- Döbelnsgatan 24c, Uppsala
Ingrid Maier
Uppsala University, Dept. of Modern Languages, Faculty Member
- Early Modern History, Early Modern Era, Early Modern News Culture, 17th Century Dutch Republic, Dutch History, Russian linguistics, and 29 moreGerman-Russian translation, Muscovite Russia, Vesti Kuranty, Couranten, Latin newspapers, 17th-Century Newspapers, 17th century Press, Cross cultural Relations, Russian Lexical Semantics, 17th-Century Pamphlets, Translation Technique of Medieval Slavic Literature, History of the Russian language, History of the Russian Theater, Russian History, Cultural History, News Culture In the 17th Century, Dutch newspapers in Russian translation, Russia and the Netherlands, Sabbatai Zwi, History of the Theater, Grigorii Kotoshikhin, Симеон Полоцкий, Григорий Котошихин, Степан Разин, Sabbatai Zevi, Medieval manuscript and performance culture and the concept of medieval authorship, Rare Books And Manuscripts (Library Science), Digital descriptions of Slavic Cyrillic manuscripts and early printed books., and Pirmin Stekeler-Weithoferedit
- Professor of Russian at Uppsala University (Sweden) since 2000, retired since 1 May 2018.edit
This is a work about the acquisition of foreign news in Russia, an attempt to determine its significance not only for government decision making but also for the cultural changes which were underway there during the seventeenth century.... more
This is a work about the acquisition of foreign news in Russia, an attempt to determine its significance not only for government decision making but also for the cultural changes which were underway there during the seventeenth century. The core material for the study is the 'kuranty', the Russian translations from periodical newspapers and separates, most of them published in Dutch or German in the major European commercial centers. However, the Muscovite government regularly acquired foreign news from many other sources, both written and oral. Their analysis is essential too if one is to understand the importance of the kuranty. What was the institutional context within which such news was being obtained and processed? Who were the individuals involved? How accurate were the translations, and how accurate was the news? Contextualization also invites serious consideration of how the foreign news was treated and understood in Europe, where there was a communications ‘revolution’ underway. Might there not be some similarities with what was happening in Russia, at the same time that there are significant differences? Do we see here evidence of ‘influence’, or might it not be better to think of ‘creative adaptation’ within a framework of existing pragmatic solutions to the challenges of obtaining essential information? The book thus has a broad comparative aspect which should offer new insights into the cultural, intellectual, and social history of early modern Russia and contribute as well to the study of the information revolution elsewhere in Europe.
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Полный текст книги. Список исправлений см. в разделе Drafts.
Research Interests: Russian History, Russia (History), Russian Intellectual History, Cultural History of Russia, 17the Century Russia, and 7 morehistory of Russia (17th-18th centuries); history of European diplomatic relations (17th-18th centuries), History of Russia, East West relations, History Of Russian Language, Old Church Slavonic, 17th-c. Russia, Vesti-Kuranty, Vesti-Kuranty, 17-c. Russian, newspaper translations in the 17th century, and Medieval Russian History
When Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich and his family watched a play at court in October 1672, they were doing something that had never happened in Russia before. This was the first performance of a Western-style play in Russia, the opening act... more
When Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich and his family watched a play at court in October 1672, they were doing something that had never happened in Russia before. This was the first performance of a Western-style play in Russia, the opening act of a brilliant dramatic tradition. In this small monograph we concentrate on the prehistory of this event, which has been little studied in the last century, and introduce several documents unknown to Russian theatrical scholars. These reveal two earlier performances, from spring 1672, organised by amateur Western actors living in Moscow’s Foreign Quarter. One of these sources is an eye-witness account from the stage itself; at least three newspapers (from Hamburg and Amsterdam) reported about this event. These two successful productions were direct catalysts for the formation of the official court theatre later that year, and they show the influence of important Western performance traditions. For example, the character ”Pickleherring”, known throughout Northern European stages, was the hit of the spring performances. Not only did the tsar’s court try to hire one of the most famous theatrical troupes in Europe to come to Moscow immediately after these performances, but Pickleherring later appears in the Russian court theatre, both as a named character and through his stylised attributes.
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Вести-Куранты. 1656 г., 1660—1662 гг., 1664—1670 гг.: Русские тексты. Ч. 1 / Изд. подгот. В. Г. Демьяновым при участии И. А. Корнилаевой. Завершение работы над изд. и подгот. к печати: Е. А. Подшивалова, С. М. Шамин. Под ред. А. М. Молдована и Ингрид Майер. — М.: Рукописные памятники Древней Руси, 2009. — 856 c. ISBN 978-5-9551-0326-6more
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This paper describes a virtually unknown Russian alphabet table, Alphabetum Russarum. It consists of only two leaves and presents the Russian alphabet, including detailed pronunciation rules in Latin. The copy is damaged, the impressum is... more
This paper describes a virtually unknown Russian alphabet table, Alphabetum Russarum. It consists of only two leaves and presents the Russian alphabet, including detailed pronunciation rules in Latin. The copy is damaged, the impressum is lost. It is clear, however, that the printer was Peter van Selow (1582-1650). The only known copy belongs to the Herzogin Anna Amalia Bibliothek in Weimar, where it functions as a kind of appendix to the Lutheran catechism, printed in Stockholm in 1628 by the same printer, Van Selow. Alphabetum Russarum was undoubtedly intended as an "international" counterpart to the well-known Swedish edition Alfabetum Rutenorum, although the former does not contain any texts from Luther's catechism. Both tables appeared without a print date, but they were apparently issued in the late 1630s or the early 1640s. The unique Weimar copy of Alphabetum Russarum is also very special in another way: along with minor additions and corrections to the printed text it also contains a handwritten appendix in Latin, most likely written by Laurentius Rinhuber, the assistant to the first "Russian playwright" and author of the first court plays ever presented in Moscow (in the 1670s), the Lutheran pastor Johann Gottfried Gregorii.
This article identifies and describes a pivotal event in the formation of the Russian court theatre: a performance in February 1672 for the Russian royal family given by a small group of foreign residents in Moscow. This performance... more
This article identifies and describes a pivotal event in the formation of the
Russian court theatre: a performance in February 1672 for the Russian royal family given by a small group of foreign residents in Moscow. This performance (and another that followed in May) was the direct catalyst for the formation of Tsar Aleksej Michajlovič’s court theatre in October 1672. By examining a series of contemporary published accounts (printed newspapers and the 1680 work by Jacob Rautenfels) and unpublished diplomatic dispatches, we have not only been able to pinpoint the date for this event (16 February 1672), but also establish the important connections between Western theatrical practice and the beginnings of staged theatre in Russia. Because some of the characters (or their actions) featured in this first Western-style performance appeared later in Tsar Aleksej’s regular court theatre (especially the stock comic figure Pickleherring), our work not only rewrites the pre-history of Russian theatre, but also contextualises the performances that followed. More broadly, the documents we use (some of which are newly discovered) show the importance to cultural historians of the communications revolution in Early Modern Europe, with its emphasis on the regular transmission of current news and information through newspapers and diplomatic dispatches, sources that have rarely been used for studies of early Russian culture.
Russian court theatre: a performance in February 1672 for the Russian royal family given by a small group of foreign residents in Moscow. This performance (and another that followed in May) was the direct catalyst for the formation of Tsar Aleksej Michajlovič’s court theatre in October 1672. By examining a series of contemporary published accounts (printed newspapers and the 1680 work by Jacob Rautenfels) and unpublished diplomatic dispatches, we have not only been able to pinpoint the date for this event (16 February 1672), but also establish the important connections between Western theatrical practice and the beginnings of staged theatre in Russia. Because some of the characters (or their actions) featured in this first Western-style performance appeared later in Tsar Aleksej’s regular court theatre (especially the stock comic figure Pickleherring), our work not only rewrites the pre-history of Russian theatre, but also contextualises the performances that followed. More broadly, the documents we use (some of which are newly discovered) show the importance to cultural historians of the communications revolution in Early Modern Europe, with its emphasis on the regular transmission of current news and information through newspapers and diplomatic dispatches, sources that have rarely been used for studies of early Russian culture.
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Previous attempts to describe the life of Peter van Selow, one of the more important type founders and printers in Sweden during the first half of the seventeenth century, have suffered from serious deficiencies: we knew neither the dates... more
Previous attempts to describe the life of Peter van Selow, one of the more important type founders and printers in Sweden during the first half of the seventeenth century, have suffered from serious deficiencies: we knew neither the dates of his birth and death, nor was it clear where he was born. Quite consistently he was characterised as a Dutchman. Thanks to a newly discovered funeral sermon that has survived in Stuttgart, many blank spots in Van Selow's biography can now be f illed in: Van Selow was born in Grevesmühlen in Mecklenburg, 1582, and he died in Stockholm, 1650. This study combines information from the recently located new source with long-known Swedish scholarship on the hitherto enigmatic type founder and printer. Sources about the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe, in whose service Van Selow was employed for several years, were also used to fill in some gaps.
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This paper analyzes reports written by foreign authors about the execution of Stepan Razin. The main focus is on two dispatches written by the Swedish citizen and merchant in Moscow, Christoff Koch, in May–June 1671 and sent to Narva, and... more
This paper analyzes reports written by foreign authors about the execution of Stepan Razin. The main focus is on two dispatches written by the Swedish citizen and merchant in Moscow, Christoff Koch, in May–June 1671 and sent to Narva, and from there, they were forwarded to the Swedish capital, among other places. They are now kept at the State Archives in Stockholm, and they have not been discussed previously in the scholarly literature. The paper contains the full translation into Russian of two long reports written by Koch about Razin’s capture, delivery to Moscow, interrogation, and execution, with our comments. Special attention is given to a unique colored drawing, showing the brothers, Stepan and Frol Razin, as well as the body parts of the executed Stepan. From the written documents it becomes clear that the drawing was sent from Moscow to the governor of Swedish Ingria in Narva, and then forwarded to Stockholm, together with the two Koch dispatches. The authors come to the c...
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In the second half of the 17th century, the translators of the Russian Ambassadorial Chancery had to translate a large number of books. Among them, the equestrian books by Antoine de Pluvinel from the 1620s stand out: Maneige Royal and... more
In the second half of the 17th century, the translators of the Russian Ambassadorial Chancery had to translate a large number of books. Among them, the equestrian books by Antoine de Pluvinel from the 1620s stand out: Maneige Royal and L'Instruction du Roy / Reitkunst. This paper focuses on the Russian translation of L'Instruction du Roy / Reitkunst, accomplished in 1677, but the history of this edition is inseparable from that of Maneige Royal. Selected fragments of the translation are compared. Even this preliminary analysis leads to surprising insights into translation techniques employed by the translators of the Ambassadorial Chancery.
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Research Interests: Diplomatic History, Sociology, Russian Literature, Russian History, History of Diplomacy, and 11 moreRussian culture, History and archaeology, Cross cultural studies, Language Culture and Communication, 18 Th Century Europe, History of Muscovy, Social and Cultural Aspects of Russian History, History of the Russian Theater, Pickleherring, History of the Theater, and Scando-Slavica
Ingrid Maier (Uppsala Universitet), Wouter Pilger (Lelystad). VOC-LADINGLIJST VERTAALD VOOR DE RUSSISCHE TSAAR (1667). <... Wij geven eerst wat achtergrond: over de VOC, 17e-eeuwse kranten, het Moskouse vertaalbureau. ...
Research Interests: Humanities and Art
The Legend of the Wandering Jew in a Russian Translation of 1663. The Russian National Library in St. Petersburg holds a unique manuscript version of the famous tale of Ahasverus, the "Wandering Jew". This copy was probably made in the... more
The Legend of the Wandering Jew in a Russian Translation of 1663.
The Russian National Library in St. Petersburg holds a unique manuscript version of the famous tale of Ahasverus, the "Wandering Jew". This copy was probably made in the late seventeenth or early eighteenth century, whereas the translation itself – according to a date indicated at the beginning of the copy – was produced in 1663, most probably by a professional translator at the Ambassadorial Chancery in Moscow. The text is preserved in a volume previously owned by P. M. Stroev (the modern shelfmark is Pogodin 1565). The Ahasverus manuscript was mentioned by A. I. Sobolevskij in 1903, and the text was edited for the first time by V. P. Adrianova in 1915 – an edition unfortunately marred by a number of serious mistakes. Therefore we decided to publish a new transcription. One of the important questions discussed is, obviously, the source language for the Russian translation. Whereas V. P. Adrianova was convinced ...
The Russian National Library in St. Petersburg holds a unique manuscript version of the famous tale of Ahasverus, the "Wandering Jew". This copy was probably made in the late seventeenth or early eighteenth century, whereas the translation itself – according to a date indicated at the beginning of the copy – was produced in 1663, most probably by a professional translator at the Ambassadorial Chancery in Moscow. The text is preserved in a volume previously owned by P. M. Stroev (the modern shelfmark is Pogodin 1565). The Ahasverus manuscript was mentioned by A. I. Sobolevskij in 1903, and the text was edited for the first time by V. P. Adrianova in 1915 – an edition unfortunately marred by a number of serious mistakes. Therefore we decided to publish a new transcription. One of the important questions discussed is, obviously, the source language for the Russian translation. Whereas V. P. Adrianova was convinced ...
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A previously virtually unknown Russian alphabet table with the Latin title _Alphabetum Russarum_ has recently been located in the Herzogin Anna Amalia Bibliothek in Weimar. This copy, the only one that is known, is damaged, and the... more
A previously virtually unknown Russian alphabet table with the Latin title _Alphabetum Russarum_ has recently been located in the Herzogin Anna Amalia Bibliothek in Weimar. This copy, the only one that is known, is damaged, and the impressum is lost. It is clear, however, that it belongs to the production of Peter van Selow's Stockholm print shop, and it is known that the imprint was issued without a date. This article focuses on the detailed pronunciation rules that are presented in Latin in the _Alphabetum Russarum_. Where applicable, these rules are compared with the Swedish-language rules in another Stockholm imprint by Van Selow, titled _Alfabetum Rutenorum_. The paper also contains some short notes about the typefounder and printer, who did not have his roots in the Netherlands, as has been stated quite consistently since the early twentieth century, but was born in Mecklenburg.
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В статье анализируется ранний прозаический перевод на русский язык латинского панегирика «In lavdem Lvdovici XIII», сочиненного Петром Валенсом не позднее 1623 г. Стихотворение вошло в состав книги «Maneige Royal» (вышедшей впервые в 1623... more
В статье анализируется ранний прозаический перевод на русский язык латинского панегирика «In lavdem Lvdovici XIII», сочиненного Петром Валенсом не позднее 1623 г. Стихотворение вошло в состав книги «Maneige Royal» (вышедшей впервые в 1623 г.), автором которой считается А. де Плювинель, учивший юного короля Людовика XIII верховой езде. На русский эта книга
была переведена в 1670 г., но не с французского, а с немецкого языка. Источником послужило двуязычное издание «Maneige Royal / Königliche Reitschul», напечатанное в 1626 г. в Брауншвейге. Русское название книги дословно отражает немецкое: «Королевская ездная школа». Перевод известен в двух списках — РНБ, F.XI.1 (Санкт-Петербург) и в составе Cod. AD 10 (Вестерос, Швеция). Анализ списков дает основания предполагать, что перевод был выполнен в Посольском приказе (как и, по всей вероятности, оба списка). В переводе латинского панегирика отражено вполне уверенное понимание переводчиком основного содержания, хотя и не без отдельных погрешностей. При этом некоторые ошибки в переводе, как нам кажется, спровоцированы опечатками немецкого источника или привнесены в процессе копирования. По всей вероятности, русский перевод латинского стихотворения, как и всей книги Плювинеля, был выполнен переводчиком Иваном Тяжкогорским, знавшим все три использованные в книге языка (немецкий, латынь и французский). Несмотря на то что Тяжкогорский большей частью выполнял переводы с родного немецкого языка, он неплохо переводил также с латыни и французского, но исторические, политические и, главным образом, мифологические аллюзии вызывали у него некоторые трудности.
Abstract
This paper offers an analysis of an early prose translation of a Latin panegyrical poem into Russian. The poem, In lavdem Lvdovici XIII was written by Peter / Petrus / Pierre Valens in 1623 or earlier. It was included in the book Maneige Royal, first published in 1623 under the name of A. de Pluvinel, who was the riding teacher of the young King Louis XIII. The book was translated into Russian in 1670, albeit not from the original French edition, but from the German version in the bilingual edition Maneige Royal / Königliche Reitschul, published in Braunschweig, 1626. The book's Russian title is a verbatim translation of the German one, Korolevskaia ezdnaia shkola. The translation is known from two copies: RNB, F.XI.1 (Saint Petersburg), and as one of the texts in the Codex AD 10 (Västerås, Sweden). Our analysis leads to the conclusion that both the translation itself and the two copies most probably were made at the Ambassadorial Chancery (Posol'skii prikaz). The translation of the Latin panegyrical poem shows that the translator understood the Latin text quite well, although it contains a few isolated errors. At the same time, some of these mistakes might have been the result of misprints in the German original, or they may have been caused by the copyist who produced the fair copy. It seems very likely that the translation of the Latin poem (as well as of the entire book) was made by the translator Ivan Tiazhkogorskii, who knew all three languages used in the book (German, Latin, and French). Although Tiazhkogorskii for the most part translated texts from his native language, German, he was able to make decent translations also from Latin and French; however, historical, political and above all mythological allusions caused a few difficulties.
была переведена в 1670 г., но не с французского, а с немецкого языка. Источником послужило двуязычное издание «Maneige Royal / Königliche Reitschul», напечатанное в 1626 г. в Брауншвейге. Русское название книги дословно отражает немецкое: «Королевская ездная школа». Перевод известен в двух списках — РНБ, F.XI.1 (Санкт-Петербург) и в составе Cod. AD 10 (Вестерос, Швеция). Анализ списков дает основания предполагать, что перевод был выполнен в Посольском приказе (как и, по всей вероятности, оба списка). В переводе латинского панегирика отражено вполне уверенное понимание переводчиком основного содержания, хотя и не без отдельных погрешностей. При этом некоторые ошибки в переводе, как нам кажется, спровоцированы опечатками немецкого источника или привнесены в процессе копирования. По всей вероятности, русский перевод латинского стихотворения, как и всей книги Плювинеля, был выполнен переводчиком Иваном Тяжкогорским, знавшим все три использованные в книге языка (немецкий, латынь и французский). Несмотря на то что Тяжкогорский большей частью выполнял переводы с родного немецкого языка, он неплохо переводил также с латыни и французского, но исторические, политические и, главным образом, мифологические аллюзии вызывали у него некоторые трудности.
Abstract
This paper offers an analysis of an early prose translation of a Latin panegyrical poem into Russian. The poem, In lavdem Lvdovici XIII was written by Peter / Petrus / Pierre Valens in 1623 or earlier. It was included in the book Maneige Royal, first published in 1623 under the name of A. de Pluvinel, who was the riding teacher of the young King Louis XIII. The book was translated into Russian in 1670, albeit not from the original French edition, but from the German version in the bilingual edition Maneige Royal / Königliche Reitschul, published in Braunschweig, 1626. The book's Russian title is a verbatim translation of the German one, Korolevskaia ezdnaia shkola. The translation is known from two copies: RNB, F.XI.1 (Saint Petersburg), and as one of the texts in the Codex AD 10 (Västerås, Sweden). Our analysis leads to the conclusion that both the translation itself and the two copies most probably were made at the Ambassadorial Chancery (Posol'skii prikaz). The translation of the Latin panegyrical poem shows that the translator understood the Latin text quite well, although it contains a few isolated errors. At the same time, some of these mistakes might have been the result of misprints in the German original, or they may have been caused by the copyist who produced the fair copy. It seems very likely that the translation of the Latin poem (as well as of the entire book) was made by the translator Ivan Tiazhkogorskii, who knew all three languages used in the book (German, Latin, and French). Although Tiazhkogorskii for the most part translated texts from his native language, German, he was able to make decent translations also from Latin and French; however, historical, political and above all mythological allusions caused a few difficulties.
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From Boris Godunov to Gustav II Adolf: the Translator Hans Flörich in the Service of the Tsar and the Swedish Crown Hans Flörich (about 1577–1632) can claim the honour of having been the "first Swedish slavist" in the sense that... more
From Boris Godunov to Gustav II Adolf: the Translator Hans Flörich in the Service of the Tsar and the Swedish Crown Hans Flörich (about 1577–1632) can claim the honour of having been the "first Swedish slavist" in the sense that he was the first person who made a written translation into Russian (partly into Church Slavonic) that appeared in print. He was the translator of Luther"s small catechism, printed in Stockholm in 1628 and still preserved in seven complete copies (and some fragments).
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REVIEWS 301 Вести-Куранты: 1651-1652 гг., 1654-1656 гг, ¡658-1660 гг. Издание подгото-вил В.Г. Демьянов. Москва, Наука, 1996, 224 стр. Выход в свет очередного тома лингвистического издания "Вестей-Курантов" (В-К), перний русской... more
REVIEWS 301 Вести-Куранты: 1651-1652 гг., 1654-1656 гг, ¡658-1660 гг. Издание подгото-вил В.Г. Демьянов. Москва, Наука, 1996, 224 стр. Выход в свет очередного тома лингвистического издания "Вестей-Курантов" (В-К), перний русской рукописной ...
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English abstract Latin Poems from "Equile Ioannis Austriaci" in a Russian Translation of the Year 1677 The Russian National Library (RNL) houses a unique series of copperplate engravings by various Flemish artists based on the... more
English abstract
Latin Poems from "Equile Ioannis Austriaci" in a Russian Translation of the Year 1677
The Russian National Library (RNL) houses a unique series of copperplate engravings by various Flemish artists based on the drawings of the famous artist Jan van der Straet (1523–1605), also known as Johannes Stradanus. In 1576, Stradanus began serving Don Juan of Austria (1547–1578), illegitimate son of King Charles V of Spain and half-brother of King Philip II. When Juan of Austria was appointed governor-general of the Netherlands, in 1576, Stradanus travelled to the Southern Netherlands, together with his new patron, where he became acquainted with the Antwerp painter and publisher Philipp/Philips Galle (1537–1612), a native of Haarlem who had worked in Antwerp since 1570. Galle later became one of the most prolific engravers and publishers of Northern Europe; in particular, he produced engravings based on drawings by Stradanus. Apparently, during his "Dutch period" of 1576-1578 Stradanus created a series of horse images, which subsequently were engraved by a number of prominent Flemish engravers and first published around 1580. The (short) title of the series (as specified on the title plate) is "Equile Ioannis Austriaci" ('The stable of Don Juan of Austria'). Most of the engravings show one breed, ostensibly from the stable of Juan of Austria, but the series also includes images of a mule, a donkey, and groups of horses belonging to different breeds. Engraved Latin poems, four hexameters each, appear at the bottom of each leaf.
The series kept at the RNL currently consists of 24 engravings, but 17 engravings have apparently been taken out, which means that from the outset a full cycle of 40 or 41 engravings had been purchased. The engravings are bound together with the fair copy of a Russian translation made from a bilingual French-German version of Antoine de Pluvinel’s book "L’Instruction du Roy", printed in Paris, 1629. (It was the German text that was translated into Russian, and the translation was finished on 11 November 1677, at the latest.) The Flemish horse engravings were placed at the end of the luxurious volume (Pogodinskoe sobranie 1717), after the translation of Pluvinel's book. The volume was undoubtedly made for the young Tsar Fedor (r. 1676–1682) himself. The Latin poems at the bottom of the Flemish engravings were translated by Semen Lavretskii, a specialist in Polish and Latin at the Muscovite Ambassadorial Chancery.
The fair copy of the Russian translations was written directly on the engravings, in black ink (gold ink was used for the first letter of each first and third line of the poems as well as for the names of the horse breeds). The prose translations into Russian show that the translator usually understood the Latin texts, and his Russian versions are generally correct and understandable. However, in some cases he did not properly understand the Latin original poems; in particular, allusions to ancient literature and mythology caused some difficulties for Lavretskii. In the case of the engraving of the mule and the donkey, the translator apparently gave up and translated only two out of four lines.
Latin Poems from "Equile Ioannis Austriaci" in a Russian Translation of the Year 1677
The Russian National Library (RNL) houses a unique series of copperplate engravings by various Flemish artists based on the drawings of the famous artist Jan van der Straet (1523–1605), also known as Johannes Stradanus. In 1576, Stradanus began serving Don Juan of Austria (1547–1578), illegitimate son of King Charles V of Spain and half-brother of King Philip II. When Juan of Austria was appointed governor-general of the Netherlands, in 1576, Stradanus travelled to the Southern Netherlands, together with his new patron, where he became acquainted with the Antwerp painter and publisher Philipp/Philips Galle (1537–1612), a native of Haarlem who had worked in Antwerp since 1570. Galle later became one of the most prolific engravers and publishers of Northern Europe; in particular, he produced engravings based on drawings by Stradanus. Apparently, during his "Dutch period" of 1576-1578 Stradanus created a series of horse images, which subsequently were engraved by a number of prominent Flemish engravers and first published around 1580. The (short) title of the series (as specified on the title plate) is "Equile Ioannis Austriaci" ('The stable of Don Juan of Austria'). Most of the engravings show one breed, ostensibly from the stable of Juan of Austria, but the series also includes images of a mule, a donkey, and groups of horses belonging to different breeds. Engraved Latin poems, four hexameters each, appear at the bottom of each leaf.
The series kept at the RNL currently consists of 24 engravings, but 17 engravings have apparently been taken out, which means that from the outset a full cycle of 40 or 41 engravings had been purchased. The engravings are bound together with the fair copy of a Russian translation made from a bilingual French-German version of Antoine de Pluvinel’s book "L’Instruction du Roy", printed in Paris, 1629. (It was the German text that was translated into Russian, and the translation was finished on 11 November 1677, at the latest.) The Flemish horse engravings were placed at the end of the luxurious volume (Pogodinskoe sobranie 1717), after the translation of Pluvinel's book. The volume was undoubtedly made for the young Tsar Fedor (r. 1676–1682) himself. The Latin poems at the bottom of the Flemish engravings were translated by Semen Lavretskii, a specialist in Polish and Latin at the Muscovite Ambassadorial Chancery.
The fair copy of the Russian translations was written directly on the engravings, in black ink (gold ink was used for the first letter of each first and third line of the poems as well as for the names of the horse breeds). The prose translations into Russian show that the translator usually understood the Latin texts, and his Russian versions are generally correct and understandable. However, in some cases he did not properly understand the Latin original poems; in particular, allusions to ancient literature and mythology caused some difficulties for Lavretskii. In the case of the engraving of the mule and the donkey, the translator apparently gave up and translated only two out of four lines.
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Artikeln handlar om furst Andrej Jakovlevič Chilkov (1676‒1716), som av tsar Peter I sändes till Sverige på sommaren 1700 som rysk resident, strax innan samme tsar belägrade Narva och länderna sedan låg i krig ända till 1721. Under sina... more
Artikeln handlar om furst Andrej Jakovlevič Chilkov (1676‒1716), som av tsar Peter I sändes till Sverige på sommaren 1700 som rysk resident, strax innan samme tsar belägrade Narva och länderna sedan låg i krig ända till 1721. Under sina sexton år i svensk fångenskap försökte Chilkov att bli utväxlad, i första hand mot den i Moskva arresterade svenske residenten Tomas Knipercrona. Alla försök misslyckades och han dog i fångenskap på Visingsö, fyrtio år gammal. Vår artikel fokuserar på händelserna under åren 1710–1711, när han fördes till den svenska flotteskadern i Björkösundet för att eventuellt bli utväxlad och återvända till Ryssland. Denna episod har i forskningslitteraturen figurerat som ett flyktförsök. Vi undersöker händelserna i Björkösundet och den långdragna återfärden till Stockholm på grundval av Chilkovs brev å ena sidan och skrivelser till viceamiral Wattrang, chef över 1710 års eskader i Björkösundet, å andra sidan. Något flyktförsök har inte kunnat dokumenteras.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT:
Did the Russian resident Prince Andrei Khilkov attempt to escape his Swedish imprisonment during the Great Nordic War?
This paper investigates the activities of the Russian resident in Sweden, Prince Andrei Iakovlevich Khilkov (1676–1716), who was sent to Stockholm by Tsar Peter I in the summer of 1700, on the eve of the Russian siege of Narva and the beginning of the Great Northern War, which would last until 1721. At the out¬break of war Khilkov was arrested and made prisoner. During the following six¬teen years as a prisoner Khilkov made numerous proposals for his exchange. All attempts failed, and he died at the age of forty in imprisonment on the island of Visingsö. The focus of this study is on the events that took place at Björkösund (in the Gulf of Finland) during the autumn of 1710, and later in mainland Finland until Khilkov returned to Stockholm, towards the end of the following year. These events have been described in previous research as an attempt by Khilkov to escape. Based on our study of Khilkov’s letters and the correspondence of Vice Admiral Wattrang, commander in chief of the squadron in 1710, we have found no evidence that Khilkov attempted to escape his imprisonment.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT:
Did the Russian resident Prince Andrei Khilkov attempt to escape his Swedish imprisonment during the Great Nordic War?
This paper investigates the activities of the Russian resident in Sweden, Prince Andrei Iakovlevich Khilkov (1676–1716), who was sent to Stockholm by Tsar Peter I in the summer of 1700, on the eve of the Russian siege of Narva and the beginning of the Great Northern War, which would last until 1721. At the out¬break of war Khilkov was arrested and made prisoner. During the following six¬teen years as a prisoner Khilkov made numerous proposals for his exchange. All attempts failed, and he died at the age of forty in imprisonment on the island of Visingsö. The focus of this study is on the events that took place at Björkösund (in the Gulf of Finland) during the autumn of 1710, and later in mainland Finland until Khilkov returned to Stockholm, towards the end of the following year. These events have been described in previous research as an attempt by Khilkov to escape. Based on our study of Khilkov’s letters and the correspondence of Vice Admiral Wattrang, commander in chief of the squadron in 1710, we have found no evidence that Khilkov attempted to escape his imprisonment.
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В публикации рассматривается вопрос о формировании в 17 в. ритуала публичной распаравы над важнейшими государственными преступниками как юридической нормы, публичной репрезентации государственной власти и элемента перформативной городской... more
В публикации рассматривается вопрос о формировании в 17 в. ритуала публичной распаравы над важнейшими государственными преступниками как юридической нормы, публичной репрезентации государственной власти и элемента перформативной городской культуры в России раннего нового времени
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Исследование посвящено жизни и деятельности переводчика Посольского приказа Ивана Михайловича Тяжкогорского. Прослеживаются основные этапы его жизненного пути, обстоятельства поступления на работу в приказ (связанные с А. Л.... more
Исследование посвящено жизни и деятельности переводчика Посольского приказа Ивана Михайловича Тяжкогорского. Прослеживаются основные этапы его жизненного пути, обстоятельства поступления на работу в приказ (связанные с А. Л. Ординым-Нащокиным, главой приказа в этот период), вехи служебной карьеры, динамика изменения размера жалования, основные дипломатические и прочие службы. Большое внимание было уделено знанию языков, упомянутых в документах, – немецкого («цесарского»), французского, польского, латинского, венгерского, рутенского («белорусского»). Проведено сравнение письменных переводов И. Тяжкогорского с немецкого, французского и латинского языков, сохранившихся в архиве в виде черновиков, с иностранными оригиналами, что позволило установить «иностранный акцент» переводчика в русскоязычных текстах. Опровергается ряд историографических заблуждений.
This study is devoted to the life and career of Ivan Mikhailovich Tiazhkogorskii, a translator at the Ambassadorial Chancery in Moscow. We trace the main events of his life, the circumstances of his appointment to a position at the Ambassadorial Chancery (which was connected with A. L. Ordin-Nashchokin, head of the Chancery at the time), the important landmarks of his career, including details about the fluctuations in his salary and wages, and we examine the most important diplomatic and other duties he carried out. Particular attention has been paid to his knowledge of the foreign languages that are mentioned in the archival documents: German (“tsesarskii”, literally ‘imperial’), French, Polish, Latin, Hungarian, and Ruthenian (“belorusskii”). Moreover, we have compared some of Tiazhkogorskii’s draft translations from German, French, and Latin – as far as they survive in the archives – with the foreign originals. This analysis allows us to trace elements of Tiazhkogorskii’s “foreign accent” in his Russian translations. Our paper corrects some inaccuracies that have appeared in previous studies.
This study is devoted to the life and career of Ivan Mikhailovich Tiazhkogorskii, a translator at the Ambassadorial Chancery in Moscow. We trace the main events of his life, the circumstances of his appointment to a position at the Ambassadorial Chancery (which was connected with A. L. Ordin-Nashchokin, head of the Chancery at the time), the important landmarks of his career, including details about the fluctuations in his salary and wages, and we examine the most important diplomatic and other duties he carried out. Particular attention has been paid to his knowledge of the foreign languages that are mentioned in the archival documents: German (“tsesarskii”, literally ‘imperial’), French, Polish, Latin, Hungarian, and Ruthenian (“belorusskii”). Moreover, we have compared some of Tiazhkogorskii’s draft translations from German, French, and Latin – as far as they survive in the archives – with the foreign originals. This analysis allows us to trace elements of Tiazhkogorskii’s “foreign accent” in his Russian translations. Our paper corrects some inaccuracies that have appeared in previous studies.
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English abstract. A genealogical tree for the Russian Riurikid dynasty, kept at Uppsala: description and genesis Among the treasures in the university library in Uppsala (Sweden) is an extraordinary genealogical tree of Russia’s... more
English abstract.
A genealogical tree for the Russian Riurikid dynasty, kept at Uppsala:
description and genesis
Among the treasures in the university library in Uppsala (Sweden) is an extraordinary genealogical tree of Russia’s Riurikid rulers, beginning with the legendary Riurik and ending with Tsar Fedor Ivanovich, who died in 1598. The carefully drawn tree itself is quite realistic, with roots, a trunk and branches. The names of the 21 rulers considered to belong to the dynasty are placed in the trunk, whereas their brothers – irrespective of whether they had ever ruled (for instance, in Kiev) – are inscribed in medallions on the branches. The drawing is very large (ca. 82 x 65 cm), the tree executed in India ink and the rulers’ names in a different ink. Even though the drawing has been exhibited in Moscow, in the State Historical Museum (2001) and in the Kremlin Museums (2007–2008), to date there has been no determination of where it was produced (in Russia or in Sweden), when it came into being, and who could have been the scribe of the Russian names (or the artist who made the drawing of the tree). Of course, it cannot be excluded that the artist was also responsible for the names.
In this paper we argue that the genealogical tree was produced in Sweden. Moreover, there are strong arguments that the scribe for the Russian names was Aleksei Mankiev (Mankeev, Mankiewicz), who helped the Swedish scholar Johan Gabriel Sparwenfeld by producing fair copies of his manuscripts (for instance, of the famous Lexicon Slavonicum) and may have assisted him with translations. Mankiev’s sojourn in Sweden from 1700 to 1718 gives us a first approximation for the date of the drawing. We think that this can be narrowed down to “around 1715”, given the close relationship between the “Uppsala tree” and the Riurikid genealogy presented in Iadro rossiiskoi istorii, a manuscript which was finished in Sweden in 1715, either by “our scribe”, Mankiev, or by Andrej Khilkov, appointed Russia’s ambassador to Sweden in 1700, who was imprisoned there together with his suite (Mankiev, among others). Although the arguments are less convincing, possibly the artist was Johan Peringskiöld, a scholar of antiquities and genealogies.
A genealogical tree for the Russian Riurikid dynasty, kept at Uppsala:
description and genesis
Among the treasures in the university library in Uppsala (Sweden) is an extraordinary genealogical tree of Russia’s Riurikid rulers, beginning with the legendary Riurik and ending with Tsar Fedor Ivanovich, who died in 1598. The carefully drawn tree itself is quite realistic, with roots, a trunk and branches. The names of the 21 rulers considered to belong to the dynasty are placed in the trunk, whereas their brothers – irrespective of whether they had ever ruled (for instance, in Kiev) – are inscribed in medallions on the branches. The drawing is very large (ca. 82 x 65 cm), the tree executed in India ink and the rulers’ names in a different ink. Even though the drawing has been exhibited in Moscow, in the State Historical Museum (2001) and in the Kremlin Museums (2007–2008), to date there has been no determination of where it was produced (in Russia or in Sweden), when it came into being, and who could have been the scribe of the Russian names (or the artist who made the drawing of the tree). Of course, it cannot be excluded that the artist was also responsible for the names.
In this paper we argue that the genealogical tree was produced in Sweden. Moreover, there are strong arguments that the scribe for the Russian names was Aleksei Mankiev (Mankeev, Mankiewicz), who helped the Swedish scholar Johan Gabriel Sparwenfeld by producing fair copies of his manuscripts (for instance, of the famous Lexicon Slavonicum) and may have assisted him with translations. Mankiev’s sojourn in Sweden from 1700 to 1718 gives us a first approximation for the date of the drawing. We think that this can be narrowed down to “around 1715”, given the close relationship between the “Uppsala tree” and the Riurikid genealogy presented in Iadro rossiiskoi istorii, a manuscript which was finished in Sweden in 1715, either by “our scribe”, Mankiev, or by Andrej Khilkov, appointed Russia’s ambassador to Sweden in 1700, who was imprisoned there together with his suite (Mankiev, among others). Although the arguments are less convincing, possibly the artist was Johan Peringskiöld, a scholar of antiquities and genealogies.
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Русская аннотация: В статье разобран феномен ориентализации образа Степана Разина в немецкоязычной печати 1670–1671 гг. Информация о восстании Разина появлялась в целом ряде немецких газет, летучих листков и памфлетов. При этом в них... more
Русская аннотация:
В статье разобран феномен ориентализации образа Степана Разина в немецкоязычной печати 1670–1671 гг. Информация о восстании Разина появлялась в целом ряде немецких газет, летучих листков и памфлетов. При этом в них зачастую ошибочно сообщалось о союзе Донских казаков с кочевниками южнорусских степей – татарами или калмыками – или даже с турками. В статье разобраны возможные источники подобных слухов. Одним из таких источников могла явиться неверная интерпретация европейцами казацкого термина «атаман», который был неверно воспринят как слово «Оттоман», т. е. «турок». Данная ошибка могла послужить истоком фантастического «отуреченного» образа Стеньки Разина, отобразившегося в ряде немецких гравированных портретов. Одна из подобных гравюр, на которой Разин изображен совместно с еврейским «мессией» Шило Саббатаем, публикуется в научной литературе впервые.
English abstract:
“Razin the Ottoman”: Razin as a Turk in the German press, 1670–1671
This article examines the “orientalized” image of Stepan Razin in the German press of the years 1670–1671. The news about Stepan Razin’s rebellion appeared in a number of early modern German newspapers, leaflets, and pamphlets. Surprisingly, they often reported about an alleged alliance between the Don Cossacks and the nomads – Crimean Tatars or Kalmyks – or even the Turks. The article deals with possible sources of such rumours. One of them might have been a misinterpretation by European readers of the Cossack term „ataman“, which could have been erroneously recognized as the word “Ottoman”, i. e. “Turk”. This error probably gave birth to the fantastic “Turkish-like” image of Stepan Razin, which can be seen in a number of German engraved portraits of this Cossack rebel. One of these engravings, depicting Razin together with a Jewish “Messiah”, Schilo Sabbatai, is being published for the first time in a scholarly article.
В статье разобран феномен ориентализации образа Степана Разина в немецкоязычной печати 1670–1671 гг. Информация о восстании Разина появлялась в целом ряде немецких газет, летучих листков и памфлетов. При этом в них зачастую ошибочно сообщалось о союзе Донских казаков с кочевниками южнорусских степей – татарами или калмыками – или даже с турками. В статье разобраны возможные источники подобных слухов. Одним из таких источников могла явиться неверная интерпретация европейцами казацкого термина «атаман», который был неверно воспринят как слово «Оттоман», т. е. «турок». Данная ошибка могла послужить истоком фантастического «отуреченного» образа Стеньки Разина, отобразившегося в ряде немецких гравированных портретов. Одна из подобных гравюр, на которой Разин изображен совместно с еврейским «мессией» Шило Саббатаем, публикуется в научной литературе впервые.
English abstract:
“Razin the Ottoman”: Razin as a Turk in the German press, 1670–1671
This article examines the “orientalized” image of Stepan Razin in the German press of the years 1670–1671. The news about Stepan Razin’s rebellion appeared in a number of early modern German newspapers, leaflets, and pamphlets. Surprisingly, they often reported about an alleged alliance between the Don Cossacks and the nomads – Crimean Tatars or Kalmyks – or even the Turks. The article deals with possible sources of such rumours. One of them might have been a misinterpretation by European readers of the Cossack term „ataman“, which could have been erroneously recognized as the word “Ottoman”, i. e. “Turk”. This error probably gave birth to the fantastic “Turkish-like” image of Stepan Razin, which can be seen in a number of German engraved portraits of this Cossack rebel. One of these engravings, depicting Razin together with a Jewish “Messiah”, Schilo Sabbatai, is being published for the first time in a scholarly article.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Русская аннотация. Статья посвящена курантам (обзорам иностранной прессы) 1720-х гг. В центре внимания авторов – работа переводчиков Коллегии иностранных дел по отбору для курантов информации из поступавших в коллегию по почте газет.... more
Русская аннотация.
Статья посвящена курантам (обзорам иностранной прессы) 1720-х гг. В центре внимания авторов – работа переводчиков Коллегии иностранных дел по отбору для курантов информации из поступавших в коллегию по почте газет. Проанализирована также техника перевода публикаций иностранной прессы. Было установлено, что еще при чтении газет переводчики отмечали для себя на оригиналах то, что надо перевести, потом выполняли перевод, а руководители Коллегии иностранных дел решали, какие из переведенных сообщений требовали реакции со стороны русских дипломатов. В 1720-х гг., в отличие от принятой в XVII столетии практики, при помощи курантов не только узнавали о событиях за рубежом, но и наблюдали за европейской прессой. Сравнивая переводческую технику при составлении «старых» и «новых» курантов нельзя сказать, что она сильно изменилась с 1670-х годов: и тут и там переводчики оставляли в стороне менее важную информацию; выпускали, например, целые предложения, не имеющие большого значения для российских правителей, и так далее. Если говорить конкретно о тех газетных статьях, которые проанализированы нами в сопоставлении с их непосредственными (немецкими) оригиналами, то их можно охарактеризовать как более «точные», чем куранты 1670-х гг. – почти каждое слово немецкого текста имело какое-то соответствие в переводе. Oбщий профессиональный уровень переводчиков – который был весьма высоким уже в 1660–1670 гг. – в эпоху Петра I стал еще лучше.
English Abstract.
This paper deals with the kuranty (digests of foreign newspapers) during the 1720s. The authors' main focus is on the question how the translators of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs chose the material for translation among the newspapers that arrived with the mail. The translation technique used for translating the foreign newspapers is analyzed. One of the conclusions is that the translators marked on the originals when they first read through the newspapers what needed to be translated, then they made the translations; the heads of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs decided, which of the translated articles had to be met by the Russian diplomats. During the 1720s – contrary to the situation during the seventeenth century – the kuranty were not only a means to learn about foreign events, but now they also had the function to control the European newspapers. A comparison of the translation techniques applied for the “old” and the “new” kuranty shows that these techniques have not changed a lot since the 1670s: both here and there the translators left alone information that was felt as being less relevant; for instance, they left out whole sentences, if they were of low importance for the Russian rulers, and so forth. It is true that the concrete newspaper articles which we analyzed in this paper, comparing them with their immediate (German) originals, are, in a way, more literal than the kuranty produced during the 1660s–1670s: almost every single word of the original German text has an equivalent in the translation. Generally speaking, the professional level of the translators – which was quite high already in the 1660s–1670s – had improved still more during the reign of Peter I.
Статья посвящена курантам (обзорам иностранной прессы) 1720-х гг. В центре внимания авторов – работа переводчиков Коллегии иностранных дел по отбору для курантов информации из поступавших в коллегию по почте газет. Проанализирована также техника перевода публикаций иностранной прессы. Было установлено, что еще при чтении газет переводчики отмечали для себя на оригиналах то, что надо перевести, потом выполняли перевод, а руководители Коллегии иностранных дел решали, какие из переведенных сообщений требовали реакции со стороны русских дипломатов. В 1720-х гг., в отличие от принятой в XVII столетии практики, при помощи курантов не только узнавали о событиях за рубежом, но и наблюдали за европейской прессой. Сравнивая переводческую технику при составлении «старых» и «новых» курантов нельзя сказать, что она сильно изменилась с 1670-х годов: и тут и там переводчики оставляли в стороне менее важную информацию; выпускали, например, целые предложения, не имеющие большого значения для российских правителей, и так далее. Если говорить конкретно о тех газетных статьях, которые проанализированы нами в сопоставлении с их непосредственными (немецкими) оригиналами, то их можно охарактеризовать как более «точные», чем куранты 1670-х гг. – почти каждое слово немецкого текста имело какое-то соответствие в переводе. Oбщий профессиональный уровень переводчиков – который был весьма высоким уже в 1660–1670 гг. – в эпоху Петра I стал еще лучше.
English Abstract.
This paper deals with the kuranty (digests of foreign newspapers) during the 1720s. The authors' main focus is on the question how the translators of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs chose the material for translation among the newspapers that arrived with the mail. The translation technique used for translating the foreign newspapers is analyzed. One of the conclusions is that the translators marked on the originals when they first read through the newspapers what needed to be translated, then they made the translations; the heads of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs decided, which of the translated articles had to be met by the Russian diplomats. During the 1720s – contrary to the situation during the seventeenth century – the kuranty were not only a means to learn about foreign events, but now they also had the function to control the European newspapers. A comparison of the translation techniques applied for the “old” and the “new” kuranty shows that these techniques have not changed a lot since the 1670s: both here and there the translators left alone information that was felt as being less relevant; for instance, they left out whole sentences, if they were of low importance for the Russian rulers, and so forth. It is true that the concrete newspaper articles which we analyzed in this paper, comparing them with their immediate (German) originals, are, in a way, more literal than the kuranty produced during the 1660s–1670s: almost every single word of the original German text has an equivalent in the translation. Generally speaking, the professional level of the translators – which was quite high already in the 1660s–1670s – had improved still more during the reign of Peter I.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Abstract. This chapter focuses on Christoff Koch, who was born in 1637 in Reval (Tallinn) into a German-speaking merchant family. He seems to have been a specialist in commerce already as a very young person. At the age of 18, in... more
Abstract.
This chapter focuses on Christoff Koch, who was born in 1637 in Reval (Tallinn) into
a German-speaking merchant family. He seems to have been a specialist in commerce already as a very young person. At the age of 18, in 1655, he was sent to Moscow, where he worked as a secretary to the Swedish resident there, Johan de Rodes. Koch’s expertise in foreign trade was given as a reason for his appointment to this post. The contacts between Koch and de Rodes were strengthened through the marriage of Koch’s sister, Medea, to de Rodes. From that time on, Koch worked in one way or another for the Swedish crown or for its representatives, only occasionally returning to Sweden. On 17 January 1671, the Governor-General in Narva, Simon Grundel Helmfeldt, appointed Koch as his personal correspondent in Moscow. At the same time, Koch was also the official Swedish commercial representative in the Russian capital. He spent many years in Moscow, and his detailed reports – first anonymous, later signed with his name – to the king and government in Sweden fill many volumes in the National Archives in Stockholm. In 1683, he was ennobled (with the name Von Kochen); he died in Stockholm in 1711.
This chapter focuses on Christoff Koch, who was born in 1637 in Reval (Tallinn) into
a German-speaking merchant family. He seems to have been a specialist in commerce already as a very young person. At the age of 18, in 1655, he was sent to Moscow, where he worked as a secretary to the Swedish resident there, Johan de Rodes. Koch’s expertise in foreign trade was given as a reason for his appointment to this post. The contacts between Koch and de Rodes were strengthened through the marriage of Koch’s sister, Medea, to de Rodes. From that time on, Koch worked in one way or another for the Swedish crown or for its representatives, only occasionally returning to Sweden. On 17 January 1671, the Governor-General in Narva, Simon Grundel Helmfeldt, appointed Koch as his personal correspondent in Moscow. At the same time, Koch was also the official Swedish commercial representative in the Russian capital. He spent many years in Moscow, and his detailed reports – first anonymous, later signed with his name – to the king and government in Sweden fill many volumes in the National Archives in Stockholm. In 1683, he was ennobled (with the name Von Kochen); he died in Stockholm in 1711.
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Резюме. В статье анализируются сообщения западноевропейских источников о казни Степана Разина. При этом в центре внимания находятся обнаруженные в стокгольмском Государственном архиве и до настоящего времени не введенные в научный оборот... more
Резюме.
В статье анализируются сообщения западноевропейских источников о казни Степана Разина. При этом в центре внимания находятся обнаруженные в стокгольмском Государственном архиве и до настоящего времени не введенные в научный оборот донесения шведского купца в Москве Кристофа Коха, отправленные им в мае–июне 1671 г. в Нарву, откуда они пересылались, в частности, в шведскую столицу. В частности, приводится полный русский перевод двух длинных писем Коха, посвященных поимке, допросу и казни Разина, с нашими комментариями. Особое внимание уделено уникальному раскрашенному рисунку, изображающему плененных Степана и Фрола Разиных и части тела казненного Степана после казни. Из документов выходит, что рисунок был отправлен из Москвы ингерманландскому губернатору в Нарве, а оттуда дальше в Стокгольм, вместе с двумя донесениями Коха. Авторы приходят к выводу, что подобных рисунков в Москве было сделано несколько и что они специально распространялись среди иностранцев. По всей вероятности, только один экземпляр сохранился до наших дней, а именно в Стокгольме. Приводятся аргументы в пользу предположения, что один из рисунков оказался в Англии и там послужил прототипом для известной гравюры 1672 г., изображающей братьев Разиных в момент доставки в Москву. В рамках исследования также проведено подробное сравнение информации, сообщаемой в донесениях Коха, с рассказами о смерти Разина, опубликованными в западноевропейских газетах, брошюрах и книгах 1670-х гг. Данное сравнение позволяет заключить, что сведения о казни главы восстания попадали в европейскую печать от нескольких информантов-свидетелей событий, причем эти рассказы со временем начинали обрастать вымышленными деталями.
В статье анализируются сообщения западноевропейских источников о казни Степана Разина. При этом в центре внимания находятся обнаруженные в стокгольмском Государственном архиве и до настоящего времени не введенные в научный оборот донесения шведского купца в Москве Кристофа Коха, отправленные им в мае–июне 1671 г. в Нарву, откуда они пересылались, в частности, в шведскую столицу. В частности, приводится полный русский перевод двух длинных писем Коха, посвященных поимке, допросу и казни Разина, с нашими комментариями. Особое внимание уделено уникальному раскрашенному рисунку, изображающему плененных Степана и Фрола Разиных и части тела казненного Степана после казни. Из документов выходит, что рисунок был отправлен из Москвы ингерманландскому губернатору в Нарве, а оттуда дальше в Стокгольм, вместе с двумя донесениями Коха. Авторы приходят к выводу, что подобных рисунков в Москве было сделано несколько и что они специально распространялись среди иностранцев. По всей вероятности, только один экземпляр сохранился до наших дней, а именно в Стокгольме. Приводятся аргументы в пользу предположения, что один из рисунков оказался в Англии и там послужил прототипом для известной гравюры 1672 г., изображающей братьев Разиных в момент доставки в Москву. В рамках исследования также проведено подробное сравнение информации, сообщаемой в донесениях Коха, с рассказами о смерти Разина, опубликованными в западноевропейских газетах, брошюрах и книгах 1670-х гг. Данное сравнение позволяет заключить, что сведения о казни главы восстания попадали в европейскую печать от нескольких информантов-свидетелей событий, причем эти рассказы со временем начинали обрастать вымышленными деталями.
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Abstract. News about miraculous sources in Russian translation (1646): Recently discovered originals for Vesti-Kuranty. In 1646, the village of Hornhausen in Saxony became famous in many parts of Europe. When the snow had melted after... more
Abstract. News about miraculous sources in Russian translation (1646): Recently discovered originals for Vesti-Kuranty.
In 1646, the village of Hornhausen in Saxony became famous in many parts of Europe. When the snow had melted after the winter, it occurred to some of the inhabitants that the water remaining in a water hole could be a “healing source”, inspired by their knowledge about similar water holes in earlier times that had been interpreted in this way. Eventually more water holes were discovered, and at the peak of the pilgrimages, in the summer of 1646, Hornhausen allegedly had 20 “healing springs”, and thousands of people were staying at this “Lutheran Lourdes”. After the summer of 1647, the water disappeared. During the peak of the mass psychosis, more than 50 different pamphlets and broadsides were printed, containing news about the miraculous healings, eyewitness reports, drawings, etc. Some of these imprints were sent to Moscow, where they were translated at the Ambassadorial Chancery (Posol´skij prikaz), and eventually they were published in the Vesti-Kuranty series. The present paper contains a historical and cultural background to the miraculous sources of Hornhausen as well as a description of the German pamphlets and the Russian translations. A parallel Russian-German list comprising more than 200 alleged healings is given in the appendix (the German equivalents are quoted from the very same edition of the pamphlet that was translated in Moscow).
In 1646, the village of Hornhausen in Saxony became famous in many parts of Europe. When the snow had melted after the winter, it occurred to some of the inhabitants that the water remaining in a water hole could be a “healing source”, inspired by their knowledge about similar water holes in earlier times that had been interpreted in this way. Eventually more water holes were discovered, and at the peak of the pilgrimages, in the summer of 1646, Hornhausen allegedly had 20 “healing springs”, and thousands of people were staying at this “Lutheran Lourdes”. After the summer of 1647, the water disappeared. During the peak of the mass psychosis, more than 50 different pamphlets and broadsides were printed, containing news about the miraculous healings, eyewitness reports, drawings, etc. Some of these imprints were sent to Moscow, where they were translated at the Ambassadorial Chancery (Posol´skij prikaz), and eventually they were published in the Vesti-Kuranty series. The present paper contains a historical and cultural background to the miraculous sources of Hornhausen as well as a description of the German pamphlets and the Russian translations. A parallel Russian-German list comprising more than 200 alleged healings is given in the appendix (the German equivalents are quoted from the very same edition of the pamphlet that was translated in Moscow).
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Russian Nobel Prize Candidates in the Archives of the Swedish Academy. This study tries to answer the question why the first Nobel prize in literature was awarded to Ivan Bunin (1933), a writer whose oeuvre now is almost totally unknown... more
Russian Nobel Prize Candidates in the Archives of the Swedish Academy.
This study tries to answer the question why the first Nobel prize in literature was awarded to Ivan Bunin (1933), a writer whose oeuvre now is almost totally unknown outside Russia, while some of the more internationally well-known Russian writers such as Leo Tolstoy and Maxim Gorki were overlooked. e main source for our analysis are the records kept in the archives of the Swedish Academy, i. e. the letters of nomination, the reports, often extensive, delivered to the Academy by the Nobel Committee’s literary experts (at the time: Alfred Jensen and, later, Anton Karlgren), and the annual reports of the Nobel Committee, which contain a short assessment of each of the nominees. Personal letters, both published and unpublished, were made use of as a complementary source.
Our analysis of archive materials leads us to conclude that candidates such as Tolstoy and Gorki were rejected more for political reasons than for the quality of their literary output. It is shown that, at least as far as those works not directly accessible to the members of the Swedish Academy were concerned, the experts’ assessments played a decisive role in the ”making of a Nobel Prize winner”. During the 1930’s it was generally felt that finally a Russian writer should receive the award, and, since no Soviet writers had been nominated during these years, the first Russian Nobel prize winner could only be an emigré writer.
Our study shows that Bunin became a Nobel Prize winner, first and foremost, thanks to the brilliant, talented and very impressive essays written by the literary expert Anton Karl- gren. After hesitating to recommend Bunin in 1923, Karlgren eventually decided to opt for him unreservedly in his later reports, at the expense of other candidates. This made it almost impossible for the Academy to give the prize to Gorki, for instance. We try to show that the 1933 Nobel prize was awarded to Bunin, ”the last Russian prose master of the great tradition”, mainly as a result of Karlgren’s personal preference.
This study tries to answer the question why the first Nobel prize in literature was awarded to Ivan Bunin (1933), a writer whose oeuvre now is almost totally unknown outside Russia, while some of the more internationally well-known Russian writers such as Leo Tolstoy and Maxim Gorki were overlooked. e main source for our analysis are the records kept in the archives of the Swedish Academy, i. e. the letters of nomination, the reports, often extensive, delivered to the Academy by the Nobel Committee’s literary experts (at the time: Alfred Jensen and, later, Anton Karlgren), and the annual reports of the Nobel Committee, which contain a short assessment of each of the nominees. Personal letters, both published and unpublished, were made use of as a complementary source.
Our analysis of archive materials leads us to conclude that candidates such as Tolstoy and Gorki were rejected more for political reasons than for the quality of their literary output. It is shown that, at least as far as those works not directly accessible to the members of the Swedish Academy were concerned, the experts’ assessments played a decisive role in the ”making of a Nobel Prize winner”. During the 1930’s it was generally felt that finally a Russian writer should receive the award, and, since no Soviet writers had been nominated during these years, the first Russian Nobel prize winner could only be an emigré writer.
Our study shows that Bunin became a Nobel Prize winner, first and foremost, thanks to the brilliant, talented and very impressive essays written by the literary expert Anton Karl- gren. After hesitating to recommend Bunin in 1923, Karlgren eventually decided to opt for him unreservedly in his later reports, at the expense of other candidates. This made it almost impossible for the Academy to give the prize to Gorki, for instance. We try to show that the 1933 Nobel prize was awarded to Bunin, ”the last Russian prose master of the great tradition”, mainly as a result of Karlgren’s personal preference.
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"This article identifies and describes a pivotal event in the formation of the Russian court theatre: a performance in February 1672 for the Russian royal family given by a small group of foreign residents in Moscow. This performance (and... more
"This article identifies and describes a pivotal event in the formation of the Russian court theatre: a performance in February 1672 for the Russian royal family given by a small group of foreign residents in Moscow. This performance (and another that followed in May) was the direct catalyst for the formation of Tsar Aleksej Michajlovič's court theatre in October 1672. By examining a series of contemporary published accounts (printed newspapers and the 1680 work by Jacob Rautenfels) and unpublished diplomatic dispatches, we have not only been able to pinpoint the date for this event (16 February 1672), but also establish the important connections between Western theatrical practice and the beginnings of staged theatre in Russia. Because some of the characters (or their actions) featured in this first Western-style performance appeared later in Tsar Aleksej's regular court theatre (especially the stock comic figure Pickleherring), our work not only rewrites the pre-history of Russian theatre, but also contextualises the performances that followed. More broadly, the documents we use (some of which are newly discovered) show the importance to cultural historians of the communications revolution in Early Modern Europe, with its emphasis on the regular transmission of current news and information through newspapers and diplomatic dispatches, sources that have rarely been used for studies of early Russian culture.
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uu.se. Publications. ...
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Автор рецензируемой небольшой монографии пока что мало изве-стен в международной русистике: кроме кандидатской диссертации 1989 г., посвященной причастным формам в приказном языке XVII ве-ка (Кортава 1989), и одной статьи,... more
Автор рецензируемой небольшой монографии пока что мало изве-стен в международной русистике: кроме кандидатской диссертации 1989 г., посвященной причастным формам в приказном языке XVII ве-ка (Кортава 1989), и одной статьи, 'Филологическое ...
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(ZslPh 50, 1990, 50-66). Die Untersuchung hätte nach geringfügiger Überarbeitung als Dissertation vorgelegt werden sollen; dazu ist es aber Wegen der langen und schweren Krankheit, der E. Wimrner schließlich im Juli 2004 erlegen ist,... more
(ZslPh 50, 1990, 50-66). Die Untersuchung hätte nach geringfügiger Überarbeitung als Dissertation vorgelegt werden sollen; dazu ist es aber Wegen der langen und schweren Krankheit, der E. Wimrner schließlich im Juli 2004 erlegen ist, nicht mehr gekommen. Deshalb wurde dann doch der Text der Magisterarbeit posthum unverändert herausgegeben.
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För några veckor sedan fick jag nöjet att bekanta mig med en alldeles nyutkommen introduktion i rysk kasuslära skriven av Tore Nesset, professor i ryska vid universitetet i Tromsö. Författaren är inte bara en framstående forskare i modern... more
För några veckor sedan fick jag nöjet att bekanta mig med en alldeles nyutkommen introduktion i rysk kasuslära skriven av Tore Nesset, professor i ryska vid universitetet i Tromsö. Författaren är inte bara en framstående forskare i modern rysk språkvetenskap, utan också en erfaren och mycket inspirerande rysklärare–utan tvekan en lyckad kombination. Tore Nesset har tidigare gett ut tre monografier och en stor mängd vetenskapliga artiklar, men detta är hans första kursbok.
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Just an unpublished summary (abstract for each individual chapter) of our book "Russia's Theatrical Past" (Indiana University Press, 2021), since the fulltext version is not available on line.
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Research Interests: Russian History, Cultural History of Russia, 17the Century Russia, history of Russia (17th-18th centuries); history of European diplomatic relations (17th-18th centuries), History of Russia, and 3 moreHistory Of Russian Language, Old Church Slavonic, Vesti-Kuranty, 17-c. Russian, newspaper translations in the 17th century, and 17th Century Russian Literature
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Die Welt der Slaven 64 (2019) 2 https://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/Die_Welt_der_Slaven_64_(2019)_2/title_6352.ahtml. К сожалению, рецензия не доступна онлайн, но при желании я могу отправить файл.... more
Die Welt der Slaven 64 (2019) 2
https://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/Die_Welt_der_Slaven_64_(2019)_2/title_6352.ahtml.
К сожалению, рецензия не доступна онлайн, но при желании я могу отправить файл.
https://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/Die_Welt_der_Slaven_64_(2019)_2/title_6352.ahtml
https://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/pdfjs/web/viewer.html?file=/ddo/artikel/75298/978-3-447-18030-6_Table%20of%20Contents.pdf#pagemode=thumbs
https://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/Die_Welt_der_Slaven_64_(2019)_2/title_6352.ahtml.
К сожалению, рецензия не доступна онлайн, но при желании я могу отправить файл.
https://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/Die_Welt_der_Slaven_64_(2019)_2/title_6352.ahtml
https://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/pdfjs/web/viewer.html?file=/ddo/artikel/75298/978-3-447-18030-6_Table%20of%20Contents.pdf#pagemode=thumbs
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Review of the book / Рецензия на книгу:
Клаудия Дженсен и Ингрид Майер: Придворный театр в России XVII века: новые источники
(Claudia Jensen and Ingrid Maier: Court theater in Russia during the seventeenth century: new sources)
Клаудия Дженсен и Ингрид Майер: Придворный театр в России XVII века: новые источники
(Claudia Jensen and Ingrid Maier: Court theater in Russia during the seventeenth century: new sources)
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A little background to the subsequent comments is in order here. I have had nothing to do with the publication of this extraordinary volume, but my involvement with its subject goes back nearly half a century, and I am currently in the... more
A little background to the subsequent comments is in order here. I have had nothing to do with the publication of this extraordinary volume, but my involvement with its subject goes back nearly half a century, and I am currently in the process of finishing work on a book about foreign news in Muscovy, co-authored with Ingrid Maier, one of the editors of the book here under review. The series of which this is a continuation began back in the early 1970s, a project of historical linguists. At that time, having worked on some of the files of the Russian translations/summaries of foreign news (a.k.a. " kuranty "), I reviewed the first volume at some length, pointing out ways in which the editing principles might best be rethought and greater attention paid to analysis of some of the manuscripts prior to publication of the texts. Among other things, I emphasized how important it would be to locate and publish simultaneously the foreign sources for the Russian translations. My review was duly acknowledged in one or another of the subsequent volumes but its recommendations ignored by the then editorial team. Among the first historical linguists to make serious use of what the Russians had been publishing were Roland Schibli and Ingrid Maier, both of whom undertook close examination of the ways in which the Russian translators had treated their foreign texts. Maier began to extend what little had been done to identify the foreign sources. The management of the kuranty project changed hands as Vol. 6 was in preparation. It was too late for the new editors to address some of the concerns about how best to order the texts, but they did provide some compensatory guidance (in particular, the contributions by Stepan Shamin, who now plays a critical role in exploring the archival sources). Most importantly, Ingrid Maier joined the editorial team—her linguistic ability and access to library and archival collections across Europe made it possible for the first time to include a large collection of the source texts for the Russian translations and situate the Russian acquisition of foreign news squarely in the context of the evolution of news media in pre-modern Europe. In Vol. 6, the editorial standards for the publication of the texts and their sources, the extensive commentaries by Maier on the relationship between the two, and the careful attention to indexing raised the whole project to a new level. With the new volume under review here (Vol. 7 in the series), the editorial team has been able fully to shape the publication according to the best principles and no longer is constrained by the Nachlass of the earlier editorial decisions. The choice and ordering of the Russian texts is a significant issue. In part because of major lacunae in the archival files containing translations of foreign news, earlier volumes had been rather arbitrary in what they included. This was not necessarily a bad thing, as one finds in those volumes a lot about the various means by which private individuals, rather than any coherent government policy, supplied the Kremlin with news. Ideally both for the historian and for students of the Russian language, the ability to date precisely the receipt and translation of any given text would be significant. In publishing the texts though, the earlier editors arranged them by the date of the latest news item they contained, rather than attempt to order them chronologically by the date in which individual " packets " may have been received. In the process, they sometimes confused which news items belonged to which packet. Given the fact that the documents for the most part were recorded in scrolls, which later archivists then separated into their individual sheets, the correct ordering of the sheets often had been jumbled, a fact which the editors ignored. With the establishment of the Muscovite foreign post in the mid-1660s, regular acquisition of foreign news became possible, with agents (usually the foreign postmasters) contracted to send with each mail (biweekly , soon weekly) a collection of news reports, some in manuscript form but for the most part print copies of foreign newspapers. Generally the headings on the translations from this material indicate when it was received and by which post (that from Riga or that from Vilna), thus identifying precisely the packet and its date but not the actual source of the news (that is, if a published newspaper, its name, place of publication and date of issue).