Penology

Is there really an over-representation of foreign citizens in European prisons? Is the presence of foreign inmates comparable across regions and countries of Europe? How can one explain the differences in the trends shown by the absolute numbers and the percentages of foreign inmates from 2005 to 2015? Do foreign citizens have less access than nationals to alternatives to imprisonment? Do the data available allow the research to establish whether the growth in the use of community sanctions and measures since the 1990s plays a role in the fluctuations observed in the percentage of foreign inmates? The answers to these and many other questions can be found in this book, which compiles and updates a series of specific indicators collected during eleven years through the Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics (better known as the SPACE statistics), and accompanies the two volumes on Prisons in Europe 2005-2015 published in this collection. The volume includes maps and tables illustr...

Much before the emergence of Classical and Neo- Classical schools, “Chankya or Kautilya”, the great India scholar who provided the art of governance and even prior to that Manu smriti and Bhagwad Geeta, provided for stricter punishments to those who transgressed law in big ways.
The Arthshastra by Kautilya is also called “Dandniti” (The science of Punishment, the coercive power of the state, which is the name given in Mahabharata). According to him, the aims of punishment was to maintain social order; to prevent misbehaviour by civil servants, including exploitation of the public and causing loss to the state revenue; and to avoid the danger of disaffection, revolts and rebellions. Kautilya repeatedly admonishes that punishment awarded must always be just, neither too lenient, nor too harsh

Inevitably many terrorists and violent extremists end up in prison where they can pose formidable challenges.  Such prisoners are unusual and distinctive. As a consequence, their management can pose exceptionally difficult problems in prison and probation settings. However, our knowledge of managing and intervening with violent extremists in prison settings is very limited.  On many issues we currently have almost no published research, and much of what does exist is of poor quality. This deficiency unquestionably represents one of the most serious obstacles to developing effective strategies for promoting and facilitating disengagement from terrorism. This chapter provides an introduction to the problems and issues raised by terrorist and extremist offenders in prison settings. Critical issues around management strategies, radicalisation and deradicalisation, reform, risk assessment, as well as post-release experiences, are all explored.

Most terrorists ultimately end up in prison, yet remarkably little is known about what happens behind the prison walls and even less about when those individuals are eventually released back into society. This book provides readers with an up-to-date, informed and accessible account of what is known about terrorists and extremists in prison, what are the genuine risks and dangers, and what are the critical issues and insights in terms of management and reform. In doing so, it strips away many of the myths and media panics which have so often dominated discussions of this vital issue.

In recent years it has spread increasingly in international criminological and legal studies the expression "penal populism", indicating by this formula a number of distortions in the functioning of the judicial institutions because of political dynamics based on the logic of consensus. From a scientific point of view, the penal populism implies a dual-depth perspective. On the one hand it repeats the classic question of the limitation of political power to protect the rights of the individual. On the other side it raises the issue of how the logic of political consensus alters the normal functioning of the judicial system, as - for example - in the ideological and manipulative use of crime data in election campaigns. For these reasons penal populism can never be a strictly political issue, much less a merely juridical one. In this book, from different disciplinary perspectives, the authors propose a first analysis of the Italian context from an introductory exposure to major theoretical issues on penal populism.

The study of sexual violence regulation has been widely discussed. However, this study tends to focuses more on comparisons between laws and regulations. Likewise, the ongoing debate on the formation of the Elimination of Sexual Violence Bill (RUU P-KS) has led to the pros and cons of its ratification, while the determination of punishment and the basis for criminalization has been stirred away from the debate. This study discusses the discourse and process of criminalization as well as the proportionality of penalties in the P-KS Bill that was rarely debated. The methods used in this research are carried out by analyzing the P-KS Bill and its academic manuscripts, and conducting interviews with subjects that reject or support the bill. Douglas Husak's theory of criminalization and Andrew von Hirsch's principle of penal proportionality to underlines the basis of this study. Our findings show that there are three views that have developed in the community regarding the P-KS Bill. In addition, our analysis of two of the nine criminalized acts shows that the criminalization process is theoretically problematic. Likewise, for the determination of the threat of punishment and its proportionality, our analysis shows that the punishment model adopted by the P-KS Bill obscures the limits of seriousness of the criminal act.

Erving Goffmans Beschreibung „totaler Institutionen“ ist eine der folgenreichsten sozialwissenschaftlichen Auseinandersetzungen mit geschlossener Unterbringung und ihren Folgen. Erstmals 1961 als Monografie veröffentlicht, avancierte die Studie zu einem Klassiker, an den vielfach angeschlossen wird. Allerdings teilt das Buch das Schicksal anderer prominenter Werke, insofern sie z. T. eher zitiert als in ihrer Differenziertheit wahrgenommen werden. Bis heute lohnt es sich allerdings, so unsere Annahme, sich mit den Kernthesen Goffmans gerade in ihrer Vielschichtigkeit zu befassen. Um dies zu verdeutlichen, schildern wir zunächst Goffmans Anliegen und einige seiner zentralen Argumente. Anschließend verorten wir diese in neueren Debatten zu Gefängnis und Inhaftierungen, um auf dieser Basis wieder zu Goffman mit der Frage zurückzukehren, welche Aktualität seine Vorgaben gegenwärtig noch besitzen.

France’s decision to introduce penal transportation in 1854 at precisely the moment that Britain was winding it back is a striking and curious fact of history. While the Australian experiment of penal colonization was not considered a model for direct imitation, it did nonetheless provide a foundational reference point for France and indeed other European powers well after its demise, serving as a yardstick (whether positive or negative) for subsequent discussions about the utility of transportation as a method of controlling crime. The ultimate fate of the Australian experiment raised questions in later decades about the utility, sustainability and primary purpose of penal transportation. Drawing on the records of both French and international penal reform organizations, this paper reflects on the legacy that the British experiment was seen to provide in the decades after convict transportation to Australia ended, while French transportation took off. In so doing, it casts light onto the expectations of and rationale for penal colonization held by its practitioners—past, present, and aspiring. Even if penologists saw penal transportation as serving some useful role in tackling crime, the experience of the British in Australia seemed to indicate the strictly limited practicability of the method in terms of controlling crime. Far from a self-sustaining system, penal colonization was premised on an inherent and insurmountable contradiction; namely, that the realization of the colonizing side of the project depended on the eradication of its penal aspect.

This tells the story of prison abolition in New Zealand (Aotearoa) and considers whether the country is emerging from a dark punitive era. First by setting the scene in regard to penal populism and its influence on high numbers of incarcerated people, especially those of Maori and Pacific decent. Then moving on to provide a historical overview of abolitionist perspectives that have influenced todays activists. This will include extensive consideration of Moana Jacksons work as well as that of People Against Prison Aotearoa (PAPA) and JustSpeak. Finally, consideration is given to the possibility of abolitionists’ goals flourishing in the recent move towards reform in Aotearoa.

ПІДХОДИ ДО ВИВЧЕННЯ СТАНУ ПРИЗНАЧЕННЯ ПОКАРАННЯ Бабанли Р.Ш., к. ю. н., заступник керівника апарату, начальник науково-експертного управління Вищий спеціалізований суд України з розгляду цивільних і кримінальних справ У статті наводяться підходи та методи, які доцільно використовувати для вивчення стану призна-чення покарання. Із метою підтвердження ефективності використання зазначених методів частково на-ведено результати вивчення стану призначення покарання під час засудження за злочин, передбачений ч. 1 ст. 115 КК (умисне вбивство). Реалізація відповідного підходу дозволяє одержувати висновки, на-лежне опрацювання яких є необхідною передумовою розвитку стану призначення покарання. Ключові слова: покарання, призначення покарання, умисне вбивство, кримінальна відповідальність, методологія. В статье приводятся подходы и методы, которые целесообразно использовать для изучения состоя-ния назначения наказания. С целью подтверждения эффективности использования указанных методов частично приведены результаты изучения состояния назначения наказания при осуждении за престу-пление, предусмотренное ч. 1 ст. 115 УК (умышленное убийство). Реализация соответствующего под-хода позволяет получить выводы, должная обработка которых является необходимым условием разви-тия состояния назначения наказания. Ключевые слова: наказание, назначение наказания, умышленное убийство, уголовная ответствен-ность, методология. Babanly R.Sh. APPROACHES OF DEFINING THE STATE OF SENTENCING The author considers the approaches and methods that should be used for the study of sentencing in the state. In order to confirm the efficiency of these methods, the article contains partial results of studying the state of sentencing for an offense under Part. 1, Art. 115 of the Criminal Code (homicide). The implementation of the approach allows to obtaine the conclusions, which prerequisite the proper state of sentencing.

ABSTRACT. In December of 2011 Parliament of Lithuania (Seimas) adopted the Law on Probation, which comes into force in July of 2012. In such a way new legislation established not only new definition in Lithuanian correctional law (probationer, probation officer, etc.) but also established innovative means for more efficient goals of probation.
The article analyzes the qualitatively new means, contained in the Law on Probation: interagency cooperation in probation work; pre-sentence reports of social study; risk assessment tools and methods; planning of the supervision of a probationer; implementation of behavior correctional programs; electronic monitoring. Article reveals the signification of these means for effective re-socialization offenders without isolation from community. The expected results of these innovations in probation to create the conditions for changes in criminal policy and to decrease the use of deprivation of liberty, because this kind of punishment application in Lithuania compared to European Union countries is too frequent and irrational.
The main idea of the reformed probation system is to replace prevailing behavior control measures with a balanced system of control and rehabilitation with a strengthening resocialisation of offenders and their integration into community. Analyzing a variety of innovative measures and their contents, in article attempts to reveal their social significance and value. The article assumes that the modern type of social technologies in correction of offenders may have positive influence on social and moral environment of community and reduce his marginalization, as well as create prerequisites for change the policies of imprisonment and for a more rational distribution of material and human resources in the field of criminal justice.

Confi nement of persons, perpetrators of acts that the community deems unacceptable prior to being sanctioned or punished is a phenomenon that goes back to the earliest period of human civilization. It was not until the transition from the Middle Ages to the new century that it became a legally regulated way of responding to crime. With the introduction of the punishment of confi nement in the register of criminal sanctions, the fi rst institutions which carried out confi nement were created. Interestingly, the fi rst conceived modality of confi nement entailed strict solitary confi nement and was soon abandoned due to the serious shortcomings it showed. However, in the last decades of the twentieth century, with the establishment of supermax units, this model has re-emerged, fi rst in the United States and then in many other countries. Although numerous studies have shown how harmful this type of punishment to persons who are isolated for a long time is, the model survives and even shows a tendency to spread. Serbia's legal system has also not been spared of the new mode of marginalization of confi ned persons, which applies to the perpetrators of most serious crimes, and above all those belonging to the category of organized crime. Recent changes to the criminal code create the possibility of coming even closer to the model existing in the US, as well as expanding the circle of persons to whom it shall apply.

The aim of this article is to highlight and discuss the gradual emergence of a culture of social re-integration in Irish penal policy. The first section of this article seeks to provide a descriptive analysis of the multi-faceted approach to prisoner re-integration as it appears in a contemporary Irish context. It is suggested here that in order to fully understand the ideal of re-integration in a contemporary context it must be presented as an amorphous ideal which is pursued by the key stakeholders of penal policy in an incomplete and often contradictory fashion. This article will attempt to outline the three specific approaches to re-integration which can be seen to exist in a contemporary Irish context, while briefly attempting to outline the contemporary acceptance of a limited fourth approach, namely that of social re-integration, by legislators and community organisations.

Our understanding of the risk assessment of terrorist and extremist prisoners is in its infancy, yet this is clearly a critical issue. How can one tell if a prisoner is still dangerous or not? What are valid measures to assess risk and what type of evidence is worth examining? In considering risk assessment of terrorists and extremists in prison settings there are a range of essential issues to consider.  Crucially, not all terrorist and extremist prisoners are the same and factors which apply clearly to one individual will not apply equally strongly to others. As a result, effective risk assessment processes need to be nuanced. This chapter highlights the range of issues which are likely to be of most use when considering risk assessment in the context of a terrorist prisoner, and also identifies what sources of information can provide the necessary insight to inform this assessment.

Reprinted as: Cheliotis, L. K. and A. Liebling (2014, forthcoming) 'Race Matters in British Prisons: Towards a Research Agenda', in C. Phillips (ed.) Race and Crime, Volume III. London: Routledge.

Drawing on surveys of 4,860 prisoners’ perceptions of the quality of prison life in 49 establishments in England and Wales, this paper examines the extent to which prisoners viewed race relations in prison as problematic. Emphasis was placed upon how aspects of race relations were rated by different ethnic groups, and in individual prisons. Significant differences were found between prisons of the same security category. The findings support those of previous studies in that they raise concerns about the treatment of ethnic minority prisoners, particularly in some prisons. Attention was also paid to the role of gender, age and the security category of the prison. Ethnic minority prisoners tended to rate the quality of race relations in prison more poorly than their White counterparts. Large proportions amongst all ethnic minority groups felt that they were subject to unfair treatment compared to the White majority. On the whole, female prisoners were more likely than males to rate the quality of race relations more favourably, as were adult prisoners in comparison to their young counterparts. Gender and age had a considerable impact on the views of ethnic minority prisoners on the quality of race relations in the establishment. Perceived quality of race relations was significantly associated with prisoners’ views on more general aspects of their treatment in prison, such as respect, humanity, fairness, relationships with staff and safety. Neither the ethnic composition of each prison’s population nor the respective ratio of White to ethnic minority staff had a significant impact on how prisoners viewed the quality of race relations. These results suggest, amongst other things, that perceptions of the legitimacy of penal practices differ significantly between age and ethnic groups, and that attempts to reduce discrimination work more effectively in relation to distributive practices than in relation to attitudes and general treatment.

With the advent of a postmodern society that questions the established fabric of 'culture' and attempts to deconstruct conventional gender roles, various pertinent issues have emerged. One of these issues is forcible sexual assault on a woman without her consent, recognized as the offence of rape. It is considered to be one of the most heinous offences which can be committed against the person of an individual and demands urgent attention due to the spike in the rate of its occurrences. In this article, an attempt has been made to formulate a uniform sentencing policy for rape convicts and to analyse the ramifications of allowing out-of-court compromises, between the convict and the victim, upon such a policy. It begins by tracing the extent of sexual violence in India, defining and discussing the offence of rape as provided in the Indian Penal Code. Thereafter it examines how courts have dealt with the question of allowing rape convicts to make compromises with the victims by, for instance, agreeing to marry them and the effects such compromises have on the overall sentence of the offender. It further explores the need for maintain uniformity with regard to the sentencing policy for rape cases in light of the fundamental principles of sentencing laid down by Indian as well as international courts. The article concludes with certain recommendations about the creation and implementation of such a uniform sentencing policy in rape cases.
https://nujssacj.wordpress.com/2018/08/31/developing-a-uniform-sentencing-policy-for-rape-with-special-reference-to-the-issue-of-compromise/

Nigeria is currently inflated in security crisis which has turn into an unending challenge, not only by defying security procedures but making scorn of the efforts of the law enforcement agents and the millions of naira annually budgeted by the government as security votes. This study, therefore, examines the rising insecurity in Nigeria with causes and solutions to it. The finding revealed that the causes of insecurity are the menace of unemployment and poverty, elite exploitation of ethnicity and religious differences, corruption, weak security apparatus, porous border, marginalization and inequality in the country, and bad governance and poor leadership. The solution range from opposing the aforementioned causes of insecurity in this paper.

Most terrorists ultimately end up in prison, yet remarkably little is known about what happens behind the prison walls and even less about when those individuals are eventually released back into society. This book provides readers with an up-to-date, informed and accessible account of what is known about terrorists and extremists in prison, what are the genuine risks and dangers, and what are the critical issues and insights in terms of management and reform. In doing so, it strips away many of the myths and media panics which have so often dominated discussions of this vital issue.

Where is the pain in exceptional prisons? A new generation of prisons produces unusual ‘pains of imprisonment’ which scholars of punishment are only beginning to catalog. This article brings the reader inside the social milieu of Norway’s ‘Prison Island’, a large, minimum security (‘open’) prison. Here inmates live in self-organized cottages and enjoy relatively unrestricted freedom of movement. But even under exceptional conditions of Scandinavian incarceration, new vectors and modes of punishment arise that produce ‘pains of freedom’, a notion drawing on Crewe’s historicizing examination of Sykes’ concept. Serving as an addition to conventional sociological conceptualizations of prison pains, the ‘pains of freedom’ can be classified into five sub-categories: (1) confusion; (2) anxiety and boundlessness; (3) ambiguity; (4) relative deprivation; and (5) individual responsibility. Based on three months of ethnographic fieldwork and semi-structured interviews with 15 inmates, it is shown that freedom is occasionally experienced as ambiguous, bittersweet or tainted. These new pains may be indicative of what is in stock for clients of future penal regimes in other societies.

O encarceramento massivo e a manicomização dos vulneráveis são alguns dos sintomas que caracterizam um modelo de sociedade regido pela lógica punitivista. Mas o punitivismo não é apenas uma consequência trágica de opções político-criminais ingênuas ou equivocadas que apostam na clausura como mecanismo eficaz de prevenção do delito (...).
As práticas de encarceramento foram convertidas em “credo punitivista” no capitalismo financeiro-predatório. A racionalidade punitivista ultrapassa os muros das instituições totais e o campo jurídico-penal e criminológico e se instala na própria sociedade. O crime e o controle do crime transformam-se em commodities (econômicas e políticas) que reguladoras das ações políticas (...).
O punitivismo passa a operar no âmbito da formação ideológica, pois cria visões de mundo nas quais a eliminação ou o enclausuramento dos indesejáveis são percebidas como as únicas formas de resolução dos conflitos (...).
O fio condutor do livro é a crítica aos fundamentos e às alternativas às formas de enclausuramento no Brasil contemporâneo, sendo duas problematizações constantes: a insustentabilidade dos discursos de justificação e a falácia das alternativas.
O foco é nas penas e nas medidas de segurança, nas prisões e nos manicômios, sobretudo porque, no discurso da Ilustração que estabelece os mitos fundantes do Direito Penal moderno, são os institutos e as instituições que expurgariam os restos de barbárie das práticas punitivas. O sonho iluminista é o da pena racionalizada, humanizada. Lembra Benjamin, porém, que “não há documento de cultura que não seja também um documento de barbárie.” E é no cotidiano das prisões e dos manicômios judiciais brasileiros que reafirmamos, com uma competência assustadora, nossa opção pela barbárie, pelo sofrimento mascarado em forma de sanção jurídica.(Salo de Carvalho e Mariana de Assis Brasil e Weigert, excertos das “Notas Introdutórias”)

Offenders' rehabilitation programs that are based upon the interaction with animals have increasingly been receiving the attention of the media and experts from various fields of science (including psychology, sociology, andragogy, penology, criminology and criminal law) due to a multitude of benefits they are capable of providing for: inmates, prison staff, broader community and animals. Resocialization of offenders, decrease in the rates of recidivism, additional incomes for the prisons' budgets and saving abandoned animals are only some of them. Having this in mind, the author of this paper studies key moments in the historical development of the application of animal assisted therapies and programs, key benefits of these programs, the most remarkable example of modern use of these programs in the world and the implementation of animal-assisted program in Serbia in Correctional Institution in Sremska Mitrovica. In the concluding remarks, the author highlights the most important potentials of these programs in crime suppression, explains the need for additional research in this area, and suggests further directions for their evaluation and improvement.
Key words: prisons, rehabilitation, resocialization, recidivism, animals

Crítica à Execução Penal (2a edição, 2007) - Salo de Carvalho (org)
PARTE I – FUNDAÇÕES
1. Teoria Agnóstica da Pena: Entre os Supérfluos Fins e a
Limitação do Poder Punitivo - Salo de Carvalho
2. A Crise de Legalidade na Execução Penal - Andrei Zenkner Schmidt
3. Prisão e Ideologia: Limites e Possibilidades para a Reforma Prisional no Brasil - Marcos Rolim
4. Análise da Execução Penal na Perspectiva da Complexidade - Miriam Krenzinger A. Guindani

PARTE II – INDIVIDUALIZAÇÃO JUDICIAL E EXECUTIVA DA PENA
1. Individualização da Pena - José Antônio Paganella Boschi
2. O Dividir da Execução Penal: Olhando Mulheres, Olhando Diferenças - Samantha Buglione
3. O (Novo) Papel dos “Criminólogos” na Execução Penal:  As Alterações Estabelecidas pela Lei 10.792/03 - Salo de Carvalho
4. Tratamento Penal: A Dialética do Instituído e do Instituinte - Miriam Krenzinger A. Guindai
5. A Psicologia entre Nuvens e Granito: Problematizando as Perícias Criminais - Júlio Cesar D. Hoenisch
6. A Lei de Execução Penal e as Atribuições do Serviço Social no Sistema Penitenciário: Conservadorismo pela Via da “Desassistência” Social - Andrea Almeida Torres

PARTE III – ESTRUTURA DISCIPLINAR E O REGIME DIFERENCIADO
1. Direitos, Deveres e Disciplina na Execução Penal - Andrei Zenkner Schmidt
2. O Regime Disciplinar Diferenciado: Notas Críticas à Reforma do Sistema Punitivo Brasileiro - Salo de Carvalho e Christiane Russomano Freire
3. Notas Sobre a Inconstitucionalidade da Lei 10.792/2003, Que Criou o Regime Disciplinar Diferenciado na Execução Penal - Maria Thereza Rocha de Assis Moura
4. O Regime Disciplinar Diferenciado como Produto de um Direito Penal do Inimigo - Paulo César Busato

PARTE IV –  JURISDIÇÃO E PROCESSO DE EXECUÇÃO PENAL
1. Execução Penal: Controle da Legalidade - Marco Antonio Bandeira Scapini
2. O papel do Juiz Garantista e a Execução Penal em tempos Neoliberais: Eichmann e Big Brother - Alexandre Rosa
3. O Ministério Público na Execução Penal - Eduardo M. Cavalcanti
4. Revisitando o Processo de Execução Penal a partir da Instrumentalidade Garantista - Aura Lopes Jr.
5. A Execução Penal e o Sistema Acusatório - Geraldo Prado
6. Da Necessidade de Efetivação do Sistema Acusatório no Processo de Execução Penal - Salo de Carvalho
7. Muito Além do Bem e do Mal: Considerações sobre a Execução Penal Antecipada - Alexandre Wunderlich
8. Crítica à Execução Antecipada da Pena: a Revisão da Súmula 267 pelo STJ - Alexandre Wunderlich e Salo de Carvalho
9. Embargos de Declaração no Processo de Execução Penal - Daniel Gerber

PARTE V – INCIDENTES NA EXECUÇÃO PENAL
1. Crimes Hediondos e Regime Carcerário Único: Novos Motivos de Inconstitucionalidade - Tupinambá Pinto de Azevedo
2. Regressão de Regime: Uma Releitura Frente aos Princípios Constitucionais- Simone Schroeder
3. O Apenado, a Família, a LEP e a Constituição - Aramis Nassif e Samir Hofmeister Nassif
4. Breve Reflexão sobre o Indulto Condicional - Daniel Gerber
5. O Indulto e as Penas Restritivas de Direito - Salo de Carvalho
6. Prisão – Tempo, Trabalho e Remição: Reflexões Motivadas pela Inconstitucionalidade do Artigo 127 da LEP e Outros Tópicos Revisitados - Luiz Antonio Bogo Chies
7. Por Que a Súmula 715 do SFT Está Errada? Unidade de Pena e Limites de 30 Anos na Execução Penal - Luiz Antonio Bogo Chies e Marcelo Oliveira de Moura

PARTE VI – MEDIDAS DE SEGURANÇA
1. Medidas de Segurança: Da Criminalização da Doença aos
Limites do Poder de Punir - Ronya Soares de Brito e Souto
2. O Discurso Psiquiátrico na Imposição das Medidas de Segurança - Mariana de Assis Brasil e Weigert
3. As Medidas de Segurança no Estado Democrático de Direito: apontamentos à consecução de uma teoria agnóstica da medida de segurança - Vinícius Gil Braga

Hasta bien entrado el siglo XX los proyectos para edificios penitenciarios se mantuvieron dentro de los lineamientos originados en los partidos arquitectónicos clásicos. Estos planteas, si bien habían evolucionado desde sus orígenes, resultaban inadecuados para las exigencias de la penología moderna. Durante la posguerra se profundizó la experimentación con nuevos modelos arquitectónicos junto con la incorporación de conceptos provenientes de la psicología ambiental, disciplina que estudia la relación entre el comportamiento humano y el ambiente. Resultado de esta evolución son los recientes proyectos de cárceles y prisiones conocidos como de "nueva generación" que parecen estar destinados a refonnular la concepción arquitectónico-operativa de los institutos penitenciarios y cuyo desarrollo y características se presentan a continuación.

JohnMoore contributes a fascinating account of
the innovative work of Alexander Maconochie, a prison
governor on the Norfolk Island penal settlement in
Australia, and at Birmingham prison in the mid 19th
century.Many of his ideas, including conditional rewards,
reducing offending on release, and developing
meaningful work, can be seen echoing down the years to
this very day. His eventual failure also stands as a poignant
warning to those who follow in his footsteps.