Cross-Sectional Assessment of Nutritional Status, Dietary Intake, and Physical Activity Levels in Children (6–9 Years) in Valencia (Spain) Using Nutrimetry
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Setting and Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Anthropometric Measurements
2.4. Nutritional Intake
2.5. Physical Activity
2.6. Energy
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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BMI/Age Height/Age | Z ≤ −1 +0 Thinness | Z > −1 and Z < +1 +3 Healthy Weight | Z ≥ +1 +6 Overweight/Obesity | Total | p-Value 1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Z ≥ +2 +5 Tall stature | 14 (0.5%) | 82 (3.0%) | 133 (4.9%) | 229 (8.4%) | 0.001 |
Z > −2 and Z < +2 +3 Normal stature | 188 (6.9%) | 1398 (51.3%) | 882 (32.4%) | 2468 (90.6%) | 0.001 | |
Z ≤ −2 +1 Short stature | 4 (0.1%) | 16 (0.6%) | 7 (0.3%) | 27 (1.0%) | 0.002 | |
Total | 206 (7.6%) | 1496 (54.9%) | 1022 (37.5%) | 2724 (100.0%) | 0.001 | |
p-value 2 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||
Boys (n = 1330, 48.82%) | Z ≥ +2 +5 Tall stature | 7 (0.5%) | 37 (2.8%) | 67 (5.0%) | 111 (8.3%) | 0.001 |
Z > −2 and Z < +2 +3 Normal stature | 92 (6.9%) | 663 (49.8%) | 450 (33.8%) | 1205 (90.6%) | 0.001 | |
Z ≤ −2 +1 Short stature | 2 (0.2%) | 9 (0.7%) | 3 (0.2%) | 14 (1.1%) | 0.009 | |
Total | 101 (7.6%) | 709 (53.3%) | 520 (39.1%) | 1330 (100.0%) | 0.001 | |
p-value 2 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||
Girls (1394, 51.17%) | Z ≥ +2 +5 Tall stature | 7 (0.5%) | 45 (3.2%) | 66 (4.7%) | 118 (8.5%) | 0.001 |
Z > −2 and Z < +2 +3 Normal stature | 96 (6.9%) | 735 (52.7%) | 432 (31.0%) | 1263 (90.6%) | 0.001 | |
Z ≤ −2 +1 Short stature | 2 (0.1%) | 7 (0.5%) | 4 (0.3%) | 13 (0.9%) | 0.111 | |
Total | 105 (7.5%) | 787 (56.5%) | 502 (36.0%) | 1394 (100.0%) | 0.001 | |
p-value 2 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Total | Boys | Girls | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Healthy Weight (n = 1496, 54.9%) | Thinness (n = 206, 7.6%) | Overweight/ Obesity (n = 1022, 37.5%) | Total | p-Value 4 | Healthy Weight (n = 709, 53.3%) | Thinness (n = 101, 7.6%) | Overweight/ Obesity (n = 520, 39.1%) | Total | p-Value 4 | Healthy Weight (n = 787, 56.5%) | Thinness (n = 105, 7.5%) | Overweight/ Obesity (n = 502, 36.0%) | Total | p-Value 4 | |
Calories (kcal/day) Boys:1910.5–2110.5 kcal/day Girls:1756.5–1956.5 kcal/day | 2361.81 ± 857.42 | 2274.01 ± 837.31 | 2295.20 ± 811.82 | 2330.63 ± 839.55 | 0.090 | 2406.73 ± 887.57 | 2325.11 ± 911.94 | 2376.30 ± 872.77 | 2388.15 ± 882.48 | 0.631 | 2321.34 ± 827.81 | 2224.85 ± 759.82 | 2211.20 ± 734.92 | 2275.71 ± 792.82 | 0.041 |
Proteins (g/day) >0.9 g/kg/day | 98.50 ± 36.08 | 97.42 ± 38.49 | 98.38 ± 48.53 | 98.41 ± 41.35 | 0.940 | 101.05 ± 38.54 | 100.07 ± 43.12 | 101.42 ± 50.31 | 101.12 ±43.77 | 0.959 | 96.19 ± 33.56 | 94.86 ± 33.44 | 95.24 ± 46.45 | 95.83 ± 38.73 | 0.884 |
Carbohydrates (g/day) Boys: 226–301 g/day Girls: 209–293 g/day | 246.26 ± 92.04 | 236.47 ± 83.49 | 239.41 ± 105.89 | 243.04 ± 97.07 | 0.134 | 253.97 ± 99.87 | 239.58 ± 83.86 | 246.29 ± 88.98 | 249.81 ± 94.56 | 0.195 | 239.31 ± 83.84 | 233.47 ± 83.43 | 232.29 ± 120.62 | 236.58 ± 99.00 | 0.439 |
Sugar (g/day) Boys: <25 g/day Girls: <23 g/day | 102.27 ± 42.10 | 95.42 ± 33.29 | 101.85 ± 112.49 | 101.59 ± 76.19 | 0.477 | 105.19 ± 43.58 | 97.44 ± 31.23 | 101.90 ± 41.08 | 103.32 ± 41.83 | 0.135 | 99.63 ± 40.56 | 93.47 ± 35.20 | 101.79 ± 155.05 | 99.95 ± 98.34 | 0.726 |
Fiber (g/day) >15 g/day | 20.88 ± 11.61 | 19.93 ± 9.88 | 19.98 ± 10.92 | 20.47 ± 11.24 | 0.110 | 21.63 ± 12.39 | 20.10 ± 9.80 | 20.27 ± 9.59 | 20.98 ± 11.20 | 0.078 | 20.21 ± 10.83 | 19.76 ± 9.99 | 19.69 ± 12.14 | 19.99 ± 11.26 | 0.703 |
Lipids (g/day) Boys: 56–78 g/day Girls: 52–72 g/day | 109.77 ± 42.90 | 105.56 ± 40.74 | 104.33 ± 39.93 | 107.40 ± 41.69 | 0.005 | 110.15 ± 38.98 | 107.76 ± 47.47 | 108.24 ± 44.10 | 109.20 ± 41.67 | 0.681 | 109.43 ± 46.17 | 103.44 ± 33.12 | 100.28 ± 34.68 | 105.68 ± 41.64 | <0.001 |
SFA 1 (g/day) <18 g/day | 37.10 ± 14.95 | 35.34 ± 13.20 | 35.16 ± 13.19 | 36.24 ± 14.21 | 0.002 | 37.31 ± 14.40 | 36.49 ± 14.72 | 36.55 ± 14.11 | 36.95 ± 14.30 | 0.615 | 36.90 ± 15.44 | 34.23 ± 11.52 | 33.73 ± 12.02 | 35.57 ± 14.09 | <0.001 |
MUFA 2 (g/day) Boys: 11–33.5 g/day Girls: 10–31 g/day | 47.66 ± 20.76 | 45.46 ± 19.89 | 45.70 ± 18.96 | 46.75 ± 20.05 | 0.034 | 47.45 ± 15.91 | 46.89 ± 24.91 | 47.34 ± 20.46 | 47.36 ± 18.61 | 0.959 | 47.84 ± 24.33 | 44.09 ± 13.40 | 43.99 ± 17.00 | 46.18 ± 21.32 | 0.004 |
PUFA 3 (g/day) Boys: <24.5 g/day Girls: <22.7 g/day | 13.87 ± 6.13 | 13.65 ± 6.99 | 13.26 ± 6.86 | 13.62 ± 6.48 | 0.066 | 14.05 ± 6.12 | 13.64 ± 5.70 | 13.76 ± 7.77 | 13.90 ± 6.78 | 0.707 | 13.71 ± 6.13 | 13.65 ± 8.06 | 12.73 ± 5.74 | 13.36 ± 6.18 | 0.019 |
Cholesterol (mg/day) <300 mg/day | 370.99 ± 145.36 | 369.80 ± 154.32 | 363.86 ± 189.54 | 368.27 ± 163.93 | 0.557 | 377.23 ± 149.63 | 379.23 ± 167.60 | 377.73 ± 225.50 | 377.44 ± 183.74 | 0.995 | 365.37 ± 141.26 | 360.73 ± 140.59 | 349.49 ± 142.62 | 359.52 ± 141.98 | 0.146 |
Water (mL/day) >1600 mL/day | 1293.35 ± 679.11 | 1221.96 ± 543.40 | 1249.16 ± 636.18 | 1271.31 ± 653.78 | 0.132 | 1316.80 ± 645.23 | 1251.60 ± 540.47 | 1275.79 ± 608.62 | 1294.96 ± 623.27 | 0.397 | 1272.23 ± 707.95 | 1193.45 ± 547.27 | 1221.58 ± 663.00 | 1248.73 ± 681.10 | 0.298 |
Total | Boys | Girls | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Healthy Weight (n = 1496, 54.9%) | Thinness (n = 206, 7.6%) | Overweight/ Obesity (n = 1022, 37.5%) | Total | p-Value | Healthy Weight (n = 709, 53.3%) | Thinness (n = 101, 7.6%) | Overweight/ Obesity (n = 520, 39.1%) | Total | p-Value | Healthy Weight (n = 787, 56.5%) | Thinness (n = 105, 7.5%) | Overweight/ Obesity (n = 502, 36.0%) | Total | p-Value | |
Does your child participate in extracurricular activities? | 0.766 | 0.951 | 0.928 | ||||||||||||
No | 162 (15.5%) | 22 (15.2%) | 94 (14.5%) | 278 (15.1%) | 66 (13.2%) | 10 (13.9%) | 44 (12.7%) | 120 (13.1%) | 96 (17.6%) | 12 (16.4%) | 50 (16.6%) | 158 (17.2%) | |||
Yes | 882 (84.5%) | 123 (84.8%) | 554 (85.5%) | 1559 (84.9%) | 433 (86.8%) | 62 (86.1%) | 303 (87.3%) | 798 (86.9%) | 451 (82.4%) | 61 (83.6%) | 251 (83.4%) | 763 (82.3%) | |||
Total | 1044 (100.0%) | 145 (100.0%) | 648 (100.0%) | 1837 (100.0%) | 499 (100.0%) | 72 (100.0%) | 347 (100.0%) | 918 (100.0%) | 547 (100.0%) | 73 (100.0%) | 301 (100.0%) | 921 (100.0%) | |||
How much physical exercise does your child do in his/her free time? | 0.575 | 0.238 | 0.575 | ||||||||||||
No exercise | 47 (3.2%) | 9 (4.6%) | 26 (2.7%) | 82 (3.1%) | 24 (3.5%) | 4 (4.1%) | 12 (2.4%) | 40 (3.1%) | 23 (3.0%) | 5 (5.0%) | 14 (2.9%) | 42 (3.1%) | |||
<1 time per month | 91 (6.3%) | 12 (6.1%) | 68 (7.0%) | 171 (6.5%) | 27 (3.9%) | 3 (3.1%) | 21 (4.3%) | 51 (4.0%) | 64 (8.4%) | 9 (9.0%) | 47 (9.8%) | 120 (8.9%) | |||
1 ≥ times a month but <1 week at a time | 128 (8.8%) | 14 (7.1%) | 84 (8.7%) | 226 (8.6%) | 44 (6.4%) | 9 (9.3%) | 32 (6.5%) | 85 (6.7%) | 84 (11.0%) | 5 (5.0%) | 52 (10.9%) | 141 (10.5%) | |||
Weekly but <2 h | 359 (24.7%) | 44 (22.3%) | 235 (24.2%) | 638 (24.4%) | 145 (21.1%) | 11 (11.3%) | 104 (21.1%) | 260 (20.4%) | 214 (28.0%) | 33 (33.0%) | 131 (27.3%) | 378 (28.1%) | |||
Weekly >2 h | 812 (55.9%) | 113 (57.4%) | 539 (55.5%) | 1464 (55.9%) | 440 (64.0%) | 66 (68.0%) | 314 (63.8%) | 820 (64.3%) | 372 (48.6%) | 47 (47.0%) | 225 (47.0%) | 644 (47.9%) | |||
Don’t know/no answer | 15 (1.0%) | 5 (2.5%) | 19 (2.0%) | 39 (1.5%) | 7 (1.0%) | 4 (4.1%) | 9 (1.8%) | 20 (1.6%) | 8 (1.0%) | 1 (1.0%) | 10 (2.1%) | 19 (1.4%) | |||
Total | 1452 (100.0%) | 197 (100.0%) | 971 (100.0%) | 2620 (100.0%) | 687 (100.0%) | 97 (100.0%) | 492 (100.0%) | 1276 (100.0%) | 765 (100.0%) | 100 (100.0%) | 479 (100.0%) | 1344 (100.0%) | |||
Does your child have a cell phone? | 0.118 | 0.015 | 0.542 | ||||||||||||
No | 1012 (97.2%) | 143 (98.6%) | 618 (95.1%) | 1773 (96.5%) | 486 (97.8%) | 71 (98.6%) | 327 (93.7%) | 884 (96.3%) | 526 (96.3%) | 72 (98.6%) | 291 (96.4%) | 889 (96.5%) | |||
Yes | 29 (2.8%) | 2 (1.4%) | 31 (4.9%) | 62 (3.5%) | 9 (1.8%) | 1 (1.4%) | 21 (6.0%) | 31 (3.4%) | 20 (3.7%) | 1 (1.4%) | 10 (3.3%) | 31 (3.4%) | |||
Total | 1041 (100.0%) | 145 (100.0%) | 649 (100.0%) | 1835 (100.0%) | 495 (100.0%) | 72 (100.0%) | 348 (100.0%) | 915 (100.0%) | 546 (100.0%) | 73 (100.0%) | 301 (100.0%) | 920 (100.0%) | |||
Do you have a cell phone? Child’s answer | 0.720 | 0.549 | 0.880 | ||||||||||||
No | 875 (87.2%) | 125 (89.3%) | 537 (86.8%) | 1537 (87.2%) | 419 (86.2%) | 61 (91.0%) | 287 (86.7%) | 767 (86.8%) | 456 (88.0%) | 64 (87.7%) | 250 (86.8%) | 770 (87.6%) | |||
Yes | 129 (12.8%) | 15 (10.7%) | 82 (13.2%) | 226 (12.8%) | 67 (13.8%) | 6 (9.0%) | 44 (13.3%) | 117 (13.2%) | 62 (12.0%) | 9 (12.3%) | 38 (13.2%) | 109 (12.4%) | |||
Total | 1004 (100.0%) | 140 (100.0%) | 619 (100.0%) | 1763 (100.0%) | 486 (100.0%) | 67 (100.0%) | 331 (100.0%) | 884 (100.0%) | 518 (100.0%) | 73 (100.0%) | 288 (100.0%) | 879 (100.0%) | |||
Do you use a mom/dad’s cell phone? Child’s answer | 0.112 | 0.349 | 0.297 | ||||||||||||
No | 410 (40.9%) | 55 (39.3%) | 221 (35.7%) | 686 (39.0%) | 194 (39.9%) | 24 (35.8%) | 116 (35.0%) | 334 (37.8%) | 216 (41.9%) | 31 (42.5%) | 105 (36.5%) | 352 (40.1%) | |||
Yes | 592 (59.1%) | 85 (60.7%) | 398 (64.3%) | 1075 (61.0%) | 292 (60.1%) | 43 (64.2%) | 215 (65.0%) | 550 (62.2%) | 300 (58.1%) | 42 (57.5%) | 183 (63.5%) | 525 (59.9%) | |||
Total | 1002 (100.0%) | 140 (100.0%) | 619 (100.0%) | 1761 (100.0%) | 486 (100.0%) | 67 (100.0%) | 331 (100.0%) | 884 (100.0%) | 516 (100.0%) | 73 (100.0%) | 288 (100.0%) | 877 (100.0%) | |||
How much time does the child usually watch TV on weekdays? | 0.005 | 0.009 | 0.347 | ||||||||||||
Nothing | 75 (5.2%) | 13 (6.6%) | 39 (4.0%) | 127 (4.8%) | 31 (4.5%) | 5 (5.2%) | 15 (3.0%) | 51 (4.0%) | 44 (5.8%) | 8 (7.9%) | 24 (5.0%) | 76 (5.7%) | |||
<1 h | 516 (35.6%) | 61 (30.8%) | 279 (28.8%) | 856 (32.7%) | 234 (34.1%) | 28 (28.9%) | 131 (26.6%) | 393 (30.8%) | 282 (36.9%) | 33 (32.7%) | 148 (31.0%) | 463 (34.5%) | |||
1 h | 606 (41.8%) | 88 (44.4%) | 456 (47.0%) | 1150 (43.9%) | 284 (41.3%) | 41 (42.3%) | 243 (49.3%) | 568 (44.5%) | 322 (42.1%) | 47 (46.5%) | 213 (44.7%) | 582 (43.4%) | |||
2 or 3 h | 232 (16.0%) | 28 (14.1%) | 176 (18.1%) | 436 (16.6%) | 124 (18.0%) | 16 (16.5%) | 92 (18.7%) | 232 (18.2%) | 108 (14.1%) | 12 (11.9%) | 84 (17.6%) | 204 (15.2%) | |||
>3 h | 19 (1.3%) | 6 (3.0%) | 14 (1.4%) | 39 (1.5%) | 13 (1.9%) | 6 (6.2%) | 8 (1.6%) | 27 (2.1%) | 6 (0.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 6 (1.3%) | 12 (0.9%) | |||
Don’t know/no answer | 3 (0.2%) | 2 (1.0%) | 6 (0.6%) | 11 (0.4%) | 1 (0.1%) | 1 (1.0%) | 4 (0.8%) | 6 (0.5%) | 2 (0.3%) | 1 (1.0%) | 2 (0.4%) | 5 (0.4%) | |||
Total | 1451 (100.0%) | 198 (100.0%) | 970 (100.0%) | 2619 (100.0%) | 687 (100.0%) | 97 (100.0%) | 493 (100.0%) | 1277 (100.0%) | 764 (100.0%) | 101 (100.0%) | 477 (100.0%) | 1342 (100.0%) | |||
How long does the child usually watch TV on the weekend? | 0.474 | 0.070 | 0.072 | ||||||||||||
Nothing | 18 (1.2%) | 4 (2.0%) | 11 (1.1%) | 33 (1.3%) | 4 (0.6%) | 2 (2.1%) | 3 (0.6%) | 9 (0.7%) | 14 (1.8%) | 2 (2.0%) | 8 (1.7%) | 24 (1.8%) | |||
<1 h | 67 (4.6%) | 11 (5.6%) | 39 (4.0%) | 117 (4.5%) | 35 (5.1%) | 6 (6.2%) | 15 (3.0%) | 56 (4.4%) | 32 (4.2%) | 5 (5.0%) | 24 (5.0%) | 61 (4.6%) | |||
1 h | 254 (17.6%) | 30 (15.2%) | 156 (16.1%) | 440 (16.8%) | 104 (15.2%) | 21 (21.6%) | 82 (16.6%) | 207 (16.2%) | 150 (19.7%) | 9 (8.9%) | 74 (15.5%) | 233 (17.4%) | |||
2 or 3 h | 784 (54.2%) | 110 (55.6%) | 534 (55.1%) | 1428 (54.6%) | 370 (54.0%) | 39 (40.2%) | 267 (54.2%) | 676 (53.0%) | 414 (54.4%) | 71 (70.3%) | 267 (56.0%) | 752 (56.2%) | |||
>3 h | 312 (21.6%) | 38 (19.2%) | 219 (22.6%) | 569 (21.8%) | 167 (24.4%) | 26 (26.8%) | 122 (24.7%) | 315 (24.7%) | 145 (19.1%) | 12 (11.9%) | 97 (20.3%) | 254 (19.0%) | |||
Don’t know/no answer | 11 (0.8%) | 5 (2.5%) | 11 (1.1%) | 27 (1.0%) | 5 (0.7%) | 3 (3.1%) | 4 (0.8%) | 12 (0.9%) | 6 (0.8%) | 2 (2.0%) | 7 (1.5%) | 15 (1.1%) | |||
Total | 1446 (100.0%) | 198 (100.0%) | 970 (100.0%) | 2614 (100.0%) | 685 (100.0%) | 97 (100.0%) | 493 (100.0%) | 1275 (100.0%) | 761 (100.0%) | 101 (100.0%) | 477 (100.0%) | 1339 (100.0%) | |||
How much time does the child usually spend playing on video games, computer, or internet on weekdays? | 0.555 | 0.167 | 0.934 | ||||||||||||
Nothing | 690 (47.6%) | 100 (50.8%) | 437 (45.1%) | 1227 (46.9%) | 320 (46.6%) | 52 (53.6%) | 206 (41.9%) | 578 (45.3%) | 370 (48.6%) | 48 (48.0%) | 231 (48.3%) | 649 (48.4%) | |||
<1 h | 523 (36.1%) | 62 (31.5%) | 349 (36.0%) | 934 (35.7%) | 240 (34.9%) | 26 (26.8%) | 177 (36.0%) | 443 (34.7%) | 273 (37.1%) | 36 (36.0%) | 172 (36.0%) | 491 (36.6%) | |||
1 h | 193 (13.3%) | 27 (13.7%) | 148 (15.3%) | 368 (14.1%) | 99 (14.4%) | 12 (12.4%) | 88 (17.9%) | 199 (15.6%) | 94 (12.3%) | 15 (15.0%) | 60 (12.6%) | 169 (12.6%) | |||
2 or 3 h | 32 (2.2%) | 6 (3.0%) | 23 (2.4%) | 61 (2.3%) | 22 (3.2%) | 6 (6.2%) | 14 (2.8%) | 42 (3.3%) | 10 (1.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 9 (1.9%) | 19 (1.4%) | |||
>3 h | 6 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (0.5%) | 11 (0.4%) | 5 (0.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (0.8%) | 9 (0.7%) | 1 (0.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.2%) | 2 (0.1%) | |||
Don’t know/no answer | 5 (0.3%) | 2 (1.0%) | 8 (0.8%) | 15 (0.6%) | 1 (0.1%) | 1 (1.0%) | 3 (0.6%) | 5 (0.4%) | 4 (0.5%) | 1 (1.0%) | 5 (1.0%) | 10 (0.7%) | |||
Total | 1449 (100.0%) | 197 (100.0%) | 970 (100.0%) | 2616 (100.0%) | 687 (100.0%) | 97 (100.0%) | 492 (100.0%) | 1276 (100.0%) | 762 (100.0%) | 100 (100.0%) | 478 (100.0%) | 1340 (100.0%) | |||
How much time does the child usually spend playing on video games, computer, or internet on weekends? | 0.041 | 0.006 | 0.433 | ||||||||||||
Nothing | 168 (11.6%) | 37 (18.7%) | 96 (9.9%) | 301 (11.5%) | 58 (8.5%) | 17 (17.5%) | 27 (5.5%) | 102 (8.0%) | 110 (14.5%) | 20 (19.8%) | 69 (14.5%) | 199 (14.9%) | |||
<1 h | 359 (24.8%) | 37 (18.7%) | 214 (22.1%) | 610 (23.3%) | 119 (17.3%) | 14 (14.4%) | 79 (16.0%) | 212 (16.6%) | 240 (31.5%) | 23 (22.8%) | 135 (28.3%) | 398 (29.7%) | |||
1 h | 429 (29.6%) | 60 (30.3%) | 301 (31.0%) | 790 (30.2%) | 210 (30.6%) | 27 (27.8%) | 147 (29.8%) | 384 (30.1%) | 219 (28.8%) | 33 (32.7%) | 154 (32.3%) | 406 (30.3%) | |||
2 or 3 h | 402 (27.8%) | 49 (24.7%) | 287 (29.6%) | 738 (28.2%) | 243 (35.4%) | 25 (25.8%) | 191 (38.7%) | 459 (36.0%) | 159 (20.9%) | 24 (23.8%) | 96 (20.1%) | 279 (20.8%) | |||
>3 h | 75 (5.2%) | 12 (6.1%) | 62 (6.4%) | 149 (5.7%) | 51 (7.4%) | 12 (12.4%) | 45 (9.1%) | 108 (8.5%) | 24 (3.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 17 (3.6%) | 41 (3.1%) | |||
Don’t know/no answer | 14 (1.0%) | 3 (1.5%) | 10 (1.0%) | 27 (1.0%) | 5 (0.7%) | 2 (2.1%) | 4 (0.8%) | 11 (0.9%) | 9 (1.2%) | 1 (1.0%) | 6 (1.3%) | 16 (1.2%) | |||
Total | 1447 (100.0%) | 198 (100.0%) | 970 (100.0%) | 2615 (100.0%) | 686 (100.0%) | 97 (100.0%) | 493 (100.0%) | 1276 (100.0%) | 761 (100.0%) | 101 (100.0%) | 477 (100.0%) | 1339 (100.0%) |
Total | Boys | Girls | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Healthy Weight (n = 1496, 54.9%) | Thinness (n = 206, 7.6%) | Overweight/ Obesity (n = 1022, 37.5%) | Total | p-Value | Healthy Weight (n = 709, 53.3%) | Thinness (n = 101, 7.6%) | Overweight/ Obesity (n = 520, 39.1%) | Total | p-Value | Healthy Weight (n = 787, 56.5%) | Thinness (n = 105, 7.5%) | Overweight/ Obesity (n = 502, 36.0%) | Total | p-Value | |
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) | 1089.83 ± 91.40 | 1002.38 ± 76.38 | 1287.10 ± 550.14 | 1157.23 ± 359.37 | <0.001 | 1088.78 ± 88.39 | 997.31 ± 77.69 | 1270.51 ± 153.63 | 1152.89 ± 152.57 | <0.001 | 1090.77 ± 94.08 | 1007.25 ± 75.15 | 1304.29 ± 769.26 | 1161.37 ± 479.80 | <0.001 |
Physical activity level (PAL) | 1.54 ± 0.10 | 1.54 ± 0.10 | 1.56 ± 0.09 | 1.55 ± 0.10 | <0.001 | 1.54 ± 0.09 | 1.54 ± 0.09 | 1.56 ± 0.09 | 1.55 ± 0.09 | 0.005 | 1.54 ± 0.10 | 1.54 ± 0.10 | 1.55 ± 0.10 | 1.54 ± 0.10 | 0.114 |
PAL ≥ 1.60 | 527 (35.2%) | 72 (35.0%) | 444 (43.4%) | 1043 (38.3%) | <0.001 | 249 (35.1%) | 32 (31.7%) | 233 (44.8%) | 514 (38.6%) | <0.001 | 278 (35.3%) | 40 (38.1%) | 211 (42.0%) | 529 (37.9%) | 0.053 |
Total body energy expenditure (TBEE) | 1681.00 ± 197.26 | 1547.51 ± 177.38 | 2004.96 ± 869.68 | 179.45 ± 579.34 | <0.001 | 1682.81 ± 190.90 | 1541.56 ± 173.68 | 1985.29 ± 286.91 | 1790.35 ± 282.09 | <0.001 | 1679.37 ± 202.92 | 1553.24 ± 181.52 | 2025.34 ± 1206.34 | 1794.46 ± 761.69 | <0.001 |
Calorie intake | 2361.81 ± 857.42 | 2274.01 ± 837.31 | 2295.20 ± 811.82 | 2330.63 ± 839.55 | <0.001 | 2406.73 ± 887.57 | 2325.11 ± 911.94 | 2376.30 ± 872.77 | 2388.15 ± 882.48 | <0.001 | 2321.34 ± 827.81 | 2224.85 ± 759.82 | 2211.20 ± 734.92 | 2275.71 ± 792.82 | <0.001 |
Δ Calorie intake-TBEE | 680.81 ± 872.43 | 726.50 ± 855.03 | 290.24 ± 1190.98 | 537.73 ± 1020.64 | <0.001 | 723.92 ± 890.38 | 783.56 ± 912.95 | 391.01 ± 900.58 | 598.29 ± 910.83 | <0.001 | 641.97 ± 854.64 | 671.62 ± 795.89 | 185.86 ± 1424.44 | 479.95 ± 1112.63 | <0.001 |
Δ Calorie intake-TBEE ≤ 100 kcal | 130 (8.7%) | 13 (6.3%) | 124 (12.1%) | 267 (9.8%) | <0.001 | 48 (6.8%) | 9 (8.9%) | 60 (11.5%) | 117 (8.8%) | <0.001 | 82 (10.4%) | 4 (3.8%) | 64 (12.7%) | 150 (10.8%) | <0.001 |
TBEE if PAL = 1.60 | 1743.72 ± 146.24 | 1603.80 ± 122.21 | 2059.35 ± 880.22 | 1851.56 ± 574.99 | <0.001 | 1742.05 ± 141.42 | 1595.70 ± 124.30 | 2032.81 ± 245.81 | 1844.62 ± 244.11 | <0.001 | 1745.23 ± 150.53 | 1611.59 ± 120.24 | 2086.85 ± 1230.80 | 1858.18 ± 767.68 | <0.001 |
Δ Calorie intake-TBEE if PAL = 1.60 | 618.09 ± 859.82 | 670.21 ± 839.58 | 235.84 ± 1200.89 | 478.62 ± 1017.49 | <0.001 | 664.69 ± 883.70 | 729.42 ± 903.01 | 343.49 ± 890.74 | 544.02 ± 901.85 | <0.001 | 576.11 ± 863.07 | 613.25 ± 773.77 | 124.34 ± 1446.56 | 416.22 ± 1113.46 | <0.001 |
TBEE if PAL = 1.85 | 2016.17 ± 169.09 | 1854.39 ± 141.30 | 2381.13 ± 1017.75 | 2140.86 ± 664.83 | <0.001 | 2014.24 ± 163.51 | 1845.02 ± 143.72 | 2350.43 ± 284.21 | 2132.83 ± 282.25 | <0.001 | 2017.92 ± 174.05 | 1863.41 ± 139.02 | 2412.92 ± 1423.12 | 2148.53 ± 887.63 | <0.001 |
Δ Calorie intake-TBEE if PAL = 1.85 | 345.63 ± 862.44 | 419.61 ± 841.54 | −85.92 ± 1305.55 | 189.31 ± 1070.82 | <0.001 | 392.49 ± 885.13 | 480.09 ± 903.14 | 25.86 ± 899.60 | 255.80 ± 910.64 | <0.001 | 303.42 ± 839.80 | 361.44 ± 777.61 | −201.72 ± 1615.18 | 125.88 ± 1200.84 | <0.001 |
Total | Boys | Girls | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Healthy Weight (n = 1496, 54.9%) | Thinness (n = 206, 7.6%) | ORc | ORa | Overweight/ Obesity (n = 1022, 37.5%) | ORc | ORa | Healthy Weight (n = 709, 53.3%) | Thinness (n = 101, 7.6%) | ORc | ORa | Overweight/ Obesity (n = 520, 39.1%) | ORc | ORa | Healthy Weight (n = 787, 56.5%) | Thinness (n = 105, 7.5%) | ORc | ORa | Overweight/ Obesity (n = 502, 36.0%) | ORc | ORa | |
Calories | |||||||||||||||||||||
Boys: 1910.5–2110.5 kcal/day Girls: 1756.5–1956.5 kcal/day | 89 (9.4%) | 9 (7.0%) | Ref. | Ref. | 92 (13.6%) | Ref. | Ref. | 29 (7.0%) | 5 (9.6%) | Ref. | Ref. | 41 (13.5%) | Ref. | Ref. | 60 (11.4%) | 4 (5.3%) | Ref. | Ref. | 51 (13.7%) | Ref. | Ref. |
Boys: <1910.5 kcal/day Girls: <1756.5 kcal/day | 75 (8.0%) | 7 (5.5%) | 1.42 (0.69–2.90) | 1.42 (0.69–2.92) | 212 (31.4%) | 0.46 (0.34–0.63) | 0.46 (0.34–0.64) | 29 (7.0%) | 1 (1.9%) | 0.75 (0.28–2.03) | 0.69 (0.25–1.93) | 71 (23.4%) | 0.38 (0.23–0.63) | 0.39 (0.23–0.65) | 46 (8.7%) | 6 (7.9%) | 2.35 (0.83–6.67) | 2.40 (0.84–6.85) | 141 (37.9%) | 0.50 (0.33–0.76) | 0.49 (0.32–0.75) |
Boys: >2110.5 kcal/day Girls: >1956.5 kcal/day | 779 (82.6%) | 112 (87.5%) | 0.92 (0.33–2.60) | 0.92 (0.33–2.60) | 372 (55.0%) | 2.73 (1.85–4.05) | 2.73 (1.85–4.05) | 357 (86.0%) | 46 (88.5%) | 0.20 (0.02–1.82) | 0.20 (0.02–1.78) | 192 (63.2%) | 1.73 (0.91–3.29) | 1.73 (0.91–3.29) | 422 (79.9%) | 66 (86.8%) | 1.96 (0.52–7.34) | 1.93 (0.52–7.27) | 180 (48.4%) | 3.61 (2.19–5.95) | 3.63 (2.20–5.99) |
Proteins * | |||||||||||||||||||||
>0.9 g/kg | 864 (57.8%) | 107 (51.9%) | Ref. | Ref. | 734 (71.8%) | Ref. | Ref. | 425 (59.9%) | 52 (51.5%) | Ref. | Ref. | 373 (71.7%) | Ref. | Ref. | 439 (55.8%) | 55 (52.4%) | Ref. | Ref. | 361 (71.9%) | Ref. | Ref. |
<0.9 g/kg | 632 (42.2%) | 99 (48.1%) | 1.27 (0.95–1.69) | 1.13 (0.78–1.65) | 288 (28.2%) | 0.54 (0.45–0.63) | 0.57 (0.46–0.70) | 284 (40.1%) | 49 (48.5%) | 1.41 (0.93–2.14) | 1.00 (0.55–1.82) | 147 (28.3%) | 0.59 (0.46–0.75) | 0.67 (0.48–0.92) | 348 (44.2%) | 50 (47.6%) | 1.15 (0.76–1.73) | 1.22 (0.75–1.99) | 141 (28.1%) | 0.49 (0.39–0.63) | 0.49 (0.37–0.66) |
Carbohydrates | |||||||||||||||||||||
Boys: 226–301 g/day Girls: 209–293 g/day | 728 (49.3%) | 99 (48.1%) | Ref. | Ref. | 458 (45.1%) | Ref. | Ref. | 325 (46.4%) | 40 (39.6%) | Ref. | Ref. | 227 (43.9%) | Ref. | Ref. | 403 (51.9%) | 59 (56.2%) | Ref. | Ref. | 231 (46.3%) | Ref. | Ref. |
Boys: <226 g/day Girls: <209 g/day | 581 (39.3%) | 91 (44.2%) | 1.15 (0.85–1.56) | 1.19 (0.81–1.74) | 459 (45.2%) | 1.26 (1.06–1.49) | 1.23 (1.00–1.51) | 293 (41.8%) | 51 (50.5%) | 1.41 (0.91–2.20) | 1.72 (0.93–3.16) | 235 (45.5%) | 1.15 (0.90–1.46) | 1.25 (0.91–1.70) | 288 (37.1%) | 40 (38.1%) | 0.95 (0.62–1.46) | 0.94 (0.57–1.54) | 224 (44.9%) | 1.36 (1.07–1.72) | 1.21 (0.92–1.60) |
Boys: >301 g/day Girls: >293 g/day | 169 (11.4%) | 16 (7.8%) | 0.70 (0.40–1.21) | 0.52 (0.22–1.24) | 99 (9.7%) | 0.93 (0.71–1.23) | 0.93 (0.64–1.36) | 83 (11.8%) | 10 (9.9%) | 0.98 (0.47–2.04) | 0.82 (0.23–2.92) | 55 (10.6%) | 0.95 (0.65–1.39) | 1.19 (0.70–2.04) | 86 (11.1%) | 6 (5.7%) | 0.48 (0.20–1.14) | 0.38 (0.11–1.28) | 44 (8.8%) | 0.89 (0.60–1.33) | 0.73 (0.43–1.25) |
Sugar * | |||||||||||||||||||||
Boys: <25 g/day Girls: <23 g/day | 716 (48.0%) | 110 (53.7%) | Ref. | Ref. | 532 (52.2%) | Ref. | Ref. | 343 (48.5%) | 52 (52.0%) | Ref. | Ref. | 267 (51.4%) | Ref. | Ref. | 373 (47.5%) | 58 (55.2%) | Ref. | Ref. | 265 (52.9%) | Ref. | Ref. |
Boys: >25 g/day Girls: >23 g/day | 776 (52.0%) | 95 (46.3%) | 0.80 (0.60–1.07) | 0.83 (0.57–1.20) | 488 (47.8%) | 0.85 (0.72–0.99) | 0.80 (0.66–0.98) | 364 (51.5%) | 48 (48.0%) | 0.87 (0.57–1.32) | 1.06 (0.59–1.89) | 252 (48.6%) | 0.89 (0.71–1.12) | 0.79 (0.59–1.06) | 412 (52.5%) | 47 (44.8%) | 0.73 (0.49–1.11) | 0.70 (0.43–1.14) | 236 (47.1%) | 0.81 (0.64–1.01) | 0.80 (0.62–1.05) |
Fiber | |||||||||||||||||||||
>15 g/day | 234 (15.7%) | 33 (16.1%) | Ref. | Ref. | 136 (13.4%) | Ref. | Ref. | 127 (18.0%) | 17 (17.0%) | Ref. | Ref. | 75 (14.5%) | Ref. | Ref. | 107 (13.6%) | 16 (15.2%) | Ref. | Ref. | 61 (12.2%) | Ref. | Ref. |
<15 g/day | 1257 (84.3%) | 172 (83.9%) | 0.97 (0.65–1.44) | 1.02 (0.58–1.80) | 882 (86.6%) | 1.21 (0.96–1.52) | 1.19 (0.87–1.62) | 580 (82.0%) | 83 (83.0%) | 1.07 (0.61–1.86) | 1.05 (0.45–2.44) | 442 (85.5%) | 1.29 (0.95–1.76) | 1.03 (0.67–1.60) | 677 (86.4%) | 89 (84.8%) | 0.88 (0.50–1.55) | 0.99 (0.47–2.09) | 440 (87.8%) | 1.14 (0.81–1.60) | 1.39 (0.88–2.20) |
Lipids | |||||||||||||||||||||
Boys: 56–78 g/day Girls: 52–72 g/day | 136 (9.1%) | 22 (10.7%) | Ref. | Ref. | 129 (12.7%) | Ref. | Ref. | 74 (10.5%) | 12 (12.0%) | Ref. | Ref. | 66 (12.7%) | Ref. | Ref. | 62 (7.9%) | 10 (9.5%) | Ref. | Ref. | 63 (12.6%) | Ref. | Ref. |
Boys: <56 g/day Girls: <52 g/day | 11 (0.7%) | 2 (1.0%) | 1.12 (0.23–5.45) | 0.74 (0.09–6.32) | 21 (2.1%) | 2.01 (0.93–4.34) | 2.16 (0.89–5.26) | 6 (0.8%) | 1 (1.0%) | 1.03 (0.11–9.31) | - | 13 (2.5%) | 2.43 (0.87–6.76) | 4.08 (1.07–15.50) | 5 (0.6%) | 1 (1.0%) | 1.24 (0.13–11.75) | 1.06 (0.11–10.38) | 8 (1.6%) | 1.58 (0.49–5.08) | 1.10 (0.31–3.90) |
Boys: >78 g/day Girls: >72 g/day | 1347 (90.2%) | 181 (88.3%) | 0.83 (0.52–1.34) | 0.79 (0.45–1.39) | 869 (85.3%) | 0.68 (0.53–0.88) | 0.66 (0.49–0.89) | 627 (88.7%) | 87 (87.0%) | 0.86 (0.45–1.64) | 0.82 (0.36–1.83) | 440 (84.8%) | 0.79 (0.55–1.12) | 0.77 (0.51–1.18) | 720 (91.5%) | 94 (89.5%) | 0.81 (0.40–1.63) | 0.73 (0.33–1.63) | 429 (85.8%) | 0.59 (0.41–0.85) | 0.55 (0.36–0.85) |
SFA 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||
<18 g/day | 7 (0.5%) | 2 (1.0%) | Ref. | Ref. | 16 (1.6%) | Ref. | Ref. | 5 (0.7%) | 2 (2.0%) | Ref. | Ref. | 8 (1.5%) | Ref. | Ref. | 2 (0.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | Ref. | Ref. | 8 (1.6%) | Ref. | Ref. |
>18 g/day | 1489 (99.5%) | 204 (99.0%) | 0.48 (0.10–2.32) | 0.27 (0.05–1.51) | 1004 (98.4%) | 0.30 (0.12–0.72) | 0.20 (0.06–0.60) | 704 (99.3%) | 99 (98.0%) | 0.35 (0.07–1.84) | 0.13 (0.02–0.91) | 510 (98.5%) | 0.45 (0.15–1.39) | 0.19 (0.04–0.90) | 785 (99.7%) | 105 (100.0%) | - | - | 494 (98.4%) | 0.16 (0.03–0.74) | 0.20 (0.04–1.02) |
MUFA 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Boys: 11–33.5 g/day Girls: 10–31 g/day | 185 (12.4%) | 32 (15.5%) | Ref. | Ref. | 164 (16.2%) | Ref. | Ref. | 89 (12.6%) | 18 (17.8%) | Ref. | Ref. | 83 (16.2%) | Ref. | Ref. | 96 (12.2%) | 14 813.3%) | Ref. | Ref. | 81 (16.2%) | Ref. | Ref. |
Boys: <11 g/day Girls: <10 g/day | 0 | 0 | - | - | 0 | - | - | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | - | - | 0 | 0 | - | - | 0 | - | - | |
Boys: >33.5 g/day Girls: >31 g/day | 1306 (87.6%) | 174 (84.5%) | 0.77 (0.51–1.16) | 0.83 (0.50–1.37) | 848 (83.8%) | 0.73 (0.58–0.92) | 0.73 (0.55–0.95) | 618 (87.4%) | 83 (82.2%) | 0.66 (0.38–1.16) | 0.77 (0.37–1.61) | 430 (83.8%) | 0.75 (0.54–1.03) | 0.72 (0.49–1.06) | 688 (87.8%) | 91 (86.7%) | 0.91 (0.50–1.66) | 0.86 (0.43–1.72) | 418 (83.8%) | 0.72 (0.52–0.99) | 0.74 (0.50–1.08) |
PUFA 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Boys: <24.5 g/day Girls: <22.7 g/day | 1422 (95.1%) | 195 (94.7%) | Ref. | Ref. | 982 (96.1%) | Ref. | Ref. | 676 (95.3%) | 96 (95.0%) | Ref. | Ref. | 499 (96.0%) | Ref. | Ref. | 746 (94.8%) | 99 (94.3%) | Ref. | Ref. | 483 (96.2%) | Ref. | Ref. |
Boys: >24.5 g/day Girls: >22.7 g/day | 74 (4.9%) | 11 (5.3%) | 1.08 (0.57–2.10) | 0.99 (0.38–2.56) | 40 (3.9%) | 0.78 (0.53–1.16) | 0.65 (0.36–1.17) | 33 (4.7%) | 5 (5.0%) | 1.07 (0.41–2.80) | 1.78 (0.49–6.41) | 21 (4.0%) | 0.86 (0.49–1.51) | 0.96 (0.42–2.19) | 41 (5.2%) | 6 (5.7%) | 1.10 (0.46–2.66) | 0.60 (0.14–2.59) | 19 (3.8%) | 0.72 (0.41–1.25) | 0.45 (0.19–1.07) |
Cholesterol | |||||||||||||||||||||
<300 mg/day | 60 (4.0%) | 6 (2.9%) | Ref. | Ref. | 54 (5.3%) | Ref. | Ref. | 24 (3.4%) | 3 (3.0%) | Ref. | Ref. | 21 (4.0%) | Ref. | Ref. | 36 (4.6%) | 3 (2.9%) | Ref. | Ref. | 33 (6.6%) | Ref. | Ref. |
>300 mg/day | 1436 (96.0%) | 200 (97.1%) | 1.39 (0.59–3.27) | 1.47 (0.52–4.18) | 968 (94.7%) | 0.75 (0.51–1.09) | 0.69 (0.45–1.07) | 685 (96.6%) | 98 (97.0%) | 1.15 (0.34–3.87) | 2.37 (0.31–18.11) | 499 (96.0%) | 0.83 (0.46–1.51) | 0.88 (0.44–1.74) | 751 (95.4%) | 102 (97.1%) | 1.63 (0.49–5.39) | 1.16 (0.34–3.95) | 469 (93.4%) | 0.68 (0.42–1.11) | 0.59 (0.34–1.04) |
Water | |||||||||||||||||||||
>1600 mL/day | 188 (12.6%) | 20 (9.7%) | Ref. | Ref. | 136 (13.3%) | Ref. | Ref. | 91 (12.8%) | 11 (10.9%) | Ref. | Ref. | 75 (14.4%) | Ref. | Ref. | 97 (12.3%) | 9 (8.6%) | Ref. | Ref. | 61 (12.2%) | Ref. | Ref. |
<1600 mL/day | 1308 (87.4%) | 186 (90.3%) | 1.34 (0.82–2.17) | 1.42 (0.72–2.81) | 886 (86.7%) | 0.94 (0.74–1.19) | 0.91 (0.66–1.26) | 618 (87.2%) | 90 (89.1%) | 1.21 (0.62–2.34) | 1.28 (0.49–3.40) | 445 (85.6%) | 0.87 (0.63–1.21) | 0.98 (0.62–1.55) | 690 (87.7%) | 96 (91.4%) | 1.50 (0.73–3.07) | 1.52 (0.58–3.96) | 441 (87.8%) | 1.02 (0.72–1.43) | 0.86 (0.55–1.34) |
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Morales-Suárez-Varela, M.; Peraita-Costa, I.; Llopis-Morales, A.; Llopis-González, A. Cross-Sectional Assessment of Nutritional Status, Dietary Intake, and Physical Activity Levels in Children (6–9 Years) in Valencia (Spain) Using Nutrimetry. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2649. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162649
Morales-Suárez-Varela M, Peraita-Costa I, Llopis-Morales A, Llopis-González A. Cross-Sectional Assessment of Nutritional Status, Dietary Intake, and Physical Activity Levels in Children (6–9 Years) in Valencia (Spain) Using Nutrimetry. Nutrients. 2024; 16(16):2649. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162649
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorales-Suárez-Varela, María, Isabel Peraita-Costa, Agustín Llopis-Morales, and Agustín Llopis-González. 2024. "Cross-Sectional Assessment of Nutritional Status, Dietary Intake, and Physical Activity Levels in Children (6–9 Years) in Valencia (Spain) Using Nutrimetry" Nutrients 16, no. 16: 2649. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162649