Medical Science

Background: Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is a simple, rapid, cost effective and reliable technique which can be used as a routine outpatient department (OPD) procedure and first line of investigation in diagnosing a variety of superficial and deep lesions. Lymphadenopathy is of great clinical significance and the underlying cause may range from a treatable infectious etiology to malignant neoplasms. In this study, we describe the diagnostic utility of FNAC in the assessment of lymph node lesions with an emphasis on the diagnosis of non-neoplastic, benign, malignant neoplastic and tuberculous. Methods: This was a retrospective study done over a period of four years. A total of 920 patients including all age groups and both sexes presenting with palpable or deep lymph nodes in FNAC clinic of our institute were included in our study. FNAC was conducted with 22-24 Gauge disposable needles attached to 10c.c syringes. Smears were fixed in 95% ethyl alcohol and stained with Papanicolaou stain. Leishman stain was done on air dried smears. Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining was done wherever required. Results: Out of 920 FNAC from lymph nodes, the most frequent cause of lymphadenopathy was found to be Tuberculosis with 466 cases (50.65%). The next frequent diagnosis was reactive lymphadenitis with 317 cases (34.45%) followed by metastatic lymphadenopathy in 50 cases (5.43%) and acute suppurative lymphadenitis in 46 cases (5%). A diagnosis of lymphoproliferative disorder was rendered in 27 cases (2.93%). In 14 cases (1.52%) FNAC was inconclusive. Conclusion: In our study, the predominant cause of lymphadenopathy was tuberculous lymphadenitis, seen in more than half of total cases, followed by reactive, acute suppurative lymphadenopathy and malignant neoplasms. FNAC was helpful in establishing the diagnosis in 98.48% of the cases.

The school health program is an important driver in improving Healthcare, Education, and Economic productivity as they are interdependent. The importance of such a program has become vital in an emerging economy like India due to westernization and the increasing risk of Non-communicable diseases in the twenty-first century. We present our study to investigate the various factors within and outside the school environment that influenced school capacity for implementation and potential sustainability of wellness programming in an urban and suburban school in India. School health program in India needs a well-structured protocol for effective implementation. Health education plays a vital role in promoting good health in kids. Collaborative partnerships between healthcare and the education system are required for schools to improve outcomes.

Introduction- Tinnitus is perceived as a continuous buzzing, hissing or ringing in the ears and in some cases in head. One of common cause of subjective tinnitus is psychogenic. The high prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients of tinnitus warrants a review of literature to shed light on the link between these diseases. Despite theoretical suggestions of a link between stress and tinnitus, this notion has received little empirical support. We conducted this study with aim to find out the psychological factors in patients suffering from psychogenic tinnitus.
Methodology- Fifty patients with diagnosis of psychogenic tinnitus referred to psychiatry outpatient department underwent detailed psychiatric evaluation by a consultant psychiatrist. Psychiatric diagnoses were considered as per ICD-10 DCR criteria. Hamilton Depression rating scale (HAM-D) was used to assess Depressive symptoms and Hamilton Anxiety Rating scale (HAM-A) was used to asses anxiety symptoms. Perceived Stress scale (PSS) was used to assess the perception of stress. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was used asses the severity of Tinnitus. The statistical analyses were conducted using Statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS version 16) software.
Results- Majority of patients reported difficulty in falling asleep (28%), Dizziness was reported by 20% of patients , 20% reported Headache, 16% reported Irritability, 8% reported difficulty in concentrating due to tinnitus, 3% patients were fearful about their illness. Most common psychiatric diagnosis in our study was anxiety disorders (18%), followed by Depressive disorder (14%). 3 (6%) Tinnitus patients also suffered from Somatoform Disorders. Correlation analysis showed significant correlation between visual analog scale annoyance, coping, distress, loudness scores and perceived stress scores
Conclusion- This study has revealed significant psychological stress and psychiatric comorbidity associated with psychogenic tinnitus patients. Stress can be particularly related to aetiology as well as morbidity of psychogenic tinnitus.

Keywords: Tinnitus, psychiatric comorbidity, HAM-D, HAM-A, Stress

An important determinant of students’ morbidity and mortal-
ity rate is the access to and use of quality healthcare services. The provision of quality health care is an increasingly dif
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ficult task. Globally, universities do have health centres to pro
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vide  quality  and  affordable  health  care  to  students  of  the  in-
stitution. Access to quality health services provided by the
university  management  is  crucial  to  having  a  reduced  rate  of 
students’  morbidity  and  mortality.  Attitude  towards  utiliza
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tionof health services will be related to the availability of drugs,
health care providers, equipment and accessibility. The World
Health Assembly mandated sound health for all people in the
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year 2000 because it was necessary for socially productive life. In low resource countries, the hospital bed-population and
doctor-population ratio was about 0.4 and 0.2 per 1,000 popu-
lation respectively, while the corresponding figures for the de
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veloped countries are 6 and 3 per thousand population.

Introduction: Pyogenic wound infection is a major cause of morbidity because of emergence of multidrug resistant bacterial strains. Hence it is important to know the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolates from pus samples to choose right antibiotics for the management of patient. Aim: To isolate the aerobic bacteria from pus samples and study their antibiotic sensitivity pattern. Methods: 524 samples received in the Department of Microbiology, Guntur medical college were processed as per the standard guidelines in the laboratory .All the bacterial isolates obtained were tested for antibiotic sensitivity by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method and interpretation was done as per CLSI guide lines. Results: Out of 524 samples tested 476 (90.8%) were culture positive and 48 (9.2%) were culture sterile. Out of 476 culture positive samples 73.7% were Gram negative bacilli and 26.3% were Gram positive cocci. Majority of GNB were Klebsiella pneumoniae (29.5%) followed by Pseudomonas (23.3%), Escherichia coli (14.4%) and Proteus (3.5%). Staphylococcus aureus (22%) and Coagulase negative staphylococci (3.8%) were isolated. Pure cultures were obtained in 88.2% and mixed cultures in 11.8%. Most of the GNB were sensitive to aminoglycosides, carbapenems, Piperacillin Tazobactam, third generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. MRSA were isolated in 27% of Staphylococcus aureus strains. Conclusion: Empirical and appropriate use of antibiotics is very crucial in preventing emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria.Hence there is a need for such studies to know the current status of bacterial etiology and their antibiogram.

Transgenderism is a religious belief (ideology) and enforcement of it by the State violates the First Amendment.
The First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America.
The attempt to force a transgender ideology upon schools and governments is a violation of the First Amendment in three ways. 
First, it is an attempt to establish a religion. Transgenderism is a belief that is not upheld by science. A person claims to be transgender by identification, which is a mental or emotional attachment to an idea. The person who claims to be a female, but is in fact a male, is denying the scientific fact of biology, genetics and DNA. Whatever they may “feel,” it does not make it a fact or true.
Second, the attempt to force others to conform to some complex forms of “politically correct” speech, is a violation of the second clause by prohibiting the free exercise of religion, as well as third, suppressing the freedom of speech by refusing to allow people to speak correctly of scientific facts, but forces them to verbally uphold an ideology or religion.

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme established by the Federal Government of Nigeria was aimed at exposing student of higher institution to acquire industrial skill and practical experience in their approved course of study and also to prepare students for the industrial work situation which they are likely to meet after graduation. This technical report is based on the experiences gained during my four months of Industrial Training at Orile Agege General Hospital, Lagos State.
This report highlights how patients are being managed and also the several test carried out for patients such as: Full Blood Count (FBC), Packed Cell Volume(PCV),White Blood Cell Count, Differential Count, Stool Examination, Microfilaria, Widal  (Typhoid test), Genotype, HIV, e.t.c. I was opportuned to work in five (5) sections which are Phlebotomy Section, Hematology/Immunohematology Section, Serology Section, Clinical Microbiology Section, and Chemical Pathology Section. These sections have exposed me to the precautions, rules and regulations of the laboratory, how to diagnose patients and how the tests are being analysed.
Most importantly, it describes the activities and my experience gained during the period of the training, it also stated the problems encountered and also gave suggestion for improvement of the scheme.

Calcium phosphate materials are similar to bone in composition and in having bioactive and osteoconductive properties. Calcium phosphate materials in different forms, as cements, composites, and coatings, are used in many medical and dental applications. This paper reviews the applications of these materials in dentistry. It presents a brief history, dental applications, and methods for improving their mechanical properties. Notable research is highlighted regarding (1) application of calcium phosphate into various fields in dentistry; (2) improving mechanical properties of calcium phosphate; (3) biomimetic process and functionally graded materials. This paper deals with most common types of the calcium phosphate materials such as hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate which are currently used in dental and medical fields.

Aim of study assessing student nurses' satisfaction of clinical placement.

Materials and Methods: A descriptive design was used. Accessible population included all undergraduate bachelor of nursing students
females female students were (147). In this study a self-administered questionnaire was used. Developed by Chan (2002) consisted of two main parts actual and preferred. The current study used only the satisfaction in actual part and a demographic data sheet.

Results: The general study results moderate level satisfaction in clinical placement.

RESUMEN:
Las investigaciones aquí desarrolladas buscan una aproximación interdisciplinaria al fenómeno de la salud y la enfermedad, así como a la naturaleza de la práctica médica en la posmodernidad. La filosofía de la medicina se inspira fundamentalmente en la actual filosofía de la ciencia, que ha abandonado la idea de una realidad objetiva o de un orden natural inmutable, reemplazándola por la representación de nuestro conocimiento, adquiriendo así uno de sus rasgos fundamentales, el carácter holístico e interpretativo. Más allá de esto –en una aproximación bioética– se busca considerar el cuerpo de las personas con enfermedades avanzadas, y con riesgo cercano de muerte, donde la presencia inminente de mutilaciones o terapias altamente invasivas, con el correspondiente decaimiento y destrucción del propio cuerpo, nos fuerzan a pensar más allá de la “dignidad”, en “la zona muda”, para enfrentarse en el tema irreductible del dolor.
Dr. Adolfo Vásquez Rocca

What role should historians of science, technology, and medicine have in communicating their own body of literature—its methods and concerns—across linguistic boundaries? This anthology is a proactive response to this question. As the West and the East become ever more closely related through travel, trade, and—not least—the globalization of knowledge, the seven essays in this volume should stimulate new engagements between English and Chinese readers on the centrality of science, technology, and medicine for our histories and our future. A wider selection of influential literature published in English since 1990 has been translated into Chinese and published in China in a companion volume.

Varicose veins constitute a progressive disease that becomes steadily worst. In the INDIAN subcontinent,an estimated 23% of adults have varicose veins, and 6% have more advanced chronic venous disease(CVD), including skin changes and healed or active venous ulcers. The study has been taken up to know the distribution & severity of varicose veins of lower limbs & modalities of treatment in prevention of complications.

The discovery of Plato’s spiritual geometry hidden for some 2400 years within plane geometry, reveals itself to be an infinite fractal mathematical logic orienting a political medical science capable of moving civilization toward an ethical human survival destiny.

Although ‘tribal’ democracies evolved intellect by creating weaponry to ensure their survival DNA demonstrates that humans belong to a single species. The need to obey the survival of the fittest law defines that a species harming itself is suffering from a neurological disorder. Plato’s political medical science anticipated this situation and provided the information to obtain its antidote.

Background: People with diabetes are almost twice as likely to suffer from anxiety and depression as the general population, but this often remains under-recognized and thus under-treated. Method: Descriptive questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey of a sample of diabetic patients attending King Abdul-Aziz Specialist Hospital in Taif, Saudi Arabia. Results: The study included (n= 370) diabetic patients. The point prevalence of anxiety was 37.6%. Of whom 5.1% had severe anxiety, 11.1% had moderate anxiety, and 21.4% had mild anxiety symptoms. Anxiety was higher in women (P = 0.000), particularly housewives (P= 0.000), and the obese (P =0.019). Glycaemic control and diabetic complications did not increase anxiety scores. Hypothyroidism was associated with anxiety symptoms (P = 0.014). Comorbid psychiatric illness was associated with higher anxiety (P = 0.002). Conclusion: Diabetic care should incorporate prevention, screening, and treatment for anxiety symptoms by encouraging physical activity and treating comorbid thyroid and psychiatric illnesses.

Endotracheal intubation has become an integral component of airway management. Intubation is associated with sympathetic surge leading to tachycardia and hypertension. Although these sympathetic responses following intubation are brief, they still carry grave consequences for high risk patients and may cause arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, cardiac failure, intracerebral hemorrhage and raised intracranial pressure (ICP). Since multiple drugs and techniques have been used to prevent the intubation response, the purpose of this review was to study the various drugs available in literature and their success in combating intubation response. The methods used can either (a) block the afferent pathway-superior laryngeal nerve block via topical application or infiltration of local anesthetic; (b) block the central mechanism of integration and sensory input via opioids etc; or (c) block the efferent pathway and effector sites-beta blockers (BB), calcium channel blockers (CCB), lignocaine. Among the various drugs available, dexmedetomidine appears to have better attenuation of intubation response followed by beta blockers and calcium channel blockers. Lignocaine appears to be least effective in prevention of pressor response to intubation and laryngoscopy.

According to WHO, the present decade women, have longer life expectancy than men. At the same time, morbidity status of women increases with age and affects their quality of life. Vitamin D, is an independent predictor of mortality and important nutrient to women health. Vitamin D deficiency was reported in varying degrees in tropical and subtropical countries among children and women. Vitamin D insufficiency is pandemic and is more common in females than males. The health consequences in postmenopausal women with pre-existing loss of estrogen will be aggravated by age-related changes in the VDR and vitamin D synthesis. Hence, postmenopausal women have high morbidity and mortality. Women in perimenopausal age are to be focussed for early identification and focus on promoting health, in preventing the disease in later life. This may have positive impact on women's quality of life and may reduce financial consequences. Hence, the present study mainly focuses on the role of vitamin D status affecting the quality of life in perimenopausal women.

Healthy and unhealthy state of a human being depends on normal and abnormal functional state of Tridosha, considering the physiological importance of Dosha in maintenance of homeostasis of the body Tridosha have been called as root (Dosha Dhatu Mala Moolam hi Shariram) of the body. All the functions of the body could be explained in terms of Dosha, Dhatu and Mala. Tridosha are the biological entities derived from Panchamahabhuta, responsible for regulation of all bodily functions and its regulation. Variation in functional state of Tridosha with respect to age, day-night, and season occurs to accommodate body with the environmental influences like sunrise, sunset and seasonal variations. Ayurveda has described three dynamic states of Tridosha, namely Sama (balanced state), Kshaya (hypo functional state) and Vriddhi (hyper functional) state/ state of excess accumulation. These states of Dosha could be assessed by observing the sign and symptoms produced in body by altered state of Dosha. This paper is aimed to summarize and analyze the descriptions regarding the hypo and hyper functional states of Tridosha (Dosha Kshya-Vriddhi) made by Ayurvedic scholars and suggest some objective parameters to assess the functional state of Tridosha.

Keywords:medical informatics;biomedical information;medical science;information access;human factors;information resources managementmedical informatics;biomedical information;medical science;information access;human factors;information resources management

Abstract : Paracetamol usage in excess can lead to a fatal condition because it has a lot of side effects with liver failure as the worst side effect. Some previous studies proved that brown seaweeds possesses antioxidant improving liver failure. This study is a laboratory experimental research to determine whether brown seaweeds can increase liver’s histopathologic score of paracetamol-induced white male Wistar rats. The research design was the posttest only control group design. Thirty two white male Wistar rats were used as animal model for this study. The results,  in the negative control group, the average histopatologic score of white male wistar rats is 1; For the positive control group : 3,933 0.0516; for the first treated group : 3.317  0.2927; While the second treated group has 3.067  0.1862. Data is tested by using Kruskal-Wallis test with  = 0,05. Obtained value Sig. (2-tailed) > 0,05. Conclusion, Sargassum oligocystum 200 mg/kgBB tends to increase the  liver’s histopathologic score of paracetamol-induced white male Wistar rats.
Keywords: Paracetamol, hepatocixity, brown seaweeds, antioxidant.

Background: The status of breast milk practices is dismal in India in spite of specialized nutrient to newborns by way of breast milk. Culture influences breastfeeding decisions of mothers which have an influence on overall growth, development, health and nourishment of infants and children. Objectives: Assessing the maternal information, approach, and
practices towards breastfeeding among mothers. Breastfeeding correlation with a number of antenatal visits, hospital education, maternal education, parity, mode of delivery, holding the baby after delivery, socioeconomic status, employment, religion and sex of the child, and prelacteal feeds. Methods: In a study, 400 mothers with children up to 2 years attending hospitals over a one year period. Data was collected using a self-administered standardized questionnaire. Statistical Analysis: The data was analysed regarding mean, frequencies,
percentages, Chi-Square test and Spearman’s correlation test. Results: Breast feeding was deferred in mothers who delivered by Caesarean section due to mothers being kept for observation. Forty-three point eight % of mothers initiated first breast feeds within an hour.
Eighty-eight point six % had initiated breastfeeds within one to four hours, however, it was. Prelacteal feeds were given by twenty-seven % mothers. Most mothers fed colostrum to the infants. Mean duration of exclusive breastfeeding was four and a half months. There was no
association between duration of exclusive breastfeeding with parity, hospital education, holding of baby socioeconomic status and sex of the child. 34% of mothers administered in addition to breast feeding bottle-feeding. The mean age of starting complementary foods was 6 and half months. Conclusion: Due to cultural factors and other social promotional
activities, the majority of the mothers had adequate knowledge and a positive attitude towards infant breastfeeding practice. Delay in the initiation of breastfeeding will impact education programs and neonatal feeding practices.

Purpose: Numerous studies have found perfectionism to show positive relations with eating disorder symptoms, but so far no study has examined whether perfectionistic self-presentation can explain these relations or whether the relations are the same for different eating disorder symptom groups. Methods: A sample of 393 female university students completed self-report measures of perfectionism (self-oriented perfectionism, socially prescribed perfectionism), perfectionistic self-presentation (perfectionistic self-promotion, nondisplay of imperfection, nondisclosure of imperfection), and three eating disorder symptom groups (dieting, bulimia, oral control). In addition, students reported their weight and height so their body mass index (BMI) could be computed. Results: Results of multiple regression analyses controlling for BMI indicated that socially prescribed perfectionism positively predicted all three symptom groups, whereas self-oriented perfectionism positively predicted dieting only. Moreover, perfectionistic self-presentation explained the positive relations that perfectionism showed with dieting and oral control, but not with bulimia. Further analyses indicated that all three aspects of perfectionistic self-presentation positively predicted dieting, whereas only nondisclosure of imperfection positively predicted bulimia and oral control. Overall, perfectionistic self-presentation explained 10.4-23.5% of variance in eating disorder symptoms, whereas perfectionism explained 7.9-12.1%. Conclusions: The findings suggest that perfectionistic self-presentation explains why perfectionistic women show higher levels of eating disorder symptoms, particularly dieting. Thus perfectionistic self-presentation appears to play a central role in the relations of perfectionism and disordered eating and may warrant closer attention in theory, research, and treatment of eating and weight disorders.