WIPO

This article comparatively studies non-traditional trade marks that have recently gained popularity in the European Union (EU) and Japan. Businesses invest in sensory marketing strategies to build a long-lasting and unforgettable experience with their consumers. The strategies include branding colour, sound, or the scent of products in a manner that challenges the traditional understanding of what a trade mark is. Despite their clear market advantages, nontraditional trade marks leave the question of drawing the borders of protection to relevant authorities. This study refers to the expansion of trade mark protection to non-traditional signs through the trade mark-balloon phenomenon. The practical significance of this article lies in the analysis of the different responses to the inflating trade mark balloon in the EU and Japan, as well as the boundaries of trade mark protection and the flexibility of the requirements of distinctiveness and representation in these jurisdictions. The scope of this study limits the definition of nontraditional trade marks to colour (colour per se and colour combinations), sound and scent marks. The trade mark laws and case law of the EU and Japan have been utilized to outline the non-traditional signs that are afforded trade mark protection.

In this Essay, I sketch out some First Amendment and Due Process issues that arise from recent efforts by the World Intellectual Property Organization (“WIPO”) to revise U.S. copyright law. My focus will be on the WIPO Treaty on Audiovisual Performances (the “AV Treaty” for short). The AV Treaty expands upon other efforts to make it unlawful to reproduce or use nonliteral material having substantial value to another author; display or perform fragmentary content having substantial value to a record company or movie studio; or make a movie or YouTube video by transforming, recasting, or adapting information having substantial value to a corporation. Under WIPO's leadership, U.S. copyright law is moving to transfer more of the social value associated with copyrighted work to the copyright owner, and away from subsequent authors and consumers.

The Essay describes WIPO and its role in expanding copyright-like rights via the AV Treaty and statutes such as the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (“DMCA”). It analyzes key provisions of the AV Treaty for whether they change U.S. law, or merely globalize its existing rules. Article 5 of it states that independently of any economic rights, and even after the transfer of them, a performer has a right as to his or her fixed, live performances, to object to any distortion, mutilation or other modification of his performances that would be prejudicial to his reputation, taking due account of the nature of audiovisual fixations. Article 6 seems to grant a broad new right to restrict the “communication” of unfixed performances not already broadcast, to which right some exceptions “may” be granted, but do not have to be granted. Article 12 contemplates additional royalties to be paid to performers; irrespective of existing contracts relating to performances embodied in movies, songs, television shows, or video games. Article 15 of the AV Treaty could provide legal reinforcement to efforts to utilize digital rights management and technological protection measures so as to restrict the fair use of performances. Article 16 of the AV Treaty requires parties to provide civil remedies against those who negligently facilitate the availability or distribution of a performance, knowing or having reason to know that the credits or terms of use have been omitted.

The Essay describes the threat posed to the First Amendment by the AV Treaty’s proposed changes to U.S. law. The AV Treaty alters the traditional contours of copyright in the United States by introducing moral rights, and outlawing the making available of performances even without distributing them. The Essay analyzes these First Amendment threats using the rubric provided by Eldred v. Ashcroft. It also outlines the Due Process concerns that arise from the AV Treaty’s vague language and arbitrary distinctions. The statutory damages that may be available under U.S. law if ordinary copyright remedies are extended to performance rights will threaten the Excessive Fines Clause of the Eighth Amendment, as well as Due Process. Moreover, the Essay points out that the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement may multiply all of the censorial provisions of the AV Treaty, by stating that criminal copyright infringement shall include instances of related rights infringements that have no direct or indirect motivation of financial gain. The AV Treaty may also interact with proposals such as the Stop Online Piracy Act, which would make it easier for corporations or executive agencies to seize web sites that do not themselves infringe copyrights, but that might facilitate acts of infringement.

World Intellectual Property Organization, WIPO, audiovisual, performances, treaty, WCT, WPPT, phonograms, fixation, unfixed, authorship, copyright, fair use, First Amendment, Due Process, YouTube, Facebook, Pinterest, Twitter, eBay, Amazon.com, Google, Yahoo!, Flava, SOPA, moral rights

O livro, como se depreende da análise do organograma
acima, apresenta uma análise ampla das corte e tribunais
internacionais. Inicialmente, faz-se uma análise histórica dos meios
de solução de controvérsias, retomando as Convenções de Haia. Na
sequência, são expostos os meios diplomáticos e políticos de solução
de controvérsias, mencionando-se a questão de Kosovo, em que o
papel da mediação rendeu um prêmio Nobel ao finlandês Martti
Ahtisaari. No Capítulo 3, trata do conflito de competências entre
Tribunais Internacionais, seguido da discussão acerca da participação
de membros de menor desenvolvimento relativo diante de sistemas
de solução de controvérsias internacionais, utilizando-se como
ilustração o sistema da Organização Mundial do Comércio — OMC.

The principle of Access to Knowledge (A2K) has become a common reference point for a diverse set of agendas that all hope to realize technological and human potential by making knowledge more accessible. This book is a history of international copyright focused on principles of A2K and their proponents. Whilst debate and discussion so far has covered the perspectives of major western countries, the author's fresh approach to the topic considers emerging countries and NGOs, who have fought for the principles of A2K that are now fundamental to the system. Written in a clear and accessible style, the book connects copyright history to current problems, issues and events.

With the support of the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism, this event was carried out within the scope of the project titled “The Research on Performing Artists in Turkey and the Effects of the WIPO Beijing Treaty on the Turkish Intellectual Property System” as developed BIROY Turkish Actors’ Collecting Society Executive Board Treasurer and Beykent University Fine Arts Faculty Stage and Performing Arts Management Department Research Assistant Emre Yetim on behalf of BİROY, with the cooperation of Beykent University Faculty of Fine Arts and Faculty of Law, and the participation of World Intellectual Property Organization WIPO, International Actors Federation FIA and General Directorate of Copyrights, with the aim of examining and scrutinizing the WIPO Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances, a multilateral international treaty under the title of "Intellectual Rights of Performers and the Importance of the Beijing Treaty", and was held online on January 29, 2021, open to the participation of all spectators. We would like to thank the valuable speakers, panelists and participants ho made this event happen with their participation.

Özet: Coğrafi İşaretler, bir veya birkaç yönüyle kendine has özellikleri sayesinde benzerlerinden ayrılan Türk Patent Enstitüsü tarafından tescillenmiş ürünlerdir. Bu ürünler ya tamamiyle belli bir coğrafi alana ya da ürünü oluşturan malzemelerden bir veya birkaçının o bölgeye özgü olması koşuluyla coğrafi işaretleme kapsamına alınmışlardır. Söz konusu kapsam dahilinde ürün " Menşe İşareti (Designation of Origin) " ve " Mahreç İşareti (Geographical Indication) " olmak üzere iki farklı kategoride değerlendirilir. Bütünüyle coğrafi yapının şekillendirdiği bu ürünler kırsal kalkınmayı desteklemek ve yerel değerleri korumak adına yapılmış önemli bir uygulamadır. Bugün için ülkemizde toplam 143 ürünümüz coğrafi işaretler kapsamına alınmış ve bunun sonucunda da iktisadi ve kültürel anlamda ciddi gelişmeler gözlenmiştir. Bu araştırmamızda " Yerelliğin Dünya ile Buluşması " sloganıyla temelleri atılan Türkiye'deki coğrafi işaret uygulamasının boyutlarını, başta kırsal kalkınma olmak üzere tüketici alışkanlıklarına olan yansımalarını ve aynı zamanda söz konusu ürünlerin ülke genelindeki dağılımını coğrafi bir perspektifle ele almaya çalıştık. Abstract: Geographical Signs are products that are officially registered according to their idiosyncracies by Turkish Patent Institute. These products have been included in the geographical signing content on condition that they were completely identified with a certain geographical region or one or more of the materials of the product are identified with that region. Within the content mentioned, the product is evaluated in two different categories as " Designation of Origin " and " Geographical Indication ". The products that the geographical structure completely gave shape to are practices done in order to support the rural development and protect the local values. In our country in present day 143 products in total have been included in the geographical signs and as a result serious financial and cultural developments have been observed. In this research, we tried to deal with the extent of the geographical sign application in Turkey, the foundations of which were laid with the slogan of " The Localness Meeting The World " , its reflexions especially on the consumer habits and at the same time the nationwide distribution of the mentioned products.

El trabajo forma parte de un estudio más amplio llevado adelante por el Comité de Desarrollo de la OMPI, que puede consultarse aquí: https://www.wipo.int/ip-development/en/agenda/work_undertaken.html y aquí https://www.wipo.int/meetings/es/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=421771
Se analiza el uso de medatados e identificadores universales en la distribución de contenidos audiovisuales en las plataformas de AVOD, TVOD y otras. Se hace hincapie en el uso de las tecnologías de huellas digitales, marcas de agua e inteligencia artificial para identificar contenidos, usos, contratos y pago de derechos.

This chapter deals with the international protection and promotion of indigenous traditional knowledge (TK) associated with agriculture, with a special focus on biodiversity-related knowledge. Interest in this knowledge has intensified greatly over the past two decades, along with a growing awareness of the contribution it can make, in a time of climate and environmental change, towards developing more sustainable models of agriculture and contrasting the erosion of both
biodiversity and cultural diversity. The chapter analyzes the international legal framework for TK protection, as well as current international efforts to develop sui generis protection systems that are culturally more appropriate and capable of valorizing the collective and intergenerational nature of TK. In this context, the protection of indigenous TK is put against the backdrop of the protection of TK hold by rural communities of peasants, shepherds, and fishermen. The chapter finally investigates the role of intellectual property in preserving indigenous peoples’ TK and promoting their economic empowerment. More precisely, attention is paid to the question as to whether TK falls within the boundaries of
protected property under international human rights law.

""This paper presentation is about the potential understanding of the development of defamation, Cyber Defamation respectively. The paper will further assess the development of defamation (origin, meaning, types of defamation, elements and the aspect of innuendo) from traditional defamation to modern means that is Cyber Defamation (Part II). A Detail Discussion on Whether Defamation Differs from Cyber Defamation (Part III) and personal assessment will conclude the work (Part Iv).
The main questions in this presentation will be;
Why users of the Internet are more likely than ordinary citizens to be found publishing comments which are actionable as defamatory, and;
What problems (or, looking at it from the other side of the fence, opportunities) arise if those who are the victims of defamatory comments on the net attempt to seek compensation by taking legal action .
The answers to these two questions will influence at large extent as to whether defamation differs from the cyber defamation.
""

This monograph addresses the complexity of legal issues arising as a result of the deployment of international investment agreements (IIAs), as substantive regulatory and enforcement devices, for the protection of intellectual property rights. Its overriding analytical framework, proposes that Philip Morris and Eli Lilly’s attempt at using investment based IPR clauses to avoid municipal legal measures, is ultimately a signal toward a fundamental transformation of the manner in which property is territorially conceived, legitimatised and regulated, in international and municipal law.

Approfondimento dei diritti rilevanti in materia di gestione e sviluppo nonché delle opportunità di sfruttamento del valore commerciale del patrimonio artistico museale. Elaborazione di un’ipotesi di sistema di gestione dei diritti di proprietà intellettuale all'interno di un museo tramite l’applicazione dei principi propri dei sistemi di certificazione di qualità dei servizi.

The hereunto dissertation discusses the legal issues and the limitations of the copyright’s right in favor of the Individuals with Special Needs, in order to allow the Disabled to be equal to the rest of their co-citizens in the Information Society.
The Disabled is a term used to describe all those people who possess a physical or mental disability, which differentiates them from the rest of their co-citizens and sets important obstacles in their everyday lives. Obviously, a Disabled person who lives in a developing country will have fewer opportunities for education and access to the works. But in developed world as well the Disabled people are facing challenges because they have to deal with matters of importance as it concerns their access to education, services and goods. Following, it is mentioned the International, the European Law, the Greek Constitution, and foreign legislative regulations, presenting laws from Australia, Germany, the USA etc. Furthermore, the Disabled’s personality is protected in the same way as non-disabled individuals from each illegal action with the article 57 Greek Civil Code.
Copyright Law should not bring obstacles in the protection of the Disabled, but help them. In order to facilitate the access to the works, a limitation of the creator’s economic right has been introduced. Thus, a Disabled person is allowed to reproduce a work for personal use, without the creator’s permission and without any obligation of payment. Moreover, there is an overview of international treaties, Directive 2001/29/EC, article 28A Law 2121/1993, Ministerial Decision YPPO/DIOIK/98546/2007, foreign legislations, Marrakesh Treaty, as well as the Proposal for a Regulation on the cross-border exchange between the Union and third countries of accessible format copies of certain works and other subject-matters protected by copyright and related rights for the benefit of persons who are blind, visually impaired or otherwise print disabled. Finally, it is presented the issue of access to Libraries for Disabled persons not only in Greece, but also in foreign legislations.
Providing that it is not required contractual capacity in order to create, a Disabled person can be a creator, so he/she will enjoy the creator’s rights. Furthermore, as authorized entities are considered all those Non Profit Organizations which are responsible to reproduce the works and facilitate the access to information, services and goods in favor of the Disabled people. Examples of authorized entities are the Accessibility Unit of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, the Library of the University of Macedonia and the Accessible Books Consortium.
To sum up, the Copyright Law has posed the required tools in order to deal with disability in every aspect of the Disabled person’s everyday life. Thus, it is our obligation to respect this legislation and provide opportunities to our Disabled co-citizens. 
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Η παρούσα μελέτη πραγματεύεται τα νομικά ζητήματα και τους περιορισμούς του δικαιώματος πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας για τα άτομα με αναπηρία, ώστε να καταστούν τα άτομα αυτά ισότιμοι εταίροι με όλα τα φυσικά πρόσωπα στην Κοινωνία της Πληροφορίας.
Ως ΑμΕΑ νοούνται όσοι άνθρωποι έχουν μία σωματική ή ψυχική μειονεξία που τους διαφοροποιεί από τους υπόλοιπους ανθρώπους και θέτει σημαντικά εμπόδια στην καθημερινή τους ζωή. Προφανώς ένα άτομο με αναπηρία που ζει σε αναπτυσσόμενη χώρα θα έχει λιγότερες ευκαιρίες για εκπαίδευση και πρόσβαση στα έργα. Όμως και στον αναπτυγμένο κόσμο τα ΑμΕΑ έρχονται αντιμέτωπα με προκλήσεις, καθώς αντιμετωπίζουν δυσκολίες πρόσβασης στην εκπαίδευση, στις υπηρεσίες και στα αγαθά. Στη συνέχεια γίνεται αναφορά στο Διεθνές και Ευρωπαϊκό Δίκαιο, στο Ελληνικό Σύνταγμα και στο αλλοδαπό δίκαιο με ανάλυση της νομοθεσίας σε χώρες, όπως Αυστραλία, Γερμανία, ΗΠΑ κ.λπ. Επιπροσθέτως, η προσωπικότητα των ΑμΕΑ προστατεύεται εξίσου, όπως των αρτιμελών από κάθε παράνομη προσβολή με το άρθρο 57 ΑΚ.
Η Πνευματική Ιδιοκτησία δεν πρέπει να φέρει προσκόμματα στην προστασία των ΑμΕΑ, αλλά αντιθέτως επιβάλλεται να τα διευκολύνει. Προκειμένου να καταστεί ευκολότερη η πρόσβαση στα έργα εισήχθη ένας περιορισμός του περιουσιακού δικαιώματος του δημιουργού για λόγους κοινωνικής πολιτικής. Πλέον το άτομο με αναπηρία μπορεί να αναπαραγάγει το έργο για ιδιωτική χρήση, δίχως την άδεια του δημιουργού και χωρίς την καταβολή αμοιβής. Στη συνέχεια γίνεται επισκόπηση των διεθνών συμβάσεων, της Οδηγίας 2001/29/ΕΚ, του άρθρου 28Α Ν. 2121/1993, της Υπουργικής Απόφασης ΥΠΠΟ/ΔΙΟΙΚ/98546/2007, των αλλοδαπών δικαίων, της Συνθήκης του Μαρακές, καθώς επίσης της Πρότασης Κανονισμού για την διασυνοριακή ανταλλαγή μεταξύ της Ένωσης και τρίτων χωρών αντιγράφων σε προσβάσιμη μορφή προστατευόμενων έργων προς όφελος ατόμων με προβλήματα όρασης. Τέλος, αναλύεται το θέμα της πρόσβασης των ατόμων με αναπηρία στις Βιβλιοθήκες τόσο στην Ελλάδα, όσο και σε αλλοδαπά δίκαια.
Δεδομένου ότι για την δημιουργία δεν απαιτείται δικαιοπρακτική ικανότητα, ένα άτομο με αναπηρία μπορεί να είναι δημιουργός, συνεπώς θα του αναγνωριστούν τα δικαιώματα του δημιουργού. Περαιτέρω, ως εξουσιοδοτημένοι φορείς νοούνται οι Μη Κερδοσκοπικοί Οργανισμοί που είναι επιφορτισμένοι με την αναπαραγωγή των έργων και την διευκόλυνση στην πρόσβαση σε πληροφορίες, υπηρεσίες και αγαθά για χάρη των ΑμΕΑ. Παραδείγματα εξουσιοδοτημένων φορέων αποτελούν η Μονάδα Προσβασιμότητας του ΕΚΠΑ, η Βιβλιοθήκη του Πανεπιστημίου Μακεδονίας και η Κοινοπραξία Προσβάσιμων Βιβλίων.
Εν κατακλείδι, το Δίκαιο της Πνευματικής Ιδιοκτησίας έχει θέσει τα εργαλεία που απαιτούνται για την ορθή αντιμετώπιση της αναπηρίας σε κάθε επίπεδο της καθημερινής ζωής του ατόμου με αναπηρία. Συνεπώς είναι καθήκον όλων μας να σεβόμαστε τη νομοθεσία και να δίνουμε ευκαιρίες στους συνανθρώπους με αναπηρία.

En el presente texto son analizados algunos aspectos sobre la protección internacional de obras e interpretaciones  audiovisuales, sobretodo con la indicación de los reflexos de esta discusión en el marco del Tratado de Beijijng de 2012 y cómo estos elementos pueden influenciar en el mercado de audiovisual.

Much is spoken and written about the liberal nature of global trade and its relation to democracy and freedoms. Trade representatives of the transatlantic free trade agreement (TAFTA | TTIP) have talked about the importance of the negotiations being transparent, accountable, and participative. However, a number of leaked draft texts of other free trade agreements being negotiated by the United States (US) and the European Union (EU) indicate that these promises are mostly empty. A leaked European Commission (EC) communiqué further evidences an attempt to establish a “mainstream media narrative” about the TAFTA | TTIP in order to reduce the “anxiety” of EU citizens and consumers. This article carefully analyzes the manners in which the negotiations of the TAFTA | TTIP are proving to be untransparent, lacking in participation, and unaccountable. The purpose of these analyses is not merely to present evidence that this is actually the case at hand, but also to clarify why transparency, accountability, and participation are crucial to the negotiations on transatlantic trade. Lastly, the article suggests that the TAFTA | TTIP negotiations learn from the World Intellectual Property Organization’s (WIPO) Marrakesh Treaty, characterized as an "exemplary exercise of transparency, civil society participation, and multilateral cooperation".

In Making Intangible Heritage, Valdimar Tr. Hafstein—folklorist and official delegate to UNESCO—tells the story of UNESCO’s Intangible Heritage Convention. In the ethnographic tradition, Hafstein peers underneath the official account, revealing the context important for understanding UNESCO as an organization, the concept of intangible heritage, and the global impact of both. Looking beyond official narratives of compromise and solidarity, this book invites readers to witness the diplomatic jostling behind the curtains, the making and breaking of alliances, and the confrontation and resistance, all of which marked the path towards agreement and shaped the convention and the concept.

Various stories circulate within UNESCO about the origins of intangible heritage. Bringing the sensibilities of a folklorist to these narratives, Hafstein explores how they help imagine coherence, conjure up contrast, and provide charters for action in the United Nations and on the ground. Examining the international organization of UNESCO through an ethnographic lens, Hafstein demonstrates how concepts that are central to the discipline of folklore gain force and traction outside of the academic field and go to work in the world, ultimately shaping people’s understanding of their own practices and the practices themselves. From the cultural space of the Jemaa el-Fna marketplace in Marrakech to the Ise Shrine in Japan, Making Intangible Heritage considers both the positive and the troubling outcomes of safeguarding intangible heritage, the lists it brings into being, the festivals it animates, the communities it summons into existence, and the way it orchestrates difference in modern societies.

3° Premio - Premio di Laurea "Giuseppe De Maria" per tesi di laurea in materia di Proprietà Intellettuale (Camera di Commercio di Torino).

La Tesi parte dalla ricostruzione della nozione dei concetti di cultura, folklore e tradizione orale, alla luce dell'evoluzione della dottrina etnomusicologica e antropologica.
Vengono prese poi in esame le difficoltà applicative, con riferimento alle espressioni musicali tradizionali, della attuale disciplina di tutela del diritto d'autore.
Si procede successivamente a un esame dei principali strumenti di tutela delle espressioni culturali tradizionali e immateriali elaborati a livello internazionale (con particolare riferimento a WIPO e UNESCO) e ne vengono messi in evidenza i profili di criticità.
Infine viene tracciato un bilancio dell'analisi svolta, e si propone il ricorso ad una impostazione metodologica differente rispetto a quelle che fino ad ora sono state in prevalenza utilizzate.

Relatori:
Prof. Elisabetta Loffredo (Università di Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Giuridiche)
Prof. Ignazio Macchiarella (Università di Cagliari, Dipartimento di Storia, Beni Culturali e Territorio).

For nearly two decades, the World Intellectual Property Organization’s (WIPO’s) expert committee, known as the Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (IGC) has been working to negotiate text-based legal instrument(s) for effective protection of the subject matters of genetic resources (GRs), traditional knowledge (TK) and traditional cultural expressions (TCEs), and their intersection with the intellectual property (IP) system. So far, the IGC experience rejects the intensity of the international process, geopolitical undercurrents and the power dynamics that characterize that process, especially as it relates to the subject of IP. Despite mixed responses across North-South geopolitical interests regarding the elongation of the IGC’s deliberations and the continuing delay in the expected outcome from the forum, the latter has made substantive contributions to international IP law and policy-making in relation to matters under its mandate. This paper identifies and explores the rationale for one of the major evolving contributions of the IGC, namely the notion of a tiered or differentiated approach to the protection of TK and TCEs. The paper provides the context for the evolution of the approach. Using various forms of TK/TCEs in select regional and national contexts, the paper discusses the empirical rami cations and challenges of the tiered and differentiated approach. The paper concludes that the approach provides a broad policy framework, although its details are contingent on many considerations, which are better addressed at national and local levels.

This thesis draws a line between two opposing positions on the protection of Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Cultural Expressions. On the one side, the one considering existing Intellectual Property tools suitable to protect the subject matter. On the other side, the one fostering the establishment of a sui-generis binding mechanism to address the gaps of protection left by conventional Intellectual Property legislation. Initially, two case studies in which existing legal tools have been employed are analyzed, underlining the social externalities of the strategies adopted. The first case study concerns a southern Indian tribal community called Kani, and the model of benefit-sharing agreement in which its members have been involved. The second one, deals with the origins and the potential developments of the “Igloo tag”, a certification mark established by the Canadian government to protect and promote authentic Inuit art. In the second part of the thesis, the outcomes of WIPO in tailoring sui-generis mechanisms will be discussed. Since the establishment of the WIPO Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore, almost two decades have passed, and the end of the negotiations is hardly foreseeable. One of the main obstacles pointed out, concerns the recognition of collective economic and moral intellectual property rights on some forms of TK and TCEs. Indeed, philosophical theories underpinning Intellectual Property in western liberal legal tradition do not contemplate communities as right-bearers. Overall, compared to the one-fits-all international approach proposed by WIPO, a case-by-case protection with existing means is preferable. This thesis, instead of a “positive” rights-based approach, suggests a “defensive” strategy including the use of sui-generis databases. Firstly, different levels of accessibility should be established according to the secrecy and sacredness of the materials contained. Secondly, databases should provide a holistic account of the culture they store. To this end, it will be necessary for digitalized items to indicate, through user-friendly labels and licenses, how to comply with the customary law of the community in using the material.

El estado de las negociaciones sobre un nuevo tratado internacional para el derecho de los organismos de radiodifusión en el Comité Permanente de Derecho de Autor y Derechos Conexos de la OMPI está avanzado, luego de 19 años de trabajo. Algunos temas quedan pendientes. Aquí se analizan las dificultades que presenta el derecho conexo de los organismos de radiodifusión, su relación con los derechos de autor y el de otros titulares, a la luz de las nuevas tecnologías de distribución de contenidos para el público.
The status of negotiations on a new international treaty for the right of broadcasting organizations in the Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights of WIPO (SCCR)  is advanced, after 19 years of work. Nothwistanding, some issues are pending. Here we analyze the difficulties that the neighboouring right of broadcasting organizations presents, its relationship with copyright and that of other rightholders, in the light of new technologies for distributing contents to the public.

Over the years, the idea of traditional knowledge has progressively unraveled as a traction point for complex issue linkages between intellectual property and, for example, genetic resources, biodiversity conservation, the rights of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (ILCs), food, nutritional and environmental security. Because traditional knowledge cuts across regimes and is crucial to the lived realities of the world’s impoverished regions and peoples, it has become a site for engaging, testing, and even challenging the development imperative in intellectual property. In this short chapter I reflect on the ramifications of the WIPO IGC process for intellectual property and development, and consider the implications of the wobbly nature of the seemingly interminable IGC process for developing countries.

Los pueblos indígenas tienen derechos sobre sus conocimientos
tradicionales,1 sus expresiones culturales tradicionales,2 y
sus recursos genéticos,3 incluidos los derechos de propiedad
intelectual asociados, como se reconoce en el artículo 31 de la
Declaración de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Derechos de los
Pueblos Indígenas.4 Sin embargo, las leyes convencionales de
propiedad intelectual, en gran medida, son lamentablemente
inadecuadas para proteger los derechos de propiedad intelectual
de los pueblos indígenas. A falta de un reconocimiento y
una protección jurídico eficaz, el patrimonio cultural inmaterial
de los pueblos indígenas, que abarca desde los diseños textiles
hasta las canciones tradicionales, los conocimientos sobre
plantas medicinales y la conservación del medio ambiente, se
trata a menudo como si fuera de “dominio público”, y la apropiación
indebida por parte de los integrantes de las industrias
de la moda, el cine y la farmacia, entre otras, es generalizada y
continua.
La Organización Mundial de la Propiedad Intelectual
(OMPI), un organismo de las Naciones Unidas con 193 Estados
Miembros, constituye un foro para negociar nuevas leyes internacionales
de propiedad intelectual. En el 2000, los Estados
Miembros de la OMPI crearon el Comité Intergubernamental
sobre Propiedad Intelectual y Recursos Genéticos, Conocimientos
Tradicionales y Folclore (CIG). Desde 2010, el CIG ha
llevado a cabo negociaciones formales, basadas en textos, con
el fin de desarrollar instrumentos jurídicos para la protección
de los conocimientos tradicionales, las expresiones culturales
tradicionales y los recursos genéticos de los pueblos indígenas
y las comunidades locales. Las negociaciones se centran en tres proyectos de texto, uno para cada una de las tres materias.
5 El presidente del CIG elaboró un cuarto proyecto de texto
en 2019 como texto alternativo sobre recursos genéticos.6 El
CIG concluyó su 40.ª sesión en junio de 2019. Se habían programado
cuatro sesiones de negociación para 2020, pero todas
se pospusieron debido a la pandemia. El CIG 41, que abordará
el texto sobre recursos genéticos, estaba programado para
celebrarse en un formato híbrido del 8 al 12 de febrero de 2021
pero, a finales de enero de 2021, se pospuso de nuevo. Por el
momento, no se han anunciado nuevas fechas.

Sistem imun atau sistem kekebalan tubuh memiliki fungsi yang sangat sentral dalam pertahanan tubuh manusia. Tanpa sistem imun, tubuh akan rentan terhadap serangan kuman, parasit, atau virus. Sistem kekebalan tubuh juga berperan dalam melawan serangan berbagai jenis patogen, sehingga tubuh Anda tetap dalam kondisi sehat.

El presente documento busca identificar los principales intereses nacionales en materia de propiedad Intelectual, que sirva de marco o guía referencial para definir una posición del Perú en la negociación de estos temas en los tratados que se firmen sobre la materia. Al respecto, el INDECOPI reconoce que la legislación nacional de propiedad intelectual de cada país debe adaptarse a su nivel de desarrollo y debe responder plenamente a las necesidades y problemas específicos de su sociedad. Asimismo, la posición del Perú debe fundarse en el análisis y evolución del posible impacto (costos y beneficios) que los términos de la negociación puedan originar sobre la economía y el desarrollo integral de la sociedad peruana.

Питање адекватне заштите фолклора од неконтролисане комерцијализације привлачи пажњу стручњака и предмет је интересовања правника већ деценијама. И док су многе земље широм света имплементирале механизме заштите фолклора у своја законодавства и усвојилe различита нормативна решења којима се, у мањој или већој мери, омогућава очување и заштита фолклора, на Балкану је овај процес још увек на самом почетку. Имајући у виду специфичне околности везане за регион Балкана, овај чланак ће укратко испитати могућности заштите фолклорне музике са Балкана. У том погледу, прво ће бити изложене кратке информације о региону Балкана и јединственим околностима везаним за њега. Након тога, биће анализиран тренутни статус фолклора на Балкану кроз преглед правне регулативе различитих земаља. Коначно, биће сумирана отворена питања и проблеми везани за заштиту фолклорне музике са Балкана и дате смернице за даље прилагођавање правног оквира у циљу одговарајуће заштите и могућих решења.

ABSTRACT

This paper is inspired from The Digital Migration Case that underwent thorough proceedings before Judges of The High Court, The Court of Appeal and The Supreme Court of Kenya . As one goes through the case, it is clear that Intellectual Property is one among many other elements about our Constitution that is not well addressed or because it is quite a new concept in The Constitution then it might draw some grey lines among people who subscribe to different Schools of Thought.

In Chapter IV of The Constitution of Kenya, there are ample terms that describe Human Rights and Fundamental Human Rights. It happens that under the same Chapter of The Constitution, there is a provision that articulates on Protection of Right to Property. The Constitution as it speaks it is clear that the protection conferred under Article 40 is not only attributing to the physical property but also the Intellectual Property as long as the acquisition of the same is within the parameters of the law.

By that precise statement, it is clear that the Kenyan Court has undermined that Human Right. The Courts are failing to assert the true purpose of it being in place within the Constitution. This is because The Kenyan Constitution acknowledges Intellectual Property as a Human Right and it does not provide any lacuna that any Judge or Advocate can utilize to aver that it is not a Human Right. Therefore, this paper will make it clear as to why Intellectual Property is absolutely a Human Right in Kenya.

Intellectual Property is a compilation of various groups of Rights. These Rights are clustered in various categories that seem to segregate one from another and further they are described in detail. In this paper, the difference among the various Intellectual Property that exists will not be given whatsoever weight. This is due to the fact that The Kenyan Constitution is not targeting a particular segment of Intellectual Property but it classifies them as equal when it comes to linking them up with Human Rights.

In order to understand why no one can question the provision of The Constitution as it states that Intellectual Property (herein after IP) is a Human Right. The Coexistence Approach will be utilized, as The Constitution of Kenya adopts the same Approach, and that is why, even if a different Country might not view Intellectual Property as a Human Right, the Kenyan Constitution holds a divergent view from the rest of those Countries or States.

Since December 2015, a set of twelve Ethical Principles for Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage enriches the paradigm of the 2003 UNESCO Convention. At the meeting of its Intergovernmental Committee at Windhoek where those principles were endorsed, and where a whole chapter of new operational directives was fine-tuned in order to respond to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (UN General Assembly, 25 September 2015), the UNESCO Secretariat was
instructed to build an on-line platform with a toolkit about ethics and safeguarding intangible heritage. Accredited NGOs were also finally invited to collaborate and play a role in developing and updating the 2003 UNESCO Convention and its operational directives. This is a major breakthrough. In this article we trace and discuss this ‘hop’ (1999), ‘skip’ (2012-2015)
and ‘jump’ process (2016 onwards) in the emerging paradigm of safeguarding ICH. Why twelve principles and not a supermodel code of ethics for (safeguarding) intangible heritage? How do innovations like ‘sustained free and informed consent’ or ‘benefit sharing’ open new doors? What do anthropology, folklore studies and museology have to offer? Is the online platform a good idea, in the light of recent developments in international conventions on biodiversity, bioethics or the work
of WIPO and other organisations ?

The Treaty seeks fundamental objectives of non-discrimination, equal opportunity, access, and complete individual development, effective as well as inclusive participation in society. The Treaty of Marrakesh truly balances human rights and intellectual property rights.

The Treaty recognizes the obligation of right holders to make works accessible to persons with visual impairments and to the print disabled, recognizes that though countries have different limitations and exceptions to their copyright laws, a uniform international framework is required to address the needs of this section of society in order to harmonize the law on this point and to ensure cross-border exchange of books in accessible formats

My lecturer wishes to explore the racial formation of Israel’s Eurocentered IP settlers’ regime through the interplay between the Zionist appropriations of Arab-Jewish TK [traditional knowledge] and folklore and the proliferation of  Ashkenazi [European Jewish] academic careers. Critical studies on the structure and meaning of Israeli academe have found out that it is mainly deployed by the Ashkenazi liberal-progressive hegemony as an arm of governance over Mizrahim [Jews who immigrated to Israel mainly from the Arab World] and Palestinians.

Salvaging Mizrahi cultures, the Israeli academe-regime has established a financial monopoly over the materiality of exotic Judaica discourse not only in scholarly knowledge production but also in the expert trade of intellectual, cultural and real properties. When it comes to protecting Mizrahi TK and folklore, WIPO’s 2002 post-TRIPS forum recommendations interrelating IP and TK are yet to arrive to Israel from Oman.  As is Israel’s compliance with the 1886 Berne Convention, or with the Hague 1954 Convention on the Protection of Cultural Property, or with the UNESCO 1970 Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export, and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property – when these treaties are scrutinized through the optics of collective Mizrahi IP.

My talk will be very preliminary – a collection of ruminations stemming out of my archival research into the Yemeni-Jewish scriptures and ornaments affair of the 1950s, its brief surface into the Israeli public sphere in the mid 1980s, and the possibilities for post-TRIPS Mizrahi activism against the appropriation and commodification of Mizrahi identity in light of the current postcolonial reshapings of the notion of authorship, and the repatriation of cultural properties from the Eurocenter back to communities of color. 

Printed, expanded Hebrew version available here: 2007.
“Cultural Property Rights and the Racial Construction of the Mizrahi as a Trade-Mark: Notes on the Revolving Door of Israel’s Academe-Regime.” In 2007. A Rainbow of Opinions: The Mizrahi Democratic Rainbow’s First Decade. (Keshet Shel De`ot: `Asor LaKeshet HaDemokratit HaMizrahit, Hebrew) Pp. 198-204. Tel Aviv: November Press. REPRINTED IN 2008 Mahbarot Kolno`a Darom  (“South Cinema Notebooks”, Heb. – a Humanities periodical) 2:161-166.

In this era of "big data", hundreds or even thousands of patent applications arrive every day to patent offices around the world. One of the first tasks of the professional analysts in patent offices is to assign classification codes to those patents based on their content. Such classification codes are usually organized in hierarchical structures of concepts. Traditionally the classification task has been done manually by professional experts. However, given the large amount of documents, the patent professionals are becoming overwhelmed. If we add that the hierarchical structures of classification are very complex (containing thousands of categories), reliable, fast and scalable methods and algorithms are needed to help the experts in patent classification tasks. This chapter describes, analyzes and reviews systems that, based on the textual content of patents, automatically classify such patents into a hierarchy of categories. This chapter focuses specially in the patent classification task applied for the International Patent Classification (IPC) hierarchy. The IPC is the most used classification structure to organize patents, it is worldwide recognized, and several other structures use or are based on it to ensure office inter-operability.

The global intellectual property (IP) regime is in the midst of a paradigm shift in favor of greater access to protected work. Current explanations of this paradigm shift emphasize the agency of transnational advocacy networks, but ignore the role of academics. Scholars interested by global IP politics have failed to engage in reflexive thinking. Building on the results from a survey of 1,679 IP experts, this article argues that a community of academics successfully broke the policy monopoly of practitioners over IP expertise. They instilled some skepticism concerning the social and economic impacts of IP among their students as well as in the broader community of IP experts. They also provided expert knowledge that was widely amplified by NGOs and some intergovernmental organizations, acting as echo chambers to reach national decision makers. By making these claims, this article illustrates how epistemic communities actively collaborate with other transnational networks rather than competing with them, and how they can promote a paradigm change by generating rather than reducing uncertainty.

Indigenous Peoples have rights over their traditional knowledge,
1 traditional cultural expressions2 and genetic resources,3
including associated intellectual property rights, as recognized
in Article 31 of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous
Peoples.4 However, conventional intellectual property laws, in
large measure, are woefully inadequate in protecting Indigenous
Peoples’ intellectual property rights. In the absence of
effective legal recognition and protection, Indigenous Peoples’
intangible cultural heritage, ranging in forms from textile designs
to traditional songs, medicinal plant knowledge and environmental
conservation is often treated as being in the “public
domain”, and misappropriation by those within the fashion, film
and pharmaceutical industries, among others, is widespread
and ongoing.
The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), a UN
agency with 193 Member States, provides a forum for negotiating
new international intellectual property laws. In 2000, WIPO
Member States established the Intergovernmental Committee
on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional
Knowledge and Folklore (IGC). Since 2010, the IGC has conducted
formal, text-based negotiations aimed at developing
legal instruments for the protection of Indigenous Peoples’ and
local communities’ traditional knowledge, traditional cultural
expressions and genetic resources. Negotiations are centred
around three draft texts, one for each of the three subject matters.
5 A fourth draft text was developed in 2019 by the IGC Chair
as an alternative genetic resources text.6 The IGC concluded
its 40th session in June 2019. Four negotiation sessions were scheduled for 2020 but all were postponed due to the pandemic.
IGC 41, which will address the genetic resources text, was
scheduled to take place in a hybrid format from 8-12 February
2021 but, in late January 2021, was once again postponed. At
this time, no new dates have been announced.

Due to scientific uncertainties and political problems, policymakers rely on socially constructed norms when drafting what they hope to be an efficient patent system. At the international level, ethical discourse is often used by stakeholders to promote their favoured norms and thus causing a “rhetorical war” in the international patent regime. This article introduces the evolution of key discourses in the history of the international patent regime, especially in regard to the biodiversity and the access to medicines debates. It leads to concluding remarks on the effectiveness of some discourses over others in framing international patent debates.