JP6598476B2 - 電極の作製方法 - Google Patents
電極の作製方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6598476B2 JP6598476B2 JP2015044731A JP2015044731A JP6598476B2 JP 6598476 B2 JP6598476 B2 JP 6598476B2 JP 2015044731 A JP2015044731 A JP 2015044731A JP 2015044731 A JP2015044731 A JP 2015044731A JP 6598476 B2 JP6598476 B2 JP 6598476B2
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
- H01G11/38—Carbon pastes or blends; Binders or additives therein
-
- G—PHYSICS
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Description
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様に係る電極について、図1を用いて説明する。
本実施の形態では、電極の作製方法の一例について、図2を参照して説明する。本実施の形態では、スプレードライヤーを用いて、活物質の表面に被膜を形成する。
電極の作製フローを図2(B)に示す。
作製方法1では、活物質、被膜形成材、溶媒、及び触媒を含む分散液をスプレードライヤーに投入して、活物質の表面に被膜を形成する例を説明したが、当該分散液に導電助剤を加えてもよい。以下に、電極の作製方法の他の一例について説明する。なお、分散液の構成以外は、作製方法1を参照することができるので、重複する説明は省略する。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様である電極を用いた蓄電装置の一例を示す。
図4に、蓄電装置の一例として、薄型(ラミネート型とも呼ぶ)の蓄電池について示す。薄型の蓄電池は、可撓性を有する構成とし、可撓性を有する部位を少なくとも一部有する電子機器に実装すれば、電子機器の変形に合わせて蓄電池も曲げることもできる。
次に蓄電装置の一例として、コイン型の蓄電池の一例を、図6を用いて説明する。図6(A)はコイン型(単層偏平型)の蓄電池の外観図であり、図6(B)は、その断面図である。
次に蓄電装置の一例として、円筒型の蓄電池を示す。円筒型の蓄電池について、図7を参照して説明する。円筒型の蓄電池600は図7(A)に示すように、上面に正極キャップ(電池蓋)601を有し、側面及び底面に電池缶(外装缶)602を有している。これら正極キャップと電池缶(外装缶)602とは、ガスケット(絶縁パッキン)610によって絶縁されている。
図8および図9に、薄型の蓄電池の構成例を示す。図8(A)に示す捲回体993は、負極994と、正極995と、セパレータ996と、を有する。
また、蓄電システムの構造例について、図10、図11、および図12を用いて説明する。ここで蓄電システムとは、例えば、蓄電装置を搭載した機器を指す。
本実施の形態では、可撓性を有する蓄電池を電子機器に実装する例について説明する。
本実施の形態では、蓄電装置を搭載することのできる電子機器の一例を示す。
本実施の形態では、車両に蓄電装置を搭載する例を示す。
電極Aは、被膜を有する活物質を用いて作製した電極である。まず、活物質として人造黒鉛MCMBと、被膜形成材としてエチルシリケート40と、97%エタノール水溶液と、塩酸とを用いて、分散液を用意した。エチルシリケート40の量は、実施の形態2で説明したとおり、分散液を用意する段階で、黒鉛に対する酸化ケイ素の割合が1wt%となるように、量を決定した。当該分散液をスプレードライヤーに投入し、スプレーシリンダー内の温度を100℃、窒素雰囲気として、噴射された分散液を瞬時に乾燥させ、粉末を得た。
電極Bは、黒鉛に対する酸化ケイ素の割合が、電極Aと異なる電極である。電極Bでは、分散液を用意する段階で、黒鉛に対する酸化ケイ素の割合が2wt%となるように、エチルシリケート40の量を決定して、電極を作製した。酸化ケイ素の割合を除き、電極Bの構成及び作製方法は、電極Aと同じであるので、ここでは説明を省略する。
電極Aおよび電極Bが、被膜を有する活物質を用いて作製された電極であるのに対し、比較電極Cは、被膜なしの活物質を用いて作製した電極である。比較電極Cでは、活物質として人造黒鉛MCMB、導電助剤としてVGCF、バインダーとしてCMC及びSBRを用いて、黒鉛、VGCF、CMC、及びSBRの重量比が、96:1:1:2となるようにスラリーを形成した。スラリーの溶媒としては、水を用いた。
図17に、被膜を有する黒鉛の観察像を示す。断面観察は、高分解能透過電子顕微鏡(TEM、日立製作所製「H9000−NAR」)を用いて、加速電圧を200kVとして行った。上記電極Aの作製に用いられた、スプレードライヤー工程終了後の黒鉛粉末を、FIB(Focused Ion Beam System:集束イオンビーム加工観察装置)を用いて薄片化加工した後、観察を行った。205万倍で観察をおこなったところ、黒鉛1401の表面に、膜1402が薄く、均一に形成されていることを観察することができた。また、その膜厚は、おおよそ5nm以下であると見積もられた。なお、1403は、断面観察用に形成した保護膜である。
次に、電極Aを負極として用い、電解液、セパレータ、及び正極を有するフルセルを組み立てた後、1回充放電してリチウムイオン二次電池Aを作製し、二次電池のサイクル試験を行った。また、電極Bおよび比較電極Cについても、同様に負極として用い、電解液、セパレータ、及び正極を有するフルセルを組み立てた後、1回充放電してリチウムイオン二次電池B、リチウムイオン二次電池Cを作製し、サイクル試験を行った。
以上のことから、本発明の一態様に係る電極をリチウムイオン二次電池に適用することにより、リチウムイオン二次電池の充放電の繰り返しにおいて、充放電の副反応として生じる電解液等の分解反応を最小限に抑制することができ、リチウムイオン二次電池のサイクル特性を向上させることができた。
活物質Dは、被膜形成処理を2回行って得た活物質である。まず、活物質として人造黒鉛MCMBと、被膜形成材としてエチルシリケート40と、97%エタノール水溶液と、塩酸とを用いて、分散液を用意した。エチルシリケート40の量は、実施の形態2で説明したとおり、分散液を用意する段階で、黒鉛に対する酸化ケイ素の割合が1wt%となるように、量を決定した。当該分散液をスプレードライヤーに投入し、スプレーシリンダー内の温度を100℃、窒素雰囲気として、噴射された分散液を瞬時に乾燥させ、粉末を得た。
活物質Dに対して飛行時間二次イオン質量分析(ToF−SIMS:Time−of−flight secondary ion mass spectrometry)を行って、黒鉛表面における被膜の状態を調べた。分析は、ION−TOF社製のTOF−SIMS300を用いて、一次イオン源をBiとして行った。
図20(A)に、活物質Dの観察像を示す。断面観察は、活物質DをFIB(Focused Ion Beam System:集束イオンビーム加工観察装置)を用いて薄片化加工した後、高分解能透過電子顕微鏡(TEM、日立製作所製「H−9000NAR」)を用いて、加速電圧を200kVとして行った。205万倍で観察をおこなったところ、黒鉛1301の表面に、膜1302が形成されていることを観察することができた。また、その膜厚は、厚いところでおよそ5、6nmであった。
次に、活物質Eについて説明する。活物質Eは、被膜材料の活物質に対する割合を活物質Dよりも増やし、被膜形成処理を1回行って得た活物質である。まず、活物質として人造黒鉛MCMBと、被膜形成材としてエチルシリケート40と、97%エタノール水溶液と、塩酸とを用いて、分散液を用意した。エチルシリケート40の量は、実施の形態2で説明したとおり、分散液を用意する段階で、黒鉛に対する酸化ケイ素の割合が2wt%となるように、量を決定した。当該分散液をスプレードライヤーに投入し、スプレーシリンダー内の温度を100℃、窒素雰囲気として、噴射された分散液を瞬時に乾燥させ、粉末を得た。
図20(B)に、活物質Eの観察像を示す。断面観察は、活物質Dと同様に行い、黒鉛1303の表面に、膜1304が形成されていることを観察することができた。
活物質D、導電助剤としてVGCF、バインダーとしてCMC及びSBRを用いて、活物質D、VGCF、CMC、及びSBRの重量比が96:1:1:2となるようにスラリーを形成した。スラリーの溶媒としては、純水を用いた。
電極の構成及び作製方法は、活物質として活物質Eを用いることを除き、電極Dと同じであるので、ここでは説明を省略する。
電極Dを負極として用い、電解液、セパレータ、及び正極を有するフルセルを組み立てた後、1回充放電してリチウムイオン二次電池Dを作製し、二次電池のサイクル試験を行った。また、電極Eについても、同様に負極として用い、電解液、セパレータ、及び正極を有するフルセルを組み立てた後、1回充放電してリチウムイオン二次電池Eを作製し、サイクル試験を行った。
サイクル試験は、ラミネートセルの形態で行った。正極には、活物質としてLiFePO4、導電助剤として酸化グラフェン、バインダーとしてPVdFを用いて、LiFePO4、酸化グラフェン、PVdFの重量比が、94.2:0.8:5となるようにスラリーを形成した。スラリーの溶媒としては、NMPを用いた。
サイクル試験に用いたラミネートセルは、電解液を除き、リチウムイオン二次電池Dと同じ条件で作製したものであるので、ここでは説明を省略する。リチウムイオン二次電池Eの電解液には、エチレンカーボネート(EC)とエチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)とを重量比で3:7の割合で混合した溶液中へ、六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)を1Mの濃度で溶解し、さらにビニレンカーボネート(VC)を少量(1wt%)添加したものを用いた。セパレータには、ポリプロピレン(PP)を用いた。
以上のことから、本発明の一態様に係る電極をリチウムイオン二次電池に適用することにより、リチウムイオン二次電池の充放電の繰り返しにおいて、充放電の副反応として生じる電解液等の分解反応を最小限に抑制することができ、リチウムイオン二次電池のサイクル特性を向上させることができた。
電極Fは、活物質表面への被膜形成手段として、ディップコート法を用いて作製した電極である。まず、活物質として黒鉛(G10)と、導電助剤としてVGCFと、バインダーとしてCMC及びSBRと、溶媒として水とを混練し、スラリーを形成した。黒鉛、VGCF、CMC、及びSBRの重量比が、96:1:1:2となるようにスラリーを形成した。
電極Gは、スプレードライヤーを用いて形成された被膜を有する活物質を含む電極である。まず、活物質として黒鉛(G10)を用いる以外は、実施例2に記載された(活物質D)及び(電極D)を参照することができるので、ここでは説明を省略する。
電極Fを負極として用い、電解液、セパレータ、及び正極を有するフルセルを組み立てた後、1回充放電してリチウムイオン二次電池Fを作製し、二次電池のサイクル試験を行った。また、電極Gについても、同様に負極として用い、電解液、セパレータ、及び正極を有するフルセルを組み立てた後、1回充放電してリチウムイオン二次電池Gを作製し、サイクル試験を行った。
サイクル試験は、ラミネートセルの形態で行った。正極には、活物質としてLiFePO4、導電助剤として酸化グラフェン、バインダーとしてPVdFを用いて、LiFePO4、酸化グラフェン、PVdFの重量比が、94.2:0.8:5となるようにスラリーを形成した。スラリーの溶媒としては、NMPを用いた。
サイクル試験に用いたラミネートセルは、リチウムイオン二次電池Fと同じ条件で作製したものであるので、ここでは説明を省略する。リチウムイオン二次電池Gの電解液には、エチレンカーボネート(EC)とジエチルカーボネート(DEC)とを重量比で1:1の割合で混合した溶液中へ、リチウムビストリフルオロメタンスルホニルアミド(LiTFSA)を0.65mol/Kgの濃度で溶解し、添加剤として六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)を少量(2wt%)添加し、さらにビニレンカーボネート(VC)を少量(1wt%)添加したものを用いた。
以上のことから、本発明の一態様に係る電極をリチウムイオン二次電池に適用することにより、リチウムイオン二次電池の充放電の繰り返しにおいて、充放電の副反応として生じる電解液等の分解反応を最小限に抑制することができ、リチウムイオン二次電池のサイクル特性を向上させることができた。
102 集電体
103 活物質層
111 活物質
112 被膜
113 バインダー
114 導電助剤
115 空隙
121 二流体ノズル
122 加熱手段
123 スプレーシリンダー
124 サイクロン
125 容器
141 活物質
142 被膜
143 バインダー
144 導電助剤
300 蓄電池
301 正極缶
302 負極缶
303 ガスケット
304 正極
305 正極集電体
306 正極活物質層
307 負極
308 負極集電体
309 負極活物質層
310 セパレータ
500 リチウムイオン二次電池
501 正極集電体
502 正極活物質層
503 正極
504 負極集電体
505 負極活物質層
506 負極
507 セパレータ
508 電解液
509 外装体
521 正極活物質
522 被膜
523 バインダー
524 導電助剤
600 蓄電池
601 正極キャップ
602 電池缶
603 正極端子
604 正極
605 セパレータ
606 負極
607 負極端子
608 絶縁板
609 絶縁板
611 PTC素子
612 安全弁機構
900 回路基板
910 ラベル
911 端子
912 回路
913 蓄電池
914 アンテナ
915 アンテナ
916 層
917 層
918 アンテナ
919 端子
920 表示装置
921 センサ
922 端子
951 端子
952 端子
980 蓄電池
981 フィルム
982 フィルム
991 外装体
992 外装体
993 捲回体
994 負極
995 正極
996 セパレータ
997 リード電極
998 リード電極
1201 曲線
1202 曲線
1203 曲線
1301 黒鉛
1302 膜
1303 黒鉛
1304 膜
1401 黒鉛
1402 膜
7100 携帯表示装置
7101 筐体
7102 表示部
7103 操作ボタン
7104 蓄電装置
7200 携帯情報端末
7201 筐体
7202 表示部
7203 バンド
7204 バックル
7205 操作ボタン
7206 入出力端子
7207 アイコン
7300 表示装置
7304 表示部
7400 携帯電話機
7401 筐体
7402 表示部
7403 操作ボタン
7404 外部接続ポート
7405 スピーカ
7406 マイク
7407 蓄電装置
7408 リード電極
8000 表示装置
8001 筐体
8002 表示部
8003 スピーカ部
8004 蓄電装置
8021 充電装置
8022 ケーブル
8100 照明装置
8101 筐体
8102 光源
8103 蓄電装置
8104 天井
8105 側壁
8106 床
8107 窓
8200 室内機
8201 筐体
8202 送風口
8203 蓄電装置
8204 室外機
8300 電気冷凍冷蔵庫
8301 筐体
8302 冷蔵室用扉
8303 冷凍室用扉
8304 蓄電装置
8400 自動車
8401 ヘッドライト
8500 自動車
9600 タブレット型端末
9625 省電力モード切り替えスイッチ
9626 表示モード切り替えスイッチ
9627 電源スイッチ
9628 操作スイッチ
9629 留め具
9630 筐体
9630a 筐体
9630b 筐体
9631 表示部
9631a 表示部
9631b 表示部
9632a タッチパネルの領域
9632b タッチパネルの領域
9633 太陽電池
9634 充放電制御回路
9635 蓄電体
9636 DCDCコンバータ
9637 コンバータ
9638 操作キー
9639 キーボード表示切り替えボタン
9640 可動部
Claims (2)
- 複数の粒状の活物質、有機ケイ素化合物、導電助剤、及び溶媒を有する分散液を用意する工程と、
スプレードライヤーを用いて、前記分散液を噴射して乾燥させて粉末を形成する工程と、
前記粉末に加熱処理を行う工程と、
前記加熱処理後、前記粉末、バインダー、及び溶媒を混練してスラリーを形成する工程と、
集電体上に前記スラリーを塗布し、乾燥させて活物質層を形成する工程と、を有し、
前記加熱処理を行う工程により、前記複数の粒状の活物質の表面及び前記導電助剤の表面に付着した前記有機ケイ素化合物を加水分解及び縮合反応させ、前記複数の粒状の活物質のうち、少なくとも一の粒状の活物質の表面の一部又は全部に、酸化ケイ素を主成分とする被膜を形成し、前記複数の粒状の活物質のうち、少なくとも他の一の粒状の活物質と導電助剤とが互いに接触する領域を有する状態で、その表面の一部又は全部に、酸化ケイ素を主成分とする膜を形成し、
前記複数の粒状の活物質の各々は黒鉛でなる、電極の作製方法。 - 請求項1において、
前記有機ケイ素化合物は、エチルシリケート、エチルポリシリケート、メチルポリシリケート、プロピルポリシリケート、ブチルポリシリケート、テトラメトキシシラン、テトラエトキシシラン、テトラブトキシシラン、又はテトラプロポキシシランである、電極の作製方法。
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JP5675540B2 (ja) * | 2011-09-22 | 2015-02-25 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 非水電解液二次電池用負極材及び非水電解液二次電池 |
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KR102164631B1 (ko) | 2012-11-02 | 2020-10-12 | 가부시키가이샤 한도오따이 에네루기 켄큐쇼 | 축전 장치용 전극 및 그 제조 방법, 축전 장치, 및 전기기기 |
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JP6070243B2 (ja) * | 2013-02-14 | 2017-02-01 | 日本ゼオン株式会社 | 電気化学素子正極用複合粒子の製造方法 |
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CN106104862B (zh) | 2020-04-28 |
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US10354810B2 (en) | 2019-07-16 |
JP2016076469A (ja) | 2016-05-12 |
KR102467995B1 (ko) | 2022-11-17 |
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JP2024052882A (ja) | 2024-04-12 |
JP2022088448A (ja) | 2022-06-14 |
JP2020004736A (ja) | 2020-01-09 |
US20150262762A1 (en) | 2015-09-17 |
KR20160132886A (ko) | 2016-11-21 |
WO2015136417A1 (en) | 2015-09-17 |
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CN111403683B (zh) | 2024-02-23 |
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