JP6847848B2 - スニチニブ製剤、及び緑内障の治療におけるその使用方法 - Google Patents
スニチニブ製剤、及び緑内障の治療におけるその使用方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6847848B2 JP6847848B2 JP2017550467A JP2017550467A JP6847848B2 JP 6847848 B2 JP6847848 B2 JP 6847848B2 JP 2017550467 A JP2017550467 A JP 2017550467A JP 2017550467 A JP2017550467 A JP 2017550467A JP 6847848 B2 JP6847848 B2 JP 6847848B2
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Description
本出願は、それらの開示の全体が引用することにより本明細書の一部をなす、2014年12月15日付出願の米国仮特許出願第62/092,118号「徐放性スニチニブ製剤(Controlled Release Sunitinib Formulations)」、及び2015年3月27日付出願の米国仮特許出願第62/139,306号「角膜血管新生の予防方法(Method Of Prevention Of Corneal Neovascularization)」の優先権及び利益を主張する。
2015年12月15日付で作成され、746バイトのサイズを有する「JHU_C13492_PCT_ST25」という名称のテキストファイルとして2015年12月15日に提出された配列表が、引用することにより本明細書の一部をなす。
本明細書で使用される「活性剤」は、身体で局所的に及び/又は全身に作用する生理学的又は薬理学的な有効成分を指す。活性剤は、疾患又は障害の治療(例えば治療剤)、予防(例えば予防剤)、又は診断(例えば診断剤)のため患者に投与される物質である。本明細書で使用される「眼科薬物」又は「眼科活性剤」は、眼の疾患若しくは障害の1つ以上の症状を緩和するため、発症を遅延するため、若しくは予防するため患者に投与される薬剤、又は画像化若しくはそれ以外の方法で眼を評価するのに有用な診断剤を指す。
A.DLK阻害剤
デュアル−ロイシンジッパーキナーゼ(DLK)はスニチニブの主な神経保護薬標的であることが発見されている。いくつかの他の神経保護キナーゼ阻害剤もまたDLKを阻害し、この知見を支持する。他の神経保護キナーゼ阻害剤として、SR8165、アキシチニブ、ボスチニブ、ネラチニブ、クリゾチニブ、トザセルチブ、レスタウルチニブ、フォレチニブ、TAE−684、及びKW−2449が挙げられる。
R1は、水素、ハロ、アルキル、シクロアルキル、アリール、ヘテロアリール、ヘテロ脂環式、ヒドロキシ、アルコキシ、−(CO)R15、−NR13R14、−(CH2)rR16及び−C(O)NR8R9からなる群から選択され、
R2は、水素、ハロ、アルキル、トリハロメチル、ヒドロキシ、アルコキシ、シアノ、−NR13R14、−NR13C(O)R14、−C(O)R15、アリール、ヘテロアリール、−S(O)2NR13R14及び−SO2R20(ここで、R20はアルキル、アリール、アラルキル、ヘテロアリール、及びヘテロアラルキルである)からなる群から選択され、
R3は、水素、ハロゲン、アルキル、トリハロメチル、ヒドロキシ、アルコキシ、−(CO)R15、−NR13R14、アリール、ヘテロアリール、−NR13S(O)2R14、−S(O)2NR13R14、−NR13C(O)R14、−NR13C(O)OR14、及び−SO2R20(ここで、R20はアルキル、アリール、アラルキル、ヘテロアリール、及びヘテロアラルキルである)からなる群から選択され、
R4は、水素、ハロゲン、アルキル、ヒドロキシ、アルコキシ、及び−NR13R14からなる群から選択され、
R5は、水素、アルキル、及び−C(O)R10からなる群から選択され、
R6は、水素、アルキル、及び−C(O)R10からなる群から選択され、
R7は、水素、アルキル、アリール、ヘテロアリール、−C(O)R17、及び−C(O)R10からなる群から選択されるか、又は、
R6とR7とが結合して−(CH2)4−、−(CH2)5−、及び−(CH2)6−からなる群から選択される基を形成してもよく(但し、R5、R6、又はR7の少なくとも1つが−C(O)R10でなくてはならない)、
R8及びR9は、水素、アルキル、及びアリールからなる群から独立して選択され、
R10は、ヒドロキシ、アルコキシ、アリールオキシ、−N(R11)(CH2)nR12、及び−NR13R14からなる群から選択され、
R11は、水素及びアルキルからなる群から選択され、
R12は、−NR13R14、ヒドロキシ、−C(O)R15、アリール、ヘテロアリール、−N+(O-)R13R14、−N(OH)R13、及び−NHC(O)Ra(ここで、Raは非置換のアルキル、ハロアルキル、又はアラルキルである)からなる群から選択され、
R13及びR14は、水素、アルキル、シアノアルキル、シクロアルキル、アリール、及びヘテロアリールからなる群から独立して選択されるか、又は、
R13とR14とが結合して複素環基を形成してもよく、
R15は、水素、ヒドロキシ、アルコキシ、及びアリールオキシからなる群から選択され、
R16は、ヒドロキシ、−C(O)R15、−NR13R14、及び−C(O)NR13R14からなる群から選択され、
R17は、アルキル、シクロアルキル、アリール、及びヘテロアリールからなる群から選択され、
R20は、アルキル、アリール、アラルキル、又はヘテロアリールであり、
n及びrは独立して1、2、3、又は4である)を有するか、又はその薬学的に許容可能な塩である。
ポリマービヒクル中1つ以上の薬物の送達に対する制御放出投薬製剤が、本明細書に記載される。ポリマーマトリクスは、非生分解性又は生分解性のポリマーから形成され得るが、該ポリマーマトリクスは生分解性であることが好ましい。上記ポリマーマトリクスは、送達のため、インプラント(例えば、ロッド、ディスク、ウェファー等)、ミクロ粒子、ナノ粒子、又はそれらの組合せに形成され得る。投与により、スニチニブ又はその類縁体若しくは薬学的に許容可能な塩は、ポリマーマトリクスの分解、ポリマーマトリクスからの1つ以上の阻害剤の拡散、又はそれらの組合せのいずれかにより、長期間に亘って放出される。上記薬物は、ポリマー中に分散されるか若しくは封入され、又はマトリクスを形成するのに使用されるポリマーに共有結合され得る。1つ以上のポリマーの分解プロファイルは、in vivoでの活性剤の放出速度に影響を及ぼすように選択されてもよい。
スニチニブの装荷は、封入の間、溶液中のスニチニブのアルカリ度を増加することによって増加され得ることが見出された。これは、溶媒の選択、溶媒へのアルカリ化剤の添加、又はスニチニブと共にアルカリ性薬物を包含することによって達成され得る。この目的で添加することができる化合物の例としてはDMA、DMTA、TEA、アニリン、アンモニウム及び水酸化ナトリウム等の溶媒又は溶媒添加物、ビタミンB4、カフェイン、アルカロイド、ニコチン、鎮痛薬であるモルヒネ、抗菌剤であるベルベリン、抗癌化合物であるビンクリスチン、降圧剤であるレセルピン、コリン作動薬であるガランタミン、抗コリン作動薬であるアトロピン、血管拡張薬であるビンカミン、抗不整脈化合物であるキニジン、抗喘息治療薬であるエフェドリン、及び抗マラリア薬であるキニーネ等の薬物が挙げられる。
A.ミクロ粒子及びナノ粒子の形成
ミクロ粒子及びナノ粒子は、当該技術分野で知られているポリマーミクロ粒子、又はナノ粒子の形成に適した任意の方法を使用して形成され得る。粒子形成に使用される方法は、所望の粒子径及び粒度分布と共に、薬物又はポリマーマトリクス中に存在するポリマーの特性を含む様々な要因に依存する。いくつかの薬物が或る特定の溶媒の存在下、或る特定の温度範囲、及び/又は或る特定のpH範囲で不安定であることから、粒子中に組み込まれる薬物の種類(複数の場合がある)もまた要因となる可能性がある。
この方法では、薬物(又はポリマーマトリクス及び1つ以上の薬物)を、塩化メチレン等の揮発性有機溶媒に溶解する。その後、薬物を含有する有機溶液を、ポリ(ビニルアルコール)等の界面活性剤を含む水溶液中に懸濁する。得られるエマルジョンを大半の有機溶媒が蒸発して固体ナノ粒子を残すまで撹拌する。得られたナノ粒子を水で洗浄し、凍結乾燥器で一晩乾燥させる。種々のサイズ及び形態のナノ粒子をこの方法によって得ることができる。
また、溶媒除去を使用して加水分解に不安定な薬物から粒子を作製することができる。この方法では、薬物(又はポリマーマトリクス、及び1つ以上の薬物)を塩化メチレン等の揮発性有機溶媒中に分散させるか、又は溶解させる。その後、この混合物を有機性油(シリコンオイル等)中に撹拌することによって懸濁させ、エマルジョンを形成する。エマルジョンから形成される固体粒子は、その後上清から単離され得る。この技法により製造された球体の外部の形態は、薬物のアイデンティティに大きく依存する。
この方法では、薬物(又はポリマーマトリクス及び1つ以上の薬物)を、塩化メチレン等の有機溶媒に溶解する。圧縮ガスの流れによって制御される微細化ノズルにより溶液を噴出させ、得られたエアロゾルを加熱された気体のサイクロンに漂わせて、微小滴から溶媒を蒸発させて粒子を形成させる。この方法を使用して、0.1ミクロン〜10ミクロンの範囲の粒子を得ることができる。
粒子を転相法(phase inversion method)を使用して、薬物から形成することができる。この方法では、薬物(又はポリマーマトリクス及び1つ以上の薬物)を「良好な」溶媒に溶解し、好ましい条件下で、薬物が自発的にミクロ粒子又はナノ粒子を生じるように、該溶液を強い非溶媒(non solvent)へと注ぐ。上記方法を使用して、例えば、典型的には狭い粒度分布で、約100ナノメートル〜約10ミクロンを含む広範囲のサイズのナノ粒子をもたらすことができる。
コアセルベーションを使用する粒子形成技法は、当該技術分野で、例えば英国特許第929406号、英国特許第929401号、並びに米国特許第3,266,987号、同第4,794,000号、及び同第4,460,563号において知られている。コアセルベーションは、2つの非混和液相への薬物(又はポリマーマトリクス、及び1つ以上の薬物)溶液の分離を含む。1つの相は、高濃度の薬物を含有する濃厚なコアセルベート相であるのに対し、第2相は低濃度の薬物を含む。濃厚なコアセルベート相内では、薬物はナノスケール又はマイクロスケールの小滴を形成し、それらは硬化して粒子となる。コアセルベーションは、温度変化、非溶媒の添加若しくはミクロ塩(micro-salt)の添加(単純コアセルベーション)により、又は別のポリマーの添加により誘導されて高分子間錯体を形成することができる(複合コアセルベーション)。
制御放出ミクロスフェアの極低温焼結に関する方法は、Gombotz et al.に対する米国特許第5,019,400号に記載される。この方法では、薬物(又はポリマーマトリクス及びスニチニブ)は溶媒中に溶解される。その後、混合物を、薬物小滴を凍結する薬液の氷点を下回る温度で液状の非溶媒の入った容器に微粒化する。薬物に対する小滴及び非溶媒が温められるにつれて、小滴中の溶媒は溶けて、非溶媒中に抽出されてミクロスフェアを硬化する。
薬物を封入する、及び/又は分散させるインプラントが形成され得る。好ましい実施形態では、インプラントは眼内インプラントである。好適なインプラントとして、限定されないが、ロッド、ディスク、及びウェファーが挙げられる。マトリクスは、上に記載されるいずれかの非生分解性又は生分解性の高分子で形成され得るが、生分解性高分子が好ましい。ポリマーマトリクスの組成は、in vivoでの安定性に必要な時間、すなわち、送達が望まれる部位への分布に必要なその時間、及び送達に望ましい時間に基づいて選択される。
インプラントは、当該技術で知られている任意の好適な技法を使用して製造され得る。インプラントの作製に適した技法の例として、溶媒蒸発法、相分離法、界面法、成型法、射出成型法、押出法、共押出方法、カーバープレス法、打抜き法、熱圧縮、及びそれらの組合せが挙げられる。インプラントの製造に適した方法は、インプラント中に存在するポリマー(単数/複数)の特性、インプラント中に存在する1つ以上の薬物の特性、及びインプラントの所望の形状及びサイズを含む多くの因子を考慮して選択され得る。インプラントの作製に適した方法が、例えば、米国特許第4,997,652号、及び米国特許出願公開第2010/0124565号に記載されている。
A.薬学的賦形剤
医薬製剤は、1つ以上の薬学的に許容可能な賦形剤と組み合わせてスニチニブを含む。代表的な賦形剤として、溶媒、希釈剤、pH調整剤、防腐剤、抗酸化剤、懸濁化剤、湿潤剤、粘度調整剤、等張化剤、安定剤及びそれらの組合せが挙げられる。好適な薬学的に許容可能な賦形剤は、好ましくは一般に安全であると認定され(GRAS)、望ましくない生物学的副作用又は不要な相互作用を生じることなく個体に投与され得る材料から選択される。
上記ポリマー粒子中に存在するスニチニブ又はその類縁体若しくは薬学的に許容可能な塩に加えて、上記製剤は、1つ以上の追加の治療剤、診断剤、及び/又は予防剤を含んでもよい。活性剤は、酵素若しくはタンパク質、ポリペプチド又は核酸等の低分子活性剤又は生体分子であってもよい。好適な低分子活性剤として、有機化合物、及び有機金属化合物が挙げられる。いくつかの例では、低分子活性剤は、約2000g/mol未満、より好ましくは約1500g/mol未満、最も好ましくは約1200g/mol未満の分子量を有する。低分子の活性剤は、親水性、疎水性、又は両親媒性の化合物であってもよい。
緑内障にはいくつかのタイプがある。2つの主なタイプは、開放隅角及び閉塞隅角である。これらは、眼内圧(IOP)、すなわち眼の内部の圧力の増加によって示される。
本明細書に記載される製剤は、硝子体内注射(例えば、前部、中部、又は後部の硝子体注射)、結膜下注射、前房内注射、側頭部角膜輪部を介する前眼房への注射、角膜実質内注射、脈絡膜下腔への注射、角膜間注射、網膜下注射、及び眼内注射によって眼に局所的に投与され得る。好ましい実施形態では、上記医薬組成物は硝子体内注射によって投与される。
上記粒子は、長期間に亘って、有効量のスニチニブ又はその類縁体若しくは薬学的に許容可能な塩を放出することが好ましい。好ましい実施形態では、粒子は、少なくとも2週の期間に亘り、より好ましくは少なくとも4週の期間に亘り、より好ましくは少なくとも6週の期間に亘り、最も好ましくは少なくとも8週の期間に亘り有効量のスニチニブを放出する。いくつかの実施形態では、上記粒子は、3ヶ月以上の期間に亘って有効量のスニチニブを放出して神経細胞死、特に上昇した眼内圧に起因する視神経の神経細胞死を減少又は予防する。
材料及び方法
スニチニブ封入ミクロ粒子の作製
スニチニブリンゴ酸塩を含む若しくは含まない、PLGA及び/又はPLGAとPLGA(分子量45kDa)に共有結合的に共役したPEGとのジブロックコポリマー(PLGA45k−PEG5k)のポリマーミクロ粒子を、シングルエマルジョン溶媒蒸発法を使用して作製した。簡潔には、PLGA及び/又はPLGA−PEGを最初にジクロロメタン(DCM)に溶解し、所定の濃度でスニチニブリンゴ酸塩をジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO)に溶解した。ポリマー溶液及び薬液を混合して均質な溶液(有機相)を形成した。有機相を1%ポリビニルアルコール(PVA)(Polysciences、分子量25kDa、88%加水分解)の水溶液に添加し、L5M−A実験室用ミキサー(マサチューセッツ州イーストロングメドーのSilverson Machines Inc.)を使用して5000rpmで1分間ホモジナイズしてエマルジョンを得た。
薬物装荷をUV−Vis分光光度法によって特定した。スニチニブを含むミクロ粒子(総重量10mg)を無水DMSO(1mL)に溶解し、薬物の濃度が薬物のUV吸光度の標準曲線の比例領域に含まれるまで更に希釈した。標準曲線に対してUV吸光度を比較することにより、薬物の濃度を特定した。薬物装荷は、ミクロ粒子に対する薬物の重量比として定義される。
6mLガラスバイアル中、1%のTWEEN(商標) 20を含有する4mLのPBSにスニチニブを含むミクロ粒子(総重量10mg)を懸濁し、150rpmで振蕩しながら37℃でインキュベートした。所定の時間点において、バイアルの底に粒子が沈澱した後3mLの上清を取り出し、3mLの新たな放出媒質と交換した。上清中の薬物含有量をUV−Vis分光光度法又はHPLCによって特定した。
数ミリグラムのミクロ粒子を最初に水に懸濁し、ISOTON(商標)希釈剤中に分散させた。COULTER MULTISIZER IV(カリフォルニア州ブレアのBeckman Coulter, Inc.)を使用して平均粒子径及び分布を特定した。
ドデシル硫酸ナトリウム(「SDS」)、及びヘキサデシルトリメチルアンモニウム(「HDTA」)等のカチオン性界面活性剤及びイオン性界面活性剤の両方を上記溶媒に添加して粒子を作製した。装荷は非常に低かった(SDSで0.20%、及びHDTAで0.27%)。ポリビニルアルコール(「PVA」)等の非イオン性溶媒に代えることで装荷を1最大1.1%に増加した。スニチニブ遊離塩基は結晶化し、より高い装荷を得るために利用することができなかった。DMSOを使用することにより、装荷は更に、最大およそ5%まで増加した。
材料及び方法
水溶液中でのスニチニブの溶解度がpH依存性であることが示されているため、スニチニブを封入するミクロ粒子製剤を様々なpH値の水相に作製して薬物封入に対する水性pHの影響を調べた。
表2に示されるように、薬物装荷及び封入の効率は、水性pHが4から7.4に増加した場合に著しく増加した。しかしながら、pHを10に調整して水溶液がより塩基性になると、多くの粒子の形態は球形から不規則な形状へと変化し、一部の粒子は凝集塊を形成し、高pHの水溶液もまたスニチニブの高装荷及び高品質の粒子を生産するのに不利であることを示唆した。
材料及び方法
試薬
スニチニブ、レスタウルチニブ、クリゾチニブ、アキシチニブ、ボスチニブ、イマチニブ、タンデュチニブ、バンデタニブ、ソラフェニブ、及びバタラニブをLC labsから購入し、フォレチニブ、KW−2449をSelleckchemから購入し、トザセルチブをBiovision life scienceから購入した。
スニチニブ、SR8165、又はトザセルチブで装荷されたポリマーミクロ粒子を、シングルエマルジョン溶媒蒸発法を使用して作製した。簡潔には、4mLの塩化メチレンに溶解した200mgのポリ(乳酸−co−グリコール酸)(PLGA50:50、2A、0.15dL/g〜0.25dL/g、分子量15000〜17000、アラバマ州バーミンガムのLakeshore Biomaterials)を、DMSO中に溶解した様々な薬物(1mL DMSO中40mgのスニチニブ、0.5mL DMSO中40mgのSR8165、1mL DMSO中40mgのトザセルチブ)のうちの1つと混合することによって溶液を作製した。上記混合物を、1%ポリビニルアルコール(PVA、分子量=25kDa、ペンシルベニア州ワーリントンのPolysciences)を含む水溶液中に1分間に亘って4000rpm(英国バッキンガムシャー州チェサムのSilverson製ホモジナイザー、モデルL4RT)でホモジナイズした。その後、粒子を2時間撹拌して硬化させ、5000gで5分間の遠心分離によって収集し、脱イオン水で3回洗浄して、投与前に再構成され得る粉末まで凍結乾燥した。ミクロ粒子のサイズをCoulter Multisizer IIe(カリフォルニア州フラートンのBeckman-Coulter Inc.)を使用して特定した。in vitroでの薬物放出速度を特定するため、5mgの薬物装荷粒子を2mLのリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(pH7.4)に懸濁し、ローテーター上で37℃にてインキュベートした。選択した時間点で、ミクロ粒子を遠心分離によって沈澱させ、上清を除去し、2mLの新たなリン酸バッファーに交換した。スニチニブ及びSR8165に対して420nm、トザセルチブに対して252nmで分光光度法により上清を分析した。
全ての統計学的分析を独立マン−ホイットニー−ウィルコクソン検定により行った。
全ての動物の使用は、動物の使用に関するARVOの声明に従い、全ての実験手順をジョンズホプキンズ大学のIACUCによって承認された動物プロトコルに従って行った。出生後0日目〜5日目のマウスから網膜を摘出し、パパインで解離させた。ミクログリアをDynabeadsに共役させた抗CD11bで免疫枯渇させた。抗Thy1.2抗体(Serotec、MCA028)及び抗マウスIgMで予め共役させたプレート上、室温(RT)にて網膜細胞の懸濁液にイムノパニングを行った。洗浄後、セルリフター(cell lifter)によりプレートからRGCを離し、計数し、Neurobasal、B27、N2サプリメント、L−グルタミン、及びペニシリン/ストレプトマイシンで構成される培地中、96ウェルプレートにおいて1ウェル当たり10000の密度で蒔いた。37℃で72時間の培養後、RGCをカルセインAM、エチジウムホモダイマー、及びHoechst 33342で染色した。Cellomics Kinetscanを用いて各ウェルの部分より画像を撮影し、Cellomics Neuroprofilingパッケージのアルゴリズムにより細胞生存を定量し、計数した。示されるように、代替的にはRGC生存能力をCellTiter−Glo luminescence(Promega)によって測定した。
6週齢の雄性Wistarラットをケタミン/キシラジンで麻酔した。部分的角膜周囲切開を行って強膜を露出させた。注射部位は、鋸状縁のおよそ1mm後ろであり、水晶体の傷害を回避するため注射ガラスピペットを視神経乳頭に対して角度調整した。5μL(10μg)のPLGAミクロスフェアをガラスピペット及びHamiltonシリンジで注入した。
視神経を部分的角膜周囲切開及び外眼筋の眼窩内切開によって露出させた後、25ゲージ針で離断した。その後、4−Di−10−ASPを近位神経断端(proximal nerve stump)に塗布した。離断中、血管傷害を回避するように注意し、網膜灌流を神経離断後に検査した。離断から2週間後、ラットを屠殺し、眼球摘出した。網膜をフラットマウント(flatmounted)し、共焦点顕微鏡検査で画像化し、RGC形態を有する4−Di−10−ASP標識細胞の数を定量した。RGC生存の画像化及び定量をマスク方式(masked fashion:盲検)で行った。
眼内圧(IOP)を先に記載7されるように線維柱帯のレーザー処理によって片側性に評価した。簡潔には、6週齢のWistar雄性ラットをケタミン/キシラジンで麻酔した。連続する2週間で、40個〜50個の532nmのダイオードレーザースポットを縁前領域(prelimbal region)に適用した(直径50μm、600mWパワー、及び0.6秒間)。レーザー処理の1日後及び3日後、TonoLabを用いて麻酔下でレーザー処理した眼及び他眼のIOPを測定した。レーザー処理から4週間後、ラットを4%パラホルムアルデヒドのリン酸バッファーで灌流した。視神経を摘出し、1%四酸化オスミウムで後固定を行い、エポキシ樹脂に包埋して、1%トルイジンブルーで染色した。10個の無作為の重複しない視野からの画像を100倍の油相コントラスト対物レンズで撮影した。視神経全体の断面の領域を倍率10倍で画像化し、10個の視野からの軸索数と共に使用して、1つの神経当たりの軸索数を得た。レーザー処理及び視神経画像の取得をマスク方式で行った。
3ヶ月齢の雄性C57BL/6及びDlkのloxP導入(floxed)マウス(BL/6バックグラウンド)をケタミン/キシラジンで麻酔し、ニワトリβ−アクチンプロモーター由来のCreリコンビナーゼを発現するキャプシド変異体(Y444、500、730F)AAV2の1010 DNA含有粒子を用いて硝子体内注射を行った。7日後、視神経を外科的に露出させ、眼球の後ろ1mmで3秒間、N5自閉鉗子を用いて挫滅した。神経挫滅の10日後、眼を摘出し、固定し、βIII−チューブリン及びBrn3に対するフラットマウント免疫染色によりRGC生存を測定した。硝子体内注射、視神経挫滅、免疫蛍光法、及びRGCカウンティングをマスク方式で行った。
標準的なプロトコルに従ってウェスタンブロットを行った。次の抗体はCell Signaling Technology製であった:ホスホ−JNK、Thr183/Tyr185(4671);JNK(9258);ホスホ−MKK7(4171)、及びMKK7(4172)。モノクローナル抗アルファ−チューブリン抗体(T6074)をSigmaから購入した。DLKウサギポリクローナルはS. Hiraiから提供された。
Axopatch 200Bによる電流固定及び電圧固定の両方のモードで全細胞パッチクランプ法を使用して記録を行った。データを1kHz(Bessel)で低域フィルタし、10kHzでサンプリングした。−2mVの液相界面電位を補正し、得られた電位を−62±2.2mV(平均±SEM、n=13)と推定した。記録ピペットを次の細胞内溶液(mM単位)で満たした:100 K−グルコン酸、50 KCl、20 HEPES、10 EGTA、5 MgCl2、2 ATP、0.1 GTP(pHをKOHで7.33に調整した)。細胞を持続的に140 NaCl、5 KCl、1 MgCl2、2.5 CaCl2、10 グルコース、10 HEPES(pHをNaOHで7.4に調整した)で灌流した(mM単位)。
修正した2プラスミド同時形質移入法23によりAAVベクター調製物を産生する。簡潔には、約109個のHEK 293細胞を5%ウシ胎仔血清及び抗生物質を含むDMEM中で培養する。その後、CaPO4沈澱による2つのベクタープラスミドのDNA形質移入を60時間に亘って7%CO2中37℃でインキュベートした。その後、細胞を採取し、3回の凍結/解凍サイクルによって溶解させ、粗溶解物を遠心分離によって清澄にし、得られたベクター含有上清を不連続なイオジキサノールステップグラジエントに供した。ベクター含有画分を更に精製し、Pharmacia AKTA FPLCシステムを使用して5ml容のHiTrap Q Sepharoseカラムでのカラムクロマトグラフィーによって濃縮した。215mM NaCl、pH8.0を使用してカラムからベクターを溶離し、AAVピークを収集し、濃縮して、バッファーを0.014%のTween 20を含むAlcon BSSに交換した。放出の前、許容可能な範囲において陰性バイオバーデン試験である銀染色SDS−PAGE、及びエンドトキシン試験によりベクター純度を評価した。最後に、参照AAVベクタースタンダードと比較したリアルタイムPCRによりDNase耐性ベクターゲノムに対してベクターの力価を特定した(titered)。
ハイコンテント、ハイスループット、表現型スクリーニング
複数用量5での6000を超える特定の化合物を繰り返しスクリーニングすることにより、スニチニブ及び関連するオキシインドール類縁体が非常に神経保護性であることを同定した。スニチニブ処理は、0.5μM〜1μMの最大活性を伴って初代RGCの生存能力の用量依存的増加をもたらした(図1A)。増加した生存は、カスパーゼ活性化、核の凝縮及び断片化を含むアポトーシスのマーカーの対応する減少と関連した。
視神経離断に応答するin vivoでのRGC死の回復に対するスニチニブの能力を試験した。スニチニブ、又はそのビヒクル対照をポリ(乳酸−co−グリコール酸)(PLGA)系の遅延溶出(slow-eluting)ミクロスフェア中にパッケージングし、Wistarラットに硝子体内注射した。7日後、視神経を離断し、近位神経断端に4−Di−10−ASPを塗布することによってRGCを逆行標識した。離断後2週間目に、対照動物と比較したスニチニブ処理は、3倍〜4倍のRGC生存における増加を示した(図1B)。緑内障モデルにおけるスニチニブの神経保護活性を評価するため、ラットを硝子体内ビヒクル又はスニチニブ溶出ミクロスフェアで予め処理した後、線維柱帯のダイオードレーザー処理を使用してIOPを増加した(図2A〜図2C)。対照ミクロスフェアで注射された眼において、1ヶ月目で視神経軸索の58%の減少があった。しかしながら、スニチニブ溶出ミクロスフェアで処理された眼において、軸索喪失は40%減少した(p<0.05、図1C)。in vitroにおいてより大きな効能を有することがわかったスニチニブ類縁体であるSR8165(図5A)は、PLGAミクロスフェアからの送達の際に同様の神経保護を与えた(図1C)。あわせて、これらの結果は、スニチニブ、及び関連するオキシインドール類縁体を緑内障の神経保護剤として確立する。
Claims (26)
- 疎水性ポリマー及び/又は両親媒性ポリマーに封入又は分散されたスニチニブ又はその薬学的に許容可能な塩を含み、前記スニチニブ又はその薬学的に許容可能な塩が5重量%以上の量で存在する、眼圧上昇による眼の神経損傷の低減への使用のためのポリマーミクロ粒子。
- 前記疎水性ポリマーがポリ乳酸及び/又は乳酸とグリコール酸とのコポリマーを含む、請求項1に記載のポリマーミクロ粒子。
- 前記両親媒性ポリマーがペグ化疎水性ポリマーを含む、請求項1又は2に記載のポリマーミクロ粒子。
- 前記疎水性ポリマーがポリ(ラクチド−co−グリコリド)(PLGA)であり、前記両親媒性ポリマーがポリ(ラクチド−co−グリコリド)−ポリエチレングリコール(PLGA−PEG)であり、前記ポリマーミクロ粒子は1ミクロン〜50ミクロンの平均径と10重量%以上のスニチニブ又はその薬学的に許容可能な塩の重量装荷を有していてもよい、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載のポリマーミクロ粒子。
- 1ミクロン〜50ミクロンの平均径を有する、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載のポリマーミクロ粒子。
- 前記PLGA及びPLGA−PEGが、PLGA:PLGA−PEGが9:1〜100:1(重量比)のブレンドで存在する、請求項4に記載のポリマーミクロ粒子。
- 前記PLGA−PEGが分子量45kDaのPLGA及び分子量5kDaのPEGから形成される、請求項6に記載のポリマーミクロ粒子。
- 前記スニチニブ又はその薬学的に許容可能な塩が、両親媒性ポリマーと1種よりも多い疎水性ポリマーとのブレンド中に封入される、請求項1〜3及び5のいずれか一項に記載のポリマーミクロ粒子。
- ミクロ粒子を含む、眼圧上昇による眼の神経損傷の低減への使用のための組成物であって、前記ミクロ粒子が、少なくとも10重量%以上のスニチニブ又はその薬学的に許容可能な塩を含み、1ミクロン〜50ミクロンの平均径を有する、組成物。
- 前記スニチニブ又はその薬学的に許容可能な塩が少なくとも15重量%の量でミクロ粒子中に封入される、請求項9に記載の組成物。
- 前記ミクロ粒子がポリ(ラクチド−co−グリコリド)(PLGA)と、ポリ(ラクチド−co−グリコリド)−ポリエチレングリコール(PLGA−PEG)とのブレンドを含む、請求項9〜10のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記PLGA−PEGが分子量45kDaのPLGAと分子量5kDaのPEGとを有する、請求項11に記載の組成物。
- 前記ミクロ粒子が少なくとも3ヶ月の持続期間に亘ってスニチニブ又はその薬学的に許容可能な塩を眼の硝子体腔に放出する、請求項9〜12のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記スニチニブはリンゴ酸塩の形態で存在する、請求項1〜8のいずれか一項に記載のポリマーミクロ粒子。
- 前記スニチニブはリンゴ酸塩の形態で存在する、請求項9〜13のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 1ミクロン〜50ミクロンの平均径を有し、ポリ(ラクチド−co−グリコリド)(PLGA)とポリ(ラクチド−co−グリコリド)−ポリエチレングリコール(PLGA−PEG)とのブレンドに封入された5重量%以上のスニチニブ又はその薬学的に許容可能な塩を含み、少なくとも2週間に亘って前記スニチニブ又はその薬学的に許容可能な塩を放出する、眼圧上昇による患者の眼の神経損傷の低減への使用のためのポリマーミクロ粒子。
- 前記患者がヒトである、請求項16に記載のポリマーミクロ粒子。
- 前記PLGAと前記PLGA−PEGが、PLGA:PLGA−PEGが9:1〜100:1(重量比)のブレンドで存在する、請求項16又は17に記載のポリマーミクロ粒子。
- さらにポリ乳酸(PLA)を含む、請求項16〜18のいずれか一項に記載のポリマーミクロ粒子。
- 前記薬学的に許容可能な塩がリンゴ酸スニチニブである、請求項16〜19のいずれか一項に記載のポリマーミクロ粒子。
- 1ミクロン〜30ミクロンの平均径を有する、請求項16〜20のいずれか一項に記載のポリマーミクロ粒子。
- 硝子体内注射により投与される、請求項16〜21のいずれか一項に記載のポリマーミクロ粒子。
- 結膜下注射により投与される、請求項16〜21のいずれか一項に記載のポリマーミクロ粒子。
- 前記ミクロ粒子が、1ミクロン〜30ミクロンの平均径を有する、請求項9に記載の組成物。
- 前記PLGAと前記PLGA−PEGが、PLGA:PLGA−PEGが9:1〜100:1(重量比)のブレンドで存在する、請求項11に記載の組成物。
- ポリ乳酸、ポリ(ラクチド−co−グリコリド)(PLGA)、及びポリ(ラクチド−co−グリコリド)−ポリエチレングリコール(PLGA−PEG)を含む、請求項1〜8及び14のいずれか一項に記載のポリマーミクロ粒子。
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