Jorge Alberto Arriaga

As knowledge society is mainstreaming around the world, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have been increasingly integrated in formal and informal leaning environments, especially in a complex and fast-changing reality. In this context, Learning and Knowledge Technologies (LKT) have proved to be a valuable asset for continuous learning of professional from all sectors, especially for those working on natural resources management and the governance of common goods, since science and technology related to these topic are rapidly moving forward and paradigms are changing in a fast-pace. The water sector is not the exception. Water resources management requires a specific set of skills that are not only oriented towards engineering and technical studies, but also requires the understanding of social and biological dynamics, all of them working together in a complex system. Due to the transdisciplinary approach and the constant changes in the area, water professionals are actively demanding new ways to increase their knowledge through virtual learning environments. This paper analyses the experience of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), with the collaboration of the Regional Centre for Water Security (CERSHI) under the auspices of UNESCO, in designing and implementing the Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) on Water Security, available on Coursera platform. Firstly, the document presents the changes of paradigms in water management and explores how the water sector has incorporated them into its educational programs and trainings. Then, the phases of designing the MOOC are described, considering the identification, selection and analysis of formal education programs on water security, both nationals and internationals, as well as the integration of the syllabus under a frontier science approach. The development of the virtual learning environment is also discussed in this section. Finally, the capacity of this initiative to promote education for sustainability in Latin America and the Caribbean as well as community engagement and youth participation in integrated water resources management is discussed.

Abstract
(a) Purpose or objectives and status of study or research hypothesis
Analyze the Mexican governance system to identify the elements that inhibit a sustainable aquifer management in Penjamo-Abasolo, Guanajuato and discuss the opportunities of Reglamento as a regulatory mechanism to enhance the adoption of a management plan.

(b) Key issue(s) or problem(s) addressed
Groundwater experiences the tragedy of the commons. Thus, it requires an analysis of the governance system to enhance its sustainable management. Worldwide, different policies have been developed based on this approach. These policies include water right systems and their reallocation, pumping bans, changes in economic incentives and subsidies, among others. Generally, the application of these mechanisms have not being sufficient to achieve a sustainable management of groundwater due to the challenges in their implementation and the existence of an inadequate governance system.
Mexico has experienced an increase of the number of overexploited aquifers over the last years.
Guanajuato state is the town with the highest number of ‘critical aquifers´ in Mexico. It has more than 20 000 deep wells, an extraction volume of 4000 hm3/year, and an extraction/recharge rate of 2.5. The Penjamo-Abasolo aquifer is the most critical aquifer in Guanajuato. It presents a deficit of 122 hm3, static groundwater levels of 150 m and sustained drop levels of 3 m/year on average.
Managing plans have experienced difficulties to be implemented as a result of the lack of information and communication systems and the insufficiency of monitoring and evaluation mechanisms. A better definition of incentives, sanctions and compensations, as well as the assignation of economic and financial resources is also needed. In addition, the implementation of these actions is also limited as the rule of law is often flexible and sanctions to actors violating the legal framework are rarely putting in place.
The Mexican legal framework has a variety of administrative instruments to restrict the exploitation of groundwater and to limit new water rights based on public interest. The Reglamento outstands among the instruments due to its comprehensive approach that enhance the participation of all stakeholders.

(c) Methodology or approach used
The performance of groundwater governance in Guanajuato is evaluated under the framework of the reform of public policies for aquifer management, proposed by the Implementing Policy Change Project (IPC). The process includes: clarifying objectives, analyzing and mapping actors, identifying indicators of the principles of governance, and selecting options and strategies that reduce risks in the formulation and application of the Reglamento.

(d) Results and conclusions derived from the Project
The enhancement of groundwater governance through the Reglamento is made up of a hydrogeological evaluation update of the Penjamo Abasolo aquifer. Likewise, the elaboration of two programs is derived: the modernization and technification of irrigation to improve the efficiency of water use in the agricultural sector; and the improvement of the administrative water system through a proposal for monitoring and control of extraction.

(e) Implications of the project relevant to selected conference theme, theory and/or practice
The analysis and proposals are expected to suggest guidelines to improve the process of consensual regulation and can be replicated in aquifers in critical condition in Mexico.

En la actualidad el cambio climático es uno de los problemas de mayor importancia para la humanidad, dicho efecto se ha acelerado por influencia antropogénica, como las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, contaminación de cuerpos de agua, entre muchos otros. El trabajo presentado propone una metodología para identificar la existencia de cambio climático en la cuenca del río colorado, Estados Unidos, ya que a lo largo de los años ha presentado cambios en la precipitación, temperatura, así como también en su geomorfología. Dicha metodología se auxilia de análisis estadísticos como pruebas de homogeneidad y de tendencias con respecto a la media. ABSTRACT: Currently, climate change is one of the most important problems for humanity, this effect has been caused by anthropogenic pollution, such as emissions of greenhouse gases, pollution of bodies of water, among many others. The presented work proposes a methodology to identify the existence of a climate change in the basin of the Colorado River, United States, which over the years has presented changes in precipitation, as well as in its geomorphology. This methodology is supported by statistical analyzes such as tests of homogeneity and trends with respect to the mean.

This paper presents the results achieved by the Water Development Support Program of the states of Oaxaca, Puebla and Tlaxcala (PADHPOT, in Spanish) in Ocotlan de Morelos, Oaxaca, Mexico. The National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) created this program to help municipalities with a range of 10 and 100 thousand inhabitants to improve their water supply systems. Firstly, it is explained the origins and methodology used by the program. Then, the document describes the geographical and socioeconomic conditions related to the municipal water supply system. Finally, the text describes the goals achieved by PADHPOT in the community, focusing in the fact that an integrated view is needed in order not only to build hydraulic infrastructure but to promote institutional development and local capacity building.

RESUMEN: El artículo presenta la metodología utilizada por la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), a través de la Red del Agua UNAM y la Alianza para la Formación e Investigac ió n en Infraestructura para el Desarrollo de México (Alianza FiiDEM), para el diseño e implementac ió n de una maestría en Gestión Integral del Agua. En un primer apartado, se reconoce a la gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos como el mejor medio para administrar las aguas nacionales y se debate en torno a los escasos logros alcanzados en su implementación. Enseguida, se describe detalladamente la metodología utilizada para la formulación de la propuesta de plan curricular en la maestría en Gestión Integral del Agua, que parte de la identificación, selección y análisis de los programas modelo en el tema a nivel nacional e internacional. Finalmente, se expone el proceso de adaptación de la propuesta curricular a las capacidades ya instaladas en la UNAM y los resultados alcanzados desde su creación en septiembre de 2015. ABSTRACT: This paper presents the methodology followed by the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), through the UNAM's Water Network and the Alianza para la Formación e Investigación en Infraestructura para el Desarrollo de México (Alianza FiiDEM), to design and create a masters degree in Integrated Water Resources Management. Firstly, the document acknowledge that the Integrated Water Resources Management is the best way to manage the Nation's water and debates about the few goals achieved during its implementation. Then, the methodology used to formulate the master's degree plan is described. The methodology goes from the identificatio n, selection and analysis of other national and international plans, to its implementation. Finally, the text shows how the program design by UNAM was adapted to its already existed capacities and the results achieved since its implementation in September 2015. PALABRAS CLAVES: gestión integral de los recursos hídricos; formación de recursos humanos; cultura del agua.

RESUMEN: El artículo expone los resultados alcanzados por el Programa de Apoyo al Desarrollo Hidráulico de los Estados de Puebla, Oaxaca y Tlaxcala (PADHPOT), formulado por la Univers idad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) para apoyar a las localidades de entre 10 mil y 100 mil habitantes a mejorar sus sistemas de agua potable, en el municipio de Ocotlán de Morelos, Oaxaca, México. En un primer apartado, se relata el origen del PADHPOT y se expone la metodología empleada a través de sus dos áreas de acción: Agua Potable y Saneamiento y Observatorio Hídrico. Enseguida, se realiza una breve descripción de las condiciones geográficas y socioeconómicas de la localidad que inciden en el sistema municipal de agua potable. Finalmente, se da cuenta de los avances en los trabajos realizados en la comunidad desde la implementación del Programa, enfatizando la necesidad de emplear una visión integral que conjugue la construcción de infraestructura hidráulica con el fortalecimiento institucional y el desarrollo de capacidades locales. ABSTRACT: This paper presents the results achieved by the Programa de Apoyo al Desarrollo Hidráulico de los Estados de Puebla, Oaxaca and Tlaxcala (PADHPOT) in Ocotlán de Morelos, Oaxaca, Mexico. This program was created by the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) to help municipalities with a range of 10 and 100 thousand inhabitants to improve their water supply systems. Firstly, it is explained the origins and methodology used by the program. Then, the document describes the geographical and socioeconomic conditions related to the municipal water supply system. Finally, the text describes the goals achieved by PADHPOT in the community, focusing in the fact that an integrated view is needed in order to not only build hydraulic infrastructure but to promote institutional development and local capacity-building. PALABRAS CLAVES: gestión integral de los recursos hídricos; desarrollo hidráulico municipal; planeación hidráulica.