WO2010098163A1 - 発光素子の製造方法および発光素子 - Google Patents
発光素子の製造方法および発光素子 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010098163A1 WO2010098163A1 PCT/JP2010/051029 JP2010051029W WO2010098163A1 WO 2010098163 A1 WO2010098163 A1 WO 2010098163A1 JP 2010051029 W JP2010051029 W JP 2010051029W WO 2010098163 A1 WO2010098163 A1 WO 2010098163A1
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- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02518—Deposited layers
- H01L21/02521—Materials
- H01L21/02538—Group 13/15 materials
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- H10H20/00—Individual inorganic light-emitting semiconductor devices having potential barriers, e.g. light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H10H20/80—Constructional details
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- H10H20/811—Bodies having quantum effect structures or superlattices, e.g. tunnel junctions
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
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- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02612—Formation types
- H01L21/02617—Deposition types
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- H10H—INORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES HAVING POTENTIAL BARRIERS
- H10H20/00—Individual inorganic light-emitting semiconductor devices having potential barriers, e.g. light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H10H20/01—Manufacture or treatment
- H10H20/011—Manufacture or treatment of bodies, e.g. forming semiconductor layers
- H10H20/013—Manufacture or treatment of bodies, e.g. forming semiconductor layers having light-emitting regions comprising only Group III-V materials
- H10H20/0137—Manufacture or treatment of bodies, e.g. forming semiconductor layers having light-emitting regions comprising only Group III-V materials the light-emitting regions comprising nitride materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10H—INORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES HAVING POTENTIAL BARRIERS
- H10H20/00—Individual inorganic light-emitting semiconductor devices having potential barriers, e.g. light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H10H20/80—Constructional details
- H10H20/81—Bodies
- H10H20/822—Materials of the light-emitting regions
- H10H20/824—Materials of the light-emitting regions comprising only Group III-V materials, e.g. GaP
- H10H20/825—Materials of the light-emitting regions comprising only Group III-V materials, e.g. GaP containing nitrogen, e.g. GaN
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- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/30—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region
- H01S5/34—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising quantum well or superlattice structures, e.g. single quantum well [SQW] lasers, multiple quantum well [MQW] lasers or graded index separate confinement heterostructure [GRINSCH] lasers
- H01S5/343—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising quantum well or superlattice structures, e.g. single quantum well [SQW] lasers, multiple quantum well [MQW] lasers or graded index separate confinement heterostructure [GRINSCH] lasers in AIIIBV compounds, e.g. AlGaAs-laser, InP-based laser
- H01S5/34333—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising quantum well or superlattice structures, e.g. single quantum well [SQW] lasers, multiple quantum well [MQW] lasers or graded index separate confinement heterostructure [GRINSCH] lasers in AIIIBV compounds, e.g. AlGaAs-laser, InP-based laser with a well layer based on Ga(In)N or Ga(In)P, e.g. blue laser
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- H10H—INORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES HAVING POTENTIAL BARRIERS
- H10H20/00—Individual inorganic light-emitting semiconductor devices having potential barriers, e.g. light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H10H20/80—Constructional details
- H10H20/81—Bodies
- H10H20/811—Bodies having quantum effect structures or superlattices, e.g. tunnel junctions
- H10H20/812—Bodies having quantum effect structures or superlattices, e.g. tunnel junctions within the light-emitting regions, e.g. having quantum confinement structures
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a light emitting device and a light emitting device, and more specifically, a method for manufacturing a light emitting device of a III-V group compound semiconductor having a quantum well structure containing In (indium) and N (nitrogen), and
- the present invention relates to a light emitting element.
- GaN gallium nitride
- AlN aluminum nitride
- InN indium nitride
- AlGaN ternary mixed crystal
- InGaN In (1-x) Ga x N (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1)
- InGaN In (1-x) Al x N (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1)
- AlInN quaternary mixed crystal
- a group III-V compound semiconductor composed of (1-xy) Al x Ga y N (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1, x + y ⁇ 1) is green, blue, white It is used for a light emitting diode (LED), a blue-violet laser (Laser Diode: LD), and the like.
- LED light emitting diode
- LD blue-violet laser
- a GaN-based compound semiconductor light-emitting element including a light-emitting layer having a well layer made of a GaN-based compound semiconductor containing In (indium) and a barrier layer (barrier layer) made of a GaN-based compound semiconductor
- Patent Document 1 discloses the following contents.
- the wavelength of light emission increases, and a green light emission wavelength of, for example, 490 nm or more is obtained.
- the barrier layer needs to be grown at a higher temperature than the well layer. For this reason, when forming the light emitting layer, the temperature T1 for growing the well layer and the temperature T2 for forming the barrier layer have a relationship of T1 ⁇ T2.
- 7 to 11 are cross-sectional views for explaining a method of forming a light emitting layer having a quantum well structure containing In and N (nitrogen) in Patent Document 1.
- FIG. 7 when the well layer 113a is formed on the barrier layer 113b at the growth temperature T1, the surface of the well layer 113a is flat.
- the temperature is raised to the growth temperature T2 in order to form the barrier layer 113b, the surface of the well layer 113a is uneven as shown in FIG. 8, and the In composition is lowered.
- FIG. 7 to 11 are cross-sectional views for explaining a method of forming a light emitting layer having a quantum well structure containing In and N (nitrogen) in Patent Document 1.
- a barrier layer 113b is formed on the well layer 113a having a concavo-convex surface. Thereafter, the temperature is lowered to the growth temperature T1, and the well layer 113a is formed as shown in FIG. However, when the temperature is raised to the growth temperature T2 to form the barrier layer 113b, the surface of the well layer 113a becomes uneven as shown in FIG. 11, and the In composition is lowered.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing a light emitting device and a light emitting device that improve the light emission characteristics and realize a light emitting device having a long wavelength.
- the present inventor has found out the cause of the unevenness in the surface of the well layer 113a and the decrease in the composition of In in the method of manufacturing the GaN-based compound semiconductor light emitting device of Patent Document 1, as a result of intensive studies. That is, after the well layer 113a is formed, the temperature of the temperature raising step for forming the barrier layer 113b is long, or the temperature maintained until the barrier layer 113b is grown is high, so that the well layer 113a is decomposed. I found out.
- the present inventor has intensively studied the atmosphere of the interruption process, paying attention to the fact that In evaporates at low temperature because In has a weak bond with N in a III-V compound semiconductor containing In. did. As a result, the following present invention has been found.
- a method for manufacturing a light-emitting element in one aspect of the present invention is a method for manufacturing a light-emitting element of a III-V compound semiconductor having a quantum well structure including In and N, and includes In and N.
- a step of interrupting epitaxial growth In the process of interruption, a gas having a decomposition efficiency higher than the decomposition efficiency of decomposing N 2 (nitrogen) and NH 3 (ammonia) into active nitrogen at 900 ° C. is supplied.
- a gas with high decomposition efficiency that decomposes into active nitrogen is supplied during the interruption process. For this reason, epitaxial growth is interrupted in an atmosphere containing active nitrogen. Thereby, it can suppress that In and N which comprise a well layer isolate
- a method for manufacturing a light-emitting element which is a method for manufacturing a light-emitting element of a III-V compound semiconductor having a quantum well structure including In and N, the well layer including In and N
- a gas containing N is supplied before the step of forming the barrier layer after the step of forming the well layer, the step of forming the well layer, and the step of forming the barrier layer.
- a step of interrupting the epitaxial growth In the process of interruption, a gas different from the N supply source of the well layer and the barrier layer is supplied.
- a gas different from the N supply source of the well layer and the barrier layer is supplied during the interruption process.
- the atmosphere of the step of forming the well layer and the step of forming the barrier layer is different from the atmosphere of the step of interrupting because the raw material is not flowed.
- by supplying the gas different from the N supply source of the well layer and the barrier layer in the step of interrupting it is possible to suppress separation of In and N constituting the well layer and N can be supplemented when the constituent In and N are separated. For this reason, it can suppress that N which comprises a well layer escapes at the time of the process to interrupt.
- a gas containing at least one of monomethylamine (CH 5 N) and monoethylamine (C 2 H 7 N) is supplied.
- an atmosphere containing more active nitrogen can be formed by monomethylamine and monoethylamine that contribute to growth efficiently even at low temperatures.
- NH 3 is used as the N source of the well layer and the barrier layer, the supply of NH 3 is stopped during the interruption process, and the process of restarting the supply of NH 3 in the process of forming the barrier layer is omitted. it can. For this reason, the light emitting element of the long wavelength which improved the light emission characteristic more can be manufactured by simplifying a manufacturing process.
- a light-emitting element is a light-emitting element manufactured by the above-described method for manufacturing a light-emitting element, and has a light emission wavelength of 450 nm or more.
- the light-emitting element of one aspect of the present invention since the light-emitting element is manufactured by the method for manufacturing a light-emitting element, a light-emitting element including a light-emitting layer having a well layer with a high In composition can be manufactured. For this reason, a light emitting element having a long wavelength of 450 nm or more can be realized.
- a light-emitting element according to another aspect of the present invention is a light-emitting element manufactured by the above-described method for manufacturing a light-emitting element, wherein the well layer has a thickness of 1 nm to 10 nm.
- the light emitting device since the light emitting device is manufactured by the method for manufacturing a light emitting device, it is possible to suppress N from being removed from the surface of the well layer. Therefore, it is possible to realize a light emitting element having a well layer with a thickness of 1 nm or more and 10 nm or less, which has not been conventionally possible.
- a light-emitting device is a light-emitting device manufactured by the above-described method for manufacturing a light-emitting device, wherein the full width at half maximum when energized at 10 A / cm 2 or more is y (nm), and the emission wavelength is x ( nm), the relationship of 0.2333x ⁇ 90 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.4284x ⁇ 174 is satisfied.
- the light emitting device is manufactured by the method for manufacturing a light emitting device. Since it is possible to suppress the escape of N from the surface of the well layer, the full width at half maximum can be reduced. Since the In composition of the well layer can be increased, the wavelength can be increased. Thus, a light emitting element having a small full width at half maximum and a long wavelength satisfying the relationship of 0.2333x ⁇ 90 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.4284x ⁇ 174 can be realized.
- the method for manufacturing a light emitting device and the light emitting device of the present invention it is possible to realize a light emitting device that improves the light emission characteristics and realizes a light emitting device having a long wavelength.
- FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view for explaining a method of forming a light emitting layer having a quantum well structure containing In and N in Patent Document 1.
- FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view for explaining a method of forming a light emitting layer having a quantum well structure containing In and N in Patent Document 1.
- FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view for explaining a method of forming a light emitting layer having a quantum well structure containing In and N in Patent Document 1.
- FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view for explaining a method of forming a light emitting layer having a quantum well structure containing In and N in Patent Document 1.
- FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view for explaining a method of forming a light emitting layer having a quantum well structure containing In and N in Patent Document 1.
- FIG. It is a figure which shows the relationship between the full width at half maximum and the light emission wavelength in Example 3.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing an LED that is an example of a light-emitting element according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention. With reference to FIG. 1, the LED in this Embodiment is demonstrated.
- the LED 10 in the present embodiment includes a substrate 11, an n-type buffer layer 12, an active layer 13, a p-type electron blocking layer 14, a p-type contact layer 15, a p-type electrode 16, and an n-type electrode 17. It has.
- the substrate 11 is, for example, an n-type GaN substrate.
- the n-type buffer layer 12 includes a first layer 12a formed on the substrate 11, a second layer 12b formed on the first layer 12a, and a third layer formed on the second layer 12b.
- Layer 12c The first layer 12a has a thickness of 50 nm, for example, and is made of n-type AlGaN.
- Second layer 12b has a thickness of 2000 nm, for example, and is made of n-type GaN.
- the third layer 12c has a thickness of 50 nm, for example, and is made of n-type GaN.
- the active layer 13 is formed on the n-type buffer layer 12, and has a quantum well structure in which a well layer 13a containing In and N and a barrier layer 13b having a larger band gap than the well layer 13a are stacked. ing.
- a barrier layer 13b is formed in the lowermost layer (layer in contact with the n-type buffer layer 12) and the uppermost layer (layer in contact with the p-type electron block layer 14) of the active layer 13.
- the active layer 13 has a multiple-quantum well (MQW) structure in which well layers 13a and barrier layers 13b are alternately stacked in the lowermost layer and the uppermost barrier layer 13b.
- MQW multiple-quantum well
- the well layer 13a has a thickness of 3 nm, for example, and is made of InGaN.
- the thickness of the well layer 13a is preferably 1 nm or more and 10 nm or less. When the thickness of the well layer 13a is 1 nm or more, light emission with a wavelength of 450 nm or more can be easily obtained. When the thickness of the well layer 13a is 10 nm or less, a well layer with high luminous efficiency and good crystal quality can be easily grown.
- the barrier layer 13b has a thickness of 15 nm, for example, and is made of GaN.
- the p-type electron block layer 14 is formed on the active layer 13, has a thickness of 20 nm, for example, and is made of p-type AlGaN.
- the p-type contact layer 15 is formed on the p-type electron block layer 14, has a thickness of 50 nm, for example, and is made of p-type GaN.
- the p-type electrode 16 is formed on the p-type contact layer 15 and has a feature of high transmittance.
- the p-type electrode 16 may be made of, for example, nickel (Ni) and gold (Au), or may be made of ITO (indium tin oxide).
- N-type electrode 17 is formed on the surface of substrate 11 opposite to the surface on which n-type buffer layer 12 is formed, and is made of, for example, titanium (Ti) or Al.
- the LED 10 has an emission wavelength of 450 nm or more, preferably 500 nm or more.
- the wavelength is 450 nm or more
- the In composition may be lowered from the InGaN well layer, and the significance of applying the present invention is great.
- the wavelength is 500 nm or more
- the In composition from the InGaN well layer is easily lowered, so that the significance of applying the present invention is very large.
- the upper limit of the wavelength of the LED 10 is, for example, 600 nm for manufacturing reasons.
- the LED 10 satisfies the relationship of 0.2333x ⁇ 90 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.4284x ⁇ 174 when the full width at half maximum when energized at 10 A / cm 2 or more is y (nm) and the emission wavelength is x (nm). ing.
- the full width at half maximum is almost an ideal crystal.
- the application of the present invention suppresses the decrease in In composition, and a uniform well layer is formed.
- the said light emission wavelength is a peak wavelength from which the light emission intensity
- the full width at half maximum is a difference between two wavelengths giving a half value of the peak intensity.
- FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing a manufacturing method of the LED 10 in the present embodiment. Then, with reference to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, the manufacturing method of LED10 in this Embodiment is demonstrated.
- the substrate 11 is prepared (step S1).
- an n-type GaN substrate is prepared as the substrate 11.
- an n-type buffer layer 12 is formed on the substrate 11.
- the first layer 12a, the second layer 12b, and the third layer 12c described above are formed in this order by, for example, MOCVD (Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition).
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram for explaining the step of forming the active layer 13 in the present embodiment. With reference to FIGS. 1 to 3, the steps of forming the active layer 13 in the present embodiment will be described below.
- a barrier layer 13b containing N is formed on the n-type buffer layer 12 (step S2).
- GaN is grown by, for example, the MOCVD method.
- the barrier layer 13b is grown at a high temperature of, for example, 880 ° C. in order to grow a layer having excellent crystallinity and optical characteristics.
- the N source of the barrier layer 13b for example, ammonia is used.
- step S3 a gas containing N is supplied to interrupt the epitaxial growth.
- step S3 the supply of the raw material is stopped and the temperature is lowered to a temperature at which the well layer 13a is grown.
- step S2 only the carrier gas may be flowed, not all the gas may be flowed, and another gas may be flowed together with the carrier gas or instead of the carrier gas.
- a well layer 13a containing In and N is formed (step S4).
- InGaN is grown by, for example, MOCVD.
- the well layer 13a is formed at a lower temperature (for example, 790 ° C.) than in step S2 for forming the barrier layer 13b.
- the growth temperature is lower than in step S2 for forming the barrier layer 13b, so the growth rate is also low.
- ammonia is used as the N source of the well layer 13a.
- step S5 a gas containing N is supplied to interrupt the epitaxial growth.
- a gas having a decomposition efficiency higher than that for decomposing N 2 and NH 3 into active nitrogen at 900 ° C. is supplied.
- the protective effect of the well layer 13a can be strengthened, and decomposition of In and N constituting the well layer 13a can be suppressed.
- active nitrogen means N having dangling bonds, for example. Since N having dangling bonds easily reacts with other elements, dissociation of the bond between In and N can be suppressed, or bonding with In separated from N on the surface of the well layer 13a is possible.
- the decomposition efficiency can be judged from, for example, the dissociation reaction constant to active nitrogen, the binding energy, and the like. Since In and N are particularly decomposed at 900 ° C. or higher, a gas having high decomposition efficiency into active nitrogen at 900 ° C. is used.
- Table 1 shows the binding energy to active nitrogen, which is an example of an index of decomposition efficiency.
- a gas having a small energy bond is a gas having high decomposition efficiency.
- the binding energy of monomethylamine, dimethylamine and triethylamine is smaller than the binding energy of nitrogen and ammonia. Further, the binding energy of hydrazine, dimethylhydrazine and diethylhydrazine (hydrazine-based raw material) is even smaller, but the reactivity is too high. For this reason, the hydrazine-based raw material has a problem in that the growth rate is lowered due to a gas phase reaction with the organometallic raw material. In addition, hydrazine-based raw materials are extremely toxic as compared to ammonia and nitrogen, and therefore, equipment costs for maintaining safety are required, which is not suitable for production. For this reason, it is preferable to use monomethylamine, dimethylamine and triethylamine as the gas having high decomposition efficiency.
- step S5 it is preferable to supply a gas containing at least one of monomethylamine and monoethylamine as a gas having high decomposition efficiency.
- Monomethylamine and monoethylamine can generate NH 2 having a dangling bond with the energy required to break one bond between N and C (carbon) in the gas phase. Since the energy required to decompose NH 2 having dangling bonds in the gas phase is small, the amount of heat required to supply active nitrogen is small. For this reason, monomethylamine and monoethylamine can supply active nitrogen at a low temperature.
- a gas containing ammonia and at least one of monomethylamine and monoethylamine having a concentration of 1/100 or less of ammonia is preferable to supply.
- ammonia is used as the N source of the well layer 13a and the barrier layer 13b, an atmosphere containing active nitrogen can be obtained without stopping the supply of ammonia as a raw material of N.
- the interrupted step S5 a gas different from the N supply source of the well layer 13a and the barrier layer 13b is supplied.
- the N supply source of the well layer 13a and the barrier layer 13b is ammonia
- ammonia and a gas containing at least one of monomethylamine and monoethylamine are supplied.
- any of the gas containing ammonia and at least one of monomethylamine and monoethylamine is converted into active nitrogen. The probability of decomposition becomes high, and it can be suppressed that N constituting the well layer 13a is lost.
- step S5 it is preferable to perform step S5 over 1 second or more. In this case, the temperature can be raised easily, and the production is easy.
- the temperature is raised by interrupting the epitaxial growth in an atmosphere containing active nitrogen, it is possible to suppress the escape of N and In from the surface of the well layer 13a. For this reason, the surface of the well layer 13a can be made flat.
- the In composition of the well layer 13a can be maintained high.
- the composition of In is preferably 20% to 30%. With this composition, green light emission is obtained.
- the barrier layer 13b is formed (step S2), the epitaxial growth is interrupted to lower the temperature (step S3), the well layer 13a is formed (step S4), and the epitaxial growth is interrupted to increase the temperature (step S4).
- step S5 one set of barrier layer 13b and well layer 13a can be formed.
- the barrier layer 13b is formed (step S2), the epitaxial growth is interrupted to lower the temperature (step S3), the well layer 13a is formed (step S4), and the epitaxial growth is interrupted to increase the temperature (step S5).
- a plurality of sets of barrier layers 13b and well layers 13a are formed.
- the active layer 13 including the well layer 13a including In and N shown in FIG. 1 and the barrier layer 13b having a larger band gap than the well layer 13a can be formed.
- the barrier layer 13b is formed so as to be positioned on the uppermost layer of the active layer 13 (step S6).
- a p-type electron blocking layer 14 is formed on the active layer 13.
- p-type AlGaN is grown by MOCVD, for example.
- a p-type contact layer 15 is formed on the p-type electron block layer 14.
- p-type GaN is grown by MOCVD, for example.
- a p-type electrode 16 having a high transmittance is formed on the p-type contact layer 15.
- an electrode on which Ni, Au, ITO, or the like is laminated is formed by a vapor deposition method.
- the n-type electrode 17 is formed on the surface of the substrate 11 opposite to the surface on which the n-type buffer layer 12 is formed.
- an electrode in which Ti and Al are laminated is formed by a vapor deposition method.
- a material containing an n-type impurity or a p-type impurity is contained under conditions that provide a desired n-type or p-type carrier concentration.
- the raw material is used together with an organic metal which is a raw material of the group III element and a group V raw material.
- the organic metal is, for example, TMG (trimethylgallium), TMI (trimethylindium), TMA (trimethylaluminum), the n-type impurity is, for example, silane, the p-type impurity is, for example, biscyclopentadienylmagnesium, and the carrier gas is For example, nitrogen, hydrogen, etc. can be used.
- the LED 10 shown in FIG. 1 can be manufactured.
- the III-V compound semiconductor is grown by MOCVD, but it is not limited to this.
- MOCVD Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Phase Epitaxy
- HVPE Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy
- MBE Molecular Beam Epitaxy: A vapor phase growth method such as a molecular beam epitaxy method can be employed. A plurality of these vapor phase growth methods may be combined.
- step S4 for forming the well layer 13a but before steps S2 and S6 for forming the barrier layer 13b, it is not necessary to raise the temperature in step S5 for stopping the epitaxial growth. In other words, a constant temperature may be maintained in the interrupted step S5. Even in this case, the epitaxial growth is interrupted while switching from the raw material for forming the well layer 13a to the raw material for forming the barrier layer 13b. Even when the temperature during the interruption is low, separation between In and N occurs because the bond between In and N is weak. For this reason, in step S5 for interrupting the epitaxial growth, a gas having a decomposition efficiency higher than the decomposition efficiency for decomposing N 2 and NH 3 into active nitrogen at 900 ° C. is supplied, and N in the well layer 13a and the barrier layer 13b is supplied. At least one of supplying a gas different from the supply source is performed.
- step S3 for interrupting the epitaxial growth may be omitted.
- the LED 10 in which the well layer is InGaN and the barrier layer is GaN has been described as an example.
- a light emitting element of a III-V group compound semiconductor having a quantum well structure including In and N If it is, it will not be specifically limited to this.
- the present invention is also applied to a light emitting device in which the well layer is In x Ga (1-x) As (1-y) N y (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1) and the barrier layer is GaAs. it can.
- the gas having a decomposition efficiency higher than the decomposition efficiency for decomposing N 2 and NH 3 into active nitrogen at 900 ° C. is obtained at the time of interruption S5.
- Supply Since N 2 generally used as a carrier gas and NH 3 used as a group V raw material are relatively stable, decomposition to active nitrogen is not promoted at 900 ° C. or lower which is a temperature for forming the active layer 13.
- gas having higher decomposition efficiency than nitrogen and ammonia is supplied in the interrupted step S5, epitaxial growth can be interrupted in an atmosphere containing a large amount of active nitrogen. Thereby, the reaction which In and N which comprise the well layer 13a isolate
- step S5 it is possible to suppress the escape of N constituting the well layer 13a, and it is possible to suppress the escape of In due to the loss of N. Therefore, it is possible to suppress the formation of irregularities on the surface of the well layer 13a after the well layer 13a is formed and before the barrier layer 13b is formed, so that the light emission characteristics can be improved. Moreover, since it can suppress that N detach
- region by blackening can be reduced, the fall of luminous efficiency can be suppressed. Furthermore, it can suppress that the composition of In falls. Therefore, for example, since the active layer 13 including the well layer 13a containing InGaN having an In composition of 20% to 30% can be formed, the long wavelength green LED 10 can be manufactured.
- the active nitrogen can capture In in the atmosphere. For this reason, after forming the well layer 13a, unintended In can be prevented from being taken in in steps S2 and S6 for forming the barrier layer 13b.
- step S5 to be interrupted quantum well-ordered InGaN dots contributing to light emission can be formed in the well layer 13a with improved uniformity. For this reason, the quantum effect by dot formation can be promoted, and variation in the emission wavelength between the dots can be suppressed. For this reason, LED10 which can make the full width at half maximum of light emission wavelength small, and can improve the light emission characteristic is realizable.
- the barrier layer 13b can also be formed at a high temperature. For this reason, the crystallinity and optical characteristics of the barrier layer 13b can be improved.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing an LD that is an example of a light-emitting device according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention.
- the LD in the present embodiment will be described.
- the LD 20 in this embodiment includes a substrate 21, an n-type cladding layer 22, a guide layer 23, an active layer 13, a guide layer 24, and a p-type electron blocking layer.
- a p-type cladding layer 26 a p-type contact layer 27, a p-type electrode 28, an n-type electrode 29, and an insulating film 31.
- the substrate 21 is, for example, an n-type GaN substrate.
- the n-type cladding layer 22 is formed on the substrate 21 and has a thickness of 2.3 ⁇ m, for example, and is made of n-type AlGaN.
- the guide layer 23 includes a first layer 23a formed on the n-type cladding layer 22 and a second layer 23b formed on the first layer 23a.
- the first layer 23a has a thickness of 200 nm, for example, and is made of n-type GaN.
- the second layer 23b has a thickness of 50 nm, for example, and is made of undoped InGaN.
- the active layer 13 is formed on the guide layer 23. Since active layer 13 is the same as in the first embodiment, description thereof will not be repeated.
- the guide layer 24 includes a first layer 24a formed on the active layer 13 and a second layer 24a formed on the first layer 24a.
- the first layer 24a has a thickness of 50 nm, for example, and is made of undoped InGaN.
- the second layer 24b has a thickness of 200 nm, for example, and is made of undoped GaN.
- the p-type electron block layer 25 is formed on the guide layer 24, has a thickness of 20 nm, for example, and is made of p-type AlGaN.
- the p-type cladding layer 26 is formed on the p-type electron block layer 25, has a thickness of 0.4 ⁇ m, for example, and is made of p-type AlGaN.
- the p-type contact layer 27 is formed on the p-type cladding layer 26, has a thickness of, for example, 10 nm, and is made of p-type GaN.
- a mesa structure is formed by dry etching.
- SiO 2 silicon dioxide
- the p-type electrode 28 is formed on the p-type contact layer 27 and is made of, for example, Ni and Au.
- the n-type electrode 29 is formed on the surface of the substrate 21 opposite to the surface on which the n-type cladding layer 22 is formed, and is made of, for example, Ti and Al.
- the substrate 21 is prepared (step S1).
- the n-type cladding layer 22, the guide layer 23, the active layer 13, the guide layer 24, the p-type electron blocking layer 25, the p-type cladding layer 26, and the p-type contact layer 27 are formed on the substrate 21 by, for example, MOCVD. They are formed in this order. Since steps S2 to S6 for forming active layer 13 are the same as those in the first embodiment, description thereof will not be repeated.
- the same materials as those in Embodiment 1 can be used for the organic metal that is a group III material, the group V material, n-type and p-type impurities, carrier gas, and the like.
- a mesa structure having a width of 2 ⁇ m and a depth of 0.4 ⁇ m is formed in the region other than the contact portion between the p-type electrode 28 and the p-type contact layer 27 by, for example, reactive ion etching using Cl 2 (chlorine) gas.
- Cl 2 chlorine
- SiO 2 is formed as an insulating film 31 other than the contact portion by vapor deposition.
- a p-type electrode 28 is formed on the p-type contact layer 27, and an n-type electrode 29 is formed on the surface of the substrate 11 opposite to the surface on which the n-type cladding layer 22 is formed.
- the LD 20 shown in FIG. 4 can be manufactured. Since the LD 20 includes the active layer 13 similar to that of the first embodiment, the LD 20 that improves the light emission characteristics and realizes a light emitting element having a long wavelength can be realized.
- the step S2 of forming the barrier layer 13b, S6 before by supplying a gas containing N, in interrupting step S5 epitaxial growth, N 2 at 900 ° C.
- the effect of supplying a gas having a decomposition efficiency higher than that of decomposing NH 3 into active nitrogen was investigated. Further, the effect of supplying a gas different from the N supply source of the well layer 13a and the barrier layer 13b in the interrupted step S5 was examined.
- Example 1 of the present invention the epitaxial wafer and the LED 10 were manufactured by the MOCVD method in accordance with the LED manufacturing method in the first embodiment.
- TMG, TMI, and TMA were used as Group III materials
- ammonia was used as Group V materials
- SiH 4 monosilane
- monomethylamine was prepared as a gas to be supplied to Step S5 to be interrupted.
- a GaN substrate having a (0001) plane as a main surface was prepared (Step S1). This substrate 11 was placed on a susceptor in the MOCVD apparatus. Thereafter, ammonia and hydrogen were introduced into the MOCVD apparatus while controlling the pressure in the MOCVD apparatus to 101 kPa, and cleaning was performed at 1050 ° C. for 10 minutes.
- n-type Al 0.08 Ga 0.92 N having a thickness of 50 nm was formed as the first layer 12a on the substrate 11 at 1050 ° C.
- an n-type GaN layer having a thickness of 2000 nm was formed as the second layer 12b.
- the temperature was lowered to 800 ° C. to form an n-type In 0.06 Ga 0.94 N layer having a thickness of 50 nm.
- the growth rates were 0.4 ⁇ m / h for the first layer 12a, 4 ⁇ m / h for the second layer 12b, and 0.15 ⁇ m / h for the third layer 12c, respectively.
- the active layer 13 was formed on the n-type buffer layer 12 (steps S2 to S6). Specifically, it was grown so as to have a temperature profile and a growth rate profile as shown in FIG. Hereinafter, a method for forming the active layer 13 will be described.
- a barrier layer 13b made of GaN having a thickness of 15 nm was formed on the n-type buffer layer 12 (step S2).
- the growth temperature was 880 ° C.
- the growth rate was 0.4 ⁇ m / h
- the flow rate of ammonia was 29.6 slm.
- step S3 the epitaxial growth was interrupted.
- the temperature was lowered from 880 ° C. to 790 ° C. in 4 minutes.
- ammonia was supplied at a flow rate of 29.6 slm.
- step S4 a well layer 13a made of InGaN having a thickness of 3 nm and an In composition ratio of about 20% was formed on the barrier layer 13b (step S4).
- the growth temperature was 790 ° C.
- the growth rate was 0.15 ⁇ m / h
- the flow rate of ammonia was 29.6 slm.
- step S5 the epitaxial growth was interrupted (step S5).
- the temperature was raised from 790 ° C. to 880 ° C. in 3 minutes.
- ammonia having a flow rate of 29.6 slm
- monomethylamine having a flow rate of 3 sccm were supplied.
- Monomethylamine was combined with ammonia and supplied onto the susceptor before being supplied into the MOCVD apparatus.
- Monomethylamine has a decomposition efficiency higher than the decomposition efficiency of decomposing N 2 and NH 3 into active nitrogen at 900 ° C.
- step S6 a barrier layer 13b made of GaN having a thickness of 10 nm was formed (step S6).
- the growth temperature was 880 ° C., and the growth rate was 0.4 ⁇ m / h.
- a barrier layer 13b located at the uppermost layer of the active layer 13 was formed. As described above, the active layer 13 was formed.
- the temperature of the substrate 11 was raised to 1000 ° C., and p-type Al 0.08 Ga 0.92 N having a thickness of 20 nm was formed as the p-type electron blocking layer 14 on the active layer 13.
- p-type GaN having a thickness of 50 nm was formed as the p-type contact layer 15 on the p-type electron block layer 14.
- a translucent electrode in which Ni and Au were laminated as a p-type electrode 16 was formed on the p-type contact layer 15 by a vapor deposition method.
- an electrode in which Ti and Al were laminated as the n-type electrode 17 was formed by vapor deposition.
- a mesa structure was formed on the epitaxial wafer. Specifically, a photolithography method was used for forming the mesa pattern, and a reactive ion etching (RIE) method was used for forming the mesa.
- RIE reactive ion etching
- LED 10 of Example 1 of the present invention having a size of 400 ⁇ m ⁇ 400 ⁇ m was manufactured.
- Comparative Example 1 In Comparative Example 1, an epitaxial wafer and an LED were manufactured basically in the same manner as Example 1 of the present invention, but in the interrupted step S5, only the ammonia was supplied without supplying monomethylamine. .
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the relationship between the angular position ( ⁇ / 2 ⁇ ) and the diffraction intensity in this embodiment.
- the horizontal axis represents ⁇ / 2 ⁇ (unit: second), and the vertical axis represents diffraction intensity (unit: count number / second).
- the average In composition of MQW was obtained from the zeroth-order satellite peak position due to MQW of the active layer, and the average In composition of the well layer was estimated.
- the In composition of the epitaxial wafer of Inventive Example 1 to which monomethylamine was supplied in the interrupted step S5 was 0.18.
- the In composition of the epitaxial wafer of Comparative Example 1 in which monomethylamine was not supplied and only ammonia was supplied in the interrupted step S5 was 0.14.
- Example 1 of the present invention when focusing on the low-angle side of the satellite peak intensity caused by MQW, the diffraction intensity of Example 1 of the present invention in which monomethylamine was supplied in the interrupted step S5 did not supply monomethylamine. It was observed more clearly than Comparative Example 1. From this, by supplying monomethylamine having a decomposition efficiency higher than the decomposition efficiency from N 2 and NH 3 to active nitrogen at 900 ° C., it is also a source of N in the well layer 13a and the barrier layer 13b. It was found that the interface steepness could be increased by supplying monomethylamine, a gas different from ammonia.
- the light emission wavelength, light emission intensity, full width at half maximum, and light emission spectrum of the epitaxial wafers of Invention Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 were evaluated by the photoluminescence method.
- the excitation laser a He (helium) -Cd (cadmium) laser having a wavelength of 325 nm was used.
- the excitation density was 2 W / cm 2 .
- the measurement was performed at room temperature.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the relationship between the PL wavelength and the PL intensity in this example.
- the horizontal axis indicates the PL wavelength (unit: nm)
- the vertical axis indicates the PL intensity (unit: au).
- Example 1 of the present invention had a longer emission wavelength, higher emission intensity, and smaller full width at half maximum than Comparative Example 1. From this, it was found that by supplying monomethylamine in the interrupted step S5, the protection effect of the well layer 13a was strengthened and the decomposition of In and N could be suppressed.
- the light emission wavelength, light emission intensity, and full width at half maximum were measured by measuring the light output when a current of 75 A / cm 2 was applied.
- the results are shown in Table 3 below.
- the values in Table 3 indicate intermediate values in the LEDs.
- the blue shift amount was determined as the difference from the emission wavelength when a current of 1 A / cm 2 was applied.
- Example 1 of the present invention had a longer emission wavelength than Comparative Example 1, it was found that it was advantageous for increasing the wavelength.
- Example 1 of the present invention was advantageous in increasing the output because the light emission output was stronger than that of Comparative Example 1.
- step S5 to be interrupted by supplying a gas having a decomposition efficiency higher than that for decomposing N 2 and NH 3 into active nitrogen at 900 ° C. It has been found that by supplying a gas different from the N supply source of 13a and the barrier layer 13b, the light emission characteristics can be improved and a long wavelength LED can be realized.
- the step S2 of forming the barrier layer 13b, S6 before by supplying a gas containing N, in interrupting step S5 epitaxial growth, N 2 at 900 ° C.
- the effect of supplying a gas having a decomposition efficiency higher than that of decomposing NH 3 into active nitrogen was investigated. Further, the effect of supplying a gas different from the N supply source of the well layer 13a and the barrier layer 13b in the interrupted step S5 was examined.
- Example 2 of the present invention the epitaxial wafer and the LD 20 were manufactured by the MOCVD method according to the LD manufacturing method in the second embodiment.
- raw materials were prepared in the same manner as in Invention Example 1. Further, as the substrate 11, a GaN substrate having a (0001) plane as the principal surface was prepared in the same manner as Example 1 of the present invention (step S 1).
- n-type Al 0.04 Ga 0.96 N having a thickness of 2300 nm was formed as an n-type cladding layer 22 on the substrate 21 at 1050 ° C.
- n-type GaN having a thickness of 200 nm was formed as the first layer 23a. Thereafter, the temperature was lowered to 800 ° C. as the second layer 23b, and an undoped In 0.05 Ga 0.95 N layer having a thickness of 50 nm was formed. Thereby, the guide layer 23 was formed.
- the active layer 13 was formed on the guide layer 23 (steps S2 to S6). Specifically, it grew as follows.
- a barrier layer 13b having a thickness of 15 nm and made of an In 0.04 Ga 0.96 N layer was formed on the guide layer 23 (step S2).
- the growth temperature was 880 ° C.
- the growth rate was 0.4 ⁇ m / h
- the flow rate of ammonia was 29.6 slm.
- step S3 the epitaxial growth was interrupted.
- the temperature was lowered from 880 ° C. to 790 ° C. in 4 minutes.
- ammonia was supplied at a flow rate of 29.6 slm.
- step S4 a well layer 13a having a thickness of 3 nm and made of In 0.25 Ga 0.75 N was formed on the barrier layer 13b (step S4).
- the growth temperature was 790 ° C.
- the growth rate was 0.15 ⁇ m / h
- the flow rate of ammonia was 29.6 slm.
- step S5 epitaxial growth was interrupted.
- the temperature was raised from 790 ° C. to 880 ° C. in 3 minutes.
- ammonia having a flow rate of 29.6 slm and monomethylamine having a flow rate of 3 sccm were supplied.
- step S6 a barrier layer 13b having a thickness of 50 nm and made of In 0.05 Ga 0.95 N was formed (step S6).
- the growth temperature was 880 ° C., and the growth rate was 0.4 ⁇ m / h.
- a barrier layer 13b located at the uppermost layer of the active layer 13 was formed.
- p-type In 0.05 Ga 0.95 N having a thickness of 50 nm was formed on the active layer 13 as the first layer 24 a of the guide layer 24. Thereafter, the temperature of the substrate 11 was raised to 1000 ° C., and p-type GaN having a thickness of 200 nm was formed as the second layer 24b.
- p-type Al 0.18 Ga 0.82 N having a thickness of 20 nm and doped with Mg was formed on the guide layer 24 as the p-type electron blocking layer 25.
- p-type Al 0.06 Ga 0.94 N having a thickness of 400 nm was formed as the p-type cladding layer 26.
- p-type GaN having a thickness of 10 nm was formed as the p-type contact layer 27.
- a ridge having a width of 2 ⁇ m was formed by RIE. Thereafter, an insulating layer made of SiO 2 was formed by a plasma CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) method. Next, an electrode in which Ni and Au were laminated was formed as a p-type electrode 16 by vapor deposition. Next, the surface of the substrate 11 opposite to the surface on which the n-type cladding layer 22 was formed was polished, so that the thickness of the substrate 11 was 100 ⁇ m. On this surface, an electrode in which Ti, Al and the like were laminated as the n-type electrode 17 was formed by vapor deposition.
- Comparative Example 2 In Comparative Example 2, an epitaxial wafer and an LD were manufactured basically in the same manner as Example 2 of the present invention. However, in the interrupted step S5, only ammonia was supplied without supplying monomethylamine. .
- Example 2 of the present invention had a longer emission wavelength than Comparative Example 2, it was found that it was advantageous for increasing the wavelength.
- a plurality of LEDs having different wavelengths were produced by the procedure of Example 1 described above, and the full width at half maximum of the emission spectrum when energized with 10 A / cm 2 was examined.
- the data of the sample prepared by supplying monomethylamine and the sample prepared by supplying only ammonia were compared.
- FIG. 12 is a graph in which the vertical axis shows the full width at half maximum y of the emission spectrum and the horizontal axis shows the emission wavelength x.
- y 0.2333x ⁇ 85.385 was obtained by linear approximation of the data.
- y 0.4284x-168.91 was obtained by linear approximation of the data.
- the full width at half maximum is quantified in consideration of ⁇ 3 to 5%, which is a typical value of chip-to-chip variation, and by using monomethylamine, 0.2333x ⁇ 90 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.4284x It was found that a light-emitting element having a small full width at half maximum and a long wavelength satisfying the relationship of ⁇ 174 can be realized. That is, by supplying monomethylamine, it was found that a full width at half maximum and a long wavelength in the region indicated by the arrow in FIG. 12 can be obtained.
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Abstract
Description
図1は、本発明の実施の形態1における発光素子の一例であるLEDを概略的に示す断面図である。図1を参照して、本実施の形態におけるLEDを説明する。本実施の形態におけるLED10は、基板11と、n型バッファ層12と、活性層13と、p型電子ブロック層14と、p型コンタクト層15と、p型電極16と、n型電極17とを備えている。
なお、本実施の形態では、MOCVD法によりIII-V族化合物半導体を成長したが、特にこれに限定されず、たとえばHVPE(Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy:ハイドライド気相成長)法、MBE(Molecular Beam Epitaxy:分子線エピタキシ)法などの気相成長法を採用することができる。またこれらの気相成長法を複数組み合わせてもよい。
図4は、本発明の実施の形態2における発光デバイスの一例であるLDを概略的に示す断面図である。図4を参照して、本実施の形態におけるLDを説明する。具体的には、図4に示すように、本実施例におけるLD20は、基板21と、n型クラッド層22と、ガイド層23と、活性層13と、ガイド層24と、p型電子ブロック層25と、p型クラッド層26と、p型コンタクト層27と、p型電極28と、n型電極29と、絶縁膜31とを備えている。
本発明例1では、実施の形態1におけるLEDの製造方法にしたがって、MOCVD法によりエピタキシャルウエハおよびLED10を製造した。
比較例1は、基本的には本発明例1と同様にエピタキシャルウエハおよびLEDを製造したが、中断するステップS5において、モノメチルアミンを供給せずに、アンモニアのみを供給した点においてのみ異なっていた。
本発明例1および比較例1のエピタキシャルウエハについて、X線回折により、井戸層のInの組成を調べた。X線源がCuKα1で、入射スリットサイズを0.2mm×2.0mmとした。また、(0002)面の回折をω-2θ法により測定した。その結果を図5に示す。なお、図5は、本実施例における角度位置(ω/2θ)と、回折強度との関係を示す図である。図5中、横軸はω/2θ(単位:秒)を示し、縦軸は回折強度(単位:カウント数/秒)を示す。図5において、活性層のMQWに起因する0次のサテライトピーク位置から、MQWの平均In組成を求め、井戸層の平均In組成を見積もった。
本発明例2では、実施の形態2におけるLDの製造方法にしたがって、MOCVD法によりエピタキシャルウエハおよびLD20を製造した。
比較例2は、基本的には本発明例2と同様にエピタキシャルウエハおよびLDを製造したが、中断するステップS5では、モノメチルアミンを供給せずに、アンモニアのみを供給した点においてのみ異なっていた。
本発明例2および比較例2のLEDについて、発光波長、閾値電流密度を測定した。その結果を下記の表4に示す。発光波長は、実施例1と同様に測定した。閾値電流密度は、発光出力の電流密度依存性を測定し、発光強度が線形に増加し始める電流密度と定義した。
Claims (7)
- InとNとを含む量子井戸構造を有するIII-V族化合物半導体の発光素子(10,20)を製造する方法であって、
InとNとを含む井戸層(13a)を形成する工程と、
Nを含み、前記井戸層(13a)よりもバンドギャップが大きいバリア層(13b)を形成する工程と、
前記井戸層(13a)を形成する工程後、前記バリア層(13b)を形成する工程前に、Nを含むガスを供給して、エピタキシャル成長を中断する工程とを備え、
前記中断する工程では、900℃においてN2およびNH3から活性窒素へ分解する分解効率よりも高い分解効率を有する前記ガスを供給する、発光素子(10,20)の製造方法。 - InとNとを含む量子井戸構造を有するIII-V族化合物半導体の発光素子(10,20)を製造する方法であって、
InとNとを含む井戸層(13a)を形成する工程と、
Nを含み、前記井戸層(13a)よりもバンドギャップが大きいバリア層(13b)を形成する工程と、
前記井戸層(13a)を形成する工程後、前記バリア層(13b)を形成する工程前に、Nを含むガスを供給して、エピタキシャル成長を中断する工程とを備え、
前記中断する工程では、前記井戸層(13a)および前記バリア層(13b)のNの供給源と異なる前記ガスを供給する、発光素子(10,20)の製造方法。 - 前記中断する工程では、モノメチルアミンおよびモノエチルアミンの少なくともいずれか一方を含む前記ガスを供給する、請求の範囲第1項に記載の発光素子(10,20)の製造方法。
- 前記中断する工程では、アンモニアと、アンモニアに対して100分の1以下の濃度のモノメチルアミンおよびモノエチルアミンの少なくともいずれか一方とを含む前記ガスを供給する、請求の範囲第3項に記載の発光素子(10,20)の製造方法。
- 請求の範囲第1項に記載の発光素子(10,20)の製造方法により製造される発光素子(10,20)であって、
450nm以上の発光波長を有することを特徴とする、発光素子(10,20)。 - 請求の範囲第1項に記載の発光素子の製造方法により製造される発光素子(10,20)であって、
前記井戸層(13a)は、1nm以上10nm以下の厚みを有することを特徴とする、発光素子(10,20)。 - 請求の範囲第1項に記載の発光素子の製造方法により製造される発光素子(10,20)であって、
10A/cm2以上通電したときの半値全幅をy(nm)、発光波長をx(nm)とし
たときに、
0.2333x-90<y<0.4284x-174の関係を満たす、発光素子(10,20)。
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN102239574A (zh) | 2011-11-09 |
JP2010199236A (ja) | 2010-09-09 |
US20110198566A1 (en) | 2011-08-18 |
KR20110084296A (ko) | 2011-07-21 |
EP2403023A4 (en) | 2013-11-27 |
EP2403023A1 (en) | 2012-01-04 |
TW201036215A (en) | 2010-10-01 |
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