Breaking the Silence on Food Risks for Elderly People Living Alone
<p>Qualitative data collection techniques used in the research. First and second phases.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Epistemic and psychological silence, and normative silence. Own elaboration based on data from “La Pragmática del silencio en la conversación en español. Propuesta taxonómica a partir de conversaciones coloquiales” by L. Camargo and B. Méndez [<a href="#B24-nutrients-16-02655" class="html-bibr">24</a>].</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Food Risks in the Elderly Living Alone
1.2. The Importance of Breaking the Silence
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Study Sample and Setting
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Data Analysis and Categorization
3. Results
3.1. Epistemic and Psychological Silence
3.1.1. Cognitive Silence
“Here they help me every (…) they used to give it every week, now they give it every fortnight… if they give you potatoes, then that’s something I don’t have to buy myself, if they give you rice, I don’t have to buy it myself, if they give soup, the same. They give you a bottle of oil every two weeks, well, a bottle of oil, you see what I mean? (…) and we’re managing like that.”.(Woman, 74 years old, Catalonia)
“There are people, for instance, who don’t have an elevator in their homes and going out is a big deal, or (…) they are lonely and tend to somewhat isolate themselves. Then, sometimes, these people, through other programs, which are not the ‘Food at Home’ one [similar to Meals on Wheels], maybe the public administration does have (…)”.(Man, 67 years old, Valencia)
3.1.2. Cautious Silence
“It’s a bit of a long story (…) my husband was a lot of trouble. He gave me a lot of grief. I strived to earn money, but then it would all just vanish. Even my wedding ring… he went and sold it. I mean, when I couldn’t work anymore (…) I deteriorated a lot, I was, I was (…) well, in really bad shape. And then my GP told me: ‘If you don’t leave, it’s going to be the end of you. You will die, you won’t be able to go on’. So I spent two or three years away from home. I was looking after older people. I was living, I mean, I was a live-in caregiver (…)”.(Woman, 82 years old, Tarragona)
3.1.3. Emotional Silence
“Well, I suffered from depression because I lost my children, one at age 43 and the other at age 39. My younger daughter left a 6 year old girl. I carry this baggage with me constantly and fell into a depression. And I think I started to lose (…) my health a bit ever since then.”.(Woman, 84 years old, Valencia)
“I have a lot of problems now because I can’t make ends meet. That’s why I went to Social Services. I was drinking for two months, and here, if you keep drinking for three months, they kick you out. I saw that I wasn’t going to make it, three months and out (…) Then, finding myself in the street at 77, I was feeling, hmm, I’m redundant, I’m redundant in life (…) and I got it into my head that ??? and mind you, I’m still in this situation, but anyway, I’m more hopeful (…) lucky to have Vanesa… and then I say, I have to keep going. (…) [Social Services] called me for a second, they asked if I needed anything and I said I didn’t. I do need help. But I’m not gonna come here for them to sort out my life. They offered a solution, I thanked them. They told me that they might take me to the food bank. Yes, because I can’t go on my own, I have this problem, I have this… There must be people who are worse off than me, you know? And since they did this great favor to me (…) one could say they gave me back my life, because I was ready to give up. Between my sister-in-law and them… Between my sister-in-law and Vanesa, it’s my lifeguard (…)”.(Man, 78 years old, Barcelona)
3.1.4. Disruptive Silence
“There is a program, ‘Food at Home’ (…) which many cities also have, especially larger ones. Well, these ‘Food at Home’ folks, they come to your house, deliver the food and that’s that. And then, as far as I know, I don’t know if it has changed, maybe it’s changed recently and I’m not up to date, it doesn’t work on weekends, and of course (…) the result is… What’s these people’s situation? They are people who have mobility problems because of architectural barriers, don’t have elevators in their buildings and going out is a huge deal, or else they’re alone and somewhat isolated (…)”.(Man, 69 years old, Valencia)
3.2. Normative Silence
“A prepaid card for economic aid is fundamental (…) I do believe that politicians should conduct a more global review of the value of a prepaid card. It helps a person to enjoy better health… It’s not about the money. The person making purchases should have to show all the receipts of what they’ve spent. They must do that. They should be able to show what they’re spending this money on-show that you didn’t buy a crate of beer, or two bottles… That you bought milk. This is the person’s responsibility. But, yes, I do think that prepaid cards and financial aid are essential for families, as they can then choose what they think is good for them. (…) That makes them independent … being able to choose. And then… for instance, my son is allergic. He has asthma. So there are foods that he cannot eat (…) If I have a prepaid card, I can go to the market and buy fresh and healthy food. If I don’t have a prepaid card, I have to go to the social center and there they give me some canned tomatoes, and this and that, and I take it home. The difference is huge. So huge that one thing kills you and the other doesn’t.”.(Man, 66 years old, Barcelona)
“I think all kinds of vegetables are healthy. [Interviewer]: Of course. [Participant]: Vegetables and those… […] I eat a lot of tomatoes. Fresh, yes, I take them out of the fridge, split them, and add some salt and oil-I love them. Tomato, garlic, I eat all of that. Now, one thing I really really love is chard. I could eat chard every day. But I can’t eat chard because I’m taking Sinthrome…”.(Woman, 83 years old, Barcelona)
3.2.1. Silence Due to Situational Convention
“[Interviewer]: On occasion you’ve had to get food from the food bank. So they could give you a hand, right? [Participant]: Well, yes, there you go, there you go. [I]: Okay. What about fruit? Do you eat fruit? [P]: Fruit, not much. As there is… there is… there is little. [I]: The food, let’s say, what we eat, is somewhat related to the money we have, isn’t it? [P]: So it is, so it is. [I]: Okay, and fish, how long has it been since you last ate fish? [P]: Hmm, I haven’t eaten fish since… I… I… I don’t remember. [I]: You don’t remember when you last ate fish? [P]: I don’t remember that.”.(Man, 71 years old, Humilladero-Málaga)
3.2.2. Silence Due to Social Convention
“Oh! And […,] get that, in Lidl (a supermarket chain) just some […] three, about three months ago or even less, I don’t know, a dozen eggs cost EUR 1.45 and now it’s EUR 1.75. You see? [subject chuckles] And it’s a […] a […] a […] a big place, where many people go and they raise prices without any consideration to anybody, only […] and don’t get me going on electricity, well, that’s just plain outrageous. […] Then you need gas, you need electricity and gas, and water to wash yourself [subject chuckles], to take showers. You need everything. [I]: Do you think that maybe the government should provide some kind of aid to elderly people specifically for food, for cooking, for… [P]: Look here… When they said that people […] vulnerable people […], the-the-the government said they would give something towards electricity […] that we would get a discount, we would get […] and we filled out all the paperwork, we filled it all out, we did it all, and then they refused it. We did it again. Refused, and refused again and again […] Aid? None at all.”.(Man, 81 years old, Barcelona)
“Well, we cannot take away the age we are. Nor loneliness.”.(Woman, 85 years old, Humilladero-Málaga)
3.2.3. Silence Due to Cultural Convention
“Alone… yes. That’s why I have remote senior assistance. To get it, you have to be low income and living alone.”.(Woman, 77 years old, Valencia)
“Until two months ago, I had to feed myself with help from the food bank, but that is (…) always the same parcel; they give me two cartons of milk every 15 days. They have to last for 15 days, and that’s not even enough to get started, because that’s what I always have for breakfast. And little else (…) I couldn’t go, so two friends went to pick it up and bring it to me. I couldn’t go myself.”.(Woman, 65 years old, Granada)
“I don’t know, that’s something that (…) I didn’t want. For myself, no way. From what I have seen, it’s not like, or maybe it is, but it’s not like unemployed lawyers go to soup kitchens. The lines I’ve seen, because I’ve seen what I’ve seen, and me with those people, they’re as worthy as myself, but I can’t see myself together with them. I’m not like them. [I]: What are these people like? [P]: There are drug addicts, drunkards, people, very good people, who live their own way, as they like (…) but me (…) I have seen many kinds of people in food bank lines (…) but a soup kitchen is different. I mean, I have been there, I can’t say I haven’t. I have gone to get food, because I have to have something at home and I need to feed myself. But there is a difference. Let’s see, nowadays everybody has to be willing to stand in line at the food bank because there’s no other choice, so I (…) well, I… maybe you’ll say, when you’re in need, yes, but (…) but I don’t know, one’s principles, one’s (…) dignity (…) embarrassment (…) it hurts a lot, and with the life I’ve built for myself (…) this hurts (…) it hurts a lot!”.(Woman, 65 years old, Granada)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Andalusia (n = 4) | Catalonia (n = 11) | Valencian Community (n = 9) | Total (n = 24) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | ||||
Male | 2 (50%) | 2 (18%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (17%) |
Female | 2 (50%) | 9 (82%) | 9 (100%) | 20 (83%) |
Age | ||||
<75 years | 2 (50%) | 7 (64%) | 5 (56%) | 14 (58%) |
≥75 years | 2 (50%) | 4 (36%) | 4 (44%) | 10 (42%) |
Place of residence | ||||
Rural | 4 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 9 (100%) | 13 (54%) |
Urban | 0 (0%) | 11 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 11 (46%) |
Andalusia (n = 33) | Catalonia (n = 36) | Valencian Community (n = 33) | Total (n = 102) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | ||||
Male | 15 (45%) | 14 (39%) | 6 (18%) | 35 (34%) |
Female | 18 (55%) | 22 (61%) | 27 (82%) | 67 (66%) |
Age | ||||
≤64 years | 3 (9%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (3%) | 4 (4%) |
65–69 years | 3 (9%) | 4 (11%) | 7 (21%) | 14 (14%) |
70–79 years | 19 (58%) | 18 (50%) | 17 (52%) | 54 (53%) |
≥80 years | 8 (24%) | 14 (39%) | 8 (24%) | 30 (29%) |
Place of residence | ||||
Rural | 18 (55%) | 17 (47%) | 18 (71%) | 53 (52%) |
Urban | 15 (45%) | 19 (53%) | 15 (29%) | 49 (48%) |
Living alone | ||||
Yes | 12 (36%) | 18 (50%) | 9 (71%) | 39 (38%) |
No | 21 (64%) | 18 (50%) | 24 (29%) | 63 (62%) |
Andalusia (n = 12) | Catalonia (n = 18) | Valencian Community (n = 9) | Total (n = 39) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | ||||
Male | 3 (25%) | 5 (28%) | 1 (11%) | 9 (23%) |
Female | 9 (75%) | 13 (72%) | 8 (89%) | 30 (77%) |
Age | ||||
65–69 years | 1 (0.8%) | 1 (0.5%) | 3 (33%) | 5 (13%) |
70–79 years | 6 (50%) | 8 (49.5%) | 4 (45%) | 18 (46%) |
≥80 years | 5 (49.2%) | 9 (50%) | 2 (22%) | 16 (41%) |
Education Level | ||||
Primary | 3 (25%) | 4 (22%) | 4 (45%) | 11(28%) |
Secondary | 2 (16.5%) | 4 (22%) | 1 (11%) | 7 (18%) |
Higher | 2 (16.5%) | 3 (17%) | 1 (11%) | 6 (16%) |
Without Studies | 5 (42%) | 7 (39%) | 3 (33%) | 15 (38%) |
Marital Status | ||||
Widow/ed | 7 (58%) | 11 (60%) | 5 (56%) | 23 (59%) |
Single | 1 (0.8%) | 2 (12%) | 1 (11%) | 4 (10%) |
Divorced | 4 (41.2%) | 5 (28%) | 3 (33%) | 12 (31%) |
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Share and Cite
Company-Morales, M.; Casadó-Marín, L.; Muñoz, A.; Fontalba-Navas, A. Breaking the Silence on Food Risks for Elderly People Living Alone. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2655. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162655
Company-Morales M, Casadó-Marín L, Muñoz A, Fontalba-Navas A. Breaking the Silence on Food Risks for Elderly People Living Alone. Nutrients. 2024; 16(16):2655. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162655
Chicago/Turabian StyleCompany-Morales, Miguel, Lina Casadó-Marín, Araceli Muñoz, and Andrés Fontalba-Navas. 2024. "Breaking the Silence on Food Risks for Elderly People Living Alone" Nutrients 16, no. 16: 2655. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162655