Groundwater Quality

A rapid growth of urbanization and industrialization is observed in Rangpur city after becoming a new administrative division of Bangladesh. As a result, the demand for consumptive water use has prominently increased here. The main source of drinking water for most of the working-class people and slum-dwellers are public tube-wells that are installed at the masjid, school, college, marketplace, bus stand, and roadside. Though the water quality is a major concern, there is lack of monitoring of drinking water quality. Hence, this study aims to assess the water quality of the public tube-wells and find out its suitability as drinking water according to the Bangladesh ECR1997 and WHO guidelines. Fifteen water samples were collected from public tube-wells of Rangpur City and some important water quality parameters were tested. After testing, the values of different parameters were statistically analyzed to determine the maximum, minimum, mean, median, and standard deviation. The spatial distribution was illustrated by GIS mapping. The average value of pH 6.75, Total Dissolved Solids 186.2 mg/L, Conductivity 401.98 µS/cm, Dissolved Oxygen 4.34 mg/L, Total Hardness 117.67 mg/L, Alkalinity 107.33 mg/L, Total Iron 1.247 mg/L, Copper 0.067 mg/L, Phosphate 0.35 mg/L, and Chloride 31.56 mg/L. Most of the parameters have been found within the permissible limit but total iron of few samples exceeds the limit. The study reveals that the public tube-well water is safe for consumption. Finally, the geo-spatial map is generated that depicts the distribution of each water quality parameter in Rangpur City.

Shortage of clean and safe water resources in Taiz Governorate, Yemen, represents an extremely important factor in the stability and an integral element in its economic development and prosperity. Groundwater is the main source of water in Yemen, in addition to surface water. Demands for fresh water will continue to rise since the area of study witnesses continuous development and depends on the available local water resources. In addition to the shortage of the water resources, the water quality problems are more severe in the study area. Major, minor and trace elements were determined in fifteen water samples, collected from different resources including some dug and drilled wells. Results indicate that down stream the groundwater quality gradually deteriorate due to infiltration of poorly treated wastewater discharging from uncontrolled domestic and industrial wastewater. All the studied water samples are not suitable for drinking but some of them may be used for irrigation occasionally in very special circumstances. At the present time, the government and scientific organizations in Yemen pay more attention to face the water demand.

ORIGINAL ARTICLE Groundwater salinization processes in shallow coastal aquifer of Djeffara plain of Medenine, Southeastern Tunisia Rim Trabelsi • Kamel Abid • Kamel Zouari • Houcine Yahyaoui Received: 3 March 2010 / Accepted: 23 July 2011 Ó Springer-Verlag 2011 ...

In this study, twenty one (21) trace elements in the basement complex groundwater of Blantyre district, Malawi were analyzed. The majority of the analyzed trace elements in the water were within the standards set by World Health Organization (WHO) and Malawi Standards Board (MSB). But, iron (Fe) (BH16 and 21), manganese (Mn) (BH01) and selenium (Se) (BH02, 13, 18, 19 and 20) were higher than the WHO and MSB standards. Factor analysis (FA) revealed up to five significant factors which accounted for 87.4% of the variance. Factor 1, 2 and 3 suggest evaporite dissolution and silicate weathering processes while the fourth factor may explain carbonate dissolution and pH influence on trace element geochemistry of the studied groundwater samples. According to PHREEQC computed saturation indices, dissolution, precipitation and rock-water-interaction control the levels of trace elements in this aquifer. Elevated concentrations of Fe, Mn and Se in certain boreholes are due to the geology of the aquifer and probable redox status of groundwater. From PHREEQC speciation results, variations in trace element species were observed. Based on this study, boreholes need constant monitoring and assessment for human consumption to avoid health related issues.

Over period of time, the water usage and management is under stress for various reasons including pollution in both surface and subsurface. The groundwater quality decreases due to the solid waste from urban and industrial nodes, rapid use of insecticides and pesticides in agricultural practices. In this study, ground water quality maps for Rupnagar district of Punjab has been prepared using geospatial interpolation technique through Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) approach. IDW technique has been used for major ground water quality parameters observed from the field samples like Arsenic, Hardness, pH, Iron, Fluoride, TDS, and Sulphate. To assess the ground water quality of the Rupnagar district, total 280 numbers of samples from various sources of tubewells for both pre and post monsoon have collected. Out of which, 80 to 113 samples found Iron with non potable limits ranging 0.3–1.1mg/l and 0.3–1.02mg/l according to BIS standard for both the seasons respectively. Chamk...

Burangkeng Landfill Site located within less than 100 meters from the residents and open dumping landfilling system was still applied to the partially active landfill zone. As the groundwater are the most raw clean water source for the people, previous research founded that Burangkeng as the nearest village to the landfill site has the highest incidence of disease than the other villages, also it founded that there were relationship between groundwater contamination by leachate and public health problems that occurred. A depth review on physical and chemical groundwater quality were conducted in this research. There were certain contamination originated from the landfill leachate within 300 meters to the north for the parameters of iron, TDS, phosphate, chloride, nitrate, and chromium. In addition, seasonal variation has create the wider contaminant dispersion in the rainy season than in the dry season, however, most of the wells are still in the desirable characteristic of consumed water based on Government Regulation no. 82/2001.

From the hydrochemical analysis of 89 representative groundwater samples along coastal Kendrapara district, Odisha, the current research establishes widespread occurrences of moderately hard to hard groundwater within the subsurface water bearing horizons. There exists a distinct belt of moderately hard ground water in both the Mahakalapara and Rajnagar blocks of the district whereas a specific patch of extremely hard water horizon does exist in the former block. The analysis also points to no specific interrelationship between the hardness of groundwater to that of the physical parameters including pH and electrical conductance.

Drainage from steel slag disposal sites can be extremely alkaline and a source of pollution to surface and ground waters. Data is presented detailing the hydrogeochemistry of seven highly alkaline (pH > 10) steel slag surface discharges in the UK. While there is the consistent presence of Ca–OH type groundwater in all the discharges, there are clear disparities in hydrochemical facies within and between sites, reflecting native hydrochemistry, source material and hydrogeological setting. The longevity of the pollution problem from steel slag disposal sites is highlighted at one site where the water quality records date back three decades. The consistent presence of Al, B, Ba, Fe, Sr, V and occasional presence of Cr, Mo, Ni, Pb were found at concentrations typically below surface water quality standards in the leachates. Some of the monitored metals (Al, Fe, Ni, V) were found to be lost from solution downstream of emergence in calcite-dominated precipitates which rapidly form at all sites at rates up to 100 g m−2 day−1. The low concentrations of potentially problematic trace elements in both solution and the sediments are discussed with regard development of economically viable passive treatment wetlands for highly alkaline industrial discharges.

The assessment of groundwater is essential for the estimation of suitability of water for safe use. An attempt has been made to study the groundwater of selected areas of Punjab (Sheikhupura & Sahiwal) and Sindh (Sindh, Jawar Dharki and Dharki), Pakistan. The results indicate that pH, color and odor were all within limits of WHO that is pH ranges 6.5–8.5, colorless and odorless, respectively. The high values of suspended solids were observed in the Sindh-1 and Dharki samples. Microbiologically only Sahiwal and Jawar Dharki were found fit for drinking purpose. Trace metals analysis of Sheikhupura-1 and Sindh-1 showed that values do not fall within limits of WHO for Iron. The ionic concentration analysis showed that high bicarbonate (HCO3-), ions are present in the samples of Sahiwal and Dharki; Sindh-1 and Jawar Dharki samples showed very high concentration for chloride ions, all samples were satisfactory level for sulphate (SO42-), sodium, magnesium and phosphate ions except samples of Sindh-1 and Jawar Dharki. High concentration of calcium and potassium ions was observed in samples of Sindh-1, while all other samples were found fit for drinking purposes in respect of nitrate, nitrite and ammonium ions. The high concentration of Fluoride was found only in Sheikhupura-2 samples.

TDS is modeled for an aquifer near an unlined landfill in Canada. Canadian Drinking Water Guidelines and other indices are used to evaluate TDS concentrations in 27 monitoring wells surrounding the landfill. This study aims to predict TDS concentrations using three different modeling approaches: dual-step multiple linear regression (MLR), hybrid principal component regression (PCR), and backpropagation neural networks (BPNN). An analysis of the bias and precision of each models follows, using performance evaluation metrics and statistical indices. TDS is one of the most important parameters in assessing suitability of water for irrigation, and for overall groundwater quality assessment. Good agreement was observed between the MLR1 model and field data, although multicollinearity issues exist. Percentage errors of hybrid PCR were comparable to the dual-step MLR method. Percentage error for hybrid PCR was found to be inversely proportional to TDS concentrations, which was not observed for dual-step MLR. Larger errors were obtained from the BPNN models, and higher percentage errors were observed in monitoring wells with lower TDS concentrations. All models in this study adequately describe the data in testing stage (R2 > 0.86). Generally, the dual-step MLR and hybrid PCR models fared better (R2avg = 0.981 and 0.974, respectively), while BPNN models performed worse (R2avg = 0.904). For this dataset, both regression and machine learning models are more suited to predict mid-range data compared to extreme values. Advanced regression methods (hybrid PCR and dual-step MLR) are more advan- tageous compared to BPNN.

Abstract. Spatial distribution of pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), fluoride and total iron content of ground water samples collected from the muvattupuzha river basin, Kerala, India, has been studied for pre monsoon and post monsoon periods of year 2001. ...

The Groundwater protection and management is vital for human evolution, socioeconomic development and ecological diversity, because it is one of the most valuable natural resources. Agricultural and industrial activities, more and more intensive and significant population growth, have contributed to the degradation of Berrechid Groundwater quality. The present study aimed to assess the vulnerability of Berrechid aquifer using the DRASTIC models. The application of the methodology developed has needed the establishment of a Geographical Information System synthesizing a considerable mass of data (geological, hydrogeological, geophysical, etc.), constitutes a real tool to aid in the decision for the managers of water resources in the region of Chaouia. The results show that three classes of vulnerability are observed in the study area: the higher drastic indices appear at the areas with low groundwater table depth and the areas which are not protected by the clays, and the areas less ...

In recent 20 years the environmental issues regarding
environmental problem like hazardous waste, global climate change,
stratospheric ozone depletion, groundwater contamination, disaster
mitigation and removal of pollutant have become the focus of
environmental attention.
In this Dissertation work the quality of ground waters from
Indiranagar Gorakhpur and its environs was conducted between
December, 2016 to March, 2017. This study was undertaken to
determine physical and chemical parameter of ground water sources
(shallow and deep hand pump) in Indiranagar Gorakhpur, is as a
result physical parameters (pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS),
Electrical Conductivity (E.C), Temperature, turbidity) and chemical
parameters (Alkalinity, total Hardness, Acidity, chloride, fluoride) in
water resources were determined. Water samples were collected from
10 sampling points including 7 shallow hand pumps and 3 deep hand
pumps (India mark hand pump). The result was compared with WHO,
and IS: 10500-2012 standards. The usefulness of these parameters
(Physico-chemical) in predicting ground water quality
characteristics were studied. Thus an attempt has been made to find
the quality of ground water in Indiranagar area of Gorakhpur
suitable for drinking purposes or not, and what its impact on human
health.

Evaluation of the hydrogeochemical processes governing the heavy metal distribution and the associated health risk is important in managing and protecting the health of freshwater resources. This study mainly focused on the health impacts due to the heavy metals pollution in a known Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) contact region (Tiruchinopoly, Tamilnadu) of pen-insular India, using various pollution indices, statistical, and geochemical analyses. A total of 63 samples were collected from the hard rock aquifers and sedimentary formations during southwest monsoon and analysed for heavy metals, such as Li, Be, Al, Rb, Sr, Cs, Ba, pb, Mn, Fe, Cr, Zn, Ga, Cu, As, Ni, and Co. Ba was the dominant element that ranged from 441 to 42,638 μg/l in hard rock aquifers, whereas Zn was the major element in sedimentary formations, with concentrations that ranged from 44 to 118,281 μg/l. The concentrations of Fe, Ni, Cr, Al, Cr, and Ni fell above the permissible limit in both of the formations. However, the calculated heavy metal evaluation index (HEI), heavy metal pollution index (HPI), and the degree of contamination (C d) parameters were higher in the sedimentary formation along the contact zone of the K/T boundary. Excessive health risks from consumption of contaminated groundwater were mostly confined to populations in the northern and southwestern regions of the study area. Carcinogenic risk assessment suggests that there are elevated risks of cancer due to prolonged consumption of untreated groundwater. Ba, Sr, and Zn were found to be geochemically highly mobile due to the partitioning between the rock matrix and groundwater, aided by the formation of soluble carbonato-complexes. Factor analysis indicates that the metals are mainly derived from the host rocks and anthropogenic inputs are relatively insignificant. Overall, this study indicated that groundwater in K/T contact zones is vulnerable to contamination because of the favorable geochemical factors. Long-term monitoring of such contact zones is required to avert the potential health hazards associated with consumption of the contaminated groundwater.

Globally, water scarcity is being witnessed at every corner of world irrespective of resource availability. The fresh water sources either surface or ground water resources are in constant peril owing to pollution, degradation and over exploitation. Judicious use and sustainable water conservation practices are the need of the hour. In an effort towards sustainability, an initiation has been taken up in Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad campus to recharge rainwater artificially into the aquifers. In the study area, five rainwater recharge structures with 9 injection wells at different locations were constructed for harvesting the rain water and recharging into the confined and unconfined aquifers. Apart from these, three Piezometers were drilled in the campus to study the groundwater level fluctuations due to artificial recharge. An attempt is made to monitor these injection wells. Physico-Chemical water quality parameters like pH, Potassium parameters were tested for samples collected from these injection wells. Spatial analysis has been developed in GIS environment from the results of physico-Chemical parameters and is compared with BIS: 105000, 1991 standards.

The Chalk aquifer is the most important British aquifer and is also important over much of northern Europe. Aquifer protection requires a sound knowledge of the baseline conditions and how these might vary, or have varied, with time. This detailed geochemical study of a representative area of Chalk in Berkshire, U.K., includes a consideration of several components: (1) the inputs from the atmosphere; (2) the interstitial water of the soil and the unsaturated zone; (3) the interstitial water in the confined and unconfined sections of the aquifer; and (4) the saturated, mainly fissure flow, along the hydraulic gradient which forms an important water supply of the Thames Valley region.Atmospheric inputs form an important source of some elements, but the dominant chemical characteristics of the Chalk groundwater are acquired during percolation through the soil and the upper unsaturated zone. During saturated flow downgradient the chemistry is modified mainly by incongruent reactions of ...

U radu je na osnovu 237 hemijskih analiza podzemnih voda izvršena determinacija porijekla magnezija u podzemnim vodama na području sjeveroistočne Bosne. Determinacija porijekla magnezija u podzemnim vodama izvršena ja na osnovu klasifikacije Mandel & Shiftan. Na osnovu dobivenih rezultata urađena je karta rasprostranjenosti Mg jona u podzemnim vodama na području sjeveroistočne Bosne.
Ključne riječi: magnezij, hemijske analize, determinacija, karta, sjeveroistočna Bosna

Unscientific management of municipal solid waste is one of the direct sources of contamination in developing countries, such as India. The present investigation carried out during Oct-Dec 2019 attempts to assess the parameters, such as quality of groundwater and soil along three depths (0-5, 5-15 and 15-30 cm), in proximity to a dumping site in Silchar, a rapidly evolving city of NorthEast India. Standard protocols of soil and water quality assessments were carried out. The pH values of the surface soils were found to be slightly acidic. Decrease in acidity with increasing depth was observed in the study site. The relative abundance of the analyzed elements at all soil depths was Zn > Fe > Ni > Cu > Cr. Weak correlation between the concentration of Cu, Fe and Zn, and the bulk density of the soil highlighted the micronutrient status of the soil. The impact of the nearby dumpsite on trace element contamination is indicated by the 'extremely contaminated' status of the soils with respect to geo-accumulation index. Majority of the groundwater samples exhibited pH levels below the desired limits, making it unfit for consumption by local communities. While Fe, Cu and Ni levels in groundwater samples exceeded the guideline values, Cr and Zn concentrations were found to be within limits except one sample. Principal Component Analysis of the observed data was carried out to ascertain the predominant sources of contamination. The observations indicate the negative impacts of nearby dumpsite on environmental parameters, such as groundwater and soil quality, as highlighted in this research.

National Capital Territory of Delhi occupies an area of 1483 sq.km. with the population density of 9344 persons/sq.km. The projected population for year 2009 works out to be 176 lakhs and total water requirement for drinking and domestic purposes, 927 million gallons per day ( ...

In this study, the Nagaon district of the state Assam, India is selected as the study area to assess the groundwater quality for drinking purpose. Therefore efforts have been made to evaluate the status of potability of 77 groundwater samples from boring or tube wells representing groundwater resource that have been collected from September 2017 to January 2018 from different locations in the Nagaon town. 12 physical, chemical and biological water quality parameters, viz. fluoride, iron, manganese, nitrate, pH, turbidity, alkalinity, chloride, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness and bacteria test are selected for analysis and to study whether the groundwater of the study area is potable for use or not. There is a relationship between variables which shows that one variable actually causes changes in another variable. In this paper, a statistical regression analysis method of the drinking water samples is carried out. This technique is based on the study and calculating the correlation coefficients between various physicochemical parameters of drinking water. The results were further compared with drinking water quality standards as per BIS (I.S. 10500:2012) and it was deduced that most of the water samples are potable. The results proved to be a useful mean for rapid monitoring of water quality with the help of systematic calculations of correlation coefficient.

Groundwater samples (18-54 m depth) from 13 locations were collected and analyzed for major anions and
cations. The analyzed hydro-chemical data formed the attribute database to identify hydro-geochemical
processes occurring in the study area and its relation to groundwater quality. The water type in the study
area is of Ca–Cl, Mg-Cl, Na-Cl, Ca- HCO3
, Mg- HCO3
, Na-HCO3
type. It was found that the general
hydro-geochemistry of groundwater in the study area is dominated by the processes such as carbonate
weathering, ion-exchange, and dissolution. Thus, hydro-geochemistry of a region can be well understood
using conventional graphical methods and this well help in consumptive use water resources management
in the study area.

This article is to analyse the ground water quality in ANNUR town panchayat area in Coimbatore district. This town panchayat has been selected especially because the annual rainfall is very poor comparing average rainfall of Tamil Nadu state. The annual average rainfall of Tamil Nadu is 958.5mm, and that Annur is getting only 58.3% of annual rainfall of Tamil Nadu (LONG TERM (1959-2008) MEAN SEASONAL AND ANNUAL RAINFALL DETAILS). Hence by nature it is an affected area, resulting in short fall of rainfall and hence short fall in water for irrigation and drinking.

The response of a representative virus and indicator bacteria to heating, solar irradiation, or their combination, was investigated in a controlled solar simulator and under real sun conditions. Heating showed higher inactivation of Escherichia coli compared to MS2. Heating combined with natural or simulated solar irradiation demonstrated a synergistic effect on the inactivation E. coli, with up to 3-log difference for 50 °C and natural sun insolation of 2,000 kJ m−2 (compared to the sum of the separate treatments). Similar synergistic effect was also evident when solar-UV induced DNA damage to E. coli was assessed using the endonuclease sensitive site assay (ESS). MS2 was found to be highly resistant to irradiation and heat, with a slightly synergistic effect observed only at 59 °C and natural sun insolation of 5,580 kJ m−2. Heat treatment also hindered light-dependent recovery of E. coli making the treatment much more effective.

This research work evaluates the impact of stormwater infiltration on the removal of organics, solids, nitrogen and phosphorus in a LECA-based horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland. Stormwater runoff for the period between January 2008 and June 2010 (30 months) was estimated for the drainage basin of the Vila Fernando wastewater treatment plant (constructed wetland system) and it was observed proportionality between the increase in surface runoff and the infiltration flow rate that reached the plant. The average stormwater infiltration rate that reached the plant was 67.4 m(3) d(-1) (77% of the influent flow rate into the plant). The 30 month monitoring campaign set up at one of the reed beds showed that stormwater infiltration led to a high variation of the hydraulic loading rate (HLR) throughout the bed, which affected its performance in the removal of organic matter, suspended solids and nitrogen. For a HLR below 20 cm d-1 the removal efficiencies for BOD5, COD and TSS doubled. The removal of nitrogen was too low and was associated with the weak development of nitrifying biofilm and the poor growth of reeds. However, it was observed a good relationship between the applied and removed loads for most of the parameters, which seems to indicate that the organic, solid, nitrogen and phosphorus loading rates influenced the respective removal rates. The use of a bed material with high specific surface area, such as LECA, can only improve the treatment capacity of horizontal subsurface flow systems if the organic and solid loading rates, as well as the HLR, can be effectively controlled.

Hydrochemical study had been carried out on the groundwater resources of Potharlanka Island, Krishna delta, India. Groundwater samples were collected and analyzed at 42 sites in December 2001 and October 2006. A comparative study of hydrochemical data indicates: groundwater is mildly alkaline with a pH of 7.0–8.2; electrical conductivity (EC) varies from 605 to 5,770 μS/cm in December 2001, and 652–5,310 μS/cm in October 2006. More than 62% of the groundwater samples in 2006 have TDS value <2,000 mg/l, which is within permissible limit of potable water, but 57% of the samples in 2001, are higher than the maximum permissible limit. Extremely low HCO3/Cl and variable high Mg/Ca (molar ratios) had been indicated the transformation of the fresh groundwater aquifer systems to saline in 2001. Groundwater of this Island is mainly classified as Na–Cl and mixed types. A high percentage of Na–Cl type of these waters indicates the possibility of seawater ingression/intrusion process during 2001 and comparatively mixed water type indicates the dilution activities of groundwater. Excessive withdrawal of groundwater has caused the increase of saline water intrusion. Improvement of groundwater quality in this Island due to artificial recharge structures made by NGRI under RGNDWM project and affects of the flood due to heavy rainfall of the months of September–October 2005 are discussed in this paper.

The rapid growth in consumption of bottled water across the globe has drawn attention of policy makers and academicians alike. However, its consumption practices have been examined primarily in the context of industrialized countries. Drawing on studies of Science, Technology and Society, Public Understanding of Science, and institutions, this article explores the nuances of the consumption conundrum of bottled water in India. This mixed method study relies on data collected through surveys and ethnography of consumption practices at selected sites in Delhi. We find reasons for bottled water consumption to vary with the site of consumption. Although the notions of “purity” and “scarcity” drive consumption behavior, these attributes are far from being objective. Rather, they are shaped by a complex mix of sociocultural factors, public understanding of science, and trust on various institutional mechanisms of water provisioning.

AbsTRAcT In the present study, water quality index is worked out to assess the groundwater scenario of Haridwar district, Uttarakhand, India. Data of forty groundwater samples collected from piezometers, dug wells, bore wells are used. The Water Quality Index is computed using seven parameters viz. pH, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Hardness, Fluoride, Chloride, Sulfate and Nitrate. The WQI results show that the overall water quality class is 'good' and water is acceptable for domestic use.

This chronology provides an overview of the lengthy fight about the infamous proposal to convert the Adams Mine - an open pit iron ore mine near Kirkland lake - into a mega dump for Toronto's garbage. The idea first was seriously proposed in 1989. In 1992, the Ontario government enacted the Waste Management Act, 1992 which was intended to ban waste export and promote local waste disposal in the Greater Toronto Area. By the late 1990s, the project had also been rejected by most of the municipal governments in Toronto, but was kept "alive" by a private sector promoter, Gord McGuinty (second cousin of current Ontario Premier Dalton McGuinty). In addition, the project also was supported by Premier Mike Harris and the Progressive Conservatives (PCs) after they were elected to power in 1995. Harris, also was the Member of the Provincial Parliament (MPP) for North Bay-Nippissing, and he and all the other PC candidates who ran for the PCs in Northeastern Ontario in 1995 were staunch supporters of the project and on the public record, in the media and at public meetings, declaring that support. Accordingly, the project was pushed through, subject to the first and only scoped environmental assessment hearing in Ontario's history and approved, despite fierce local opposition. In 2004, the Adams Mine Lake Act, 2004 was passed, making the abandoned iron ore mine off-limits as a dump for solid waste, at least until the AMLA is amended. The AMLA revoked all existing approvals for the Adams Mine site as a landfill issued prior to 2004 and is intended to prevent development of the site as a land fill. The legislation also amends the Environmental Protection Act to prevent the use of other lakes that are larger than one hectare in size as landfill sites. This book provides support for the argument that garbage export is not sustainable or sensible as we attempt to move towards a sustainable society.

For further information, see the 2012 edited collection of materials: D. McRobert (ed.), There Is No Place Called Away: Why Exporting Garbage Is Not Sustainable or Sensible Paperback – Apr 1, 2012.
http://www.amazon.ca/There-Place-Called-Away-Sustainable/dp/1470197251