and post-colonial policies, which have resulted in water injustice, supply issues, and corruption in water administration. Women face significant challenges in fetching water, including stigma, harassment, and gender vulnerabilities, leading to conflicts and injuries. Water scarcity and poor quality adversely affect sanitation, hygiene, and breastfeeding practices among lactating mothers. Structural adjustment policies have exacerbated inflation and reduced purchasing power. Respondents reported a widespread lack of dietary diversity and food quality. Nutrition programs face obstacles such as the exclusion of people with low social and cultural capital, underfunding, weak monitoring, health sector corruption, and the influence of formula milk companies allied with the medical community and bureaucracy. This study concludes that addressing the macro-political and economic causes of undernutrition should be prioritized to improve nutrition security in Pakistan. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Food Security for All: A Step towards the Future)

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17 pages, 18568 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Mixture of Soybean Oil and Lard Alleviates Postpartum Cognitive Impairment via Regulating the Brain Fatty Acid Composition and SCFA/ERK(1/2)/CREB/BDNF Pathway

by Runjia Shi, Xiaoying Tian, Andong Ji, Tianyu Zhang, Huina Xu, Zhongshi Qi, Liying Zhou, Chunhui Zhao and Duo Li

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2641; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162641 (registering DOI) - 10 Aug 2024

Abstract

Lard is highly appreciated for its flavor. However, it has not been elucidated how to consume lard while at the same time eliminating its adverse effects on postpartum cognitive function. Female mice were divided into three groups (n = 10): soybean oil (SO), lard oil (LO), and a mixture of soybean oil and lard at a ratio of 1:1 (LS). No significant difference was observed between the SO and LS groups in behavioral testing of the maternal mice, but the LO group was significantly worse compared with these two groups. Moreover, the SO and LS supplementation increased docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels in the brain and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria in feces, thereby mitigating neuroinflammation and lowering the p-ERK(1/2)/ERK(1/2), p-CREB/CREB, and BDNF levels in the brain compared to the LO group. Collectively, the LS group inhibited postpartum cognitive impairment by regulating the brain fatty acid composition, neuroinflammation, gut microbiota, and the SCFA/ERK(1/2)/CREB/BDNF signaling pathway compared to lard. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Lipids)

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14 pages, 1893 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Efficacy of Eggshell Membrane in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Ana María García-Muñoz, María Salud Abellán-Ruiz, Ana Isabel García-Guillén and Desirée Victoria-Montesinos

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2640; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162640 (registering DOI) - 10 Aug 2024

Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent, degenerative joint disease, with knee OA being particularly common and impactful. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the efficacy of eggshell membrane (ESM) supplementation in improving joint functionality and reducing pain in individuals with knee OA. A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Database up to July 2024, following PRISMA guidelines. Seven randomized controlled trials (RCTs) met the inclusion criteria, with five included in the meta-analysis. The studies compared ESM to a placebo, evaluating outcomes based on assessment tools such as the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). Results indicated that ESM significantly reduced pain and improved functionality, with notable improvements in total WOMAC score (effect size −0.34; 95% CI: −0.56 to −0.13; p < 0.001) and pain subscale (SMD −0.23; 95% CI: −0.42 to −0.04; p < 0.02). The findings support ESM as a promising adjunctive treatment for knee OA, offering a safe, natural supplement to enhance quality of life. Further high-quality RCTs are needed to confirm these results and explore the long-term effects and mechanisms of ESM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutrition in Osteoarthritis Development)

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16 pages, 1443 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Influence of Genetic Polymorphisms on Cognitive Function According to Dietary Exposure to Bisphenols in a Sample of Spanish Schoolchildren

by Viviana Ramírez, Patricia González-Palacios, Pablo José González-Domenech, Sonia Jaimez-Pérez, Miguel A. Baca, Lourdes Rodrigo, María Jesús Álvarez-Cubero, Celia Monteagudo, Luis Javier Martínez-González and Ana Rivas

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2639; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162639 (registering DOI) - 10 Aug 2024

Abstract

Background: Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) like intellectual disability (ID) are highly heritable, but the environment plays an important role. For example, endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), including bisphenol A (BPA) and its analogues, have been termed neuroendocrine disruptors. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different genetic polymorphisms (SNPs) on cognitive function in Spanish schoolchildren according to dietary bisphenol exposure. Methods: A total of 102 children aged 6–12 years old were included. Ten SNPs in genes involved in brain development, synaptic plasticity, and neurotransmission (BDNF, NTRK2, HTR2A, MTHFR, OXTR, SLC6A2, and SNAP25) were genotyped. Then, dietary exposure to bisphenols (BPA plus BPS) was estimated and cognitive functions were assessed using the WISC-V Spanish form. Results: BDNF rs11030101-T and SNAP25 rs363039-A allele carriers scored better on the fluid reasoning domain, except for those inheriting the BDNF rs6265-A allele, who had lower scores. Secondly, relevant SNP–bisphenol interactions existed in verbal comprehension (NTRK2 rs10868235 (p-int = 0.043)), working memory (HTR2A rs7997012 (p-int = 0.002), MTHFR rs1801133 (p-int = 0.026), and OXTR rs53576 (p-int = 0.030)) and fluid reasoning (SLC6A2 rs998424 (p-int = 0.004)). Conclusions: Our findings provide the first proof that exploring the synergistic or additive effects between genetic variability and bisphenol exposure on cognitive function could lead to a better understanding of the multifactorial and polygenic aetiology of NDDs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics)

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