CN1171636A - 负极材料和使用该材料的无水电解液蓄电池 - Google Patents
负极材料和使用该材料的无水电解液蓄电池 Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M10/06—Lead-acid accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
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Abstract
一种负极材料具有单位体积高能量密度以实现高的充电/放电容量,且一种无水电解液蓄电池采用该负极材料。该无水电解液蓄电池包括主要由硅组成并能够掺杂/去掺杂轻金属离子的负极、正极和无水电解液。
Description
本发明涉及一种全新的电极材料,该电极材料用于使用它的无水电解液蓄电池。
为了跟上电子技术的新进展,诸如内置有摄像机的录相机、便携式电话或膝上型计算机这样的便携式电子装置已经被开发出来,因此对于用来作为使用这些设备的便携式电源的体积小重量轻的高能量密度蓄电池的开发提出了强烈的要求。
作为能满足该要求的蓄电池,一种采用诸如锂、钠或铝这样的轻金属用作负极活性材料,并能够产生理论上的高电压的高能量密度的无水电解液蓄电池是很有前景的。尤其是无水电解液锂蓄电池易于携带并能够产生高输出并具有高能量密度,因而在该领域的研究和开发进展很快。
同时,如果像锂这样的轻金属被直接用作无水电解液蓄电池的负极材料,该轻金属在充电过程中倾向于在负极上沉淀为树枝状晶体,因而在树枝状晶体的末端电流密度显著增加。其结果是由于无水电解液的分解或树枝状晶体的过分生长而在电池内部产生短路而使得电池的循环耐久性下降。
为了避免轻金属的树枝状结晶沉淀,这些轻金属并不被直接使用,而是用作能够掺杂和去掺杂轻金属离子从而被用作负极材料的含碳材料的掺杂材料。考虑到生产成本和循环特性,可采用焦炭或有机高分子烧结材料作为该含碳材料。
具有这种负极的蓄电池的能量密度明显取决于含碳材料中掺杂/去掺杂轻金属离子的数量,也就是充电/放电能力。
但是,常规含碳材料中掺杂/去掺杂轻金属离子的数量并不足够大,因而人们希望能开发出一种具有更高的充电/放电能力的全新的负极材料。
像焦炭或有机高分子材料这样的含碳材料是利用像煤或石油这样的化石资源生产的。从保持或改善地球环境的观点而言,使用这样的材料并不完全理想,因而人们强烈要求利用全新的负极材料来取代含碳材料。
因而本发明的目的是提供用作无水电解液蓄电池的负极的具有高充电/放电能力的全新的负极材料,以及采用该全新的负极材料的无水电解液蓄电池。
本发明人为实现上述目的而进行了持久的研究,并且发现主要由硅组成的一种化合物证明是一种具有高充电/放电能力的负极材料。
根据本发明的负极材料主要由硅组成并能够掺杂/去掺杂轻金属离子。
该负极材料可仅由硅组成或由含硅的硅化合物组成。
如果负极材料是不导电的,可通过掺杂杂质而使其导电。该杂质可以是n型的或p型的。
根据本发明的无水电解液蓄电池包括主要由硅组成并能够掺杂/去掺杂轻金属离子的负极,正极和无水电解液。
负极材料可仅由硅组成或由含硅的硅化合物组成。
如果负极材料是不导电的,可通过掺杂杂质而使其导电。该杂质可以是n型的或p型的。
主要由硅组成的负极材料的密度高于作为常规电极材料的含碳材料,能够在层间空间或硅化合物的微空间内掺杂和去掺杂大量的起负极活性材料作用的轻金属。因此,利用这种采用该负极材料的无水电解液蓄电池,增加了充电/放电能力,因而可实现单位体积的极高的能量密度。
下面对本发明进行详细解释。
根据本发明的负极材料主要由硅组成,并能够掺杂/去掺杂像锂这样的证明可作为无水电解液蓄电池的负极活性材料的轻金属。
该负极材料可以是单一的硅、硅的碳化物、氰化物、氮化物、氧化物、硼化物、硼氧化物、氮氧化合物,硅与诸如碱金属元素或碱土金属元素这样的典型元素的合金、硅与过渡金属的合金、以及由硅与上述元素或金属组成的三种或以上成分的合金或化合物。本发明的负极材料的组成材料还可含有卤族元素。
尽管对负极材料的化学结构没有限制,但可列举出由硅组成的层状结构或或三维网状结构及4坐标或6坐标框架结构。
负极材料可以是板状或粉末状的并在微观结构上是微小的多孔结构。
硅化合物的举例包括Si,SiO,SiO2,SiC,SiB4,SiB6,Si3N4,CaSi2,CoSi2,CrSi2,Cu5Si,FeSi2,Mg2Si,MnSi2,MoSi2,NbSi2,NiSi2,TaSi2,TiSi2,VSi2,WSi2和ZnSi2也可被采用。
根据本发明的负极材料可通过将上述硅化合物单独或组合进行混合或加热,混合及熔解而得到。
上述负极材料可用作无水电解液蓄电池的负极。在这种情况下,负极材料被事先掺杂进轻金属。可列举出的这些轻金属有锂、钠或铝。考虑到电池输出和能量密度锂尤其理想。
如果上述负极是不导电的,或者导电性低,则可理想地在负极材料中掺入杂质。例如例如可用n型杂质或p型杂质掺入因而负极材料表现出n型或p型导电性。可列举出的n型杂质为五价元素,例如磷。可列举出的p型杂质为三价元素,例如硼。杂质掺入量理想地为7×1018至1×1019个原子/cm3(300K)。
如果上述负极是不导电的,或者导电性低,可将导电金属或碳作为导电剂与结合剂一起加入而从负极材料形成负极以保证硅化合物的导电性。结合剂和可以是已知的任何类型的。
如果采用的硅化合物的容量损耗(充电容量-放电容量)大,作为活性材料的轻金属,如锂,可包含在该硅化合物中。
主要由硅组成的负极材料在密度上高于作为常规电极材料的含碳材料,它可以在层间空间或硅化合物的微空间内掺杂和去掺杂大量的起负极活性材料作用的轻金属。因此,利用这种采用该负极材料的无水电解液蓄电池,与常规电池相比单位体积内的能量密度明显增加,从而实现了高充电/放电能力。
同时,如果无水电解液蓄电池利用这样的负极材料构成,根据电池的种类可采用金属氧化物、金属硫化物或特定的聚合物作为正极的活性材料。
例如,为形成无水电解液蓄电池,无锂金属硫化物或金属氧化物,如TiS2,MoS2,NbSe2或V2O5,或者主要由LixMO2(其中M是一种或多种过渡金属,通常0.05≤X≤1.10)组成的锂化合物氧化物可被用作正极活性材料。作为锂化合物氧化物中的过渡金属M,Co,Ni和Mn是理想的。锂化合物氧化物的解释性举例包括那些含有镍、钴和锰的,如LiCoO2,LiNiO2及LiMn2O4。
这些锂化合物氧化物可用来与上述负极及适当的电解液配合来生产能够产生高电压的电池,从而证明是具有优越的能量密度的正极活性材料。这些锂化合物氧化物可通过以适当的混合比混合和研磨锂的碳化物、氮化物、氧化物或氢氧化物,钴、锰或镍的碳化物、氮化物、氧化物或氢氧化物,并在氧气中以400℃至1000℃的温度焙烧粉末状混合物而制成。
无水电解液蓄电池的无水电解液的有机溶剂可列举如下:丙烯碳酸酯、碳酸乙烯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸甲·乙酯,1,2-二甲氧基乙烷,1,2-二乙氧基乙烷,γ-丁内酯,四氢呋喃,1,3-二氧戊环,碳酸二丙酯,二乙醚,sulforane,乙腈,丙腈,苯甲醚,醋酸酯,和丙酸酯。可以以混合物的形式使用两种或以上的有机溶剂。
作为溶解在无水电解液的有机溶剂中的电解液,可以根据采用无水电解液的电池的类型选择和采用轻金属,如锂、钠或铝的盐。例如,为形成无水电解液蓄电池,可采用诸如LiClO4,LiAsF6,LiPF6,LiBF4,LiCF3SO3,或LiN(CF3SO2)2这些锂盐。
对于无水电解液蓄电池的形状没有限制,可以是圆柱形、方形、硬币形或钮扣形。如果电池是封闭型的,则理想地采用保护装置以便在异常情况,如过充电时将响应于内部电压上升的电流断开。
举例
参照举例对本发明进行详细解释。
例一
将作为负极材料的单晶硅在研钵中磨成粉末并用筛网筛选以收集直径低于38μm的粉末。将这些粉末在氩气中按照30℃/分的温度上升速率加热并最终达到150℃并在该温度下保持一小时。这样可除去表面区域吸收的水份。然后硅粉被冷却至常温。
在冷却以后,立即将90%重量百分比的硅粉和10%重量百分比的作为溶剂的聚偏氟乙烯和二甲基甲醛进行均匀混合。为了调整负极混合物,加入作为导电剂的重量为10份的金粉并进行干燥。使用39.9mg的这种负极混合物和镍纤维直径为20μm的作为电流收集器的镍网成型为直径为15.5mm的小球以生产负极。
利用硅负极、锂金属作为对极、聚丙烯多孔薄膜作为隔离物以及由以1mol/lit的比例溶解在1∶1体积比的丙烯碳酸酯和二甲氧基乙烷溶剂中的高氯酸锂组成的无水电解液以生产一枚直径为20mm且厚2.5mm的硬币形试验电池。
例二
按与例一相同的方式制备试验电池,不过将单晶硅预先掺入硼(p型)从而改善导电性,并对其充分干燥从而用作负极。
例三
按与例一相同的方式制备试验电池,不过将单晶硅预先掺入磷(n型)从而改善导电性,并对其充分干燥,用作负极。
比较例一
按与例一相同的方式制备试验电池,不过使用作为典型的石墨化碳的沥青焦炭作为负极。
比较例二
按与例一相同的方式制备试验电池,不过使用作为典型的非石墨化碳的烧过的苯酚树脂煤(通过在惰性气体中以1000℃焙烧而获得)作为负极。
比较例三
按与例一相同的方式制备试验电池,不过使用作为典型高石墨结晶化碳的天然石墨作为负极。
负极容量试验
以下容量试验是在由以上示例和比较示例中生产的试验电池上进行的。
首先,将试验电池以1mA(0.53mA/cm2的电流)的恒定电流充电至锂电势。充电后允许将电池放置120分钟然后以1mA放电。在充电开始后电流导通状态时试验电池电压超过1.5V的时间点上放电被中止。
放电容量被负极中的硅或碳的重量除,所得到的值被用作负极的充电/放电容量。结果表示在表1中。
充电和放电分别表示负极中的锂掺杂过程和负极中的锂去掺杂过程。因此,试验电池电压随着充电和放电分别下降和上升。
如表1中所示,采用单晶硅作为负极的示例中的试验电池表现出的负极容量高于采用含碳材料用作负极的比较示例中的负极容量。
表1
负极材料 | 放电容量(mAh/g) | |
例一 | 单晶硅(混合有金粉) | 407 |
例二 | 单晶硅(掺杂有硼) | 453 |
例三 | 单晶硅(掺杂有磷) | 447 |
比较例 | 石墨碳(沥青焦炭) | 300 |
比较例 | 非石墨碳(石碳酸焙烧焦炭) | 350 |
比较例 | 石墨(天然石墨) | 370 |
充电和放电分别表示负极中的锂掺杂过程和负极中的锂去掺杂过程。因此,试验电池电压随着充电和放电分别下降和上升。
如表1中所示,采用单晶硅作为负极的示例中的试验电池表现出的负极容量高于采用含碳材料用作负极的比较示例中的负极容量。
因此可以看出采用单晶硅作为负极的示例中的试验电池表现出的负极容量高于采用含碳材料用作负极的比较示例中的负极容量。从这一点可以看出主要由硅组成的负极材料表现出的单位体积能量密度要大于常规含碳负极材料的能量密度,因而表现出高的充电/放电容量。
Claims (11)
1.一种主要由硅组成的负极材料,能够掺杂/去掺杂轻金属离子。
2.根据权利要求1的负极材料,仅由硅组成。
3.根据权利要求1的负极材料,其中该材料通过掺杂进杂质而变为导电的。
4.根据权利要求3的负极材料,其中杂质是n型的。
5.根据权利要求3的负极材料,其中杂质是p型的。
6.一种无水电解液蓄电池包括:
主要由硅组成并能够掺杂/去掺杂轻金属离子的负极材料;
正极;和
无水电解液。
7.根据权利要求6的无水电解液蓄电池,其中负极仅由硅组成。
8.根据权利要求6的无水电解液蓄电池,其中负极通过掺杂进杂质而变为导电的。
9.根据权利要求8的无水电解液蓄电池,其中杂质是n型的。
10.根据权利要求8的无水电解液蓄电池,其中杂质是p型的。
11.根据权利要求6的无水电解液蓄电池,其中正极由含锂的化合物组成。
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- 1997-07-11 TW TW086109825A patent/TW362295B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-07-15 EP EP97112102A patent/EP0820110A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1997-07-16 ID IDP972478A patent/ID18348A/id unknown
- 1997-07-18 US US08/896,622 patent/US6042969A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-07-18 CN CN97114703A patent/CN1093323C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-07-18 KR KR1019970033454A patent/KR100404290B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
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US8877205B2 (en) | 2011-02-12 | 2014-11-04 | Globeimmune, Inc. | Yeast-based therapeutic for chronic hepatitis B infection |
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CN102544461A (zh) * | 2012-02-17 | 2012-07-04 | 电子科技大学 | 一种锂离子电池负极材料及其制备方法 |
CN106415897A (zh) * | 2014-06-11 | 2017-02-15 | 小林光 | 锂离子电池的负极材料、锂离子电池、锂离子电池的负极或负极材料的制造方法及制造装置 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0820110A3 (en) | 2000-03-01 |
ID18348A (id) | 1998-04-02 |
EP0820110A2 (en) | 1998-01-21 |
KR100404290B1 (ko) | 2003-12-18 |
MX9705363A (es) | 1998-07-31 |
JP3713900B2 (ja) | 2005-11-09 |
TW362295B (en) | 1999-06-21 |
KR980012683A (ko) | 1998-04-30 |
CN1093323C (zh) | 2002-10-23 |
US6042969A (en) | 2000-03-28 |
JPH1083817A (ja) | 1998-03-31 |
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