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JPH11507957A - 分岐した界面活性剤の製造 - Google Patents

分岐した界面活性剤の製造

Info

Publication number
JPH11507957A
JPH11507957A JP9537387A JP53738797A JPH11507957A JP H11507957 A JPH11507957 A JP H11507957A JP 9537387 A JP9537387 A JP 9537387A JP 53738797 A JP53738797 A JP 53738797A JP H11507957 A JPH11507957 A JP H11507957A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
branched
alcohol
surfactants
olefin
alkyl
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
JP9537387A
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English (en)
Inventor
ダニエル、ステッドマン、コナー
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Procter and Gamble Co
Original Assignee
Procter and Gamble Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=21771884&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=JPH11507957(A) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Procter and Gamble Co filed Critical Procter and Gamble Co
Publication of JPH11507957A publication Critical patent/JPH11507957A/ja
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • C11D3/124Silicon containing, e.g. silica, silex, quartz or glass beads
    • C11D3/1246Silicates, e.g. diatomaceous earth
    • C11D3/128Aluminium silicates, e.g. zeolites
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    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/30Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
    • A61K8/46Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing sulfur
    • A61K8/463Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing sulfur containing sulfuric acid derivatives, e.g. sodium lauryl sulfate
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    • C07C2/02Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons
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    • C07C2/06Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons by oligomerisation of well-defined unsaturated hydrocarbons without ring formation of alkenes, i.e. acyclic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
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    • C07C29/00Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring
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    • C07C303/00Preparation of esters or amides of sulfuric acids; Preparation of sulfonic acids or of their esters, halides, anhydrides or amides
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Abstract

(57)【要約】 アルファ−オレフィンを二量体化してビニリデンオレフィンを形成し、次いでこれを異性体化し、オキソ条件下でCO/H2と反応させるか、またはオキソ条件下でCO/H2と直接反応させ、中間〜近中間鎖分岐アルコールを製造する。これらの分岐アルコールは、アルキルサルフェート、アルキルエトキシサルフェート、およびアルキルカルボン酸塩界面活性剤および他の界面活性剤の原料になる。

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】 分岐した界面活性剤の製造 発明の分野 本発明は洗浄用界面活性剤、特に疎水性分岐鎖単位を含む洗浄界面活性剤の製 造方法に関する。 発明の背景 通常の洗浄用界面活性剤は、水溶性を付与する置換基(親水性基)および親油 性置換基(疎水性基)を有する分子を含んでなる。その様な界面活性剤は典型的 には、炭素数が通常約10〜約20であるアルキル、アルケニルまたはアルカリ ール疎水性物質に付加した、カルボン酸エステル、硫酸エステル、スルホン酸エ ステル、アミンオキシド、ポリオキシエチレン、等の親水性基を含んでなる。従 って、その様な界面活性剤の製造業者は、所望の親水性物質を化学的手段により 付加させることができる疎水性基の供給源を探す必要がある。疎水性基の初期の 供給源は天然の油脂であり、これを塩基でけん化することにより、セッケン(す なわちカルボン酸塩親水性物質)に転化していた。ココナッツ油およびパーム油 はセッケンの製造ならびにアルキルサルフェート(「AS」)の部類の界面活性 剤の製造になお使用されている。他の疎水性物質は、アルキルベンゼンスルホネ ート(「LAS」)の製造に使用するアルキル化ベンゼンを含む、石油化学物質 から入手できる。 文献には、ある種の分岐した疎水性物質がアルキルサルフェート洗浄界面活性 剤の製造に効果的に使用できることが開示されている。例えば、deWitt,等への 米国特許第3,480,556号明細書、1969年11月25日、参照。しか し、米国特許第3,480,556号明細書に記載されているベーター分岐鎖界 面活性剤は、それらのグラフト温度により立証される様に、特定の溶解度パラメ ータに関して劣っていることが確認されている。さらに、疎水性部分の炭素鎖の 中央に向かって分岐している界面活性剤はグラフト温度がはるかに低いことも確 認されている。「The Aqueous Phase Behavior of Surfactants」,R.G.Laughlin ,Academic Press,N.Y.(1994)p.347参照。従って、その様な界面活性剤は特に 低温または冷水洗浄条件下(例えば20℃〜5℃)で使用するのに好ましいこと が確認されている。 中間鎖または近中間鎖の分岐している疎水性基を有する洗浄界面活性剤の製造 に関連する問題の一つは、その様な疎水性物質の即使用可能な供給源が不足して いることである。本発明は、その様な分岐した疎水性物質を製造し、それを中間 鎖または近中間鎖分岐界面活性剤に転化する方法を開示する。 発明の概要 本発明は、中間鎖〜近中間鎖分岐オレフィン(mid-to near mid-chain branche d olefins)(主として、中間鎖領域でまたはその近くで分岐したメチル)の製造 方法に関する。次いでその様な物質を、分岐鎖洗剤界面活性剤の疎水性部分を与 える基本原料として使用する。 本発明の方法は、下記の反応順序により説明される。 1)アルファ−オレフィン二量体化 および 式中、RおよびR’は同一であるか、または異なった直鎖アルキルであり、Rは C3〜C7、好ましくはC5〜C7直鎖アルキルであり、R’はC3〜C7、好ましく はC5〜C7直鎖アルキルである。洗濯洗剤、食器洗浄液、等の洗浄製品の製造に 使用するには、RおよびR’は同一であるか、または互いの鎖長の炭素数の差が 1または2の範囲内にあるのが好ましい。この二量体化からある程度の直鎖オレ フィンも生じ得るが、これらの物質は所望により分子篩を使用して除去すること ができる。本発明の方法の工程1は、好ましくは炭素総数が約12〜約18(平 均)である分岐鎖オレフィンを与える様に設計する。 2)アルコール製造 工程2(経路A)では、工程1のオレフィン混合物を、後に続く工程3におけ るアルコール(i)および(ii)の最終的な形成を促進するために、予め不規則化す ることができる。あるいは(工程2、経路B)、この予め不規則化する工程を無 くし、オキソ触媒自体が最終生成物を3種類の可能な末端位置の中で不規則化す ることができる。経路A または アルコール製造のためのオキソ製法は、Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemic al Technology,4th Edition,Volume 1,pp.903-8(1991),Jacqueline I.Kro schwitz,Executive Editor,Wiley-Interscience,N.Y.に詳細に記載されてい る。この工程用の触媒は、例えばコバルト−一酸化炭素−オルガノホスフィンで ある。 本発明の方法の工程(2)のアルコール混合物は、工程(3)で使用するため の下記の式を有する分岐鎖第1級アルコール化合物を含んでなる。 少量の 無論、CH2OHがRまたはR’上に置換されている場合、それは主としてそ れぞれの末端炭素上であるか、または、頻度は低いが、最後から2番目の炭素上 である。式(iii)の化合物は工程(3)ではほとんど存在しないのが好ましい。 3)界面活性剤の製造 有利なことに、本方法はgem分岐、すなわち「第4級」炭素置換を生じない 。非生物分解性の第4級炭素を形成させる可能性があるビニリデン炭素に対する コ バルト−一酸化炭素−オルガノホスフィンによる逆付加が立体障害によりブロッ クされる。その上、近接した分岐もほとんど起きない(約3%未満)。無論、原 料全体の中には、分岐せずに残るものもある。典型的には、および洗浄性能およ び生物分解性の観点から好ましくは、本方法は、異性体i)およびii)の場合、中 央に近いメチルを1個有する疎水性物質を形成する。 他に指示がない限り、百分率、比率および割合は重量で表示する。引用する文 献はすべて、関連する部分で、ここに参考として含める 発明の詳細な説明 1)オレフィン二量体化: 本発明は、鎖長が等しいか、または近い2種類のアルファ−オレフィンを二量 体化して洗剤領域のビニリデンオレフィンを形成させることにより、界面活性剤 前駆物質の疎水性物質を製造する方法を含む。これらのアルファ−オレフィンC5 〜C10、好ましくはC7〜C9、の二量体化によりC10〜C20、好ましくはC14 〜C18ビニリデンオレフィンを形成し、これをオキソ反応によりC11〜C21、好 ましくはC15〜C19アルコールにする。該二量体化を達成するための多くの方法 がある。米国特許出願第9,200,398号明細書、米国特許第4,658, 078号明細書、米国特許第4,973,788号明細書、O.S.Vostrikova,A .G.Ibragimov,G.A.Tolstikov,L.M.ZelenovaおよびU.M.Dzhemilev,Izv.Aka d.Nauk SSSR,Ser.Khim.(1980),(10),2330-2[Chem.Abstr.94:65032]、日 本国公開特許公報第06228016A2号明細書[Chem.Abstr.122:186930] 参照。 2)アルコール製造経路A パートa)ShellがそのSHOP製法でアルファ−オレフィンを異性体化するのに使 用する方法を使用してビニリデンオレフィンの炭素−炭素二重結合を予備異性体 化する。Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology,4th Edition,Vo lume 17,pp.848-50(1996),Jacqueline I.Kroschwitz,Executive Editor,W iley-Interscience,N.Y.およびChemical Economics Handbook pp.681.503O K-L,Stanford Research Institute,Menlo Park,CA 94025,1993年10月参照。 パートb)オキソ化学反応を使用し、予備異性体化したビニリデンオレフィン( この段階では大部分が内部オレフィン)を第1級アルコール混合物に転化する。 これには、1工程製法でコバルト−カルボニル−ホスフィン触媒を使用する場合 の様に、カルボニル化の前に二重結合をα位置に異性体化するオキソ触媒が好ま しい。Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology,4th Edition,Volu me 1,pp.903-8(1991)参照。経路A(すなわち予備異性体化を含む)は、アル コールiiiに対して比較的高収率のアルコールiおよびiiを確保するために行な う。iおよびiiのアルコールサルフェートは望ましい界面活性剤であるが、iii は不適当であることに注意する。経路B この工程は、ビニリデンオレフィンを予備異性体化せずに、同じオキソ触媒を ビニリデンオレフィンに直接使用する。これは、カルボニル化の前にビニリデン オレフィンの炭素−炭素二重結合に完全に異性体化する触媒に依存している。こ の目的は、経路Aで得られる様に、iiiに対してiおよびiiをできるだけ多く得 ることである。 他の脂肪アルコールに由来する界面活性剤、例えばアルキルエトキシサルフェ ート(AES)、アルキルポリグルコシド(APG)、等も製造できる。アルコ ールサルフェートまたはAES以外の界面活性剤は、該アルコールまたはそのア ルデヒド中間体をカルボン酸塩(すなわち分岐鎖セッケン)に酸化することによ り製造することができる。このセッケンは、それ自体優れた界面活性剤および/ または洗剤用ビルダーになり得る。このカルボン酸塩は、原料として使用し、こ の分野で公知の技術を使用して分岐鎖アシルータウレート、−イセチオネート、 −サルコシネート、−N−メチルグルカミドまたは他のアシルに由来する界面活 性剤に転化することができる。 工業的な応用性 本発明の方法から得られる種類の分岐鎖界面活性剤は、あらゆる種類の洗浄組 成物に使用できる。その様な組成物としては、顆粒状、バー形態および液体の洗 濯洗剤、液体手作業食器洗浄組成物、液体、ゲルおよびバー形態のパーソナルク レンジング製品、シャンプー、練歯磨、硬質表面洗浄剤、等があるが、これらに 限定するものではない。その様な組成物は、様々な通常の洗剤成分を含有するこ とができる。その様な成分を、処方者に便利な様に以下に挙げるが、本発明の分 岐鎖界面活性剤と共に使用できる成分の種類を限定するものではない。 本発明の分岐鎖界面活性剤は、洗剤用ビルダーとの組合せで使用することがで きる。その様なビルダーとしては、例えば、1〜10マイクロメートルのゼオラ イトA、クエン酸塩の様なポリカルボン酸塩ビルダー、[SKS-6](Hoechst)の様な 層状ケイ酸塩ビルダー、およびリン酸塩材料、特にトリポリリン酸ナトリウム( 「STPP」)がある。ほとんどの洗濯洗剤は、典型的には少なくとも約1%の ビルダー、より典型的には約5%〜約80%のビルダーまたはビルダー混合物を 含んでなる。 分岐鎖界面活性剤を含有する洗剤組成物には、プロテアーゼ、アミラーゼ、リ パーゼ、セルラーゼ、ペルオキシダーゼ、およびそれらの混合物の様な酵素を使 用することができる。代表的な洗剤組成物は約0.001%〜約5%の市販の酵 素を含んでなる。 洗剤組成物は重合体状汚れ複離剤(SRA)も含有することができる。その様 な材料は、例えば陰イオン系、陽イオン系および非帯電モノマー単位、特にポリ エステル材料、を包含する。この種の好ましい材料としては、オリゴマー状テレ フタル酸エステル、テレフタロイルおよびオキシアルキレンオキシ反復単位の骨 格およびフタロイルに由来するスルホン化末端部分を含んでなるスルホン化され た実質的に直鎖のエステルオリゴマーがある。各種のSRAが、例えば米国特許 第4,968,451号明細書、第4,711,730号明細書、第4,721 ,580号明細書、第4,702,857号明細書、第4,877,896号明 細書、第5,415,807号明細書、および他の文献中に開示されている。そ の様な汚れ放出性材料は典型的には完成した洗剤組成物の約0.01%〜約10 %を占める。 洗剤組成物は所望により、漂白剤および1種または2種以上の漂白活性剤を含 んでなる漂白組成物も含有することもできる。過炭酸塩または過ホウ酸塩(特に 過炭酸塩−水和物「PB1」)の様な漂白剤は、存在する場合、典型的には完成 した洗剤組成物の約1%〜約30%の量で使用する。ノナノイルオキシ−ベンゼ ンスルホネート(「NOBS」)およびテトラアセチルエチレンジアミン(「T AED」)、およびそれらの混合物の様な漂白活性剤を使用し、過ホウ酸塩や過 炭酸塩の様な材料の漂白活性を強化することができる。存在する場合、漂白活性 剤の量は、漂白剤に加えて漂白活性剤を含んでなる漂白組成物の典型的には約0 .1%〜約60%である。いわゆる「光活性化」漂白剤(米国特許第4,033 ,718号明細書参照)の様な他の漂白剤も使用できる。スルホン化亜鉛フタロ シアニンは特に好ましい光活性化漂白剤である。 洗剤組成物は、エトキシル化テトラエチレンペンタアミンの様な粘土汚れ除去 /再付着防止剤も含むことができる(米国特許第4,597,898号明細書参 照)。その様な材料は、完全に処方した洗濯洗剤の典型的には約0.01%〜約 10%を占める。 洗剤組成物は、ゼオライトおよび/または層状ケイ酸塩ビルダーの存在下で特 に効果的な重合体状分散剤を約0.1%〜約7%含むことができる。その様な材 料はこの分野では公知である(米国特許第3,308,067号明細書参照)。 その様な材料としては、ヨーロッパ特許第193,360号明細書に記載されて いる様なアクリレート/リンゴ酸系共重合体、ならびにポリエチレングリコール (「PEG」)がある。 本発明の洗剤組成物は、各種の光沢剤、染料移動防止剤(特にN−ビニルピロ リドンとN−ビニルイミダゾールの重合体)、発泡抑制剤(特にシリコーン)、 ニトリロトリ酢酸、エチレンジアミンジコハク酸、等のキレート化剤も含むこと ができる。その様な材料は、完全に処方した洗浄組成物の典型的には約0.5% 〜約10%を占める。 さらに、本発明の方法で製造した分岐鎖界面活性剤は、無論、洗浄組成物中に 単独で、または他の洗浄界面活性剤との組合せで使用することができる。典型的 には、完全に処方した洗浄組成物は、様々な汚れや染みに対して、および様々な 使用条件下で、幅広い洗浄性能を得るために、様々な種類の界面活性剤の混合物 を含有する。本発明の分岐鎖界面活性剤の利点の一つは、他の公知の種類の界面 活性剤との組合せで容易に処方できることである。ここで典型的には約1〜約5 5重量%の量で使用できる他の界面活性剤の例としては、オレイルサルフェート の様な不飽和サルフェート、C10〜C18アルキルアルコキシサルフェート(「A EXS」、特にEO1〜7エトキシサルフェート)、C10〜C18アルキルアルコ キシカルボン酸塩(特にEO1〜5エトキシカルボン酸塩)、C10〜C18グリセ ロールエーテル、C10〜C18アルキルポリグリコシドおよびそれらの対応する硫 酸化ポリグリコシド、およびC12〜C18アルファースルホン化脂肪酸エステルが あるが、これらに限定するものではない。エトキシル化C10〜C18アルコールお よびアルキルフェノール(例えば、C10〜C18EO(1〜10)の様な非イオン 系界面活性剤も使用できる。所望により、他の通常の界面活性剤、例えばC12〜 C18ベタインおよびスルホベタイン(「スルタイン」)、C10〜C18アミ ンオキシド、等も組成物全体中に含有することができる。C10〜C18N−アルキ ルポリヒドロキシ脂肪酸アミドも使用できる。代表的な例としては、C12〜C18 N−メチルグルカミドがある。WO9,206,154号明細書参照。他の糖類 に由来する界面活性剤としては、N−アルコキシポリヒドロキシ脂肪酸アミド、 例えばC10〜C18N−(3−メトキシプロピル)グルカミド、がある。N−プロ ピル〜N−ヘキシルC12〜C18グルカミドは低発泡に使用できる。C10〜C20の 通常のセッケンも使用できる。高発泡性が望ましい場合、分岐鎖C10〜C16セッ ケンを使用できる。洗濯洗剤組成物に使用されることが多いC10〜C14アルキル ベンゼンスルホンネート(LAS)も、本発明の分岐鎖界面活性剤と共に使用す ることができる。 下記の例は、本発明により製造した分岐鎖界面活性剤の各種の洗浄組成物にお ける使用を例示するが、これらに限定するものではない。 例I 顆粒状洗濯洗剤を下記の様に製造する。 *12〜C14メチル分岐鎖アルキルサルフェート、上記の様にして製造。 漂白剤を含む非水性液体洗濯洗剤を下記の様に製造する。 例II 12〜C16メチル分岐鎖アルキルサルフェート、Na塩、上記の様にして製造。 手作業食器洗浄液を下記の様に製造する。 例III *12〜C14メチル分岐鎖アルキルサルフェート、トリエタノールアンモニウム 塩、上記の様にして製造。** ココアルキルベタイン
───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (51)Int.Cl.6 識別記号 FI C11D 1/14 C11D 1/14 (81)指定国 EP(AT,BE,CH,DE, DK,ES,FI,FR,GB,GR,IE,IT,L U,MC,NL,PT,SE),OA(BF,BJ,CF ,CG,CI,CM,GA,GN,ML,MR,NE, SN,TD,TG),AP(GH,KE,LS,MW,S D,SZ,UG),UA(AM,AZ,BY,KG,KZ ,MD,RU,TJ,TM),AL,AM,AT,AU ,AZ,BA,BB,BG,BR,BY,CA,CH, CN,CU,CZ,DE,DK,EE,ES,FI,G B,GE,HU,IL,IS,JP,KE,KG,KP ,KR,KZ,LC,LK,LR,LS,LT,LU, LV,MD,MG,MK,MN,MW,MX,NO,N Z,PL,PT,RO,RU,SD,SE,SG,SI ,SK,TJ,TM,TR,TT,UA,UG,US, UZ,VN,YU

Claims (1)

  1. 【特許請求の範囲】 1. 下記の工程(a)、(b)、および(c)を含んでなることを特徴とす る、中間鎖〜近中間鎖分岐アルコールの製造方法。 (a)式RCH=CH2およびR’CH2=CH2のアルファーオレフィンを二量 体化して、下記式のオレフィンを形成させる工程、 (式中、RおよびR’は同一であるか、または異なったC3〜C7直鎖アルキル置 換基である) (b)工程(a)で得たオレフィンを異性体化し、続いて前記異性体化したオレ フィンをオキソ条件下でCO/H2と反応させる工程か、または工程(a)で得 たオレフィンをオキソ条件下でCO/H2と直接反応させる工程、および (c)下記式の所望の分岐アルコールを回収する工程 2. 請求項1により製造したアルコールを硫酸化することにより、分岐アル キルサルフェート界面活性剤を製造する方法。 3. 請求項1により製造したアルコールを先ずエトキシル化し、次いで硫酸 化することを含んでなる、分岐アルキルエトキシサルフェートを製造する方法。 4. 請求項1により製造したアルコール、またはそれらのアルデヒド中間体 を酸化することにより、分岐アルキルカルボン酸塩界面活性剤を製造する方法。 5. 請求項4により製造した分岐カルボン酸塩を原料として使用し、分岐ア シルタウレート、分岐アシルイセチオネート、分岐アシルサルコシネート、また は分岐アシル−N−メチルグルカミン界面活性剤、等を製造する方法。
JP9537387A 1996-04-16 1997-04-16 分岐した界面活性剤の製造 Pending JPH11507957A (ja)

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US1552196P 1996-04-16 1996-04-16
US60/015,521 1996-04-16
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AT (1) ATE220389T1 (ja)
AU (1) AU2991097A (ja)
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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2006096829A (ja) * 2004-09-28 2006-04-13 Nof Corp 低泡性洗浄剤
JP2018536058A (ja) * 2015-11-13 2018-12-06 ザ プロクター アンド ギャンブル カンパニー 分岐状アルキルサルフェート界面活性剤及び短鎖非イオン性界面活性剤を含有する洗浄組成物
JP2020169325A (ja) * 2020-06-04 2020-10-15 ザ プロクター アンド ギャンブル カンパニーThe Procter & Gamble Company 分岐状アルキルサルフェート界面活性剤及び短鎖非イオン性界面活性剤を含有する洗浄組成物

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DE69713887D1 (de) 2002-08-14
US6320080B2 (en) 2001-11-20
WO1997038957A1 (en) 1997-10-23
CN1222133A (zh) 1999-07-07
CN1358710A (zh) 2002-07-17
CZ334598A3 (cs) 1999-03-17
CN1106366C (zh) 2003-04-23
ZA973246B (en) 1997-11-14
MX219947B (ja) 2004-04-16
TR199802077T2 (xx) 1999-01-18
US20010034461A1 (en) 2001-10-25
EP0900181A1 (en) 1999-03-10
BR9708678A (pt) 1999-08-03
AU2991097A (en) 1997-11-07
EP0900181B1 (en) 2002-07-10
MX9808555A (ja) 1999-02-28
CN1318397C (zh) 2007-05-30
CA2252435A1 (en) 1997-10-23
DE69713887T2 (de) 2003-02-27
US6133222A (en) 2000-10-17
ATE220389T1 (de) 2002-07-15
CA2252435C (en) 2004-03-23
KR20000005563A (ko) 2000-01-25
MA24137A1 (fr) 1997-12-31
US6326348B1 (en) 2001-12-04
MA24136A1 (fr) 1997-12-31
US6015781A (en) 2000-01-18
ES2179342T3 (es) 2003-01-16
KR100307426B1 (ko) 2001-11-30

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