Nutrients

15 pages, 802 KiB

Open AccessArticle

LDL-Cholesterol-Lowering Effects of a Dietary Supplement Containing Onion and Garlic Extract Used in Healthy Volunteers

by Teresa Vezza, Enrique Guillamón, Jorge García-García, Alberto Baños, Nuria Mut-Salud, Jose David García-López, Germán O. Gómez-Fernández, Alba Rodriguez-Nogales, Julio Gálvez and Juristo Fonollá

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2811; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162811 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1009

Abstract

Hypercholesterolemia plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases, and its prevention seems to be a crucial healthcare strategy to ameliorate these conditions. Subjects with mild hypercholesterolemia are frequently advised against using cholesterol-lowering drugs due to potential side effects, [...] Read more.

Hypercholesterolemia plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases, and its prevention seems to be a crucial healthcare strategy to ameliorate these conditions. Subjects with mild hypercholesterolemia are frequently advised against using cholesterol-lowering drugs due to potential side effects, with an emphasis instead on prioritizing dietary adjustments and lifestyle modifications as the primary strategy. In this context, the use of dietary supplements based on medicinal plants may be recommended as a complementary approach to managing elevated cholesterol levels. The aim of this study was to investigate the safety and potential therapeutic effectiveness of a standardized formulation containing extracts from garlic and onions in addressing the health concerns of individuals with slightly elevated cholesterol levels. A controlled, randomized, double-blind, two parallel-group study was conducted over 8 weeks, with clinical visits scheduled at baseline, weeks 2 and 4, as well as at the end of the study. The results revealed significant reductions in both low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol levels among participants who received the extract. Additionally, improvements in blood pressure, as well as in oxidative and inflammatory markers were observed, thus suggesting its potential as a valuable therapeutic intervention for managing mild hypercholesterolemia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Phytochemicals in Metabolism and Immunity)

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26 pages, 2040 KiB

Open AccessReview

Macrofungal Extracts as a Source of Bioactive Compounds for Cosmetical Anti-Aging Therapy: A Comprehensive Review

by Maja Paterska, Bogusław Czerny and Judyta Cielecka-Piontek

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2810; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162810 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 941

Abstract

For centuries, mushrooms have been used as a component of skincare formulations. Environmental stresses and a modern lifestyle expose the skin to accelerated aging. To slow down this process, natural anti-aging skincare ingredients are being sought. In this review, 52 scientific publications about [...] Read more.

For centuries, mushrooms have been used as a component of skincare formulations. Environmental stresses and a modern lifestyle expose the skin to accelerated aging. To slow down this process, natural anti-aging skincare ingredients are being sought. In this review, 52 scientific publications about the effects of chemical compounds extracted from the fruiting bodies of macrofungi on skin cells were selected. The effects of extracts from nine species that are tested for anti-aging effects have been described. According to available literature data, macrofungi contain many polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, polysaccharide peptides, free amino acids, sterols, proteins, glycosides, triterpenes, alkaloids, which can have an anti-aging effect on the skin by acting as antioxidants, photoprotective, skin whitening, moisturizing, anti-inflammatory and stabilizing collagen, elastin and hyaluronic acid levels in the skin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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22 pages, 1210 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nutrition and Physical Activity Education in Medical School: A Narrative Review

by Joana Rodrigues Sousa, Vera Afreixo, Joana Carvalho and Paula Silva

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2809; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162809 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 859

Abstract

This review explores the diverse landscape of integrating nutrition and physical activity education into medical school curricula, focusing on the imperative role of physicians in promoting health through lifestyle changes. By examining global medical education structures, we uncovered disparities in nutrition and physical [...] Read more.

This review explores the diverse landscape of integrating nutrition and physical activity education into medical school curricula, focusing on the imperative role of physicians in promoting health through lifestyle changes. By examining global medical education structures, we uncovered disparities in nutrition and physical activity training, and highlighted the need for a shared framework to address international and regional challenges. Despite acknowledging the importance of both nutrition and physical activity, studies have consistently uncovered deficiencies in medical school curricula, especially in skills related to providing lifestyle advice and behavioral counseling. Survey studies among medical students have illuminated various perceptions and knowledge gaps, emphasizing the need for more comprehensive and mandatory nutrition and physical activity training. While acknowledging progress, challenges, such as time constraints, resource availability, and faculty expertise, persist. Integrating lifestyle education results in resistance, a demand for strategic communication, and faculty buy-ins. These findings underscore the importance of a holistic approach that balances theoretical knowledge, practical skills, and confidence that medical students need to promote effective nutrition and physical activity in healthcare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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26 pages, 3351 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Iron Intake and Reserves on Cognitive Function in Young University Students

by Carmen Dimas-Benedicto, José Luis Albasanz, Laura M. Bermejo, Lucía Castro-Vázquez, Alejandro Sánchez-Melgar, Mairena Martín and Rosa M. Martínez-García

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2808; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162808 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 954

Abstract

Iron is a key nutrient for cognitive function. During periods of high academic demand, brain and cognitive activity increase, potentially affecting iron intake and reserves. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of iron levels on cognitive function in a university sample, [...] Read more.

Iron is a key nutrient for cognitive function. During periods of high academic demand, brain and cognitive activity increase, potentially affecting iron intake and reserves. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of iron levels on cognitive function in a university sample, considering the influence of gender. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 132 university students (18–29 years) from the University of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain). A dietary record was formed through a questionnaire to analyze iron consumption, and blood and anthropometric parameters were measured. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV was used to determine the Intelligence Quotient (IQ), as well as the Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI), Working Memory Index (WMI), Processing Speed Index (PSI), and Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI), to assess cognitive abilities. Among women, the prevalence of iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) was 21% and 4.2%, respectively. No ID or IDA was found in men. The impact of iron intake on IQ and cognitive abilities was mainly associated with the female population, where a positive association between iron intake, serum ferritin, and total IQ was revealed. In conclusion, low iron intake is related to poorer intellectual ability, suggesting that an iron-rich diet is necessary to maintain the academic level of university students. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Screening and Assessment of Different Populations)

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Spearman correlation analysis between TIQ and %RI. Female (a) and male (b) participants were classified into four groups (low-medium IQ and <100%RI; low-medium IQ and ≥100%RI; medium-high IQ and <100%RI; medium-high IQ and ≥100%RI), and the corresponding r coefficient was calculated. Points represent individual participant’s value. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 significant correlation. IQ, intelligence quotient. RI, recommended intake of iron. n.d. not determined. Full article ">Figure 2
Spearman correlation analysis between TIQ and %RI. Female participants were classified into four groups (low-medium IQ and <100%RI; low-medium IQ and ≥100%RI; medium-high IQ and <100%RI; medium-high IQ and ≥100%RI), and the corresponding r coefficient was calculated. Points represent individual participant’s value. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 significant correlation. IQ, intelligence quotient. RI, recommended intake of iron. Full article ">Figure 3
Spearman correlation analysis between TIQ and %RI. Male participants were classified into four groups (low-medium IQ and <100%RI; low-medium IQ and ≥100%RI; medium-high IQ and <100%RI; medium-high IQ and ≥100%RI), and the corresponding r coefficient was calculated. Points represent individual participant’s value. IQ, intelligence quotient. RI, recommended intake of iron. n.d. not determined. Full article ">Figure 4
Spearman correlation analysis between serum markers (ferritin and iron) and cognitive indices (TIQ, WMI, VCI, PSI, PRI). The r coefficient is shown within de corresponding graph. Points represent individual participants’ values of the female group with iron intake higher than 100% of the recommended intake. Full article ">

15 pages, 303 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of the Mediterranean Diet in Assisted Reproduction: A Literature Review

by Dimitris Baroutis, Theodoros Kalampokas, Eleni Katsianou, Alexandros Psarris, George Daskalakis, Konstantinos Panoulis and Makarios Eleftheriades

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2807; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162807 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1048

Abstract

The Mediterranean Diet, characterized by high consumption of plant-based foods, olive oil, moderate intake of fish and poultry, and low consumption of red meat and processed foods, has been suggested to improve assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcomes. This narrative review aimed to summarize [...] Read more.

The Mediterranean Diet, characterized by high consumption of plant-based foods, olive oil, moderate intake of fish and poultry, and low consumption of red meat and processed foods, has been suggested to improve assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcomes. This narrative review aimed to summarize and synthesize the evidence from observational studies on the associations between preconception adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and ART outcomes. PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases were searched to identify relevant studies. Seven observational studies (n = 2321 women undergoing ART) were included. Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet was assessed using food frequency questionnaires with 6–195 items. Three studies found that higher Mediterranean Diet scores were associated with improved clinical pregnancy rates (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.0–1.9; RR 1.98, 95% CI 1.05–3.78) or live birth rates (RR 2.64, 95% CI 1.37–5.07). Two studies showed a positive effect on embryo yield (p = 0.028) and ovarian response. However, two studies reported no significant associations with ultimate ART success, and four studies found no effects on oocyte and embryo number or quality. The heterogeneity in study designs, Mediterranean Diet assessment methods, and ART protocols limited the strength of conclusions. Evidence for the effects of greater adherence to the Mediterranean Diet on ART outcomes is limited but promising. Future research should focus on conducting randomized controlled trials with standardized Mediterranean Diet assessment methods to establish causal relationships between Mediterranean Diet adherence and ART outcomes, and to elucidate potential mechanisms of action. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Disease Development: Mechanisms, Prevention and Treatment—2nd Edition)

23 pages, 354 KiB

Open AccessReview

Targeting Divergent Pathways in the Nutritional Management of Depression

by Derek Tobin, Alexander Vuckovic and Jerome Sarris

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2806; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162806 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1344

Abstract

The nutritional management of depression has long been discussed, due to the perceived benefit of a nutritional product having less side effects than pharmaceutical agents. Candidate nutrients for managing depression include vitamin D, B vitamins, tryptophan, branch chain amino acids, probiotics, omega-3 fatty [...] Read more.

The nutritional management of depression has long been discussed, due to the perceived benefit of a nutritional product having less side effects than pharmaceutical agents. Candidate nutrients for managing depression include vitamin D, B vitamins, tryptophan, branch chain amino acids, probiotics, omega-3 fatty acids, folate/methylfolate (also known as vitamin B9), and s-adenosylmethionine. This paper provides a narrative review of three nutrients which have significant scientific support for the management of depression. A deficiency in each nutrient is associated with depression, and interventional studies indicate that the correction of the nutritional deficiency may provide clinical benefit. We present epidemiological evidence, a mechanistic explanation and a review of interventional studies for these nutrients. Finally, relevant nutritional guidelines are presented with their conclusion for the role of each nutrient in the management of depression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional & Lifestyle Psychiatry: The Role of Nutrition and Lifestyle in the Onset, Prevention and Management of Mental Disorders)

20 pages, 24854 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Both Maternal High-Fat and Post-Weaning High-Carbohydrate Diets Increase Rates of Spontaneous Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Aged-Mouse Offspring

by Daniel Holt, Laura Contu, Alice Wood, Hannah Chadwick, Ilaria Alborelli, Andrea Cacciato Insilla, Francesco Crea and Cheryl A. Hawkes

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2805; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162805 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 682

Abstract

Both maternal obesity and postnatal consumption of obesogenic diets contribute to the development of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, there is no consensus as to whether diets that are high in fat or carbohydrates/sugars differentially influence the [...] Read more.

Both maternal obesity and postnatal consumption of obesogenic diets contribute to the development of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, there is no consensus as to whether diets that are high in fat or carbohydrates/sugars differentially influence the development of HCC. Moreover, the long-term effects of prenatal HF exposure on HCC and whether this is influenced by postnatal diet has not yet been evaluated. C57BL/6 dams were fed either a low-fat, high-carbohydrate control (C) or low-carbohydrate, high-fat (HF) diet. At weaning, male and female offspring were fed the C or HF diet, generating four diet groups: C/C, C/HF, HF/C and HF/HF. Tissues were collected at 16 months of age and livers were assessed for MASLD and HCC. Glucose regulation and pancreatic morphology were also evaluated. Liver tissues were assessed for markers of glycolysis and fatty acid metabolism and validated using a human HCC bioinformatic database. Both C/HF and HF/HF mice developed obesity, hyperinsulinemia and a greater degree of MASLD than C/C and HF/C offspring. However, despite significant liver and pancreas pathology, C/HF mice had the lowest incidence of HCC while tumour burden was highest in HF/C male offspring. The molecular profile of HCC mouse samples suggested an upregulation of the pentose phosphate pathway and a downregulation of fatty acid synthesis and oxidation, which was largely validated in the human dataset. Both pre-weaning HF diet exposure and post-weaning consumption of a high-carbohydrate diet increased the risk of developing spontaneous HCC in aged mice. However, the influence of pre-weaning HF feeding on HCC development appeared to be stronger in the context of post-weaning obesity. As rates of maternal obesity continue to rise, this has implications for the future incidence of HCC and possible dietary manipulation of offspring carbohydrate intake to counteract this risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Featured Articles on Nutrition and Obesity Management (2nd Edition))

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Body weight of male (a) and female (b) C/C (males = 9, females = 12), C/HF (males = 15, females = 9), HF/C (males = 9, females = 10) and HF/HF (males = 9, females = 9) offspring across their lifespan. Error bars show standard deviations. Gray areas indicate periods of food restriction (R1 and R2). ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, C/HF and HF/HF mice vs. C/C and HF/C mice, two-way repeated measures ANOVA with Sidak’s post hoc. (c–j), Total food intake/day (c,e), weight loss during periods of food restriction (d,f), total kcal intake/day (g,h) and kcal/g body weight (i,j) of male (c,d,g,i) and female (e,f,h,j) offspring during ad libitum and restricted food intake. C/C (males = 10, females = 10), C/HF (males = 8, females = 8), HF/C (males = 9, females = 9) and HF/HF (males = 8, females = 5). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, two-way ANOVA with Sidak’s post hoc test. Figure adapted from [<a href="#B25-nutrients-16-02805" class="html-bibr">25</a>,<a href="#B26-nutrients-16-02805" class="html-bibr">26</a>]. Full article ">Figure 2
(a) Gross morphology of a liver without any abnormalities (normal) and with large, macroscopic tumours (HCC). H & E staining showing normal cellular architecture in non-tumour tissue and enlarged trabeculae with steatosis in an HCC tumour. Quantification of the total number of male and female offspring with and without HCC. (b–d), quantification of HCC by diet group (b) and within male-offspring (c) and female-offspring (d) diet groups. Inset numbers represent the percentage of animals with HCC in each group. Scale bars = 20 μm. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.05, Fisher’s exact test. Full article ">Figure 3
(a) H & E staining of liver tissues from male and female C/C, C/HF, HF/C and HF/HF offspring. Quantification of % area liver positive for macrosteatosis within male (b) and female (c) diet groups. Microsteatosis severity score between diets in males (d) and females (e). Quantification of hepatocyte area in male (f) and female diet groups (g). Scale bars = 50 μm. C/C (males = 4–5, females = 5), C/HF (males = 5, females = 5), HF/C (males = 5, females = 5) and HF/HF (males = 5, females = 5). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001, two-way ANOVA with Sidak’s post hoc test. Full article ">Figure 4
(a) Picrosirius Red staining of liver tissues from C/C, C/HF, HF/C and HF/HF offspring and quantification of % area liver positive for fibrosis between diet groups. (b) CD45 staining and quantification of liver tissues in different diet groups. (c) Images of F4/80-positive macrophages and quantification of % area liver positive for F4/80 staining of livers from different diet groups. Scale bar: (a) = 50 μm, (b,c) = 200 μm. C/C (males = 4–5, females = 5), C/HF (males = 5, females = 5), HF/C (males = 5, females = 5) and HF/HF (males = 5, females = 5). * p < 0.05, two-way ANOVA with Sidak’s post hoc test. Full article ">Figure 5
Time course (a) and area under the curve (b) of plasma glucose concentrations during the glucose tolerance test (GTT) test in 16-month-old C/C, C/HF, HF/C and HF/HF male and female offspring. C/C (males = 11, females = 10), C/HF (males = 11, females = 14), HF/C (males = 20, females = 13) and HF/HF (males = 15, females = 14). Time course (c) and area under the curve (d) during insulin tolerance test (ITT). C/C (males = 11, females = 13), C/HF (males = 11, females = 11), HF/C (males = 16, females = 12) and HF/HF (males = 12, females = 10). (e) Area under the curve of plasma insulin concentrations released during the GTT. C/C (males = 6, females = 6), C/HF (males = 6, females = 7), HF/C (males = 8, females = 6) and HF/HF (males = 7, females = 6). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001, two-way ANOVA with Sidak’s post hoc test. Full article ">Figure 6
Photomicrographs and quantification of islet area in pancreases of 16-month-old male and female C/C, C/HF, HF/C and HF/HF offspring stained with insulin (a), glucagon (b), CD45 (c) and F4/80 (d). n = 5 for all groups. Scale bars = 100 μm. * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001,**** p < 0.0001, two-way ANOVA with Sidak’s post hoc test. Full article ">Figure 7
mRNA levels of Hk2 (a), Pfkl (b), Pkm2 (c), G6pdx (d), Acsl4 (e), Cpt1a (f), Acad11 (g) and Srebp1c (h) in non-cancerous liver tissues from 16-month-old male C/C (n = 7–8), C/HF (n = 6), HF/C (n = 6) and HF/HF (n = 6) offspring. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, one-way ANOVA with Sidak’s post hoc test. Full article ">Figure 8
mRNA levels of Hk2 (a), Pfkl (b), Pkm2 (c) and G6pdx (d), Acsl4 (e), Cpt1a (f), Acad11 (g) and Srebp1c (h) in non-cancerous liver and tumours (T) from male C/C and HF/C mice. C/C (normal = 7, HCC = 6), HF/C (normal = 6, HCC = 7). The relative expression of genes in pooled tumours from both C/C and HF/C mice is represented in the all-tumours (All T) group. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001, two-tailed Student’s t-test. mRNA levels of HK2 (i), PFKL (j), PKM2 (k), G6PD (l), ACSL4 (m), CPT1A (n), ACAD11 (o) and SREBF1 (p) in normal human liver (blue) and HCC (red) tissues. Box and whisker plots were downloaded from the UALCAN website. **** p < 0.0001, Welch’s t-tests. Full article ">Figure 9
Western blots of G6PD (a), ASCL4 (b), GPX4 (c) and PRX3-SO2/3 (d) expression in non-cancerous and HCC liver tissues from male mice. C/C = 7, C/HF = 6, HF/C = 5, HF/HF = 6; tumour = 13. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, one-way ANOVA with Sidak’s post hoc test. For panel (b), **** p < 0.0001 represents the fact that ASCL4 expression in the tumour samples is significantly different from all other groups. Full article ">

12 pages, 2525 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comprehensive Analysis of Bone Mineral Density Changes across the Lifespan: Insights from National Surveys

by Tao Li, Guimin Huang, Dongqing Hou, Yijing Cheng, Tong Zhang, Yajun Liang and Junting Liu

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2804; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162804 - 22 Aug 2024

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Abstract

Background: There is limited research providing an overall understanding of bone mineral density (BMD) changes throughout different stages of life. This study aimed to investigate the pattern of BMD changes across childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age, as well as exploring the critical [...] Read more.

Background: There is limited research providing an overall understanding of bone mineral density (BMD) changes throughout different stages of life. This study aimed to investigate the pattern of BMD changes across childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age, as well as exploring the critical time of peak BMD (PBMD). Methods: Participants of three major ethnicities from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999 to 2018 were involved: 46,381 and 20,944 participants aged 8–85 years old were included in the Lumbar spine BMD (LSBMD) and femoral neck BMD (FNBMD) studies, respectively. BMD was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The generalized additive model was used to construct smoothed percentile curves. Results: Both males and females experienced a sharp increase in LSBMD during puberty, with females reaching their PBMD earlier than males. Females’ LSBMD remained higher than males’ before the age of approximately 50, except for Non-Hispanic Blacks. For males, LSBMD reached a plateau at around 30 years old after reaching the peak value. Females exhibited two peak points on the fitted curves, with the second PBMD occurring around 36–37 years old. Ethnic variations were observed, with Non-Hispanic Blacks displaying the highest BMD levels at all ages. Non-Hispanic Whites and Mexican Americans had lower BMD levels, with Mexican Americans generally exhibiting the lowest BMD. FNBMD reached its peak earlier than LSBMD, and males consistently had higher FNBMD than females. Conclusions: This nationally representative study contributes to the understanding of BMD changes across the lifespan, and might provide guidance for bone health interventions in different population groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition Methodology & Assessment)

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Flowchart. Abbreviations: NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; BMD, bone mineral density. * Invalid: The participants with removable or non-removable objects, positioning problems, movement and other problems when BMD was examined. Full article ">Figure 2
Lumbar spine BMD for different sex, stratified by ethnicity, from NHANES 1999–2018. Note: Red represents females, and blue represents males. The dark points on the lines represent the peak bone mineral density (PBMD). The light-colored points represent the participants in the survey, and the size of the points indicates the weight of that participant in the data analysis of this study. In the legend of (A–C), the smallest point represents 3000, 10,000 and 2000 individuals respectively. Full article ">Figure 2 Cont.
Lumbar spine BMD for different sex, stratified by ethnicity, from NHANES 1999–2018. Note: Red represents females, and blue represents males. The dark points on the lines represent the peak bone mineral density (PBMD). The light-colored points represent the participants in the survey, and the size of the points indicates the weight of that participant in the data analysis of this study. In the legend of (A–C), the smallest point represents 3000, 10,000 and 2000 individuals respectively. Full article ">Figure 3
Femoral neck BMD for different sexes, stratified by ethnicity, from NHANES 1999–2018. Note: Red represents females, and blue represents males. The dark points on the lines represent the peak bone mineral density (PBMD). The light-colored points represent the participants in the survey, and the size of the points indicates the weight of that participant in the data analysis of this study. In the legend of (A–C), the smallest point represents 2000, 10,000 and 2000 individuals respectively. Full article ">Figure 3 Cont.
Femoral neck BMD for different sexes, stratified by ethnicity, from NHANES 1999–2018. Note: Red represents females, and blue represents males. The dark points on the lines represent the peak bone mineral density (PBMD). The light-colored points represent the participants in the survey, and the size of the points indicates the weight of that participant in the data analysis of this study. In the legend of (A–C), the smallest point represents 2000, 10,000 and 2000 individuals respectively. Full article ">

16 pages, 334 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nutrition for Children and Adolescents Who Practice Sport: A Narrative Review

by Maria Elena Capra, Brigida Stanyevic, Antonella Giudice, Delia Monopoli, Nicola Mattia Decarolis, Susanna Esposito and Giacomo Biasucci

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2803; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162803 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 817

Abstract

At a developmental age, adequate physical activity is fundamental to overall health and well-being and preventing obesity. Moreover, establishing active behavior can help children and adolescents meet their growth and neurodevelopmental goals. Nutritional requirements vary according to intensity, frequency, and practiced physical activity [...] Read more.

At a developmental age, adequate physical activity is fundamental to overall health and well-being and preventing obesity. Moreover, establishing active behavior can help children and adolescents meet their growth and neurodevelopmental goals. Nutritional requirements vary according to intensity, frequency, and practiced physical activity or sport; therefore, pediatricians should give children and adolescents and their families adequate counseling, avoiding both nutrient deficiencies and excessive or inadequate supplement intake. The focus should be not only on sports performance but also on the child’s well-being, growth, and neurodevelopment. Our narrative review aims to discuss the nutritional needs of children and adolescents who practice physical activity, non-competitive sports activity, and elite sports activity while also analyzing the role of food supplements and the risk of eating disorders within this category of subjects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

23 pages, 522 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Food Insecurity and Nutritional Inadequacy in Children and Adolescents of Basic Education Schools of Cantagalo District in São Tomé and Príncipe, Central Africa

by Francisca Ferreira, Maria Tavares, Renata Barros, Cláudia Camila Dias, Rita Morais, Madalena Ortigão, Patrícia Padrão, Mónica Rodrigues and Pedro Moreira

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2802; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162802 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 798

Abstract

Food insecurity (FI) is a critical socioeconomic and public health problem globally, particularly affecting children’s nutritional status and development. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence of nutritional inadequacy among children and adolescents in the Cantagalo district of São Tomé and Príncipe [...] Read more.

Food insecurity (FI) is a critical socioeconomic and public health problem globally, particularly affecting children’s nutritional status and development. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence of nutritional inadequacy among children and adolescents in the Cantagalo district of São Tomé and Príncipe (STP), in Central Africa. It also assessed their households’ FI situation and examined sociodemographic, anthropometric, and nutritional characteristics associated with severe FI. Data included 546 children/adolescents (51.8% males, aged 9–15 years) from the eight public basic education schools. A structured questionnaire provided sociodemographic data, while anthropometric measurements assessed nutritional status. Dietary intake data were gathered using a single 24 h dietary recall, and the adjusted prevalences of nutritional inadequacy were obtained using version 2.0 of the PC-Software for Intake Distribution Estimation (PC-SIDE^®). The Household Food Insecurity Access Scale was used to assess FI, and households were classified as severely or non-severely food insecure. Multivariable binary logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders identified factors related to FI. Children’s/adolescents’ thinness was exhibited in 34.1% of participants, and over 95% had inadequate intake of essential micronutrients, including iron. Notably, 73.7% were severely food insecure. A higher severity of FI was positively associated with a lower intake of iron and certain household head characteristics, such as being female or older, and negatively associated with having a home garden. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Community-Engaged Strategies to Improve Food Access, Food Security, and Health Outcomes)

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32 pages, 2403 KiB

Open AccessReview

Is Oral Iron and Folate Supplementation during Pregnancy Protective against Low Birth Weight and Preterm Birth in Africa? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Yibeltal Bekele, Claire Gallagher, Mehak Batra, Don Vicendese, Melissa Buultjens and Bircan Erbas

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2801; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162801 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 773

Abstract

Background: Despite recent evidence demonstrating iron and folate supplementation reduces the risk of low birth weight and preterm births, synthesis of the evidence is not sufficient to understand their impacts in Africa. Method: MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, Scopus, CHINAL, Web of Science, Cochrane databases, [...] Read more.

Background: Despite recent evidence demonstrating iron and folate supplementation reduces the risk of low birth weight and preterm births, synthesis of the evidence is not sufficient to understand their impacts in Africa. Method: MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, Scopus, CHINAL, Web of Science, Cochrane databases, and Google Scholar were searched for the published and grey literature. Either iron-only, folate-only, or iron–folic acid (IFA) oral supplementation during pregnancy was the primary exposure/intervention. The focus of this review was low birth weight and preterm births in the African region. Qualitative synthesis, meta-analysis, and subgroup analysis were employed. Results: In the qualitative synthesis (n = 4), IFA supplementation showed a positive impact on reducing preterm birth. Additionally, the meta-analysis showed that IFA and iron-only supplementation reduced the odds of low birth weight by 63% (OR 0.37; 95% CI: 0.29, 0.48) and 68% (OR 0.32; 95% CI: 0.21 to 0.50), respectively. Conclusion: Both iron-only and IFA supplementation are effective in reducing the risk of low birth weight in Africa. There is also promising evidence suggesting a potential reduction in preterm births. Consequently, further research is needed, particularly targeting high-risk groups such as women residing in rural areas with limited support and low levels of literacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micronutrient Intake during Pregnancy)

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14 pages, 627 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between the Intake/Type of Cheese and Cognitive Function in Community-Dwelling Older Women in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Cohort Study

by Takao Suzuki, Yosuke Osuka, Narumi Kojima, Hiroyuki Sasai, Kentaro Nakamura, Chisato Oba, Mayuki Sasaki and Hunkyung Kim

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2800; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162800 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 663

Abstract

While many studies have described the association between cognitive decline and eating habits, little attention has been paid to its association with cheese intake. In this epidemiological study of 1035 community-dwelling women aged ≥ 65, we investigated the association between intake/type of cheese [...] Read more.

While many studies have described the association between cognitive decline and eating habits, little attention has been paid to its association with cheese intake. In this epidemiological study of 1035 community-dwelling women aged ≥ 65, we investigated the association between intake/type of cheese and cognitive function. The anthropometry, functional ability, and the frequency of food intake, including cheese, were assessed. The mini-mental state examination (MMSE) was used to assess cognitive function, and a score of 20–26 was operationally defined as mild cognitive decline. We found that the MMSE score was significantly different between the presence of cheese intake and not (cheese intake: 28.4 ± 1.9; non-cheese intake: 27.6 ± 2.4) and between those who consumed Camembert cheese and those who did not (Camembert cheese: 28.7 ± 1.4; others: 28.3 ± 2.0). After adjusting for confounders, multiple logistic regression identified four independent variables significantly associated with mild cognitive decline: Camembert cheese intake (odds ratio = 0.448, 95% confidence interval = 0.214–0.936), age, usual walking speed, and repetitive saliva swallowing test scores. Our results, while based on cross-sectional data from Japanese community-dwelling older women, identified the significant inverse association between Camembert cheese intake and mild cognitive decline. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake and Diseases Risk: From Nutritional Epidemiology Perspective)

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19 pages, 827 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anthropometric and Body Composition Changes during Pre-Season of Spanish Professional Female Soccer Players According to Playing Position

by Marta Ramírez-Munera, Raúl Arcusa, Francisco Javier López-Román, Desirée Victoria-Montesinos, Ana María García-Muñoz, Vicente Ávila-Gandía, Silvia Pérez-Piñero and Javier Marhuenda

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2799; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162799 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 783

Abstract

Background: In professional soccer, body composition analysis is crucial to assess preparation and optimize performance. Different playing positions have different physical demands, which can lead to variations in body composition. However, there are few studies on women’s soccer that consider the playing position. [...] Read more.

Background: In professional soccer, body composition analysis is crucial to assess preparation and optimize performance. Different playing positions have different physical demands, which can lead to variations in body composition. However, there are few studies on women’s soccer that consider the playing position. This study aims to fill that gap by examining position-specific differences in anthropometric and body composition characteristics among Spanish professional female soccer players at the beginning and end of pre-season. Furthermore, it investigates the possible changes during the pre-season period between positions and correlates the data obtained from anthropometric equations with bioimpedance (BIA) measurements. Methods: Thirty-four female soccer players: 8 midfielders, 12 defenders, 11 forwards, and 3 goalkeepers (age: 23.06 ± 4.29 years, height: 164.15 ± 5.84 cm, weight: 58.39 ± 6.62 kg, and ∑6 skinfolds: 74.57 ± 18.48 mm) completed the study that lasted 4 weeks (pre-season) where they were measured anthropometrically and by bioimpedance twice. Results: Goalkeepers showed greater wingspan (176.60 ± 7.06 p < 0.05) compared to other positions. Regarding differences during pre-season, midfielders had the greatest decrease in ∑6 skinfolds compared to other positions (∆ −12.10 ± 5.69 p < 0.05). There was a correlation of % fat between Faulkner’s equation and BIA (Pearson’s r = 0.817). Conclusions: It seems that there are no significant differences in terms of positions and body composition, except for the wingspan and ankle diameter. During pre-season, midfielders are the ones who improve their body composition the greatest. The anthropometric equation for body fat that shows the highest correlation with BIA is Faulkner’s equation, followed by Durnin’s equation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Body Composition of Athletes)

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15 pages, 1727 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Food Matrices Supplemented with Milk Fat Globule Membrane in the Bioaccessibility of Lipid Components and Adaptation of Cellular Lipid Metabolism of Caco-2 Cells

by Victoria Martínez-Sánchez, María Visitación Calvo, Javier Fontecha and Antonio Pérez-Gálvez

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2798; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162798 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 693

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the digestive efficiency of food matrices supplemented with milk fat globule membrane isolated from buttermilk (BM-MFGM), using the INFOGEST in vitro digestion protocol hyphenated with the assessment of the digested material on the lipid profile of the Caco-2 [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the digestive efficiency of food matrices supplemented with milk fat globule membrane isolated from buttermilk (BM-MFGM), using the INFOGEST in vitro digestion protocol hyphenated with the assessment of the digested material on the lipid profile of the Caco-2 cell culture model. First, we examined lipid profiles in food matrices supplemented with BM-MFGM and their subsequent digestion. The results showed distinct lipid profiles in different food matrices and micellar fractions. The presence of BM-MFGM lipids changed the cellular lipid profiles in Caco-2 cell cultures, with diverging contents in cholesteryl esters, triacylglycerides, and neutral lipids depending on the micellar food matrix factor. Hierarchical clustering analysis revealed patterns in cellular lipid responses to micellar stimuli, while volcano plots highlighted significant changes in cellular lipid profiles post-treatment. Thus, this study underscores the importance of in vitro digestion protocols in guiding food matrix selection for bioactive ingredient supplementation, elucidating intestinal epithelium responses to digested food stimuli. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Digestion, Absorption, Energy Transformation and Metabolism)

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10 pages, 250 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dupilumab as Therapeutic Option in Polysensitized Atopic Dermatitis Patients Suffering from Food Allergy

by Alvise Sernicola, Emanuele Amore, Giuseppe Rizzuto, Alessandra Rallo, Maria Elisabetta Greco, Chiara Battilotti, Francesca Svara, Giulia Azzella, Steven Paul Nisticò, Annunziata Dattola, Camilla Chello, Giovanni Pellacani and Teresa Grieco

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2797; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162797 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 707

Abstract

IgE-mediated food allergy is characterized immunologically by a type 1 immune response triggered upon exposure to specific foods and clinically by a broad range of manifestations and variable severity. Our understanding of food allergy within the allergic march of atopic dermatitis (AD) is [...] Read more.

IgE-mediated food allergy is characterized immunologically by a type 1 immune response triggered upon exposure to specific foods and clinically by a broad range of manifestations and variable severity. Our understanding of food allergy within the allergic march of atopic dermatitis (AD) is still incomplete despite the related risk of unpredictable and potentially severe associated reactions such as anaphylactic shock. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the effects of dupilumab, an IL-4/IL-13 monoclonal antibody approved for AD, on the allergic sensitization profile of patients with AD and type 1 hypersensitivity-related comorbidities, including oral allergy syndrome, anaphylaxis, and gastrointestinal disorders. We conducted an observational pilot study with a longitudinal prospective design, enrolling 20 patients eligible for treatment with dupilumab. Laboratory exams for total serum IgE, specific IgE, and molecular allergen components were performed at baseline and after 16 weeks of therapy. Our results demonstrate a statistically significant decrease in molecular components, specific IgE for trophoallergens, and specific IgE for aeroallergens following treatment with dupilumab. We suggest that modulating type 2 immunity may decrease IgE-mediated responses assessed with laboratory exams and therefore could minimize allergic symptoms in polysensitized patients. Upcoming results of randomized controlled trials investigating dupilumab in food allergy are highly anticipated to confirm its potential effect in the treatment of IgE-mediated food allergies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Relationship between Food Allergy and Human Health)

13 pages, 771 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lost in Transition: Insights from a Retrospective Chart Audit on Nutrition Care Practices for Older Australians with Malnutrition Transitioning from Hospital to Home

by Kristin Gomes, Jack Bell, Ben Desbrow and Shelley Roberts

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2796; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162796 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 706

Abstract

Care transitions from hospital to home for older adults with malnutrition present a period of elevated risk; however, minimal data exist describing the existing practice. This study aimed to describe the transition of nutrition care processes provided to older adults in a public [...] Read more.

Care transitions from hospital to home for older adults with malnutrition present a period of elevated risk; however, minimal data exist describing the existing practice. This study aimed to describe the transition of nutrition care processes provided to older adults in a public tertiary hospital in Australia. A retrospective chart audit conducted between July and October 2022 included older (≥65 years), malnourished adults discharged to independent living. Dietetic care practices (from inpatient to six-months post-discharge) were reported descriptively. Of 3466 consecutive admissions, 345 (10%) had a diagnosis of malnutrition documented by the dietitian and were included in the analysis. The median number of dietetic visits per admission was 2.0 (IQR 1.0–4.0). Nutrition-focused discharge plans were inconsistently developed and documented. Only 10% of patients had nutrition care recommendations documented in the electronic discharge summary. Post-discharge oral nutrition supplementation was offered to 46% and accepted by 34% of the patients, while only 23% attended a follow-up appointment with dietetics within six months of hospital discharge. Most patients who are seen by dietitians and diagnosed with malnutrition appear lost in transition from hospital to home. Ongoing work is required to explore determinants of post-discharge nutrition care in this vulnerable population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Nutrition and Physical Activity on the Health of Older Adults)

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11 pages, 453 KiB

Open AccessReview

NAD+ and Niacin Supplementation as Possible Treatments for Glaucoma and Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Narrative Review

by Mohamed R. Gemae, Mario D. Bassi, Patrick Wang, Eric K. Chin and David R.P. Almeida

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2795; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162795 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 938

Abstract

Glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are progressive retinal diseases characterized by increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. This review investigates the potential therapeutic benefits of NAD+ and niacin supplementation in managing glaucoma and AMD. A literature search was conducted encompassing keywords [...] Read more.

Glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are progressive retinal diseases characterized by increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. This review investigates the potential therapeutic benefits of NAD+ and niacin supplementation in managing glaucoma and AMD. A literature search was conducted encompassing keywords such as “niacin”, “NAD”, “glaucoma”, “AMD”, and “therapeutics”. NAD+ depletion is associated with increased oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in glaucoma and AMD. Niacin, a precursor to NAD+, has shown promise in replenishing NAD+ levels, improving choroidal blood flow, and reducing oxidative damage. Animal studies in glaucoma models indicate that nicotinamide (NAM) supplementation preserves RGC density and function. Large-scale population-based studies indicate an inverse correlation between niacin intake and glaucoma prevalence, suggesting a preventative role. Randomized controlled trials assessing niacin supplementation showed significant improvements in visual field sensitivity and inner retinal function, with a dose-dependent relationship. In AMD, nicotinamide supplementation may improve rod cell function and protect against oxidative stress-induced damage. Cross-sectional studies reveal that individuals with AMD have a lower dietary intake of niacin. Further studies suggest niacin’s role in improving choroidal blood flow and dilating retinal arterioles, potentially mitigating ischemic damage and oxidative stress in AMD. Beyond current management strategies, NAD+ and niacin supplementation may offer novel therapeutic avenues for glaucoma and AMD. Further research is warranted to elucidate their efficacy and safety in clinical settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Supplements in the Prevention and Treatment of Eye Diseases)

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16 pages, 1820 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of a Triterpenoid-Rich Olive Oil on Chronic Kidney Disease in an Experimental Model of Diabetes Mellitus

by José Pedro De La Cruz, Laura Osuna-Esteban, María Dolores Rodríguez-Pérez, Laura Ortega-Hombrados, Ana María Sánchez-Tévar, Esther Martín-Aurioles, María África Fernández-Prior, Sergio Pérez-Burillo, Juan Antonio Espejo-Calvo and José Antonio González-Correa

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2794; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162794 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 618

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of triterpenoids on the development of diabetic nephropathy in an experimental model of diabetes mellitus. For this purpose, a destoned and dehydrated olive oil (DDOO) was used, comparing its effects to a destoned [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of triterpenoids on the development of diabetic nephropathy in an experimental model of diabetes mellitus. For this purpose, a destoned and dehydrated olive oil (DDOO) was used, comparing its effects to a destoned olive oil (DOO). DDOO had a higher triterpenoid content than DOO but an equal content of alcoholic polyphenols. Four study groups (n = 10 animals/group) were formed: healthy rats, diabetic control rats (DRs), and DRs treated orally with 0.5 mL/kg/day of DOO or DDOO for two months. DRs showed impaired renal function (proteinuria, increased serum creatinine, decreased renal creatinine clearance) and morphology (glomerular volume and glomerulosclerosis). These alterations correlated with increased systemic and renal tissue oxidative stress and decreased prostacyclin production. DDOO administration significantly reduced all variables of renal damage, as well as systemic and renal oxidative stress, to a greater extent than the effect produced by DOO. In conclusion, triterpenoid-rich olive oil may prevent kidney damage in experimental diabetes mellitus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes Mellitus and Nutritional Supplements)

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Mean values (mean ± standard deviation) of biochemical (urine protein/creatinine ratio and creatinine clearance) and morphological (glomerular volume and glomerulosclerosis index) kidney variables from healthy rats, control diabetic rats, and diabetic rats treated with 0.5 mL/kg/day p.o. of destoned olive oil (DOO) or destoned and dehydrated olive oil (DDOO). n = 10 rats/group. * p < 0.05 with respect to healthy rats, + p < 0.05 with respect to control diabetic rats, a p < 0.05 with respect to DOO. Full article ">Figure 2
Representative examples of glomerular images from kidneys of a healthy rat, a control diabetic rat, and diabetic rats treated with 0.5 mL/kg/day p.o. of destoned olive oil (DOO) or destoned and dehydrated olive oil (DDOO). Stain: haematoxylin-eosin (X20). This staining shows that the glomerulus of the diabetic control animal is larger than the others and that treatment with DOO and DDOO reduces the glomerular area, without reaching the size of the glomerulus of the healthy control animal. Full article ">Figure 3
Representative examples of PAS-stained glomerulus (X20) from kidneys of a healthy rat, a control diabetic rat, and diabetic rats treated with 0.5 mL/kg/day p.o. of destoned olive oil (DOO) or destoned and dehydrated olive oil (DDOO). These images show expansion of mesangium and accumulation of PAS-positive material in control diabetic rat. Full article ">

11 pages, 233 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trends and Disparities in Diet Quality and Nutrient Intake among US Adults by Bodyweight Status

by Wenbo Gu, Yi Yang, Liuying Wang, Yuhua Song, Xuemin Yan, Zhen Tian and Changhao Sun

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2793; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162793 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 795

Abstract

The prevalence of obesity has been increasing in the US. Among the multifactorial contributors to obesity, dietary factors stand out as primary drivers. Using data from NHANES, we investigated the trends and disparities in diet quality and nutrient intake among US adults with [...] Read more.

The prevalence of obesity has been increasing in the US. Among the multifactorial contributors to obesity, dietary factors stand out as primary drivers. Using data from NHANES, we investigated the trends and disparities in diet quality and nutrient intake among US adults with different bodyweight statuses. Participants were divided into normal weight, overweight, and obese groups based on BMI. Diet quality was examined using HEI-2020. Nutrient intake was estimated based on the USDA Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies. From 1999 to 2020, Despite an overall improvement in diet quality among overweight and obese US adults, disparities persisted for most HEI-2020 components, and worsened for whole grains, seafood and plant proteins, and fatty acids between normal weight and obese participants. Overweight and obese participants tended to consume less energy from total carbohydrates and more from total fat. The estimated total energy intake increased among obese participants over the past two decades, while no significant changes were observed among normal weight and overweight participants. In the 2017–2020 period, obese participants had lower HEI-2020 scores than both normal weight and overweight participants. However, no significant differences in total energy intake were observed among normal weight, overweight, and obese populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition Methodology & Assessment)

10 pages, 2813 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Healthy Eating beyond Whole Grains—Insight on Associations between Diet Quality and Arterial Stiffness in the Brisighella Heart Study Cohort

by Marina Giovannini, Federica Fogacci, Sergio D’Addato, Elisa Grandi, Claudio Borghi and Arrigo F. G. Cicero

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2792; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162792 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 733

Abstract

Although whole grains have well-recognized protective effects against the development of cardiometabolic diseases, whole grain foods are poorly consumed by the general population. The aim of our study was to establish, at a population level, the vascular impact of a low intake of [...] Read more.

Although whole grains have well-recognized protective effects against the development of cardiometabolic diseases, whole grain foods are poorly consumed by the general population. The aim of our study was to establish, at a population level, the vascular impact of a low intake of whole grain foods. From the initial cohort of the Brisighella Heart Study, we identified a population sample of 1503 individuals—including 720 men (47.9%) and 783 women (52.1%)—who overall largely consumed refined grain products. Diet quality was estimated by the Short Healthy Eating Index (sHEI), and women were found to have an eating pattern that was overall healthier than men (44.1 ± 8.5 vs. 36.3 ± 8.1, p < 0.001). The development of an age- and blood pressure (BP)-adjusted multiple linear regression model found that carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) was significantly predicted by the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, B = −0.148, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) −0.259–−0.038, p < 0.001), serum uric acid (SUA, B = 0.220, 95%CI 0.095–0.320, p = 0.001) and sHEI (B = −0.231, 95%CI −327–−0.089, p < 0.001) in men, and by eGFR (B = −0.152, 95%CI −0.266–−0.052, p < 0.001), body mass index (BMI, B = 0.174, 95%CI 0.111–0.331, p = 0.002), SUA (B = 0.278, 95%CI 0.158–0.354, p < 0.001) and sHEI (B = −0.218, 95%CI −308–−0.115, p < 0.001) in women. Ultimately, a low sHEI score was a significant predictor of arterial stiffness also in a population cohort with a high consumption of refined grain products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nutraceutical Research: From New Bioactive Identification to Clinical Testing—the National Congress of the Italian Nutraceutical Society)

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22 pages, 1867 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Survival of Probiotic Bacterial Cells in the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract and the Effect of the Surviving Population on the Colonic Microbial Community Activity and Composition

by Marlies Govaert, Chloë Rotsaert, Chelsea Vannieuwenhuyse, Cindy Duysburgh, Sophie Medlin, Massimo Marzorati and Harry Jarrett

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2791; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162791 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1265

Abstract

Many health-promoting effects have been attributed to the intake of probiotic cells. However, it is important that probiotic cells arrive at the site of their activity in a viable state in order to exert their beneficial effects. Careful selection of the appropriate probiotic [...] Read more.

Many health-promoting effects have been attributed to the intake of probiotic cells. However, it is important that probiotic cells arrive at the site of their activity in a viable state in order to exert their beneficial effects. Careful selection of the appropriate probiotic formulation is therefore required as mainly the type of probiotic species/strain and the administration strategy may affect survival of the probiotic cells during the upper gastrointestinal (GIT) passage. Therefore, the current study implemented Simulator of the Human Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME^®) technology to investigate the efficacy of different commercially available probiotic formulations on the survival and culturability of probiotic bacteria during upper GIT passage. Moreover, Colon-on-a-Plate (CoaP™) technology was applied to assess the effect of the surviving probiotic bacteria on the gut microbial community (activity and composition) of three human donors. Significantly greater survival and culturability rates were reported for the delayed-release capsule formulation (>50%) as compared to the powder, liquid, and standard capsule formulations (<1%) (p < 0.05), indicating that the delayed-release capsule was most efficacious in delivering live bacteria cells. Indeed, administration of the delayed-release capsule probiotic digest resulted in enhanced production of SCFAs and shifted gut microbial community composition towards beneficial bacterial species. These results thus indicate that careful selection of the appropriate probiotic formulation and administration strategy is crucial to deliver probiotic cells in a viable state at the site of their activity (distal ileum and colon). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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Average culturable ((A) CFU/reactor) and viable ((B) 16S rRNA copies/reactor) population densities ± stdev (n = 3) of the different test products during passage through the upper GIT under fasted conditions. Samples were collected from the product itself (Product) and at different time points during passage through the stomach (ST end (viability only)) and small intestinal region (DUO end (viability only), JEJ end (viability only), and ILE end). For the values at ILE end, both the released fraction and encapsulated fraction in the remaining capsule residue (if any) are considered. Statistical differences from the preceding time point are indicated based on the following classification criteria: ‘***’ if 0 ≤ p-value < 0.001, ‘**’ if 0.001 ≤ p-value < 0.01, and ‘*’ if 0.01 ≤ p-value < 0.05. Full article ">Figure 2
Average culturable ((A) CFU/reactor) and viable ((B) 16S rRNA copies/reactor) population densities and the corresponding average culturability ((C) %) and survival ((D) %) rates ± stdev (n = 3) of the different test products obtained at the end of the upper GIT simulation under fasted conditions (=ILE end). The culturability and survival rates are calculated by dividing the culturable and viable population densities obtained at ILE end by the corresponding culturable and viable population densities measured for the product as such. Statistical differences between the different test products are indicated based on the following classification criteria: ‘***’ if 0 ≤ p-value < 0.001, ‘**’ if 0.001 ≤ p-value < 0.01, and ‘*’ if 0.01 ≤ p-value < 0.05. Full article ">Figure 3
Average culturable ((A,B) CFU/reactor) and viable ((C,D) 16S rRNA copies/reactor) Lactobacillus spp. (A,C) and Bifidobacterium spp. (B,D) population densities ± stdev (n = 3) observed during passage through the upper GIT under fasted conditions upon administration of the capsule DR. Samples were collected from the product itself (i.e., Product) and at different time points during passage through the stomach (i.e., ST end (viability only)) and small intestinal region (i.e., DUO end (viability only), JEJ end (viability only), end ILE end). For the values at the ILE end, both the released fraction and encapsulated fraction in the remaining capsule residue are considered. Statistical differences from the preceding time point are indicated based on the following classification criteria: ‘***’ if 0 ≤ p-value < 0.001, ‘**’ if 0.001 ≤ p-value < 0.01, and ‘*’ if 0.01 ≤ p-value < 0.05. Full article ">Figure 4
Average pH ((A) -), gas pressure ((B) kPa), acetate ((C) mM), propionate ((D) mM), butyrate ((E) mM), branched CFA ((F) mM), and ammonium ((G) mg/L) concentrations ± stdev (n = 3) measured by the end of the 48 h colonic incubations for the different treatment conditions as compared to the blank control, with error bars as a measure of interindividual variation. P = probiotic digesta of capsule DR. GOS = galacto-oligosaccharides and FOS = fructo-oligosaccharides. Statistical differences between the blank control and any of the treatment conditions are indicated based on the following classification criteria: ‘***’ if 0 ≤ p-value < 0.001, ‘**’ if 0.001 ≤ p-value < 0.01, and ‘*’ if 0.01 ≤ p-value < 0.05. Full article ">Figure 5
Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) to show differences in community composition (beta-diversity) between the various conditions 48 h after start of the short-term colonic incubation. Each color represents a different condition (treatments or control) and each dot represents one donor (n = 3). LD1 and LD2 are Linear Discriminants. P = probiotic digesta of capsule DR. GOS = galacto-oligosaccharides and FOS = fructo-oligosaccharides. Full article ">Figure 6
Volcano plots, obtained through differential abundance analysis (treeclimbR), indicating differences in luminal microbial community composition between treatment ((A) probiotic digesta, (B) probiotic digesta + β-glucan, (C) probiotic digesta + GOS, and (D) probiotic digesta + FOS) and blank across donors at the end of the 48 h incubation period. GOS = galacto-oligosaccharides and FOS = fructo-oligosaccharides. The obtained scatter plot classifies taxa into four categories based on abundance in compared treatments: (a) not significant and not biologically relevant (grey), (b) biologically relevant, but not statistically significant (green), (c) statistically significant, but not biologically relevant (blue), and (d) biologically relevant and statistically significant (red). Full article ">

22 pages, 1537 KiB

Open AccessReview

Cancer and the Microbiome of the Human Body

by Lourdes Herrera-Quintana, Héctor Vázquez-Lorente, Maria Lopez-Garzon, Adrián Cortés-Martín and Julio Plaza-Diaz

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2790; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162790 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1573

Abstract

Cancer remains a public health concern worldwide, with its incidence increasing worldwide and expected to continue growing during the next decades. The microbiome has emerged as a central factor in human health and disease, demonstrating an intricate relationship between the microbiome and cancer. [...] Read more.

Cancer remains a public health concern worldwide, with its incidence increasing worldwide and expected to continue growing during the next decades. The microbiome has emerged as a central factor in human health and disease, demonstrating an intricate relationship between the microbiome and cancer. Although some microbiomes present within local tissues have been shown to restrict cancer development, mainly by interacting with cancer cells or the host immune system, some microorganisms are harmful to human health and risk factors for cancer development. This review summarizes the recent evidence concerning the microbiome and some of the most common cancer types (i.e., lung, head and neck, breast, gastric, colorectal, prostate, and cervix cancers), providing a general overview of future clinical approaches and perspectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Potential of Gut Microbiota in Cancer)

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14 pages, 327 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Plasma, Urinary, Erythrocyte and Platelet Zinc Concentrations in Soccer Players

by Víctor Toro-Román, Jesús Siquier-Coll, Fco. Javier Grijota Pérez, Marcos Maynar-Mariño, Ignacio Bartolomé-Sánchez and María C. Robles-Gil

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2789; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162789 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 488

Abstract

Essential trace minerals are vital for general human health and athletic performance. Zinc (Zn) plays critical roles in several biochemical processes in exercise physiology, especially during intense physical exercise. This research aimed to analyze erythrocyte, platelet, plasma and urine Zn concentrations among men’s [...] Read more.

Essential trace minerals are vital for general human health and athletic performance. Zinc (Zn) plays critical roles in several biochemical processes in exercise physiology, especially during intense physical exercise. This research aimed to analyze erythrocyte, platelet, plasma and urine Zn concentrations among men’s and female soccer players over a sports season. A total of 22 male soccer players (20.61 ± 2.66 years; 71.50 ± 5.93 kg) and 24 female soccer players (23.37 ± 3.95 years; 59.58 ± 7.17 kg) participated in this longitudinal quasi-experimental study. Three assessments were carried out over the season: 1st evaluation: first week of training (August); 2nd assessment: middle of the season, between the end of the first and second round (January) and 3rd assessment: last week of training (May/June). In all evaluations extracellular (plasma and urine) and intracellular (erythrocytes and platelets) Zn concentrations were determined, as well as physical fitness and several blood parameters. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to measure Zn concentrations. Plasma and urinary concentrations were higher among male soccer players (p < 0.05) while erythrocyte and platelet Zn concentrations were higher in the female soccer players (p < 0.05). Additionally, variations in urinary and platelet Zn concentrations were observed over the season. The differences could be related to muscle mass, muscle damage or the specific sport’s physical demands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sports Nutrition)

15 pages, 1008 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Isotemporal Substitution Effects of Daily Time Use on Cardiorespiratory Fitness of Children in the OptiChild Study: A Mediation Analysis with Diet Quality

by Youxin Wang, Pingping Zhang, Mingyue Wang, Qinghai Gong, Canqing Yu, Haijun Wang, Antje Hebestreit, Patrick W. C. Lau, Hui Wang and Li Li

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2788; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162788 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 577

Abstract

(1) Background: Although daily time-use is associated with diet quality and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in children, their interdependence remains unexplored. This study first examined the associations between reallocating daily movement time and diet quality and CRF, and second the mediating role of diet [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Although daily time-use is associated with diet quality and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in children, their interdependence remains unexplored. This study first examined the associations between reallocating daily movement time and diet quality and CRF, and second the mediating role of diet quality in the relationship between daily time-use and CRF. (2) Methods: This study included 1131 Chinese children (aged 8 to 10 years; median [interquartile range]: 8.5 [8.3, 8.8]) at baseline (September 2022) and 1268 children at the 9-month follow-up (June 2023) from the OptiChild study. Daily durations of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sleep, and sedentary behavior (e.g., screen time) were self-reported or proxy-reported by parents. Diet quality was assessed via the Diet Quality Questionnaire (DQQ), which uses a 24 h dietary recall and is categorized according to the Global Dietary Recommendations (GDR) score and Food Group Diversity Score (FGDS). The CRF was measured using VO_2max after the 20 m shuttle run test. Longitudinal associations between daily time-use, diet quality, and CRF were calculated using isotemporal substitution models. Mediation analyses were used to determine whether diet quality mediated the associations between daily time-use and CRF. (3) Results: Reallocation of 30 min from screen time to MVPA resulted in significant improvements in the GDR score (β baseline = 0.11, p = 0.024; β follow-up = 0.26, p < 0.001), FGDS (β baseline = 0.11, p = 0.006; β follow-up = 0.19, p < 0.001), and CRF (β baseline = 0.40, p < 0.001; β follow-up = 0.26, p = 0.001). Diet quality partially mediated the associations between MVPA, screen time, and CRF. Substituting 30 min of screen time for MVPA led to diet quality mediating a proportion of the association with CRF (GDR score: 11.4%, FGDS: 6.6%). (4) Conclusions: These findings underscore the importance of optimizing daily time-use of MVPA and screen time and improving diet quality to promote physical fitness in school-aged children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2024 Collection: Dietary, Lifestyle and Children Health)

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21 pages, 3244 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Modification of Dietary Protein with Ammonium Hydroxide Enhancement Improves Longevity and Metabolic Outcomes in a Sex-Dependent Manner

by Benjamin Barr and Lauren Gollahon

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2787; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162787 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 616

Abstract

(1) Background: Dietary protein is a key component of all dietary patterns. It has been demonstrated that there are subtle differences in health implications associated with the source of dietary protein consumed. This study examined dietary protein sources (DPSs) in a long-term study [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Dietary protein is a key component of all dietary patterns. It has been demonstrated that there are subtle differences in health implications associated with the source of dietary protein consumed. This study examined dietary protein sources (DPSs) in a long-term study of diet-induced obesity ± ammonium hydroxide enhancement (AHE) and its role in improving long-term health outcomes. (2) Methods: Over 18 months, 272 C3H/HeJ mice (136 male and 136 female) were monitored on high-fat diets with varying DPSs ± AHE. Mice were monitored for weekly change in total mass, as well as 6-month assessments of lean and fat mass. At each assessment, a cohort (~8 mice per diet per sex) was censored for a cross-sectional examination of organ function. (3) Results: Longevity was improved in females fed AHE diets, regardless of DPSs. Females’ measures of fat and lean mass were markedly elevated with casein protein diets compared to beef protein diets regardless of AHE. Females fed a beef protein diet + AHE demonstrated reduced fat mass and increased lean mass with aging. In males, AHE beef protein diet-fed mice showed marked improvement to longevity and increased lean mass at 6 months. (4) Conclusions: This study demonstrates that dietary protein modification by AHE attenuates the negative impacts of HF diets in both males and females in a sex-dependent manner. Furthermore, the results from this study emphasize the importance of identifying the differences in the utilization of dietary proteins in both a sex- and age-related manner and demonstrate the potential of DPS modification by AHE as a dietary intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Value of Meat and Meat Products and Their Role in Human Health—2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 1000 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dietary Strategies in the Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension in Children and Adolescents: A Narrative Review

by Agnieszka Kozioł-Kozakowska, Małgorzata Wójcik, Vesna Herceg-Čavrak, Sara Cobal, Dragan Radovanovic, Julio Alvarez-Pitti, Isa Hartgring, Beata Piórecka, Rosita Gabbianelli and Dorota Drożdż

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2786; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162786 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1125

Abstract

This study aims to gather information on effective dietary strategies for the prevention and treatment of hypertension (HTN) in children and adolescents. It discusses specific nutritional models such as the Diet Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH diet), traditional Asian diets, plant-based diets, the [...] Read more.

This study aims to gather information on effective dietary strategies for the prevention and treatment of hypertension (HTN) in children and adolescents. It discusses specific nutritional models such as the Diet Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH diet), traditional Asian diets, plant-based diets, the Southern European traditional Atlantic diet, and the Mediterranean diet, highlighting the benefits of these approaches. The manuscript also addresses dehydration resulting from insufficient fluid intake among children, as well as the consumption of inappropriate beverages, like soft drinks and energy drinks, which contributes to the development of HTN. Additionally, it examines the role of oxidative stress in the pathomechanism of HTN in children, particularly in relation to the antioxidant potential of food components such as selenium, magnesium, and selected vitamins. The relationship between sodium and potassium intake from food and the development of HTN in children is also explored. Finally, this study discusses public health strategies for the prevention of HTN in children. A comprehensive search was performed across multiple databases, such as PubMed/MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, Science Direct, and EBSCO. This search focused on locating English-language meta-analyses, systematic reviews, randomized clinical trials, and observational studies from around the globe. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lifestyle, Behaviors, and Environment Related to Childhood Obesity)

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10 pages, 1418 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Fixed Combination of Palmitoylethanolamide and Melatonin (PEATONIDE) for the Management of Pain, Sleep, and Disability in Patients with Fibromyalgia: A Pilot Study

by Riccardo Terribili, Giulia Vallifuoco, Marco Bardelli, Bruno Frediani and Stefano Gentileschi

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2785; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162785 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 910

Abstract

Fibromyalgia is characterized by chronic widespread pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbances. Recent theories attribute fibromyalgia to central sensitization syndromes, suggesting altered nociceptive processing leads to hyperalgesia and allodynia. Standardized effective treatments are currently lacking. Palmitoylethanolamide and melatonin have shown pain-relieving effects in chronic [...] Read more.

Fibromyalgia is characterized by chronic widespread pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbances. Recent theories attribute fibromyalgia to central sensitization syndromes, suggesting altered nociceptive processing leads to hyperalgesia and allodynia. Standardized effective treatments are currently lacking. Palmitoylethanolamide and melatonin have shown pain-relieving effects in chronic pain conditions, including fibromyalgia, with excellent safety. Our open-label study assessed the impact of a daily combination of 1200 mg of palmitoylethanolamide and 0.2 mg of melatonin on pain, sleep, and quality of life in fibromyalgia patients. Between June 2023 and March 2024, 50 patients (2016 ACR criteria) were treated and evaluated at baseline, 1 month, 3 months, and 4 months (1 month discontinuation). The assessments included VAS for pain, ISI for insomnia, HAQ for health assessments, and a tender points evaluation. The patients, averaging 54.12 years old with a 3:1 female-to-male ratio, showed significant improvements in VAS, ISI, and HAQ scores relative to their own baselines and a reduction in tender points at 1 and 3 months, which was maintained at 4 months. No adverse events were reported. This study is the first to demonstrate the efficacy of a palmitoylethanolamide and melatonin combination as an adjunct therapy in fibromyalgia, highlighting its potential to reduce pain and improve sleep and quality of life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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14 pages, 4419 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rosa sterilis Juice Alleviated Breast Cancer by Triggering the Mitochondrial Apoptosis Pathway and Suppressing the Jak2/Stat3 Pathway

by Wenxi Wang, Shaolin Huang, Sha Li, Xingjie Li, Yihan Ling, Xiaomeng Wang, Shuwen Zhang, Dingzi Zhou and Wenya Yin

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2784; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162784 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 594

Abstract

Rosa sterilis (RS) is a characteristic fruit in southwestern China that has numerous health benefits; however, its pharmacological effect needs further clarification, especially with respect to the exploration of its potential anti-breast-cancer effect, as there are still knowledge gaps in this regard. This [...] Read more.

Rosa sterilis (RS) is a characteristic fruit in southwestern China that has numerous health benefits; however, its pharmacological effect needs further clarification, especially with respect to the exploration of its potential anti-breast-cancer effect, as there are still knowledge gaps in this regard. This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of Rosa sterilis juice (RSJ) on breast cancer (BC) through in vitro cellular experiments and by establishing mouse 4T1 breast xenograft tumors. This study also had the aim of elucidating RSJ’s underlying mechanisms. RSJ can inhibit cell proliferation, affect cell morphology, and impact the clone formation ability of BC; furthermore, it can promote apoptosis by triggering the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. In mouse 4T1 breast xenograft tumors, RSJ markedly inhibited tumor growth, relieved the pathological lesions, lowered the expression of Ki67, and regulated the expression of the apoptosis-associated protein. Moreover, we observed that RSJ can inhibit the Jak2/Stat3 signaling pathway both in vivo and in vitro. Overall, our research reveals that RSJ can alleviate BC by triggering the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and suppressing the Jak2/Stat3 pathway, providing new dietary intervention strategies for BC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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RSJ inhibits the proliferation of breast cancer cells and alters cell morphology. (A) The alterations in cell activity after RSJ treatment were measured. (B) The morphology of the cells, as well as the number of cells, changed after RSJ treatment (200×). (C–F) The clonogenic features of breast cancer cells following RSJ treatment. Full article ">Figure 2
RSJ promotes the apoptosis of breast cancer cells. (A) The effect of RSJ on the apoptosis of breast cancer cells. (B) The apoptosis rate of 4T1 cells. (C) The apoptosis rate of MCF-7cells. (D) The apoptosis rate of MDA-MB-231 cells. Full article ">Figure 3
RSJ regulates the expression of the proteins in the mitochondrial pathway and reduces the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). (A,B) Western blotting detected the expression of apoptosis-related proteins following RSJ treatment in the BC cells. (C–E) The alteration in ΔΨm in the BC cells after RSJ treatment was detected by measuring fluorescence (scale bar = 100 μm). Full article ">Figure 4
RSJ inhibits the activation of the Jak2/Stat3 signaling pathway. (A–C) Western blotting detected the expression of Jak2/Stat3-signaling-pathway-related proteins following RSJ treatment. Full article ">Figure 5
Protective effect of RSJ on breast cancer xenograft mice. (A) Experimental procedure for the xenograft mouse tumor in the Prevention Model. (B) Changes in body weight. (C,D) Changes in the tumor weight and volume. (E) Images of tumors. (F) Inhibition rate of mouse tumors. (G) Images of H&E staining of mice tumors. (H,I) Immunohistochemical results for tumor tissue. Full article ">Figure 6
RSJ regulates the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and suppresses the Jak2/Stat3 pathway. (A–C) Western blotting detected the expression of the apoptosis-related proteins in tumor tissues. (D–F) Western blot detected the expression of Jak2/Stat3 signaling pathway-related proteins. Full article ">Figure 7
Graphical representation of RSJ’s effect on apoptosis. Full article ">

15 pages, 1898 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Anti-Fatigue Effects and Mechanisms of Arecoline in Sleep-Deprived Mice

by Danyang Wang, Yuan Sun, Jiameng Liu, Jing Sun, Bei Fan, Cong Lu and Fengzhong Wang

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2783; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162783 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 717

Abstract

The betel nut is one of the most widely consumed addictive substances in the world after nicotine, ethanol, and caffeine. Arecoline is an active ingredient from the areca nut. It has many pharmacological effects and can affect the central nervous system. In this [...] Read more.

The betel nut is one of the most widely consumed addictive substances in the world after nicotine, ethanol, and caffeine. Arecoline is an active ingredient from the areca nut. It has many pharmacological effects and can affect the central nervous system. In this study, we found that arecoline can relieve fatigue behavior. Objective: This research aims to estimate the anti-fatigue effects of arecoline and explore its underlying mechanisms using a murine model of central fatigue precipitated by sleep deprivation (SD). Methods: Seventy-two male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to six groups: a control group, an SD-induced fatigue model group, a group that received Rhodiola Rosea capsules (2.5 mg/kg), and three arecoline groups, which were administered at low, medium, and high doses (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg, respectively). Following 28 days of continuous administrations, the effects of arecoline on mouse fatigue-related behaviors were assessed by behavioral tests, including grip strength, rotarod performance, and weight-bearing swimming endurance. The release levels of the related biochemical markers were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Western blotting was employed to quantify the expression levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2), Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), sequestosome-1 (p62), and NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) in the gastrocnemius muscle. Results: Arecoline administration notably enhanced grip strength, delayed the onset of fatigue as evidenced by extended latencies in rotarod tests, and increased the duration of weight-bearing swimming in mice. In the elevated plus maze, arecoline obviously decreased both the number of entries and the total distance traveled in the open arms. Arecoline markedly decreased the contents of creatine kinase, blood urea nitrogen, lactate dehydrogenase, triglycerides, and cholesterol in the serum, while it elevated the levels of total testosterone, lactate dehydrogenase, and immunoglobulin G. Furthermore, it significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase in the gastrocnemius muscle, reduced malondialdehyde levels, augmented hippocampal SOD and CAT activity, and elevated glycogen stores in both liver and muscle tissues. Neurotransmitter levels showed significant increases, cytokine levels were markedly reduced, and the expressions of Nrf2, Keap1, NQO1, p62, and HO-1 in brain tissues were significantly upregulated. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that arecoline has anti-fatigue activity, and the specific mechanisms are associated with elevating glucose and lipid metabolism levels, relieving oxidative stress damage, inhibiting neuroinflammatory response, and regulating neurotransmitter levels and the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. The research provides a new direction for arecoline’s potential in preventing and improving fatigue. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Phytochemical Intake on Chronic Disease)

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Effects of arecoline on gripping power, rod turning latency, and weight-bearing swimming time of mice. (A) Gripping power before dosing, (B) gripping power after dosing, (C) rod turning latency, and (D) weight-bearing swimming time. Data are expressed as means ± SEM (n = 12). # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01 versus the control group. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 versus the model group. Full article ">Figure 2
Effects of arecoline on serum biochemical indexes in mice. (A) CTC, (B) TTS, (C) TG, (D) BUN, (E) LD, (F) CK, and (G) IgG. Data are expressed as means ± SEM (n = 12). # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, #### p < 0.0001 versus the control group. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001 versus the model group. Full article ">Figure 3
Effects of arecoline on oxidative stress indexes of the gastrocnemius muscles in mice. (A) MDA, (B) SOD, (C) CAT, and (D) GSH-Px. Data are expressed as means ± SEM (n = 12). ## p < 0.01, #### p < 0.0001 versus the control group. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001 versus the model group. Full article ">Figure 4
Effects of arecoline on glycolipid metabolism indexes in mice. (A) Liver glycogen and (B) muscle glycogen. Data are expressed as means ± SEM (n = 12). #### p < 0.0001 versus the control group. ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001 versus the model group. Full article ">Figure 5
Effects of arecoline on biochemical indices of mouse hippocampus. (A) SOD and (B) CAT. Data are expressed as means ± SEM (n = 12). ### p < 0.001 versus the control group. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 versus the model group. Full article ">Figure 6
Effects of arecoline on biochemical indices of mouse hippocampus. (A) TNF-α, (B) IL-6 and (C) IL-1β. Data are expressed as means ± SEM (n = 12). ### p < 0.001, #### p < 0.0001 versus the control group. * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001 versus the model group. Full article ">Figure 7
Effects of arecoline on the biochemical indices of the mouse hippocampus. (A) DA, (B) NE, (C) 5-HT, (D) GABA, and (E) Ach. Data are expressed as means ± SEM (n = 12). # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001, #### p < 0.0001 versus the Control group. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001 versus the model group. Full article ">Figure 8
Effects of arecoline on protein expression in the gastrocnemius muscle were evaluated using western blotting. (A–F) The protein levels of Nrf2, Keap1, P62, HO-1, and NQO1 were normalized to GAPDH, and their relative band intensities were quantified. Data are expressed as means ± SD (n = 3). ### p < 0.001, #### p < 0.0001 versus the control group. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001 versus the model group. Full article ">

11 pages, 562 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

An Evaluation of the Nutritional and Promotional Profile of Commercial Foods for Infants and Toddlers in the United States

by Daisy H. Coyle, Maria Shahid, Kiana Parkins, Monica Hu, Marina Padovan and Elizabeth K. Dunford

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2782; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162782 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 17033

Abstract

Despite growing concerns over the increasing popularity and health impact of commercial foods for infants and toddlers, no nutrition or promotional guidelines currently exist for the United States. In 2022, the WHO Regional Office for Europe published a nutrient and promotion profile model [...] Read more.

Despite growing concerns over the increasing popularity and health impact of commercial foods for infants and toddlers, no nutrition or promotional guidelines currently exist for the United States. In 2022, the WHO Regional Office for Europe published a nutrient and promotion profile model (NPPM) to provide guidance and regulation for commercially produced infant and toddler foods. This study assessed the nutritional and promotional profile of infant and toddler foods (6–36 months of age) collected from the top 10 grocery chains in 2023. Products were assessed against the WHO NPPM nutritional and promotional requirements. The type and number of claims across packaging type were also assessed. Of the 651 products examined, 60% failed to meet the nutritional requirements of the NPPM, and 0% met the promotional requirements. Almost 100% of products had at least 1 claim on-pack that was prohibited under the NPPM, with some products displaying up to 11 prohibited claims. Snack-size packages had the lowest compliance with nutrient requirements. These findings highlight that urgent work is needed to improve the nutritional quality of commercially produced infant and toddler foods in the United States. The high use of prohibited claims also suggests the need to regulate the type and number of claims allowed on-pack. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

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