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US20050027406A1 - Autonomous control system apparatus and program for a small, unmanned helicopter - Google Patents

Autonomous control system apparatus and program for a small, unmanned helicopter Download PDF

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Publication number
US20050027406A1
US20050027406A1 US10/786,049 US78604904A US2005027406A1 US 20050027406 A1 US20050027406 A1 US 20050027406A1 US 78604904 A US78604904 A US 78604904A US 2005027406 A1 US2005027406 A1 US 2005027406A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
autonomous control
unmanned helicopter
small unmanned
aforementioned
control system
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Abandoned
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US10/786,049
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English (en)
Inventor
Kenzo Nonami
Jin Shin
Daigo Fujiwara
Kensaku Hazawa
Keitaro Matsusaka
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Hirobo Ltd
Fujiwara Daigo
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Individual
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Assigned to NONAMI, KENZO, HIROBO LIMITED, SHIN, JIN OK, FUJIWARA, DAIGO, HAZAWA, KENSAKU reassignment NONAMI, KENZO ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: FUJIWARA, DAIGO, HAZAWA, KENSAKU, MATSUSAKA, KEITARO, NONAMI, KENZO, SHIN, JIN OK
Publication of US20050027406A1 publication Critical patent/US20050027406A1/en
Priority to US11/644,893 priority Critical patent/US7539561B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
    • G05D1/00—Control of position, course, altitude or attitude of land, water, air or space vehicles, e.g. using automatic pilots
    • G05D1/0011—Control of position, course, altitude or attitude of land, water, air or space vehicles, e.g. using automatic pilots associated with a remote control arrangement
    • G05D1/0033—Control of position, course, altitude or attitude of land, water, air or space vehicles, e.g. using automatic pilots associated with a remote control arrangement by having the operator tracking the vehicle either by direct line of sight or via one or more cameras located remotely from the vehicle

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an autonomous control system for small unmanned helicopters, and autonomous control algorithms that control rudders for said small unmanned helicopter based on the aforementioned mathematical models.
  • Helicopters are flying bodies that have operating ranges such as longitudinal motions, lateral motions, vertical motions, and hovering, which are not exhibited by an aircraft; as such, they have the advantage of being able to flexibly respond to various situations. This advantage has led to the expectation of the construction of small, unmanned helicopters for use in places that are difficult or dangerous for manned operations, for example in high-altitude work, such as the inspection of power transmission lines, or in emergency rescue operations or the detection of land mines.
  • Helicopters are the objects of control; they are flying bodies that are capable of changing their orientation by means of servo motor actions and are capable of three-dimensional motions.
  • the purpose of flying by autonomous control is to move the helicopter according to positional and speed target values.
  • the required maneuvering follows the computational results generated by calculation computer.
  • the calculation computer In order to delegate the piloting of a helicopter to a computer, the calculation computer must have sensing and actuation functions. Devices that have the function of sensing the various flight conditions of a helicopter are called sensors.
  • Actuators that move the helicopter's rudders by receiving autonomous control signals that are generated by determining control reference values based on computational results from the computer and by converting these results into signals are referred to as servo motors.
  • the helicopter can be autonomously controlled toward a given target value by means of a feedback control loop that links “(sensor)—(calculation computer)—(servo motor)—(helicopter), Reference FIG. 1 ”.
  • This system can be divided into a mobile station, which includes the helicopter and a ground station. Mounted on the ground station are a helicopter body 101 ; a sensor 102 that detects the current position and attitude angle of the helicopter body 101 ; servo motors 103 that move the rudders for the helicopter body 101 ; a backup receiver 104 that receives manual maneuver signals from a backup transmitter 110 ; and a wireless modem that communicates with the ground station.
  • the GPS (not shown in the figure) that detects the current position of the helicopter body 101 and tri-axis orientation sensors (not shown in the figure) that detect the tri-axial attitude angles of the helicopter body 101 .
  • Installed on the ground station are a computer CPU 108 for the input of reference values on which speed reference values are entered; a computer CPU 109 for internal computation purposes; and a backup transmitter 110 that permits the operator to perform manual operations in the event of the occurrence of a dangerous situation.
  • the CPU 109 calculates position and attitude angle reference values from target speed values, compares the results with the current position, speed, and attitude angle obtained from the sensors 102 , and based on these results, calculates control instruction values that bring the helicopter to the reference values.
  • the operator sets four speed reference values (Vx*, Vy*, Vz*, ⁇ *) consisting of longitudinal, lateral, vertical, and rotational speeds, on the CPU 58 .
  • the CPU 59 integrates these speed reference values with respect to time, obtaining a longitudinal target position X*, a lateral target position Y*, a vertical target position Z*, and a rotational target position (yawing angle) ⁇ *.
  • the CPU 59 differentiates the four speed reference values (Vx*, Vy*, Vz*, ⁇ *) and multiplies the results by coefficients to calculate a target pitching angle ⁇ * and a target rolling angle ⁇ *.
  • the CPU 109 calculates control reference values for the servo motors 103 that move the rudders for the helicopter body 101 .
  • Four types of control reference values are computed: elevator servo (longitudinal) instruction, aileron servo (lateral) instruction, corrective servo (vertical) instruction, and rudder servo (rotational) instruction.
  • the CPU 109 supplies them to the aforementioned servo motors 103 , and performs feedback control on these operations until the differences become zero (0).
  • Helicopters that are used in the aforementioned conventional autonomous control system were originally intended for the spraying of agricultural chemicals, with a maximum weight of approximately 30 kg.
  • the unloaded helicopter used in the aforementioned conventional autonomous control system weighs approximately 60 kg, and approximately 90 kg when fully loaded. Therefore, such a helicopter cannot easily be carried.
  • the helicopter in order to use the system, the helicopter must have a flight range sufficiently larger than the actual helicopter, which limits the range over which the helicopter can be deployed.
  • manned helicopter operations involve a narrow space in which the aforementioned conventional helicopter cannot negotiate.
  • the small unmanned helicopter of the present invention refers to a helicopter that is comparable to, and compatible with, commercially available hobby small-scale radio-controlled helicopters in size and weight.
  • the aforementioned conventional autonomous control system does not include a ground altitude sensor that detects the altitude of the helicopter with respect to the ground.
  • netechnologies he ground is significantly different from that in the sky. Specifically, netechnologies he ground, compared with its behavior in the sky, the helicopter tends to be unstable in terms of orientation dynamic characteristics. Therefore, without a ground altitude sensor, it is impossible to smoothly control the helicopter's altitude so that its distance from the ground will remain constant or to perform automatic landing/take-off controls involving lifting off from the ground or descending to the ground.
  • the small unmanned helicopter addressed by the present invention is subject to stringent constraints on payload, which rules out the use of a sophisticated computer in the aforementioned computational unit for the aforementioned autonomous control system.
  • a sophisticated computer in such a case, it would be fortuitous if a sophisticated computer provided on the ground station can be used in conjunction with the aforementioned computational unit.
  • autonomous control systems that permit the combined use of a computational unit built into an autonomous control system and a computer on the ground station for autonomous control algorithm computation purposes have been developed.
  • the hobby radio-controlled helicopter of the class including the small unmanned helicopter addressed by the present invention incorporates commercially available servo motors and manual operation transmitters/receivers that have been in use for a long time and that have adequate track records.
  • autonomous control for the aforementioned small unmanned helicopter, it is also advantageous from safety and compatibility standpoints to use these commercially available servo motors and manual operation transmitters/receivers.
  • such products are designed based upon the assumption that an operator maneuvers the helicopter manually.
  • manual operation is essential for backup purposes to deal with dangerous situations
  • the implementation of autonomous control requires that the servo motors receive autonomous control signals from the aforementioned autonomous control system. In other words, switching between manual operation signals and autonomous control signals is essential.
  • the manual operation transmitter for hobby purposes is provided with a function of receiving external operation signals that permit beginning operators to practice piloting.
  • a ground station computer is used for the computation of autonomous control algorithms in the autonomous control system for the aforementioned small unmanned helicopter, it is possible to drive the aforementioned servo motors for the aforementioned small unmanned helicopter by providing autonomous control computation results as external operation signals to the aforementioned manual operation transmitter.
  • the aforementioned manual operation transmitter can only accept the aforementioned external operation signals that are encoded in pulse format. Therefore, the aforementioned autonomous control computational results need to be converted into the pulse format.
  • no conversion equipment that can be directly connected to the aforementioned ground station computer have been developed.
  • the so-called hobby-oriented radio-controlled helicopter which belongs to the class of small unmanned helicopters addressed by the present invention, incorporates off-the-shelf servo motors and a manual operation transceiver, which have been in use for years and which have an adequate track record. For safety and compatibility, it is beneficial to use these off-the-shelf servo motors and manual operation transceivers in implementing autonomous control in the aforementioned small unmanned helicopter.
  • hobby-oriented radio-controlled helicopters as products are designed under the assumption that they are manually operated by the operator. Since manual operation is the life line in the event of an emergency situation during autonomous control, it is essential for backup purposes.
  • autonomous control requires the severance of manual operation signals so that autonomous control signals are transmitted from the control unit to the servo motors.
  • physically cutting off the signal line in order to sever manual operation signals would completely disable manual operation. Therefore, it is essential to be able to switch between the manual operation signals and the autonomous control signals.
  • switching units being developed for switching the aforementioned servo motors as hobby-oriented products.
  • the conventional unmanned helicopter provides a similar switching function internally in a system that is mounted on the helicopter
  • employing similar means in the present invention would result in disadvantages in terms of the safety and reliability of the autonomous small unmanned helicopter and the compatibility with the hobby-oriented radio-controlled helicopter.
  • a prerequisite to solving this problem is the concept of treating the aforementioned autonomous control unit as an add-in unit for the hobby-oriented radio-controlled helicopter, and separating this unit from the aforementioned small unmanned helicopter and from its aforementioned manual operation system.
  • the aforementioned servo pulse mixing/switching unit which would be functionally highly related to the hobby-oriented manual operation system, should be implemented as a stand-alone external unit separate from the aforementioned autonomous control unit.
  • the sole objective is to provide autonomous control of the helicopter; no consideration is given to situations in which autonomous control is inserted into manual operation by a human operator.
  • the present invention is based on the concept of using an autonomous control unit as an auxiliary system for manual operation, i.e., as an operator-assist unit, beyond simply implementing autonomous controls.
  • Various objectives and techniques can be considered for achieving operational-assist. For example, if the objective is to help the human operator to achieve step-wise improvements in manual operation, in the initial stages of practicing helicopter maneuvering, the percentage of autonomous control should be set large, and this percentage should be reduced gradually so that, at the end, maneuvering by complete manual operation with the absence of autonomous control should be achieved.
  • the aforementioned servo pulse mixing/switching unit is the key system in the operation system for the aforementioned small unmanned helicopter. If the power for the system is stopped during the flight, drive signals could not be output to the aforementioned servo motors, even if the power is being supplied to other units, such as the aforementioned autonomous control unit, the aforementioned manual operation receiver, or the aforementioned servo motors, with result that the crashing of the helicopter would be unavoidable, leading to a potentially fatal accident.
  • Essential to the development of the aforementioned switching unit is the installation of a computer for pulse processing and computation purposes. It might appear that for improved reliability of the system, stable power supply batteries for the system should be provided independently.
  • the aforementioned servo pulse mixing/switching unit is a key unit in the operation system for the aforementioned small unmanned helicopter, if the operation of this unit stops during the flight, the crashing of the helicopter will be unavoidable, potentially leading to a fatal accident. Therefore, barring physical damage, in other cases, consistent, normal operation of the unit must be guaranteed.
  • the aforementioned servo pulse mixing/switching unit shares the power supply system with the hobby-oriented servo motors and the manual operation receiver and it is always used in an integral manner with these components. Therefore, it is desirable for the unit to have a high degree of affinity to the manual operation system comprised of such components. Specifically, it is desirable that even when the aforementioned autonomous control system is not powered on or there is no wire connection between the aforementioned autonomous control system and this unit, manual operation is always possible by means of the same operating procedures as the hobby-oriented radio-controlled helicopter, and this is also necessary from the standpoint of maintaining compatibility with the hobby-oriented radio-controlled helicopter.
  • the process of designing an autonomous control algorithm may require the measurement of manual operation signals.
  • the creation of mathematical models in the present invention involves the use of what is called system characterization, wherein the input signals that are entered into the aforementioned servo motors for the aforementioned small unmanned helicopter are associated with the output signals indicating the flying condition of the aforementioned small unmanned helicopter, the output signals being measured by the sensors that are installed in the aforementioned autonomous control system, and analyzing these data so as to obtain a mathematical model.
  • the system characterization process requires the collection of input/output data while the aforementioned small unmanned helicopter is flying, and this process is called a characterization experiment.
  • the present invention also takes into consideration the use of the aforementioned autonomous control system as an auxiliary system for manual operation, i.e., an operator assist unit.
  • manual operation signals for example, could be associated with target value input signals for the aforementioned autonomous control algorithm, so that drive signals that are actually output to the aforementioned servo motors are all used as autonomous control signals, which are the results of computation by the aforementioned autonomous control algorithm.
  • the human operator may have the illusion of operating the helicopter himself, in actuality, all the human operator does is provide motion commands, which are target values, to the aforementioned autonomous small unmanned helicopter, and in this method, the aforementioned autonomous control algorithm is computed upon receipt of the target values, and autonomous control is effected. Because this method permits the provision of target values to the aforementioned autonomous control algorithm without using the aforementioned ground station computer, it provides the significant benefit of enabling persons not versed in computer operations to safely fly the aforementioned small unmanned helicopter in a manner that takes advantage of autonomous control. Such an approach requires the new technique of associating the aforementioned manual operation signals with target values.
  • System identification requires the input of signals containing frequency components encompassing a broad bandwidth into the physical system.
  • entering such signals into the aforementioned small unmanned helicopter involves risk.
  • such a system will also require devices for the measurement of the aforementioned input/output signals and an instrumentation system.
  • An objective of the present invention focusing on these issues involved in the use of a small, hobby-type, unmanned helicopter, is to develop an autonomous control system comprising autonomous control systems for a small unmanned helicopter, to be mounted on said small unmanned helicopter; a servo pulse mixing/switching unit; a radio-controlled pulse generator; and autonomous control algorithms that are appropriate for the autonomous control of the aforementioned small unmanned helicopter, thereby providing an autonomous control system that provides autonomous control on the helicopter toward target values.
  • the autonomous control system for a small unmanned helicopter of the present invention comprises: sensors that detect the current position, the attitude angle, the altitude relative to the ground, and the absolute azimuth of the nose of the aforementioned small unmanned helicopter; a primary computational unit that calculates optimal control reference values for driving the servo motors that move five rudders on the helicopter from the target position or velocity values that are set by the ground station and the aforementioned current position and attitude angle of the small unmanned helicopter that are detected by the aforementioned sensors; an autonomous control system equipped with a secondary computational unit that converts the data collected by said sensors and the computational results as numeric values that are output by said primary computational unit into pulse signals that can be accepted by the servo motors, such that these components are assembled into a small frame box, thereby achieving both size and weight reductions.
  • a ground station host computer that can also be used as the aforementioned computational unit for the aforementioned autonomous control system
  • the helicopter is convenient to carry, and can be adapted to narrow spaces that are difficult to deal with on the basis of manned operations, which could not be accommodated by the autonomous control for conventional unmanned helicopters. In this manner, the use of such a helicopter can be expanded.
  • FIG. 1 is a feedback control loop system
  • FIG. 2 is a configuration of autonomous control system using conventional unmanned helicopter system
  • FIG. 3 is a configuration of autonomous control system using autonomous control device of small, unmanned helicopter of the invention
  • FIG. 4 is a coordinate system of small, unmanned helicopter of the invention
  • FIG. 5 is a simulated and experimental results of pitch axis of the invention
  • FIG. 6 is a simulated and experimental results of roll axis of the invention
  • FIG. 7 is a simulated and experimental results of yaw axis of the invention
  • FIG. 8 is an experimental results of pitch angle, roll angle and yaw angle with control of the invention
  • FIG. 9 is a relation between attitude angle and body acceleration
  • FIG. 10 is a simulated and experimental results
  • FIG. 11 is a configuration of position control loop in the X and the Y directions
  • FIG. 12 is an experimental result of trajectory following control by control algorithm
  • FIG. 13 is an experimental result of fixed hovering control
  • FIG. 14 is an experimental results of lateral and longitudinal velocity control
  • FIG. 15 is an experimental results of altitude control
  • FIG. 16 is an internal structure of servo pulse mixing/switching device
  • FIG. 17 is a configuration of control system using manual piloting signal transmitter as reference input device
  • FIG. 18 is a Configuration of convert system to the control signal from control referenece signal using pulse generator device
  • the inventor of the present invention has consistently pursued autonomous control research from the design of the requisite hardware through the development of autonomous control algorithms.
  • the inventor developed the aforementioned autonomous control system, the aforementioned radio-controlled pulse generator, the hardware for the aforementioned servo pulse mixing/switching unit, and the software on a novel and independent basis.
  • the inventor conducted flight experiments for the characterization of the aforementioned mathematical models, derived mathematical models from the experimental results, and developed autonomous control algorithms for the small unmanned helicopter using the mathematical models.
  • the autonomous control system the inventor successfully achieved the complete autonomous control of a small helicopter body, with an unloaded weight of approximately 9 kg, according to target values.
  • the helicopter body used in this invention is a helicopter with a size and weight comparable to those of small radio-controlled helicopters that are commercially available for hobby purposes. Its empty weight is approximately 9 kg.
  • the present invention can be applied to operations that are performed at a high altitude, such as the inspection of power transmission lines, to emergency rescue operations, to the detection of land mines, or to operations performed in narrow spaces that are too difficult or dangerous for human operators to perform.
  • the small unmanned helicopter which is the object of control, is a flying object whose orientation can be changed by the operation of five servo motors and which can be moved three-dimensionally.
  • the purpose of flight based on autonomous control is to move the helicopter according to position and speed target values, and the maneuvering of the helicopter obeys the autonomous control algorithms based on mathematical models that have been developed by the inventor.
  • the aforementioned autonomous control algorithms are installed on the calculation computer for the autonomous control system developed by the inventor, wherein the results of computations generated by the aforementioned calculation computer provide control signals for the respective servo motors.
  • the calculation computer In order to delegate the piloting of a helicopter to a computer, the calculation computer must be endowed with sensing and actuation functions. Devices that have the function of sensing the various flight conditions of a helicopter are called sensors. Actuators that move the helicopter's rudders by receiving autonomous control signals that are generated by determining control reference values based on computational results from the computer and by converting them into signals are referred to as servo motors. By building an autonomous control system comprised of these components and mounting it on the helicopter body, it is possible to form a feedback control loop that links “(sensor)—(calculation computer)—(servo motor)—(helicopter)”, as shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the inventor of the present invention has developed an autonomous control system, which is a piece of hardware, as a platform that permits the autonomous control of the aforementioned small unmanned helicopter. Because the aforementioned servo motors among the pieces of hardware that make up the autonomous control system are incorporated into the body of the aforementioned small unmanned helicopter, the aforementioned autonomous control system contains built-in sensors and computational units. Sensors that are incorporated into a conventional autonomous control system include tri-axis attitude sensors that detect the orientation of the helicopter and the Global Positioning System (GPS) that detects the current position of the helicopter.
  • GPS Global Positioning System
  • the autonomous control system of the present invention incorporates a ground altitude sensor that detects the distance between the body of the aforementioned small unmanned helicopter and the ground surface, and this permits the use of an autonomous control algorithm that utilizes the altitude with respect to the ground as sensor information.
  • the autonomous control system also incorporates the primary computational unit, which is a computation CPU used for the implementation and calculation of autonomous control algorithms, as well as a secondary computational unit, which is a CPU that collects and processes data from the aforementioned sensors, and converts the aforementioned computational results into control signals. Efforts to reduce the size and weight of the autonomous control system create a problem of stringent restrictions on the functionality and processing speeds of the computational unit.
  • the autonomous control system incorporates a power supply unit that outputs power with a voltage required by the aforementioned sensors and the aforementioned computational units, as well as a wireless modem that communicates with the ground station.
  • the aforementioned power supply unit takes a DC power supply of a positive voltage as input and can supply power at three voltages, including a negative voltage.
  • the aforementioned wireless modem comprises two sets, wherein one set is used for the exchange of control information with the ground station host computer, and the other set for the exchange of supplementary information that improves the accuracy of GPS current position information.
  • the autonomous control system of the present invention which is designed under the assumption that it would be installed on the aforementioned small unmanned helicopter, must necessarily be small and lightweight.
  • the aforementioned small unmanned helicopter of the present invention has an approximate maximum payload of only 5 kg. Therefore, in constructing the autonomous control system, the inventor of the present invention excluded any extraneous components that would lead to an increase in weight or size.
  • the inventor assembled the aforementioned sensors, the aforementioned computational units, the aforementioned power supply unit, and the aforementioned wireless modem into a small frame box of W 190 mm ⁇ D 290 mm ⁇ H 110 mm, and thus succeeded in the development of an autonomous control system with an approximate weight of 2.9 kg.
  • batteries we adopted a commercially available high-capacity lithium ion battery, approximately 700 g in weight, for notebook personal computers, which assured a continuous operating time of approximately 1 hour when fully charged. Including stays and other accessories for installing the unit of the aforementioned small unmanned helicopter, a weight reduction extensive enough to fall within the aforementioned maximum payload was accomplished for this autonomous control system.
  • the aforementioned autonomous control system of the present invention has an adequate autonomous control algorithm computational capacity, to provide for the future possibility of loading more complex autonomous control algorithms that cannot be handled by the aforementioned primary computational unit
  • the inventor of the present invention made provisions for the use of a ground station host computer for the computation of autonomous control algorithms so that a computer significantly more powerful than the aforementioned primary computational unit can be employed.
  • This arrangement permits various operating modes, such as a mode in which, for example, attitude control is loaded on the aforementioned primary computational unit of the aforementioned autonomous control system and everything else is loaded on the aforementioned ground station host computer, and a mode in which only the autonomous control algorithm related to some of the servo motors is loaded on the aforementioned primary computational unit of the aforementioned autonomous control system and autonomous control algorithms for any other servo motors are loaded on the aforementioned ground station host computer, in addition to the operating mode in which all autonomous control algorithms are loaded on the aforementioned ground station host computer, thereby substantially improving the expansion potential of the aforementioned autonomous control system.
  • the manual operation transmitter for hobby purposes is provided with a function of receiving external operation signals that permits beginning operators to practice piloting.
  • a ground station computer is used for the computation of autonomous control algorithms, it is possible to drive the aforementioned servo motors for the aforementioned small unmanned helicopter by providing autonomous control computation results as external operation signals to the aforementioned manual operation transmitter.
  • the aforementioned servo pulse mixing/switching unit it is possible to drive the aforementioned servo motors by first transmitting the aforementioned external operation signals to the aforementioned autonomous control system to generate another computational processing, instead of driving the aforementioned servo motors directly by means of the aforementioned external operation signals.
  • the aforementioned manual operation transmitter can only accept the aforementioned external operation signals that are encoded in pulse format. Therefore, the aforementioned autonomous control computational results need to be converted into the pulse format. However, no conversion equipment that can be directly connected to the aforementioned ground station computer has been developed.
  • the inventor of the present invention developed a radio control pulse generator unit that converts computational results, in the form of numerical values that are output from the aforementioned ground station host computer, into the aforementioned pulse signal format that can be accepted by the aforementioned manual operation signal transmitter.
  • This unit uses the RS-232C type serial communication method on the input side, which is a common data communication technique, and thus can be used on almost any existing computer.
  • the unit uses the power that is supplied by the aforementioned manual operation transmitter, which eliminates the need for providing a special power supply for the operation of the unit, thus facilitating the handling of the unit.
  • the unit is endowed with functions that feed the number of maneuvering operations and switching states of the aforementioned manual operation transmitter to the aforementioned computer.
  • a servo pulse mixing/switching unit that permits a switch over to manual operation in the event of an emergency situation during autonomous control so that the aforementioned small unmanned helicopter can fly safely.
  • the following is a description of how the aforementioned servo pulse mixing/switching unit works, with reference to FIG. 16 .
  • the servo pulse mixing/switching unit 7 by means of a pulse-processing computation CPU 71 that is built in the unit, processes the pulse signals that are transmitted from the manual operation receiver 6 and the secondary computational unit 42 of the autonomous control unit, and generates servo pulse signals to be output to the servo motors 3 .
  • the pulse signals that are input from the manual operation signal receiver 6 into the servo pulse mixing/switching unit 7 are composed of manual operation signals, switching instruction signals between the manual operation and autonomous control modes, and mixing ratio instruction signals between manual operation and autonomous control signals.
  • the pulse signals that are input from the secondary computing unit 42 of the autonomous control system into the servo pulse mixing/switching unit 7 are autonomous control signals.
  • the servo pulse mixing/switching unit 7 recognizes the switching instruction signals and the mixing ratio instruction signals.
  • the servo pulse mixing/switching unit mixes manual operation signals and the autonomous control signals that are generated in the secondary computing unit 42 in an arbitrary ratio, generates servo pulse signals based on the ratio, and can output the results to the aforementioned servo motors 3 .
  • Construction of the servo pulse mixing/switching unit 3 in this manner has made it possible to switch between manual operation signals and autonomous control signals dynamically at any time during the flight. In view of the essential requirements for size and weight reductions for this unit, as in the case of the aforementioned autonomous control system, we achieved a weight reduction to a final weight of only 250 g.
  • the aforementioned servo pulse mixing/switching unit 7 is provided with the function of mixing manual operation signals and autonomous control signals in an arbitrary ratio. This will be described with reference to FIG. 16 .
  • a mixing signal instruction signal that provides a mixing ratio is also input into the unit.
  • the mixing ratio instruction signal can also be supplied by the manual operation signal transmitter.
  • the pulse-processing computational CPU 71 recognizes the mixing ratio instruction signal, determines the mixing ratio, and based on this ratio, performs calculations for mixing manual operation signals and autonomous control signals, generates the aforementioned serve pulse signals, and can drive each of the servo motors 3 .
  • the present invention permits the use of the aforementioned autonomous control system as a manual operation assist unit, endowed with a function for the step-wise development of manual operation skills. Because the mixing can be accomplished in any ratio, when the operator is not versed in the operation of the radio-controlled helicopter, the relative weight of autonomous control signals and manual operation signals can be adjusted in favor of autonomous control so that autonomous control signals can take recovery action if the operator performs unskilled maneuvering to prevent the helicopter from crashing, and as the operator becomes used to the operation of the radio-controlled helicopter, the relative weight can be adjusted in favor of manual operation. In this manner, the invention permits gradual improvements in the manual operation of the radio-controlled helicopter.
  • the present invention is designed so that the aforementioned servo pulse mixing/switching unit is permitted to draw its power on a shared basis from the power supply for the manual operation system.
  • the power supply for the manual operation system is the battery 61 .
  • the power is supplied to the aforementioned servo pulse mixing/switching unit 7 through the signal lines for the manual operation signal, the switching instruction, or the mixing ratio instruction that is input from the manual operation signal transmitter 8 into the aforementioned servo pulse mixing/switching unit 7 .
  • the power is supplied to the aforementioned servo motors 3 through the inside of the body of the aforementioned servo pulse mixing/switching unit 7 .
  • the present invention incorporates into the aforementioned servo pulse mixing/switching unit 7 a mechanism that automatically detects any malfunction of the pulse-processing computational CPU 71 , which is the key to the aforementioned servo pulse mixing/switching unit that automatically restores the CPU, and immediately returns it to the original operating condition.
  • a timer unit 72 Built into the aforementioned pulse-processing computational CPU 71 is a timer unit 72 with the function of resetting the aforementioned pulse-processing computational CPU 71 , and this timer is used actively.
  • the pulse-processing computational program which is written into the aforementioned servo pulse mixing/switching unit 7 inputs at fixed time intervals a normal operation notification signal indicating the state of normal operation into the aforementioned timer unit 72 .
  • Malfunctioning of the aforementioned pulse-processing computational CPU 71 disables the input of the aforementioned normal operation notification signal into the aforementioned timer unit 72 . If a certain length of time elapses in this condition, the aforementioned timer unit 72 automatically inputs a reset signal to the aforementioned pulse-processing computational CPU 71 , and effects a recovery through a process similar to the power-on process.
  • the aforementioned servo pulse mixing/switching unit a function that automatically recognizes the line connection status of the manual operation signals, switching instruction signals, mixing ratio instruction signals, and autonomous control signals for the signal lines that are connected to the aforementioned servo pulse mixing/switching unit 7 , and the presence or absence of pulse signals that are input into the aforementioned servo pulse mixing/switching unit through these signal lines, as well as a function that generates appropriate servo pulse signals according to the conditions that are detected.
  • the pulse-processing computational CPU 71 continuously measures the manual operation signals, switching instruction signals, mixing ratio instruction signals, and autonomous control signals of the pulse signals that are input.
  • the pulse-processing computational software determines whether the signal line associated with the pulse signal is loose or the pulse signal has become extinct. Specifically, if switching instruction signals cease, all servo motors are forced to turn to the manual operation mode; if autonomous control signals cease, the affected servo motor 3 is forced to turn to the manual operation mode; if mixing ratio instruction signals cease, no arbitrary-ratio mixing is performed and the servo pulse mixing/switching unit operates solely in the switching function; and if manual operation signals cease, the affected serve motor is forced to turn to the autonomous control mode. Moreover, if all signals cease to be supplied, the software is programmed so that the servo motors will maintain the last operating status that was in effect.
  • the helicopter can be operated manually, similar to a hobby helicopter, provided that the power is supplied to the manual operation system.
  • the extinction of the autonomous control signals is instantaneously recognized and the system is switched over to manual operation. In this manner, helicopter crashing accidents can be prevented by means of manual operation by the operator.
  • the manual operation system does not depend on the presence or absence of the autonomous control system, and the autonomous control system does not affect the manual operation system at all.
  • the use of this functionality has permitted the implementation of the separation of the two signal systems in a safe manner.
  • the aforementioned servo pulse mixing/switching unit is provided with a function that converts pulse measurement data on the manual operation, switching instructions, and mixing ratio instruction signals of the signals that are input from the manual operation signal receiver 6 to the aforementioned servo pulse mixing/switching unit into numerical data and outputs the results to the aforementioned autonomous control unit (in the figure, numerical data of manual operation signals. (rudders).
  • the pulse-processing computational CPU 71 of the aforementioned servo pulse mixing/switching unit 7 constantly measures manual operation, switching instructions, and mixing ratio instruction signals.
  • the servo pulse mixing/switching unit is provided with a mechanism that outputs these measured data as numerical data to the aforementioned autonomous control unit through RS-232C serial communications, which are a general-purpose interface.
  • the data that can be output in the form of numerical data is by no means limited to the types of data mentioned above; any input signals and output signals to and from the aforementioned servo pulse mixing/switching unit 7 can be output.
  • the aforementioned autonomous control unit treats this data in a manner similar to handling data from other sensors.
  • This function permits the recording and storage of the aforementioned manual operation signals similar to other sensor data, thereby allowing the implementation of safe, system characterization experiments using correction rudders for manual operation, and system characterization based in the input/output data that is obtained from system characterization experiments.
  • the aforementioned constant of proportionality need not be a fixed number; it can be any quantity that associates manual operation signals with target values.
  • the manual operation signal transmitter 8 can intuitively provide target values, such as the direction of motion and velocity, to the aforementioned small unmanned helicopter, and can accomplish given objectives by safely maneuvering the helicopter as if manually operated. In this method, even though the operator may be under the illusion of performing manual operations, autonomous control signals that are provided to the aforementioned servo motors 3 are actually computed by the autonomous control algorithm.
  • attitude angles ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ represent the pitching angle, the rolling angle, and the yawing angle, respectively.
  • the positive X direction is the forward direction from the body
  • the positive Y direction is the direction to the right of the body
  • the positive Z direction is the direction downward from the body.
  • Servo motors similar to those used in a small hobby-type radio-controlled helicopter are used as actuators for the body of the helicopter, wherein the input pulse width is equal to the rotational angle of a servo motor.
  • Parameters ⁇ S and ⁇ ns were determined by the partial space identification method by assuming the characteristics of a servo motor as in Eq. (1) using a transfer function and by entering M-series of signals as pulse widths into the servo motors.
  • G s ⁇ ( s ) ⁇ n ⁇ ⁇ s 2 s 2 + 2 ⁇ ⁇ s ⁇ n ⁇ ⁇ s ⁇ s + ⁇ n ⁇ ⁇ s 2 ( 1 ) (Pitching Rolling Model)
  • the autonomous control system used in the present invention includes sensor delay time and delay time in the wireless space. Such delay time represents three times the sampling time. Therefore, the transfer function representation from an elevator servo (longitudinal direction instruction to the pitch axis attitude angle ⁇ , as in Eq.
  • the system incorporates a yaw axis speed stabilization rate gyro unit similar to that used in a small hobby-type radio-controlled helicopter.
  • the unit performs controls by treating the input data as a yaw axis rotational angle speed.
  • the helicopter body used in the present mode of embodiment also incorporates an angular velocity servo controller that uses an angular velocity gyro sensor. This sensor is assumed to be a second-order delay system. Therefore, the yaw axis rotational motion model takes the form of a system that includes delay time, a second-order delay system, and one integrator, as shown in Eq.
  • G ⁇ ⁇ ( s ) e - Ls ⁇ K ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ n ⁇ ⁇ s 2 ( s 2 + 2 ⁇ ⁇ s ⁇ ⁇ n ⁇ ⁇ s ⁇ s + ⁇ n ⁇ ⁇ s 2 ) ⁇ s ( 4 )
  • the model gains (K ⁇ , K ⁇ , K ⁇ ) and the time constants (T ⁇ , T ⁇ ) are adjusted and determined by comparing experimental and simulation data so that the two sets of numerical data will agree.
  • the LQG optimal control theory is applied to the above three mathematical models to design an autonomous control algorithm.
  • a first-order servo system was constructed to eliminate steady-state deviations.
  • An optimal feedback gain is determined by assuming that the pitching angle ⁇ , the rolling angle ⁇ , and the yawing angle ⁇ are either single-input, single-output (SISO) systems or uncoupled systems, respectively.
  • FIG. 8 shows experimental results that were produced by the controller thus obtained.
  • Vy g ⁇ 1 s ⁇ ⁇ ( 5 )
  • g denotes the acceleration due to gravity
  • ⁇ the rolling attitude angle.
  • the derivation of Eq. (5) is based on the assumption that the helicopter body is at a fixed altitude and that ⁇ 1.
  • the experimental data shown in FIG. 9 suggests the existence of some motion properties between the attitude angle of the body and the acceleration. By approximating these properties in terms of a first-order delay and by comparing experimental results with simulations, we added one instability pole to Eq. (5), and used the following transfer function representation mathematical model in the final design of the control system:
  • V y g ⁇ ⁇ T s + T ⁇ a s - a ⁇ ⁇ ( 6 )
  • Vx g ⁇ T s + T ⁇ a s - a ⁇ ( - ⁇ ) ( 7 ) where ⁇ denotes the pitch attitude angle of the body.
  • the helicopter performs vertical motions by varying the blade corrective pitch, thus varying the rotor lift.
  • b denotes the number of rotor blades
  • ⁇ the density of air
  • a the slope of the two-dimensional lift
  • ⁇ the rotor rpm
  • R the radius of the rotor blade
  • ⁇ t the corrective pitch
  • ⁇ t the inflow angle
  • c the chord length.
  • FIG. 11 shows an overall image of the X and Y position control loops.
  • the velocity control algorithms for the X and Y directions are computational algorithms that calculate the attitude angle of the body to yield the required vehicle speeds when certain, respective, target speeds for the vehicle are given.
  • V xref ⁇ ( P xref ⁇ P x ) (10)
  • V yref ⁇ ( P yref ⁇ P y ) (11)
  • Vxref and Vyref denote target velocities in the X and Y directions, respectively
  • Pxref and Pyref denote target positions in the X and Y directions, respectively
  • Px and Pyde denote the X- and Y-coordinates of the body, respectively
  • ⁇ is an arbitrary constant.
  • the control loop has a structure in which the attitude control ler, the velocity controller, and the position controller are arranged serially. Compared with a single controller, this structure has the following advantages: (1) the ability to limit the attitude angle within a safe range; (2) an improved position control overshooting through the application of a velocity limiter; and (3) a controller internal state that is not dependent on positional coordinates.
  • the third advantage avoids the use of a complex algorithm for coordinate transformations when the yawing angle ⁇ is varied in an arbitrary coordinate system.
  • the velocity control algorithm for the Z direction was designed by comparing experimental results with simulation results, by adjusting and determining the value of k in Eq. (9) so that the two sets of numerical data agree, and by using the resulting value and applying LQI control theory.
  • the velocity control algorithm with respect to the Z direction is a computational algorithm that calculates the corrective pitch necessary to implement the required speed of the vehicle when a target speed value in the Z direction is given.
  • V zref ⁇ ( P zref ⁇ P z ) (12) where Vzref denotes a target velocity the Z direction; Pzref, a target position value in the Z direction ; Pz the Z-coordinate of the vehicle; and ⁇ , an arbitrary constant.
  • FIG. 12 shows the reference trajectory following control results
  • FIG. 13 shows the experimental results of the hovering control
  • FIG. 14 shows the lateral and longitudinal velocity control results
  • FIG. 15 shows the altitude control results.
  • a helicopter body 1 Installed on the mobile station are a helicopter body 1 ; sensors 2 that detect the current position and the attitude angle of the helicopter body 1 ; servo motors 3 that operate the five rudders for the helicopter body 1 ; a CPU 4 that independently calculates control reference values on optimal motion and direction for each of the servo motors 3 by using the aforementioned autonomous control algorithm, from the current flight state of the helicopter obtained from the sensor 2 , and the target values that are set by the ground station; a wireless modem 5 that communicates with the ground station; a radio-controlled receiver 6 that receives manual operation signals from the radio-controlled transmitter 8 ; and a servo pulse mixing/switching unit 7 .
  • the aforementioned autonomous control system is built upon the sensor 2 and the CPU 4 .
  • the CPU 4 is also endowed with the function of exchanging signals with the wireless modem 5 to permit monitoring of the sensor information obtained from the sensor 2 on the ground station and entering target values that are established by the ground station.
  • the sensor 2 include the GPS (not shown in the figure) that detects the position of the helicopter body 1 ; a tri-axial orientation sensor (not shown in the figure) that detects the orientation states of the three axes; a ground altimeter (not shown in the figure) that determines the altitude of the helicopter body; and a magnetic azimuth meter (not shown in the figure) that measures the azimuth.
  • the servo pulse mixing/switching unit is a unit that can switch between manual operation signals and autonomous control signals, and can mix manual operation signals and autonomous control signals in any proportion. For example, if the autonomous control system for the helicopter fails during flight for some reason or the CPU 4 fails, disabling the autonomous control of the helicopter body, the aforementioned servo pulse mixing/switching unit will automatically switch to the manual operation mode, thus preventing the helicopter from crashing.
  • the provision of the aforementioned servo pulse mixing/switching unit 7 permits the use of the autonomously controlled aforementioned small unmanned helicopter for training in the use of a radio-controlled helicopter.
  • the ratio between autonomous control and manual control can be set so that it is heavily skewed in favor of autonomous control, such as 9:1 and 8:2, so that even if the operator maneuvers the helicopter unskillfully, the autonomous control signals transmitted by the CPU 4 will perform recovery operations to prevent crashing.
  • the ratio can be changed in favor of manual control, thereby improving the operator's skill in performing manual operations on the radio-controlled helicopter.
  • a manual operation transmitter 8 that enables the operator to perform manual operations; a target value input unit 91 for the input of position or velocity target values; a CPU 9 equipped with a monitoring unit 92 that monitors the state of the helicopter body 1 ; and a wireless modem 10 for communication with the mobile station. Also provided is a pulse generator unit 11 that generates control signals.
  • the operator enters position or velocity target values from the CPU 9 of the ground station.
  • the target values through the wireless modems 11 and 5 , are entered into the CPU 4 that performs calculations.
  • the CPU 4 Based on the target values that are entered and the current flight status of the helicopter body 1 obtained from the sensors 2 , the CPU 4 performs computations of the autonomous control algorithms that are designed based on aforementioned mathematical models (2), (3), (4), (6), (7), and (9). Based on the results of these computations, five types of control instructions involving optimal motion and direction for each of the servo motors 3 are determined.
  • the servo pulse mixing/switching unit 7 If full autonomous control is on, the servo pulse mixing/switching unit 7 , not under the influence of manual operation signals, controls each of the servo motors 3 based on the controls signals having computed control reference values, thus achieving the fully autonomous control of the motions of the rudders for the helicopter body 1 according to target values. If manual operation signals are to be mixed by the servo pulse mixing/switching unit 7 , control signals, mixed according to a set proportion, are transmitted to the servo motors 3 .
  • the implementation and installation of the autonomous control algorithms designed based on the above-described mathematical models (2), (3), (4), (6), (7), and (9), as well as the CPU 4 , the sensors 2 , and the servo motors 3 , on a hobby helicopter body permit the calculation of control reference values that specify the optimal motion and direction for the respective, corresponding servo motors 3 from the current flight state obtained from the sensors 2 and from given position and velocity target values, by using the aforementioned autonomous control algorithms, thus achieving complete control of the helicopter body according to target values.
  • the autonomous control of the aforementioned small unmanned helicopter can be similarly achieved by installing a computer similar in computational capabilities to the CPU 4 , on the ground station.
  • the feedback control loop that is formed would contain two wireless sections in the wireless modem and in the manual operation transmitter/receiver. In such a case, if wireless communications break down, the logical structure of the control system will collapse, thus posing a risk of instability of the flight of the aforementioned small unmanned helicopter. From a flight safety standpoint, it is not desirable to implement all of the aforementioned autonomous control algorithms on a host computer installed on the ground station.
  • the CPU 4 and the aforementioned ground station host computer can be used in combination for control computation purposes by combining the aforementioned servo pulse mixing/switching unit and the aforementioned radio control pulse generator unit.
  • the CPU 4 and the aforementioned ground station host computer can be used in combination for control computation purposes by combining the aforementioned servo pulse mixing/switching unit and the aforementioned radio control pulse generator unit.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Control Of Position, Course, Altitude, Or Attitude Of Moving Bodies (AREA)
  • Feedback Control In General (AREA)
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