TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES

English has spread worldwide and everyone knows about English. But, not everyone can understand English just like walk in the park. That is why there's a translation. Translation lets everyone knows the information and knowledge form the foreign language, even though in a movies. But not just translate like that; it needs a proper technique to get a better accurate of information. This research aims to find out what translation techniques used by the translator in "The Good Doctor" TV Series. This research used a Qualitative-Descriptive Method as a methodology of the research, which presents the data in the drawn table and some explanation on the data found. Data were taken from episode one from season one of The Good Doctor TV Series. Data found that there are five translation techniques found and the most frequently used techniques are borrowing technique. Translation might be difficult because of the culture differences between English and Indonesia.

FEMALE TRANSLATOR, MALE TRANSLATOR
THE STORY OF TWO TEXTS AND SEVERAL TRANSLATIONS

The present paper undertakes the problem of gender differences in the choice of translation techniques. It has been hypothesized, on the basis of the research findings from the fields of neurobiology, psycholinguistics, psychology and sociolinguistics, that male and female translators might, to some extent, use different translation techniques. The analysis focuses on adaptation, amplifi cation, established equivalents, generalization, calque, compensation, particularization, modulation, reduction, and borrowing, following the classification proposed by Molina and Hurtado-Albir (2002).

Interlingual subtitling was singled out for this research, as it is the common mode used to translate English films intended for an Arabic audience in most Arab T.V channels. However, this form of audiovisual translation is often prone to many constraints, and subtitling taboos is a case in point. The research aims to raise awareness about the special use of some strategies and showcase the ensuing changes, omissions and errors in the target language. This article looks into the translation strategies of taboo words, be them lexemes and/or expressions about death, sex, cursing, religion or calling names. Methodology-wise, 214 English-Arabic pairs of taboo words were collected from five popular Arab T.V channels and 23 American and British films were assessed. The data was coded according to Gottlieb's subtitling strategies (1992) and both quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted. The quantitative results showed four specific recurrent strategies during the subtitling process to cope with rendering taboo words. The qualitative analysis, however, revealed other lexico-semantic devices such as euphemism, disphemism and general words; translation techniques namely literal translation, partial rendering and inaccurate equivalence, along with other subtitling technical schemes. The research contributes to fill some gaps in the field of film subtitling from English into Arabic and insists on the importance of applying the adequate strategies when conveying taboos in the target language.

The manual contains theoretical material and assignments envisaged by the course "Essentials of technical translation" for university students of linguistics and translation departments. Structurally, the manual consists of seven sections distributed among three main parts: "Lexical and grammatical units in translation", "Transformations in translation", "Text units in translation". Theoretical material, practical guidelines and 62 assignments contained in the manual are aimed at developing skills and techniques that are requisite for translating technical texts of different genres (academic papers, press and advertisement, patents) from English into Russian.

The Harry Potter series poses particular problems for translators, and their translations raise many questions for us. Do translators aim to produce a text that has the same effect as the original or one that familiarizes children with British culture? Do translators keep the source text’s English names and words or translate them into the target language? How do the translator’s choices affect the reader’s perceptions? How do factors like text type, text function and target group influence translation strategy choices and which techniques can a translator use when translating culture-specific items? My thesis examines the linguistic and cultural issues in the French translation of the Harry Potter novels by investigating how the translator, Jean-Francois Ménard, conveys the British cultural setting of the Harry Potter stories for French readers and translates the invented words, names and places. I identify specific translation problems, and analyse how the translator deals with these, and discuss the ways in which he transfers culture and meaning in producing a readable and entertaining translation for French readers.

This dissertation comprises a translation technical study of the Septuagint version of the book of Jeremiah (Jer LXX) conducted for the purpose of characterizing the translation. The last two centuries of scholarship on Jer LXX have produced diverse descriptions of the translator’s product, ability and approach to translation, ranging from a free and arbitrary translation to a literal and faithful one. Though modern scholars mostly agree that the translation attempts to follow its Hebrew Vorlage very closely, it contains several indicators of free and less formal equivalence. In addition, discrepancy between certain renderings within chapters 1–28 (Jer a’) and chapters 29–52 (Jer b’) have borne debate regarding the unity of the translation, particularly whether these differences reflect the work of multiple translators, a later revision, or the peculiarities of a single translator.

A translation technical study has the potential to account for the different factors within Jer LXX in a way that previous studies on the character of the translation have been unable to do. Earlier research, though pivotal and pertinent in its own ways, relies on a minimal analysis of the syntactical and semantic contexts in which the Hebrew words and their Greek equivalents occur. A closer look at these contexts by means of a translation technical analysis allows a more precise determination of the character of the translation and its place in the history of the Septuagint, pertaining in particular to the relation between the Greek and Hebrew texts of Jer and to the cause of the differences between Jer a’ and Jer b’.

The study of translation technique constitutes a comparison between Hebrew words and expressions and their counterparts in the Greek translation, and it is the primary means by which to identify the different factors that influenced the product of translation. Three factors, and the extent of their influence, need to be taken into account when evaluating a translation in the LXX: the syntax and grammar of the Hebrew Vorlage, the requirements of the Greek language, and the individual translator’s own peculiarities. This type of analysis provides answers to questions regarding the nature of Jer LXX as a textual witness to the Hebrew text, the development of the Greek text of Jer LXX, and the translation character of Jer LXX.

The method is applied to the renderings of Hebrew words and expressions for which a difference between Jer a’ and Jer b’ has been identified. This choice of material has been made in order that the issue regarding the bisectioning of Jer LXX can be addressed to the fullest possible extent by this study. Since the question of a revision in Jer LXX revolves around the translation differences between Jer a’ and Jer b’, the character of these differences will be further delineated in relation to the revisional character of the kaige tradition, an exemplar of early jewish revision that is universally accepted as such. This comparison allows a further differentiation of the characteristics among the differences that can be categorised as revisional in nature and those that cannot, which in turn enables a more precise placement of Jer LXX within the history and development of the LXX as a whole.

The conclusions of this study draw from the distinction of the different types of changes that occur between Jer a’ and Jer b’. Certain differences between the two do reflect the revisional characteristics of the kaige tradition, which suggests that they were produced by a reviser who was invested in a revisionary tradition similar to kaige. This correlates with earlier suggestions that Jer b’ contains a revision. A number of the differences, however, indicate that the character of the revision is not as developed in its system and consistency as are the later exemplars of the kaige tradition. This distinguishes the revision in Jer b’ from other known revisions and allows its placement as prior to the later kaige revisers. Third, certain differences constitute a change toward more natural Greek expression, which is the opposite of what one would expect from a revision since Greek idiom usually does not reflect the formal characteristics of Hebrew. These differences are to be understood as reflecting a change towards more intuitive use of the Greek language by the first translator of Jer.

This third conclusion provides a window into understanding the motive of the revision. The need for revisions came from a perceived disparity between the Septuagint translation and the Hebrew text used by the reviser. The latter half of the translation of Jer LXX evinces a number of changes toward less formal equivalents of the Hebrew text, which was unappealing to the reviser. This, together with the possibility of later growth in the reviser’s Hebrew text after the initial translation into Greek, combine to form conducive conditions for revision.

El objetivo de este trabajo es el análisis y comparación de la traducción del humor audiovisual en el doblaje. El trabajo se basa en un material audiovisual que recoge el primer episodio de la primera temporada de la serie estadounidense titulada “Friends” en tres versiones: inglesa (original), española (traducción) y mexicana (traducción). El análisis comparativo está dedicado a la valoración de la traducción en relación con su efecto humorístico, su coherencia con el texto original y las técnicas de la traducción que afectan a la capacidad de transmitir su significado.

The main aim of this paper is analysis and comparison the translation of audiovisual humor in dubbing. The thesis is based on audiovisual material that includes the first episode of the first season of the American series called “Friends” in three versions: English (original), Spanish (translation) and Mexican (translation). The comparative analysis is devoted to the evaluation of the translation in terms of its humorous effect, conformity with the original and techniques affecting the ability to convey its meaning.

Before arriving at speech and writing, the first men developed communication by signs, sounds and mimics. This development took place in different places, in different times, between more or less distant groups. This favored the birth of language families (languages with the same roots) which are divided into about thirteen main groups: (1)
1. Niger–Congo (1,542 languages) (21.7%)
2. Austronesian (1,257 languages) (17.7%)
3. Trans–New Guinea (482 languages) (6.8%)
4. Sino-Tibetan (455 languages) (6.4%)
5. Indo-European (448 languages) (6.3%)
6. Australian [dubious] (381 languages) (5.4%)
7. Afro-Asiatic (377 languages) (5.3%)
8. Nilo-Saharan [dubious] (206 languages) (2.9%)
9. Oto-Manguean (178 languages) (2.5%)
10. Austroasiatic (167 languages) (2.3%)
11. Tai–Kadai (91 languages) (1.3%)
12. Dravidian (86 languages) (1.2%)
13. Tupian (76 languages) (1.1%)
14.
When people started to move around, they realized that they could not always communicate with others as they wished. So the need for interpreters arose, and with the advent of writing the need for translators.
There are many ways to translate from one language to another. The easiest way seems to be to translate one word for another and see what happens. Unfortunately, it’s not as simple as that. Who hasn’t tried to translate a text using an automatic translator on the Internet? Those who have, can confirm that the result is not always understandable. No matter how well programmed a machine is, it will never be able to convey the facets and emotions of a text written by a person. The human factor is missing, hence the need for a translator.
Languages are of strategic importance to people and the planet and play a vital role in development. They are a guarantee of cultural diversity and intercultural dialogue, (2) and a means of achieving quality education for all, strengthening cooperation, building inclusive knowledge societies, preserving cultural heritage and mobilizing political will to apply the benefits of science and technology for sustainable development.

DEMJANOVÁ Ester: Translation techniques in Recursive translation. [BACHELOR THESIS]. – PAVOL JOZEF ŠAFÁRIK UNIVERSITY IN KOŠICE. FACULTY OF ARTS; DEPARTEMENT OF BRITISH AND AMERICAN STUDIES. – Supervisor: Prof. dr hab. Grzegorz A. Kleparski – Košice: FF UPJŠ, 2013. 68 p. 

This thesis belongs to the field of translation theory. Its main objective is to analyse a recursively translated text from the point of view of translation techniques and to draw attention to the recursive translation, as well as to the possibilities of its application. Theoretical part of this thesis focuses on the commonly used translation techniques and gives many illustrative examples. The analytical part exemplifies recursive translation, introduces new terminology and a definition of this phenomenon. It also comparatively analyses a culturally significant text recursively translated by 4 professional translators. The hypothesis states that translation techniques employed by different translators on the same unit of translation in the recursive translation will be identical or will at least create a certain observable pattern. Secondary hypothesis claims that a technique mostly used by the translators in a given text will be transposition. This work may be further used for any study concerned with recursive translation and/or translation techniques.

"Nonequivalence" and cultural context in specialised translation.

Translation techniques in the case of so called non-equivalent expressions in the form of borrowings point to foreignness, expose it, emphasise it, but by doing so they trigger the awareness of the existence of otherness, diversity. This awareness is necessary to realize the uniqueness and preserve the distinctiveness of the translated work existing outside its natural context.
It is the translator's task to show and explain this difference to the recipients of the translation, i.e. to consciously and skillfully conduct an intercultural dialogue.

In this academic paper I critically review terms applied in source literature in this regard, namely “non-translatability”. Assuming that equivalence never means sameness, and that the reaction of the target recipient will never be the same as that of the output recipients, we broaden the spectrum of translation possibilities, by moving towards adequacy and suitability. That is why I suggest to call the field of terms that have no direct equivalent in the target language – “non-equivalent lexis”, rather than “non-translatability”. There is a group of translation techniques devised to take into consideration cultural differences, even the wide-ranging ones. Discussing those I show that one can divide them into those progressing towards Nida’s formal equivalence and the language reality of the output language (L1), and such which lean towards dynamic equivalence which focuses on the culture of the target language. By leaning towards the source language reality, I reject the classic demand for an analogical reaction of the source recipient and the target recipient, finding it a myth that is at variance with the idea of realistic translation. I present arguments that speak in favour of techniques leaning towards formal equivalence, which translation studies often depart from in favour of dynamism and functionalism. However, I indicate in my article that a translator ought to consciously keep the distinctness of the translation (in terms of a Bergman-like highlighting of the Other) and ought to make the final recipients aware of that otherness, thus broadening their knowledge of the output language country and contributing to the dissemination of intercultural communication.
The issue of non-equivalent lexis is one of the biggest problems in translation, as evidenced by research and surveys carried out by me in 2008, and thus it is also a problem affecting the education of translators – as I have pointed out in my PhD thesis.

Interpretation plays a role of a paramount significance in sending and receiving messages between people all over the world. It is also of vital significance in international conferences, symposiums and workshops where the meaning must be transferred among the participants. In fact, proverbs can be considered as one of the most important elements which are used in speech and need to be exchanged among nations around the globe. However, interpreters usually encounter some challenges in interpreting proverbs from English to Arabic or vice versa due to the cultural differences between Arabic and English as well as the lack of equivalents for some proverbs. This study investigates the techniques of interpreting the English proverbs from English to Arabic. The data of this study are collected from two basic well-known dictionaries, namely, the Lamps of Experience: a Collection of English Proverbs by Ba’alabaki (1980) and a Dictionary of Proverbs: English – Arabic by Kilani and Ashour (1991). The analysis of data reveals that many techniques can be used for the interpretation of proverbs. Such techniques are highlighted and graded based on their own priorities. The present study provides recommendations for interpreters, translators, researchers which might improve the quality of interpreting and translating proverbs.

Indra Setiawan. 2017. Translation Techniques Analysis of Moana's Utterances in "Moana" Movie Subtitle. English Study Program. Dian Nuswantoro University. Advisor : Dr. Raden Arief Nugroho, S.S., M.Hum.

Keywords : Moana, Translation Techniques Subtitle.

Indra Setiawan. 2017. Translation Techniques Analysis of Moana's Utterances in "Moana" Movie Subtitle. English Study Program. Dian Nuswantoro University. Advisor : Dr. Raden Arief Nugroho, S.S., M.Hum.

Keywords : Moana, Translation Techniques Subtitle.

In the second half of the 17th century, the translators of the Russian Ambassadorial Chancery had to translate a large number of books. Among them, the equestrian books by Antoine de Pluvinel from the 1620s stand out: Maneige Royal and L'Instruction du Roy / Reitkunst. This paper focuses on the Russian translation of L'Instruction du Roy / Reitkunst, accomplished in 1677, but the history of this edition is inseparable from that of Maneige Royal. Selected fragments of the translation are compared. Even this preliminary analysis leads to surprising insights into translation techniques employed by the translators of the Ambassadorial Chancery.

(Abstract in Finnish) Tutkielman tavoitteena on arvioida Emanuel Tovin ehdottamaa teoriaa Septuagintan Jeremian kirjan (Jer LXX) kahtiajaosta, jota kirjallisuudessa kutsutaan nimellä “translator-reviser theory.” Arviointi suoritetaan tarkastelemalla yhden hepreankielisen sanan käännösvastineita Jer LXX:ssa ja soveltamalla Tovin teoriaa tarkastelun tuloksiin. Hepreankielinen sana, jonka käännöksiä tarkastellaan, on שקר (valhe, valheellisuus). Tovin teoriaa arvioidaan sillä perusteella, miten hyvin se selittää Jer LXX:ssa esiintyvät käännösvastineet sanalle שקר.

Tutkielma jakaantuu johdantolukuun, kahteen päälukuun ja  oppupäätelmiin. Johdantoluku esittelee työssä käytettyä tutkimusmetodia ja asianmukaista tutkimushistoriaa. Metodina työssä käytetään käännöstekniikan tutkimusta, jota on Septuagintan osalta harjoitettu aiemminkin Helsingin yliopistossa. Koska työssä tarkastellaan yhden sanan käännösvastineita, käännöstekniikan kvalitatiiviset näkökannat saavat isomman roolin kuin kvantitatiiviset. Tutkimuksessa käytetyt kvalitatiiviset näkökannat ovat käännösvastineiden johdonmukaisuus (lexical consistency), käännösvastineiden sopivuus (lexical adequacy) ja käännösvastineiden semanttinen merkitys (meaning).

1900-luvulla useat tutkijat kiinnittivät huomiota Jer LXX:n kahden puoliskon eriäviin käännösvastineisiin. Useiden eriävien käännösvastineiden liitoskohta on Jer LXX:n luku 29. Vuonna 1976 Tov julkaisi oman selityksensä käännösvastineiden eroille, jonka mukaan Jer LXX:n luvut 1–28 sisältävät Jeremian kirjan alkuperäisen käännöksen, kun taas luvut 29–52 sisältävät käännöksestä myöhemmin tehdyn revision. Eriävät käännösvastineet johtuvat reviisorin tekemistä muutoksista alkuperäisen käännöksen sanavalintoihin. Alkuperäisen käännöksen alkupuoli ja revision loppupuoli ovat sattumalta joutuneet yhteen.

Sanan שקר käännösvastineet Jer LXX:ssa ovat pääasiassa nominit ψευδος ja ψευδης, sekä adjektiivi αδικος. Ψευδος tai ψευδησ on vastineena 27 kertaa, ja αδικος 9 kertaa. Analyysissä tarkastellaan jokaisen käännösvastineen asiayhteyttä ja kieliopillista muotoa. שקר ja sen käännösvastineet esiintyvät Jeremian kirjassa useimmiten profetian asiayhteydessä, jossa Jerusalemin profeettoja syytetään valheellisesta profetoimisesta. Muita merkittäviä yhteyksiä, joissa sanoja käytetään, ovat muun muassa väärän valan vannominen, epäjumalanpalveluksen tuomitseminen ja lähimmäisen kohtelu.

Tutkimuksen tuloksena on, että Tovin kääntäjä-reviisori -teoria selittää hyvin sanan שקר eriävät käännösvastineet Jer LXX:ssa. Käännösvastineisiin soveltuu erityisesti Tovin mainitsema revision piirre, jonka mukaan reviisori pyrki korvaamaan omasta mielestään epätyydyttäviä käännöksiä vastineilla, jotka ilmaisevat hepreankielisen tekstin merkityksen paremmin.

Over the years, many scholars and researchers have been interested in finding out what happens in translator's mind during the translation process. Similarly, instructors and students in the field of translation are interested to know the sources of translation problems. The traditional methods would allow the instructors to examine the translation on the basis of product. However, nowadays the traditional approach is outdated by the advent of several methods which can capture the translation process, the student's decisions, problems, solutions and etc. One of these methods is Integrated Problem and Decision Reporting (IPDR) applied for examining translations (Gile, 1979). Resorting to IPDR, the present study aims at investigating the translation process, finding out the main problems occurred in the translation, and the techniques used by the subjects during the translation process. In this regard, ten M.A students studying at Islamic Azad University Science and Research...

Selected translation difficulties in didactics of translation Abstract: This article is devoted to the applicative issues involved in the didactics of translation of specialised texts. The author conducted an experiment which help to identify the areas where students are likely to make mistakes. One of these difficulties is the so called equivalentless lexis, which the article presents and analyses, while at the same time showing the need for including this topic in the translodidactic process, in the form of specialised exercises.

Manner of motion represents a translation problem, especially between languages that belong to different typological groups, since their users (in this case mainly authors and translators) address the semantic component of Manner in different ways. In order to give a full account of the translation of manner of motion events in a German>Spanish parallel corpus of children’s and young adult literature, this contribution describes an interdisciplinary study by resorting to the theory of ‘Thinking for Translating’ (Slobin, 1997, 2000, 2005) and to the hypothesis of translation universals (Baker, 1993; Mauranen & Kujamäki, 2004).
It presents a proposal of seven translation techniques adapted to Manner of motion, as well as quantitative data regarding these techniques. Qualitative and quantitative data on the semantic subcomponents of Manner (speed, sound, motor pattern, etc.) are also included. The findings confirm that, in terms of Manner of motion, the translation is simpler than the original text and that motor pattern is the semantic subcomponent of Manner that has been affected by translation to the greatest extent.

This paper presents a series of examples revealing some significant aspects about the technique of the Greek translation of Ephrem’s mēmrā on Niniveh and Jonah (Syriac text by Edmund Beck, 1970; editio princeps of the Greek text by Démocratie Hemmerdinger-Iliadou, 1967).
This text represents a very interesting example of the interaction at different levels between Greek and Syriac in Late Antiquity. Firstly, this translation is from Syriac into Greek, a translation direction little studied so far, in strong contrast with the opposite movement of translation from Greek into Syriac (for examples, the articles by Sebastian Brock, David Taylor, Aaron Butts and Alberto Rigolio). The contact between the two cultures was not only characterised by the prevalent position of Greek over Syriac, but also by the fact that Syriac literature and culture influenced the Greek spheres by means of translations and oral traditions (the monography about byzantine hagiography by Paul Peeters and some articles by Sebastian Brock).
Secondly, this text shows a literary and poetic interchange, as the Greek translation presents a transposition not only of the content of the Syriac text, but also of the metrical structure of the mēmrā (the only known case so far of a Greek translation from an extant Ephrem’s text). In fact, it reproduces the isosyllabic pattern of the original and expands the couplet of verses in a group of four verses, maintaining the same structure based on parallelisms and oppositions.
From a comparison between the two texts (the source text in Syriac and the target text in Greek), it is possible to identify a series of linguistic, cultural and formal characteristics that indicate which kind of translation the Greek text is. This contribution intends to display these aspects by means of chosen textual examples. The examples will be selected from portions of the Syriac and Greek texts, placed side by side in order to show better the similarities (and differences) between the two versions.
In the conclusions, I will talk about the translation techniques of the text in general and the analysed typology of translation will be viewed within the categorisation of translation techniques in the Syriac literature proposed by Sebastian Brock in 1983.

This study explores the techniques and socio-cultural norms of the Greek Septuagint (LXX) translation corresponding to Hebrew Psalms 146-150.  The literature review covers scholarly contributions from Translation Studies and Septuagint Studies, integrating both fields into the methodology.  Detailed commentary on each line of the psalms forms the largest section.  A synthesis of the translation techniques points to operational norms affecting quantitative and qualitative features of the Greek text and points to some preliminary norms reflecting the general approach and intended function. 

The findings of this study confirm that the Hebrew source text was very similar to the Masoretic Text.  The translator relied on the LXX Pentateuch and post-biblical Hebrew/Aramaic at times, but usually employed contextual guesses when uncertain.  Overall, the work reflects source-oriented norms evident in formal correspondence to the quantity, order, grammar, and syntax of the Hebrew source terms.  On the other hand, there are various shifts for cohesion, lexical and syntactical standardization and specification, and semantic enhancement.  This interdisciplinary study confirms previous assessments of the LXX Psalter but also qualifies those assessments with extra details.  Some of the dimensions covered include prepositions, lexical consistency, verbal aspect, sound play and thematic features, cohesion, figurative language, poetic parallelism, and socio-cultural settings. 

The thesis has been published by ProQuest UMI here: http://search.proquest.com/docview/1625975056

Work by Lubna Hassan, submitted to Prof. Hisham A. Jawad  at Qatar University in 2016, analyzing the translation techniques used in the Egyptian movie إشاعة حب (The Agony of Love) produced in 1961.

[Original Work: Please do not use or copy without permission]

A fixed expression is a combination of words that has a stylistic value. The meaning of a fixed expression should be understood from the whole parts and cannot be identified from each of the constituent separately. This study aimed to identify the techniques used to translate French fixed expressions to Indonesian language based on the theory of translation techniques proposed by Molina and Albir (2004). It applied descriptivequalitative method focusing on equivalence in translation. The data collection was carried out by finding the metaphorical suites of words in Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary novel and their equivalents in its Indonesian version Nyonya Bovary. The results showed that, in total, there are three different techniques used by the translator in translating the fixed expressions in the novel. Out of 73 fixed expressions, 61 were translated by modulation, 8 by discursive creation and only 4 by transposition. This article is expected to give contribution to the studies of translation in general and translation of fixed expressions from French to Indonesian, in particular.

The aim of this paper is to analyse from a semantic and pragmatic point of view several translation techniques applied in translated texts to solve the semantic vagueness conveyed by lexical stereotypes in contemporary French. Starting from a case study which examines the lexical unit dérive and its translations into Spanish in a corpus of specialised texts, the study illustrates the translator’s response when specifying in the target text the semantic extension of a lexical unit such as dérive, which is open to a wide range of interpretations. This contrastive analysis serves as a starting point for a general reflection on translators’ subjectivities and degree of intervention in translated texts.

This paper examines the salience of Manner-of-motion and its translation in a multilingual corpus of graphic novels, with the dual aim of further investigating the role of visual language in Slobin’s Thinking-for-translating hypothesis and identifying the relevant translation techniques. Many studies that draw on the hypothesis have shown, for instance, that, in the translation process from a satellite-framed language (e. g. German, English) into a verb-framed language (e. g. Spanish, French), Manner-of-motion is usually omitted, whereas in the translation process between languages belonging to the same typological group, it is generally transferred, although some intratypological variation has also been identified in the literature. The corpus studied allows both inter- and intratypological analyses: it is composed of two graphic novels by the Austrian cartoonist Ulli Lust and their corresponding translations into Spanish, French and English. The resulting data were compared with previous research in the field. The paper concludes that, although visual language minimizes the consequences of Thinking-for-translating, the conventions and restrictions of graphic novels deserve greater attention within this framework.
Source: https://www.teresamolescases.com/pagines/PDF/MolesCases2020b.pdf