CN105873902B - 用于rna递送的可电离的阳离子脂质 - Google Patents
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- CN105873902B CN105873902B CN201480063077.1A CN201480063077A CN105873902B CN 105873902 B CN105873902 B CN 105873902B CN 201480063077 A CN201480063077 A CN 201480063077A CN 105873902 B CN105873902 B CN 105873902B
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Abstract
描述了式(I)的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R1和R2相同或不同,各自是具有1至9个碳的直链或支链烷基,或者具有2至11个碳原子的烯基或炔基;L1和L2相同或不同,各自是具有5至18个碳原子的直链烷基,或者与N形成杂环;X1是键,或者是‑CO‑O‑,由此形成L2‑CO‑O‑R2;X2是S或O;L3是键或低级烷基,或者与N形成杂环;R3是低级烷基;并且R4和R5相同或不同,各自是低级烷基。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2013年11月18日提交的美国临时专利申请No.61/905,724的权益,其内容通过引用整体并入本文。
背景技术
目前,大量不同类型的核酸正被开发作为用于治疗多种疾病的治疗剂。这些核酸包括基因治疗中的DNA、基于质粒的干扰核酸、用于RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)的小干扰核酸,包括siRNA、miRNA、反义分子、核酶和适配体。随着这些分子的开发,已发展出以以下形式对其进行生产的需求,所述形式稳定且具有长货架期(shelf-life)并且可容易地引入到无水有机溶剂或无水极性非质子溶剂中以实现核酸的包封而没有可在极性水溶液或非极性溶剂中发生的副反应。
本发明涉及有利于胞内递送生物活性和治疗性分子的新脂质组合物。本发明还涉及含有此类脂质组合物并且可用于向患者的细胞中递送治疗有效量生物活性分子的药物组合物。
将治疗性化合物递送至对象对其治疗效果而言是重要的并且这通常可因该化合物到达所靶向细胞和组织的有限能力而受到阻碍。通过多种递送方式对此类化合物进行改进以进入所靶向的组织细胞至关重要。本发明涉及有利于生物活性分子的靶向胞内递送的新脂质。
通常无法实现有效地靶向患者组织的生物活性分子的实例包括(1)多种蛋白质,包括免疫球蛋白;(2)多核苷酸,例如基因组DNA、cDNA或mRNA;(3)反义多核苷酸;和(4)很多低分子量化合物,不管是合成的还是天然存在的,例如肽类激素和抗生素。
医疗从业者现在正面临的基本挑战之一是目前大量不同类型的核酸正被开发作为用于治疗多种疾病的治疗剂。这些核酸包括基因治疗中的DNA、用于RNA干扰(RNAi)的质粒小干扰核酸(interfering nucleic acid,iNA)、反义分子、核酶、antagomir、微RNA和适配体。随着这些核酸的开发,存在生产易于制备并且可容易地递送至靶组织的脂质制剂的需求。
发明概述
本文中描述了式1的化合物:
其中
R1和R2相同或不同,各自是直链或支链的烷基、烯基或炔基,
L1和L2相同或不同,各自是具有至少5个碳原子的直链烷基,或者与N形成杂环,
X1是键,或者是-CO-O-,由此形成L2-CO-O-R2,
X2是S或O,
L3是键或低级烷基,
R3是低级烷基,
R4和R5相同或不同,各自是低级烷基。
本文中还描述了式1的化合物,其中L3不存在,R1和R2各自由至少7个碳原子组成,R3是亚乙基或亚正丙基(n-propylene),R4和R5是甲基或乙基,并且L1和L2各自由具有至少5个碳原子的直链烷基组成。
本文中还描述了式1的化合物,其中L3不存在,R1和R2各自由至少7个碳原子组成,R3是亚乙基或亚正丙基,R4和R5是甲基或乙基,并且L1和L2各自由具有至少5个碳原子的直链烷基组成。
本文中还描述了式1的化合物,其中L3不存在,R1和R2各自由具有至少9个碳原子的烯基组成,R3是亚乙基或亚正丙基,R4和R5是甲基或乙基,并且L1和L2各自由具有至少5个碳原子的直链烷基组成。
本文中还描述了式1的化合物,其中L3是亚甲基,R1和R2各自由至少7个碳原子组成,R3是亚乙基或亚正丙基,R4和R5是甲基或乙基,并且L1和L2各自由具有至少5个碳原子的直链烷基组成。
本文中还描述了式1的化合物,其中L3是亚甲基,R1和R2各自由至少9个碳原子组成,R3是亚乙基或亚正丙基,R4和R5各自是甲基,L1和L2各自由具有至少7个碳原子的直链烷基组成。
本文中还描述了式1的化合物,其中L3是亚甲基,R1由具有至少9个碳原子的烯基组成并且R2由具有至少7个碳原子的烯基组成,R3是亚正丙基,R4和R5各自是甲基,L1和L2各自由具有至少7个碳原子的直链烷基组成。
本文中还描述了式1的化合物,其中L3是亚甲基,R1和R2各自由具有至少9个碳原子的烯基组成,R3是亚乙基,R4和R5各自是甲基,L1和L2各自由具有至少7个碳原子的直链烷基组成。
本文中还描述了具有以下结构的化合物:
本文中还描述了具有以下结构的化合物:
本文中还描述了具有以下结构的化合物:
本文中还描述了具有以下结构的化合物:
本文中还描述了具有以下结构的化合物:
本文中还描述了具有以下结构的化合物:
本文中还描述了具有以下结构的化合物:
本文中还描述了具有以下结构的化合物:
本文中还描述了具有以下结构的化合物:
本文中还描述了具有以下结构的化合物:
本文中还描述了具有以下结构的化合物:
本文中还描述了具有以下结构的化合物:
本文中还描述了下表1中列出的ATX-001至ATX-032中列举的任意化合物或其可药用盐,其在包含脂质分子的纳米颗粒或双层的脂质组合物中。所述脂质双层优选地还包含中性脂质或聚合物。所述脂质组合物优选地包含液体介质。所述组合物优选地还包封有核酸。所述核酸优选地具有通过利用RNA干扰(RNAi)来抑制靶基因表达的活性。所述脂质组合物优选地还包含核酸和中性脂质或聚合物。所述脂质组合物优选地包封所述核酸。
所述核酸优选地具有抑制靶基因表达的活性。所述靶基因优选地是与炎症相关的基因。
本文中还描述了用于通过使用上述任意组合物来将核酸导入哺乳动物细胞中的方法。所述细胞可在肝、肺、肾、脑、血液、脾或骨中。所述组合物优选地静脉内、皮下、腹膜内或鞘内施用。优选地,本文中所述的组合物用于治疗癌症或炎性疾病的方法。所述疾病可以是选自以下的一种:免疫紊乱(immune disorder)、癌症、肾病、纤维变性疾病(fibroticdisease)、遗传异常、炎症和心血管疾病。
附图简述
图1示出了经不同阳离子脂质包封的siRNA的敲减(knockdown)活性。所述脂质包括MC3(0.3mg/kg)、NC1(0.3mg/kg)、ATX-547(0.3mg/kg)、ATX-001(0.3和1.0mg/kg)、ATX-002(0.3和1.0mg/kg)和ATX-003(0.3和1.0mg/kg)。示出了与单独注射载剂相比在将siRNA制剂施用于C57BL6小鼠之后小鼠血浆中因子VII敲减物的量。包括异常和正常人血浆中因子VII的量作为对照。星号(*)表示因子VII水平在统计学上显著降低(p<0.01)。
图2示出了siRNA对因子VII活性的作用的评价,其基于图2中所示并且相对于与单独载剂相比的敲减百分比归一化的结果。
图3示出了经不同阳离子脂质包封的siRNA的敲减活性。所述脂质包括MC3(0.3和1.5mg/kg)、NC1(0.3mg/kg)、AT547(0.1和0.3mg/kg)、AT004(0.3)、AT006(0.3和1.0mg/kg)、ATX-010(0.3mg/kg)和AT001(0.3和1.5mg/kg)。示出了与单独注射载剂相比在将siRNA制剂施用于C57BL6小鼠之后小鼠血浆中因子VII敲减物的量。包括异常和正常人血浆中因子VII的量作为对照。星号(*)表示因子VII水平在统计学上显著降低(p<0.01)。
图4示出了siRNA对因子VII活性的作用的评价,其基于图2中所示并且相对于与单独载剂相比的敲减百分比归一化的结果。
具体实施方式
“至少一个/种”意指一个/种或更多个/种(例如,1至3个/种、1至2个/种或1个/种)。
“组合物”包括含有特定量的指定成分的产物,以及由特定量的指定成分之组合直接或间接得到的任意产物。
“与…组合”当用于描述式(1)化合物与其他药物在本发明的治疗方法中的施用时意指式(1)化合物与其他药物以单独剂型依次或同时施用,或者以同一剂型同时施用。
“哺乳动物”意指人或其他哺乳动物,或者意指人类。
“患者”包括人和其他哺乳动物二者,优选人。
“烷基”是饱和或不饱和的直链或支链烃链。在多个实施方案中,所述烷基具有1至18个碳原子,即,是C1-C18基团,或者是C1-C12基团、C1-C6基团或C1-C4基团。独立地,在多个实施方案中,所述烷基具有0个分支(即,是直链)、1个分支、2个分支或多于2个分支。“烯基”是可具有1个双键、2个双键、多于2个双键的不饱和的烷基。“炔基”(alkynal)是可具有1个三键、2个三键或多于2个三键的不饱和烷基。烷基链可任选地经1个取代基(即,烷基是经单取代的),或1至2个取代基,或1至3个取代基,或1至4个取代基等取代。所述取代基可选自羟基、氨基、烷基氨基、硼基(boronyl)、羧基、硝基、氰基等。当烷基引入一个或更多个杂原子时,在此可将该烷基称为杂烷基。当烷基上的取代基是烃时,则将得到的基团简称为经取代的烷基。在多个方面,烷基包括取代基在内具有少于25、24、23、22、21、20、19、18、17、16、15、14、13、12、11、10、9、8或7个碳。
“低级烷基”意指在链中具有约1至约6个碳原子的基团,所述链可以是直链或支链的。合适烷基的非限制性实例包括甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、叔丁基、正戊基和己基。
“烷氧基”意指烷基-O-基团,其中烷基如上文所定义的。烷氧基的非限制性实例包括:甲氧基、乙氧基、正丙氧基、异丙氧基、正丁氧基和庚氧基。与母体部分的键是通过醚氧。
“烷氧基烷基”意指烷氧基-烷基-基团,其中烷氧基和烷基如前文所定义的。优选的烷氧基烷基包含低级烷基。与母体部分的键是通过烷基。
“烷基芳基”意指烷基-芳基-基团,其中烷基和芳基如前文所定义的。优选的烷基芳基包含低级烷基。与母体部分的键是通过芳基。
“氨基烷基”意指NH2-烷基-基团,其中烷基如上文所定义,其通过烷基与母体部分结合。
“羧基烷基”意指HOOC-烷基-基团,其中烷基如上文所定义,其通过烷基与母体部分结合。
“商购可得的化学品”以及本文中所示的实施例中使用的化学品可从标准的商业来源获得,其中这样的来源包括例如Acros Organics(Pittsburgh,Pa.)、Sigma-AdrichChemical(Milwaukee,Wis.)、Avocado Research(Lancashire,U.K.)、Bionet(Cornwall,U.K.)、Boron Molecular(Research Triangle Park,N.C.)、Combi-Blocks(San Diego,Calif.)、Eastman Organic Chemicals、Eastman Kodak Company(Rochester,N.Y.)、Fisher Scientific Co.(Pittsburgh,Pa.)、Frontier Scientific(Logan,Utah)、ICNBiomedicals,Inc.(Costa Mesa,Calif.)、Lancaster Synthesis(Windham,N.H.)、Maybridge Chemical Co.(Cornwall,U.K.)、Pierce Chemical Co.(Rockford,Ill.)、Riedel de Haen(Hannover,Germany)、Spectrum Quality Product,Inc.(New Brunswick,N.J.)、TCI America(Portland,Oreg.)和Wako Chemicals USA,Inc.(Richmond,Va.)。
本领域普通技术人员知晓,“化学文献中所述的化合物”可通过涉及化合物和化学反应的参考书和数据库确定。详述可用于制备本文中所公开化合物之反应物的合成或者提供参考描述本文中所公开化合物之制备的文献的合适参考书和论文包括例如,“SyntheticOrganic Chemistry”,John Wiley and Sons,Inc.New York;S.R.Sandler等,“OrganicFunctional Group Preparations,”第2版,Academic Press,New York,1983;H.O.House,“Modern SyntheticReactions,”第2版,W.A.Benjamin,Inc.Menlo Park,Calif.,1972;T.L.Glichrist,“Heterocyclic Chemistry,”第2版John Wiley and Sons,New York,1992;J.March,“Advanced Organic Chemistry:reactions,Mechanisms and Structure,”第5版,Wiley Interscience,New York,2001;特定和类似的反应物还可通过由美国化学会化学文摘服务社(Chemical Abstract Service of the American Chemical Society)制作之已知化学品的索引来确定,其可在大部分的公共和大学图书馆以及通过在线数据库得到(更多细节可联系美国化学会,Washington,D.C.)。已知但在目录中不可商购得到的化学品可以通过定制化学合成机构制备,其中许多标准的化学品供应机构(例如,上列机构)提供定制化合成服务。
“卤代”意指氟代、氯代、溴代或碘代基团。优选的是氟代、氯代或溴代,并且更优选的是氟代和氯代。
“卤素”意指氟、氯、溴或碘。优选的是氟、氯和溴。
“杂烷基”是饱和或不饱和的、直链或支链的、包含碳和至少1个杂原子的链。在多个实施方案中,杂烷基可具有1个杂原子,或1至2个杂原子,或1至3个杂原子,或1至4个杂原子。在一个方面,杂烷基链包含1至18个(即,1-18个)成员原子(碳和杂原子),并且在多个实施方案中包含1至12,或1至6,或1至4个成员原子。独立地,在多个实施方案中,杂烷基具有0个分支(即,是直链)、1个分支、2个分支或多于2个分支。独立地,在一个实施方案中,杂烷基是饱和的。在另一个实施方案中,杂烷基是不饱和的。在多个实施方案中,不饱和的杂烷基可具有1个双键、2个双键、多于2个双键,和/或1个三键、2个三键或多于2个三键。杂烷基链可以是经取代或未经取代的。在一个实施方案中,杂烷基链是未经取代的。在另一个实施方案中,杂烷基链是经取代的。经取代的杂烷基链可具有1个取代基(即,经单取代的),或者可具有1至2个取代基,或1至3个取代基,或1-4个取代基等。示例性的杂烷基取代基包括酯(-C(O)-O-R)和羰基(-C(O)-)。
“羟基烷基”意指HO-烷基-基团,其中烷基如前文所定义的。优选的羟基烷基包含低级烷基。合适羟基烷基的非限制性实例包括羟甲基和2-羟基乙基。
“水合物”为其中溶剂分子是H2O的溶剂合物。
“溶剂合物”意指本公开内容的化合物与一个或更多个溶剂分子的物理缔合物。这种物理缔合物涉及不同程度的离子键和共价键键合,包括氢键键合。在某些情况下,溶剂合物将能够被分离,例如当一个或更多个溶剂分子并入结晶固体的晶格中时。“溶剂合物”涵盖溶液相溶剂合物和可分离的溶剂合物二者。合适溶剂合物的非限制性实例包括乙醇合物、甲醇合物等。
术语“经取代的”意指被不同于氢的指定基团取代,或者被一个或更多个可相同或不同的基团(group)、部分或基团(radical)取代,其中每个例如独立进行选择。
“反义核酸”意指非酶促核酸分子,其借助RNA-RNA或RNA-DNA或RNA-PNA(蛋白质核酸;Egholm等1993Nature 365,566)相互作用与靶RNA结合并且改变靶RNA的活性(有关综述,参见Stein和Cheng,1993Science 261,1004以及Woolf等,美国专利No.5,849,902)。通常来说,反义分子沿该反义分子的单个连续序列与靶序列互补。然而,在某些实施方案中,反义分子可与底物结合使得该底物分子形成环,和/或反义分子可结合以使反义分子形成环。因此,反义分子可与两个(或甚至更多个)非连续的底物序列互补,或者反义分子的两个(或甚至更多个)非连续序列部分可与靶序列互补,或者这两种情况均可。另外,反义DNA可用于借助DNA-RNA相互作用来靶向RNA,从而激活RNA酶H,其消化双链体中的靶RNA。反义寡核苷酸可包含一个或更多个能够激活靶RNA的RNA酶H切割的RNA酶H活化区。反义DNA可化学合成或者通过使用单链DNA表达载体或其等同物表达。“反义RNA”是具有与靶基因mRNA互补的序列的RNA链,其可通过与靶基因mRNA结合来诱导RNAi。“反义RNA”是具有与靶基因mRNA互补的序列的RNA链,并且被认为通过与靶基因mRNA结合来诱导RNAi。“有义RNA”具有与反义RNA互补的序列并且退火于其互补的反义RNA而形成iNA。这些反义和有义RNA常规地用RNA合成仪来常规合成。
“核酸”指脱氧核糖核苷酸或核糖核苷酸及其单链或双链形式的聚合物。该术语涵盖合成的、天然存在的或非天然存在的含有已知核苷酸类似物或者经修饰骨架残基或键的核酸,其与参照核酸具有类似的结合特异性,并且以与参照核苷酸类似的方式代谢。这样的类似物的实例包括但不限于硫代磷酸酯、氨基磷酸酯、甲基膦酸酯、手性甲基膦酸酯、2’-O-甲基核糖核苷酸、肽-核酸(peptide-nucleic acid,PNA)。
“RNA”意指包含至少1个核糖核苷酸残基的分子。“核糖核苷酸”意指在β-D-呋喃核糖部分的2’位具有羟基的核苷酸。该术语包括双链RNA、单链RNA、分离的RNA,例如经部分纯化的RNA、基本纯的RNA、合成的RNA、重组产生的RNA,以及与天然存在RNA的不同之处在于一个或更多个核苷酸的添加、缺失、替换和/或改变的经改变RNA。这样的改变可包括例如向干扰RNA的末端或者在内部(例如在该RNA的一个或更多个核苷酸处)添加非核苷酸物质。本发明的RNA分子中的核苷酸还可包含非标准核苷酸,例如非天然存在的核苷酸或者化学合成的核苷酸或脱氧核苷酸。可将这些经改变的RNA称为类似物或天然存在RNA的类似物。本文中使用的术语“核糖核酸”和“RNA”指包含至少一个核糖核苷酸残基的分子,包括siRNA、反义RNA、单链RNA、微RNA、mRNA、非编码RNA和多价RNA。核糖核苷酸是在β-D-呋喃核糖部分的2’位具有羟基的核苷酸。这些术语包括双链RNA、单链RNA、分离的RNA,例如经部分纯化的RNA、基本纯的RNA、合成的RNA、重组产生的RNA,以及与天然存在RNA的不同之处在于一个或更多个核苷酸的添加、缺失、替换、修饰和/或改变的经修饰和经改变的RNA。RNA的改变可包括例如向干扰RNA的末端或者在内部(例如在RNA的一个或更多个核苷酸处)添加非核苷酸物质。RNA分子中的核苷酸包括非标准核苷酸,例如非天然存在的核苷酸或化学合成的核苷酸或脱氧核苷酸。可将这些经改变的RNA称为类似物。
本文中使用的“核苷酸”如本领域中公认的包含天然碱基(标准碱基)以及本领域中公知的经修饰碱基。此类碱基一般位于核苷酸糖部分的1’位。核苷酸一般包含碱基、糖和磷酸部分。核苷酸可以是未经修饰的或者可在糖、磷酸和/或碱基部分发生了修饰(还可互换地称为核苷酸类似物、经修饰的核苷酸、非天然核苷酸、非标准核苷酸等;参见,例如,Usman和McSwiggen,同上;Eckstein,等,国际PCT公开No.WO 92/07065;Usman,等,国际PCT公开No.WO 93/15187;Uhlman和Peyman,同上,所有均在此通过引用并入本文)。本领域中已知的经修饰核酸碱基存在数个实例,如Limbach,等,Nucleic Acids Res.22:2183,1994所概括的。可引入核酸分子中的碱基修饰的一些非限制性实例包括肌苷、嘌呤、吡啶-4-酮、吡啶-2-酮、苯基、假尿嘧啶、2,4,6-三甲氧基苯、3-甲基尿嘧啶、二氢尿苷、萘基、氨基苯基、5-烷基胞苷(例如,5-甲基胞苷)、5-烷基尿苷(例如,胸腺嘧啶核糖核苷)、5-卤代尿苷(例如,5-溴尿苷)或者6-氮杂嘧啶或6-烷基嘧啶(例如6-甲基尿苷)、丙炔等(Burgin,等,Biochemistry 35:14090,1996;Uhlman和Peyman,同上)。在这一方面,“经修饰的碱基”意指1’位的除腺嘌呤、鸟嘌呤、胞嘧啶和尿嘧啶之外的核苷酸碱基或其等同物。
本文中使用的互补性核苷酸碱基为彼此形成氢键的核苷酸碱基对。腺嘌呤(A)与胸腺嘧啶(T)配对或者在RNA中与尿嘧啶(U)配对,并且鸟嘌呤(G)与胞嘧啶(C)配对。互补性核酸区段或核酸链彼此杂交(通过氢键键合连接)。“互补性的”意指核酸可通过传统的Watson-Crick或者通过其他非传统结合模式与另一核酸序列形成氢键。
微RNA(miRNA)是长度为约21至23个核苷酸的单链RNA分子,其调节基因表达。miRNA由从DNA转录的基因编码但不翻译成蛋白质(非编码RNA);作为替代,其从初级转录物(称为pri-miRNA)加工成短的茎环结构(称为pre-miRNA),并最终加工成功能性miRNA。成熟的miRNA分子与一种或更多种信使RNA(mRNA)分子部分互补,并且其主要功能是下调基因表达。
本文中使用的术语小干扰RNA(small interfering RNA,siRNA)(有时称为短干扰RNA或沉默RNA)用于指在生物学中发挥多种作用之长度为16至40个核苷酸的一类双链RNA分子。最值得注意的是,siRNA参与RNA干扰(RNAi)途径,其中其干扰特定基因的表达。除其在RNAi途径中的作用之外,siRNA还在RNAi相关的途径中发挥作用,例如作为抗病毒机制或者在成形基因组的染色质结构中发挥作用;这些途径的复杂性仅目前才进行阐释。
本文中使用的术语RNAi指细胞中由RNA诱导的沉默复合物(RNA-inducedsilencing complex,RISC)控制并且由短双链RNA分子启动的RNA依赖性基因沉默过程,其中所述双链RNA分子与催化性RISC组分argonaute相互作用。当双链RNA或RNA样iNA或siRNA是外源性的(来自于具有RNA基因组之病毒的感染或者来自于经转染的iNA或siRNA)时,将RNA或iNA直接导入细胞质中并通过酶dicer切割成短的片段。启动性dsRNA还可以是内源性的(来源于细胞),如由基因组中的RNA编码基因表达的pre-微RNA。来自此类基因的初级转录物首先在细胞核中加工而形成pre-miRNA的特征性茎环结构,然后输出到细胞质以被dicer切割。因此,两个dsRNA途径(内源性和外源性)均汇集于RISC复合物。RNA诱导的沉默复合物的活性组分是称为argonaute蛋白的核酸内切酶,其切割与其所结合的siRNA或iNA互补的靶mRNA链,由于通过dicer产生的片段是双链的,因此其在理论上均可产生功能性siRNA或iNA。然而,两条链中只有一条(称为引导链(guide strand))与argonaute蛋白结合并且指导基因沉默。另一条反引导链(anti-guide strand)或过客链(passenger strand)在RISC活化期间降解。
式(1)的化合物形成盐,其也在本公开内容的范围之内。除非另外指出,否则本文中提及的式(1)化合物应理解为包括提及其盐。本文中采用的术语“盐”指代与无机酸和/或有机酸形成的酸式盐,以及与无机碱和/或有机碱形成的碱式盐。另外,当式(1)的化合物同时包含碱性部分(例如但不限于吡啶或咪唑)和酸性部分(例如但不限于羧酸)时,可形成两性离子(“内盐”)并且其包括在本文中使用的术语“盐”之内。所述盐可以是可药用的(即,无毒的、生理学上可接受的)盐,但是其他盐也是可用的。式(1)化合物的盐可例如如下形成:使式(1)的化合物与一定量(例如等价量)的酸或碱在介质例如其中盐沉淀的介质中或者在水性介质中反应,随后冻干。
示例性的酸加成盐包括乙酸盐、己二酸盐、藻酸盐、抗坏血酸盐、天冬氨酸盐、苯甲酸盐、苯磺酸盐、硫酸氢盐、硼酸盐、丁酸盐、柠檬酸盐、樟脑酸盐、樟脑磺酸盐、环戊烷丙酸盐、二葡糖酸盐、十二烷基硫酸盐、乙磺酸盐、富马酸盐、葡庚糖酸盐、甘油磷酸盐、半硫酸盐、庚酸盐、己酸盐、盐酸盐、氢溴酸盐、氢碘酸盐、2-羟基乙磺酸盐、乳酸盐、马来酸盐、甲磺酸盐、2-萘磺酸盐、烟酸盐、硝酸盐、草酸盐、果胶酸盐、过硫酸盐、3-苯基丙酸盐、磷酸盐、苦味酸盐、新戊酸盐、丙酸盐、水扬酸盐、琥珀酸盐、硫酸盐、磺酸盐(例如本文中提及的那些)、酒石酸盐、硫氰酸盐、甲苯磺酸盐(toluenesulfonate)(也称为甲苯磺酸盐(tosylate))、十一酸盐等。另外地,一般认为适于由碱性药物化合物形成可药用盐的酸例如通过S.Berge等,J.Pharmaceutical Sciences(1977)66(1)1-19;P.Gould,InternationalJ.Pharmaceutics(1986)33201-217;Anderson等,The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry(1996),Academic Press,New York;并且在The Orange Book(Food&DrugAdministration,Washington,D.C.见其网页)中进行了讨论。这些公开内容通过引用并入本文。
示例性的碱式盐包括铵盐;碱金属盐(例如钠盐、锂盐和钾盐);碱土金属盐(例如钙盐和镁盐);与有机碱(例如,有机胺)例如苄星、二环己基胺、哈胺(hydrabamine)(用N,N-双(脱氢松香基)乙二胺形成)、N-甲基-D-葡糖胺、N-甲基-D-葡糖酰胺、叔丁胺的盐;以及与氨基酸例如精氨酸、赖氨酸的盐,等。碱性含氮基团可经例如以下试剂季铵化:低级烷基卤(例如,甲基、乙基、丙基和丁基的氯化物、溴化物和碘化物)、硫酸二烷基酯(例如,硫酸二甲酯、硫酸二乙脂、硫酸二丁酯和硫酸二戊酯)、长链卤化物(例如癸基、月桂基、肉豆蔻基和硬脂酰基的氯化物、溴化物和碘化物)、芳基烷基卤(例如,苄基和苯乙基的溴化物)等。
出于本公开内容的目的,所有这样的酸式盐和碱式盐旨在为在本公开内容的范围之内的可药用盐并且认为所有的酸式盐和碱式盐等同于对应化合物的游离形式。
式(1)的化合物可以以非溶剂化形式和溶剂化形式(包括水化形式)存在。一般来说,出于本公开内容的目的,与可药用溶剂例如水、乙醇等的溶剂化形式等同于非溶剂化形式。
式(1)的化合物及其盐、溶剂合物可以以其互变异构体形式(例如,作为酰胺或亚氨基醚)存在。所有这样的互变异构体形式均作为本公开内容的一部分而包括在本文中。
本公开内容的化合物的多晶型物也在本公开内容的范围之内(即,式1化合物的多晶型物在本公开内容的范围之内)。
本公开内容的范围内考虑本发明化合物(包括所述化合物的盐、溶剂合物和前药以及所述前药的盐和溶剂合物中的那些)的所有立体异构体(例如,几何异构体、光学异构体等),例如可由于多种取代基上的不对称碳而可存在的那些,包括对映体形式(其可甚至在不存在不对称碳下存在)、旋转异构体形式、阻转异构体(atropisomer)和非对映体形式。本公开内容化合物的个体立体异构体可例如基本不含其他异构体,或者可例如作为外消旋物混合,或者与所有其他立体异构体或其他选定的立体异构体混合。本文中化合物的手性中心可具有如IUPAC 1974Recommendations所限定的S或R构型。术语“盐”、“溶剂合物”等的使用旨在同等地适用于所公开化合物之对映体、立体异构体、旋转异构体、互变异构体、外消旋体或前药的盐和溶剂合物。
可用作化学治疗剂(抗肿瘤剂)的化合物类别包括:烷化剂、抗代谢物、天然产物及其衍生物、激素和甾族化合物(包括合成类似物)和合成物。下文给出了属于这些类别的化合物的实例。
阳离子脂质
本说明书包括某些阳离子脂质化合物的合成。如在后续部分中所证明的,所述化合物特别地适于将多核苷酸递送至细胞和组织。本文中所述的脂大环类化合物(lipomacrocycle compound)还可用于其他目的以及例如赋形剂和添加剂。
用于阳离子脂质化合物的合成方法可用本领域中的技术合成。本领域技术人员将认识到产生这些化合物并且还产生本说明书其他化合物的其他方法。
阳离子脂质化合物可与药剂组合而形成微米颗粒、纳米颗粒、脂质体或胶束。需通过颗粒、脂质体或胶束递送的药剂可以是气体、液体或固体形式,并且所述药剂可以是多核苷酸、蛋白质、肽或小分子。所述脂大环类化合物可与其他阳离子脂质化合物、聚合物(合成或天然的)、表面活性剂、胆固醇、碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂质等组合而形成颗粒。然后,可将这些颗粒任选地与药用赋形剂组合以形成药物组合物。
本说明书提供了新的阳离子脂质化合物,以及基于使用此类阳离子脂质化合物的药物递送系统。所述系统可在药学/药物递送领域中用于向患者、组织、器官或细胞递送多核苷酸、蛋白质、小分子、肽、抗原、药物等。这些新化合物还可用作用于包衣、添加剂、赋形剂、材料或生物工程的材料。
本说明书的阳离子脂质化合物提供了在药物递送领域中的数种不同用途。所述阳离子脂质化合物的含胺部分可用于与多核苷酸形成复合物,从而增强多核苷酸的递送并防止其降解。所述阳离子脂质化合物还可用于形成含有待递送药剂的皮米颗粒、纳米颗粒、微米颗粒、脂质体和胶束。优选地,所述阳离子脂质化合物是生物相容且生物可降解的,形成的颗粒也是生物可降解且生物相容的并且可用于提供待递送药剂的受控、持续释放。鉴于这些化合物及其相应颗粒在较低的pH下质子化,其还可对pH改变作出响应。其还可在向细胞递送药剂中充当质子海绵以引起内体裂解。
在某些实施方案中,所述阳离子脂质化合物相对而言没有细胞毒性。所述阳离子脂质化合物可以是生物相容且生物可降解的。阳离子脂质的pKa可以是约5.5至约7.5,更优选地约6.0至约7.0。可设计成具有约3.0至约9.0或者约5.0至约8.0的期望pKa。本文中所述的阳离子脂质化合物出于以下几个原因而对药物递送特别具有吸引力:其含有与DNA、RNA、其他多核苷酸及其他带负电荷药剂相互作用的氨基而用于缓冲pH、用于引起内体裂解、用于保护待递送的药剂;其可由商购可得的起始材料合成;和/或其是pH响应性的并且可工程化成具有期望的pKa。
含有阳离子脂质化合物的组合物可以是30%至70%阳离子脂质化合物、0%至60%胆固醇、0%至30%磷脂和1%至10%聚乙二醇(PEG)。优选地,所述组合物为30%至40%阳离子脂质化合物、40%至50%胆固醇和10%至20%PEG。在另一些优选实施方案中,所述组合物为50%至75%阳离子脂质化合物、20%至40%胆固醇和5%至10%磷脂以及1%至10%PEG。所述组合物可包含60%至70%阳离子脂质化合物、25%至35%胆固醇和5%至10%PEG。所述组合物可包含多至90%阳离子脂质化合物和2%至15%辅助性脂质(helperlipid)。
制剂可以是例如包含以下的脂质颗粒制剂:8%至30%化合物、5%至30%辅助性脂质和0%至20%胆固醇;4%至25%阳离子脂质、4%至25%辅助性脂质、2%至25%胆固醇、10%至35%胆固醇-PEG和5%胆固醇-胺;或者2%至30%阳离子脂质、2%至30%辅助性脂质、1%至15%胆固醇、2%至35%胆固醇-PEG和1%至20%胆固醇-胺;或者多至90%阳离子脂质和2%至10%辅助性脂质,或者甚至100%阳离子脂质。
用于施用的组合物和制剂
本公开内容的核酸-脂质组合物可通过多种途径来施用,例如通过静脉内、肠胃外、腹膜内或表面(topical)途径来实现全身性递送。在一些实施方案中,siRNA可细胞内递送到例如靶组织(例如肺或肝)的细胞中或发炎组织中。在一些实施方案中,本公开内容提供了用于体内递送siRNA的方法。可将核酸-脂质组合物静脉内、皮下或腹膜内施用于对象。在一些实施方案中,本公开内容提供了用于将干扰RNA体内递送至哺乳动物对象的肺的方法。
在一些实施方案中,本公开内容提供了在哺乳动物对象中治疗疾病或病症的方法。可向患有与可通过所述组合物而降低、减小、下调或沉默的基因表达或过表达相关的疾病或病症的对象施用治疗有效量的本公开内容的组合物,所述组合物包含核酸、阳离子脂质、两亲物、磷脂、胆固醇和PEG连接的胆固醇。
本公开内容的组合物和方法可通过多种黏膜施用方式来施用于对象,包括通过经口、经直肠、经阴道、鼻内、肺内或者经皮或经皮肤递送,或者通过表面递送至眼、耳、皮肤或其他黏膜表面。在本公开内容的一些方面,黏膜组织层包括上皮细胞层。上皮细胞可以是肺的、气管的、支气管的、肺泡的、鼻的、颊的、表皮的或胃肠的。本公开内容的组合物可使用常规致动器例如机械喷雾装置,以及加压、电激活或其他类型的致动器来施用。
本公开内容的组合物可作为经鼻或经肺喷雾剂以水溶液施用,并且可通过本领域技术人员已知的多种方法以喷雾剂形式分配。经肺递送本公开内容的组合物通过将组合物以滴剂、颗粒剂或喷雾剂的形式施用来实现,所述形式可以是例如气溶胶化的(aerosolized)、雾化的(atomized)或成雾状的(nebulized)。组合物、喷雾剂或气雾剂的颗粒可以是液体或固体形式。用于作为经鼻喷雾剂来分配液体的优选系统公开于美国专利No.4,511,069中。这样的制剂可如下常规制备:将根据本公开内容的组合物溶解于水中以产生水溶液,并使得所述溶液无菌。所述制剂可在多剂量容器中,例如在美国专利No.4,511,069中公开的密封分配系统中提供。另一些合适的经鼻喷雾剂递送系统已在Transdermal Systemic Medication,Y.W.Chien编辑,Elsevier Publishers,New York,1985;和美国专利No.4,778,810中进行了描述。另外的气雾剂递送形式可包括例如压缩空气喷雾器、喷气式喷雾器、超声喷雾器和压电喷雾器,其递送溶解或混悬于药用溶剂(例如水、乙醇或其混合物)中的生物活性剂。
本公开内容的经鼻和经肺喷雾剂溶液通常包含任选地与表面活性剂(例如非离子表面活性剂(例如聚山梨醇酯-80))和一种或更多种缓冲剂一起配制的药物或待递送药物。在本公开内容的一些实施方案中,经鼻喷雾剂溶液还包含抛射剂。经鼻喷雾剂溶液的pH可以是约pH 6.8至pH 7.2。所采用的药用溶剂还可以是pH 4至pH 6的微酸性水性缓冲液。可添加其他组分以增强或维持化学稳定性,包括防腐剂、表面活性剂、分散剂或气体。
在一些实施方案中,本公开内容是药物产品,其包括含有本公开内容的组合物的溶液和用于经肺、经黏膜或鼻内喷雾剂或气雾剂的致动器。
本公开内容的组合物的剂型可以是液体,滴剂或乳剂形式或者气雾剂形式。
本公开内容的组合物的剂型可以是固体,其可在施用之前在液体中重构。所述固体可作为粉末施用。所述固体可以是胶囊剂、片剂或凝胶剂的形式。
为了配制本公开内容中的用于经肺递送的组合物,可将生物活性剂与多种可药用添加剂以及用于分散活性剂的基质(base)或载体组合。添加剂的实例包括pH控制剂,例如精氨酸、氢氧化钠、甘氨酸、盐酸、柠檬酸及其混合物。另一些添加剂包括局部麻醉剂(例如,苯甲醇)、等渗剂(例如,氯化钠、甘露醇、山梨醇)、吸附抑制剂(例如,Tween 80)、溶解度增强剂(例如,环糊精及其衍生物)、稳定剂(例如,血清白蛋白)和还原剂(例如,谷胱甘肽)。当用于经黏膜递送的组合物为液体时,如参照作为统一之0.9%(w/v)生理盐水溶液的渗透性(tonicity)所测量的,通常将制剂的渗透性调整至在施用部位的黏膜内将不诱导显著的不可逆转组织损伤的值。一般来说,将溶液的渗透性调整至约1/3至3、更一般地1/2至2、并且最经常3/4至1.7的值。
生物活性剂可分散在基质或载剂中,所述基质或载剂可包含能够分散活性剂和任何期望的添加剂的亲水性化合物。所述基质可选自很多种合适的载体,包括但不限于:多聚羧酸或其盐、羧酸酐(例如,马来酸酐)与其他单体(例如,(甲基)丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸等)的共聚物;亲水性乙烯基聚合物,例如聚乙酸乙烯酯、聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮;纤维素衍生物,例如羟甲基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素等;以及天然聚合物,例如壳聚糖、胶原、藻酸钠、明胶、透明质酸,及其无毒金属盐。通常来说,选择生物可降解的聚合物作为基质或载体,例如聚乳酸、聚(乳酸-乙醇酸)共聚物、聚羟基丁酸、聚(羟基丁酸-乙醇酸)共聚物及其混合物。作为替代地或补充,可采用合成的脂肪酸酯例如聚甘油脂肪酸酯、蔗糖脂肪酸酯等作为载体。亲水性聚合物及其他载体可单独或组合使用,并且可通过部分结晶、离子键键合、交联等来赋予载体增强的结构完整性。载体可以以多种形式提供,包括用于直接施用于鼻黏膜的流体或黏性溶液、凝胶、糊剂、粉末、微球体和膜。所选载剂在这一情况下的使用可导致促进生物活性剂的吸收。
用于经黏膜、经鼻或经肺递送的制剂可包含亲水性低分子量化合物作为基质或赋形剂。此类亲水性低分子量化合物提供这样的通道介质,通过其水溶性活性剂(例如生理活性肽或蛋白质)可通过基质扩散至体表,在此活性剂被吸收。所述亲水性低分子量化合物任选地从黏膜或施用气氛吸收水分并使水溶性活性肽溶解。所述亲水性低分子量化合物的分子量一般不超过10,000,并且优选地不超过3000。亲水性低分子量化合物的实例包括多元醇化合物,例如寡糖、二糖和单糖,包括蔗糖、甘露醇、乳糖、L-阿拉伯糖、D-赤藓糖、D-核糖、D-木糖、D-甘露糖、D-半乳糖、乳果糖、纤维二糖、龙胆二糖(gentibiose)、甘油、聚乙二醇及其混合物。亲水性低分子量化合物的其他实例包括N-甲基吡咯烷酮、醇类(例如,寡聚乙烯醇、乙醇、乙二醇、丙二醇等),及其混合物。
本公开内容的组合物可作为替代地根据大致生理条件的需求包含例如以下作为可药用载体物质:pH调节剂和缓冲剂、渗透性调节剂和湿润剂,例如乙酸钠、乳酸钠、氯化钠、氯化钾、氯化钙、脱水山梨醇单月桂酸酯、三乙醇胺油酸酯及其混合物。对于固体组合物,可使用常规的无毒可药用载体,其包括例如药用级的甘露醇、乳糖、淀粉、硬脂酸镁、糖精钠、滑石、纤维素、葡萄糖、蔗糖、碳酸镁等。
在本公开内容的某些实施方案中,生物活性剂可以以时间释放制剂施用,例如以包含缓慢释放聚合物的组合物施用。活性剂可与将保护免于迅速释放的载体(例如受控释放载剂,例如聚合物、经微包封递送系统或生物黏附性凝胶)一起制备。活性剂在本公开内容之多种组合物中的延长递送可通过在组合物中包含延迟吸收的物质(例如单硬脂酸铝水凝胶和明胶)来实现。
尽管已针对某些实施方案对本公开内容进行了描述并且出于举例说明的目的已提供了很多细节,但是对本领域技术人员而言将明显的是,本公开内容包括另外的实施方案并且本文中所述的一些细节可显著改变而不偏离本公开内容。本公开内容包括这样的另外实施方案、改变方案和等同方案。特别地,本公开内容包括多种说明性组分和实例的特征、项(term)或要素的任意组合。
实施例
实施例1.
式(1)的示例性化合物在表1中提供。
表1
表1示出了每种化合物的名称和结构、其分子量、其pKa以及其在下文实施例19中所述的测定中的敲减生物活性(knockdown bioactivity,KD)。
实施例2. 8-溴辛酸甲酯的合成
在N2气氛下,将8-溴辛酸溶解于无水甲醇中。逐滴添加浓H2SO4并将反应混合物在回流下搅拌3小时。
通过薄层色谱监测反应直至完成。在真空下完全除去溶剂。将反应混合物用乙酸乙酯稀释并用水洗涤。用乙酸乙酯再萃取水层。用NaHCO3饱和溶液洗涤总有机层。将有机层再用水洗涤并最后用盐水洗涤。经无水Na2SO4干燥产物并浓缩。
实施例3. 8,8’-(苄基氮烷二基)二辛酸二甲酯的合成
S.No. | 化学品/试剂和溶剂 | M.Wt. | 摩尔 | Eq. | Wt. |
1 | 苄胺 | 107 | 126.54 | 1 | 13.54 |
2 | 8-溴辛酸甲酯 | 237 | 253.08 | 2 | 60g |
3 | 无水K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> | 138 | 759.25 | 6 | 104.7 |
4 | 无水DMF | 500ml |
取无水K2CO3并在N2下将其添加至无水二甲基甲酰胺。缓慢地添加在二甲基甲酰胺中的苄胺。然后,在室温下添加溶解于二甲基甲酰胺中的8-溴辛酸甲酯。将反应混合物加热至80℃并在搅拌下维持反应36小时。
通过薄层色谱监测反应直至完成。将反应产物冷却至室温并添加水。用乙酸乙酯萃取化合物。用乙酸乙酯再萃取水层。将总有机层用水洗涤并最后用盐水溶液洗涤。经无水Na2SO4干燥产物并浓缩。
通过硅胶柱色谱在氯仿中的3%甲醇中纯化反应产物。回收到44gm纯产物。
使用氯仿中的10%甲醇的TLC系统,该产物以Rf:0.8迁移,通过在茚三酮中炭化而可视化。总产率为82%。该化合物为浅褐色的液体。结构通过1H-NMR来确定。
实施例4. 8,8’-氮烷二基二辛酸二甲酯的合成
S.No. | 化学品/试剂和溶剂 | M.Wt. | 毫摩尔 | Eq. | Wt. |
1 | 8,8′-(苄基氮烷二基)二辛酸二甲酯 | 419.60 | 8.34 | 1 | 3.5gm |
2 | 10%Pd/C | 20%wt | 700mg | ||
3 | 乙醇 | 90ml |
将8,8’-(苄基氮烷二基)二辛酸二甲酯转移至氢化用玻璃容器并添加乙醇,之后添加10%Pd/C。将反应混合物在室温下在50psi H2大气压下于帕尔摇床设备(Parr-shakerapparatus)中摇动2小时。
通过硅藻土(celite)过滤反应产物并用热乙酸乙酯洗涤。在真空下浓缩滤液。
实施例5. 8,8’-((叔丁氧基羰基)氮烷二基)二辛酸二甲酯的合成
S.No | 化学品/试剂/溶剂 | Mw | 摩尔 | Eq | wt. |
1 | 8,8′-氮烷二基二辛酸二甲酯 | 329 | 0.0972 | 1 | 32gm |
2 | Boc酸酐 | 218 | 0.145 | 1.5 | 31.3gm |
3 | Et<sub>3</sub>N(无水) | 101 | 0.389 | 4 | 9gm |
4 | DCM(无水) | 700ml |
将8,8’-氮烷二基二辛酸二甲酯转移至DCM和Et3N到反应物料中并冷却至0℃。向上述反应逐滴添加在DCM中稀释的Boc酸酐。在完成添加之后,将反应混合物在室温下搅拌3小时。
用水淬灭反应并分离DCM层。用DCM再萃取水相,将合并的DCM层用盐水溶液洗涤并用Na2SO4干燥。在浓缩之后,收集到40gm的粗制化合物。
通过柱色谱使用在己烷中的0%至12%乙酸乙酯纯化粗制反应产物。回收到的产率为48%。单一产物通过薄层色谱在己烷中的20%乙酸乙酯中以0.5的Rf迁移,用茚三酮炭化。
实施例6. 8,8’-((叔丁氧基羰基)氮烷二基)二辛酸的合成
将8,8’-((叔丁氧基羰基)氮烷二基)二辛酸二甲酯转移至THF。在室温下,添加6N氢氧化钠溶液。将反应在室温下于搅拌下维持过夜。
在25℃下于真空下蒸发反应物料以除去THF。用5N HCl酸化反应产物。向水层添加乙酸乙酯。用水洗涤分离的有机层并用乙酸乙酯再萃取水层。将合并的有机层用盐水溶液洗涤并经无水Na2SO4干燥。浓缩溶液得到18gm的粗制物料。
实施例7. 8,8’((叔丁氧基羰基)氮烷二基)二辛酸二((Z)-壬-2-烯-1-基)酯的合成
将8,8’-((叔丁氧基羰基)氮烷二基)二辛酸溶解于无水DCM中。向该溶液添加HATU。在室温下,向反应混合物缓慢地添加二-异丙基乙基胺。使内部温度升高至40℃并且形成浅黄色溶液。向反应混合物添加DMAP,之后添加无水DCM中的顺式-2-壬烯-1-醇溶液。反应变成褐色。将反应在室温下搅拌5小时。
在完成之后,通过薄层色谱检查反应。向反应产物添加水,并用DCM萃取。将DCM层用水洗涤,之后用盐水溶液洗涤。将有机层经无水Na2SO4干燥并浓缩得到35gm的粗制化合物。
实施例8.ATX-001的合成
将8,8’((叔丁氧基羰基)氮烷二基)二辛酸二((Z)-壬-2-烯-1-基)酯(0.023mol,15g)溶解于无水二氯甲烷(DCM)(200ml)中。在0℃下添加三氟乙酸(TFA)以起始反应。在搅拌下,经30分钟使反应温度缓慢地温热至室温。薄层色谱显示反应完成。在40℃下于真空下浓缩反应产物,将粗制残余物用DCM稀释并用10%NaHCO3溶液洗涤。用DCM再萃取水层,并将合并的有机层用盐水溶液洗涤,经Na2SO4干燥并浓缩。在氮气下,将收集的粗制产物(12克)溶解于无水DCM(85ml)中。添加三光气并将反应混合物冷却至0℃,并且逐滴添加Et3N。将反应混合物在室温下搅拌过夜。薄层色谱显示反应完成。在N2下通过蒸馏从反应物料中除去DCM溶剂。将反应产物冷却至0℃,用DCM(50ml)以及2-((2-(二甲基氨基)乙基)硫基)乙酸(0.039mol,6.4g)和碳二亚胺(EDC·HCl)(0.054mol,10.4g)稀释。然后,将反应混合物在室温下搅拌过夜。薄层色谱显示反应完成。用0.3M HCl溶液(75ml)稀释反应产物并分离有机层。用DCM再萃取水层,并将合并的有机层用10%K2CO3水溶液(75ml)洗涤并经无水Na2SO4干燥。浓缩溶剂得到10克的粗制物料。通过硅胶柱(100至200目)使用3%MeOH/DCM纯化粗制化合物。产量为10.5g(68%)。
实施例9.ATX-002的合成
将8,8’((叔丁氧基羰基)氮烷二基)二辛酸二((Z)-壬-2-烯-1-基)酯(13.85mmol,9克)溶解于无水DCM(150ml)中。在0℃下添加TFA以起始反应。在搅拌下,经30分钟使反应温度缓慢地温热至室温。薄层色谱显示反应完成。在40℃下于真空下浓缩反应产物,将粗制残余物用DCM稀释并用10%NaHCO3溶液洗涤。用DCM再萃取水层,将合并的有机层用盐水溶液洗涤,经Na2SO4干燥并浓缩。在氮气下,将收集的粗制产物溶解于无水DCM(85ml)中。添加三光气并将反应混合物冷却至0℃,并且逐滴添加Et3N。将反应混合物在室温下搅拌过夜。薄层色谱显示反应完成。在N2下通过蒸馏从反应物料中除去DCM溶剂。将反应产物冷却至0℃,用DCM(50ml)稀释,并添加2-(二甲基氨基)乙烷硫醇HCl(0.063mol,8.3g),之后添加Et3N(无水)。然后,将反应混合物在室温下搅拌过夜。薄层色谱显示反应完成。用0.3M HCl溶液(75ml)稀释反应产物并分离有机层。用DCM再萃取水层,并将合并的有机层用10%K2CO3水溶液(75ml)洗涤并经无水Na2SO4干燥。浓缩溶剂得到10克的粗制物料。通过硅胶柱(100至200目)使用3%MeOH/DCM纯化粗制化合物。产量为3.1g。
实施例10.ATX-003的合成
将8,8’((叔丁氧基羰基)氮烷二基)二辛酸二((Z)-壬-2-烯-1-基)酯(0.00337mol,2.2g)溶解于无水DCM(20ml)中。在0℃下添加TFA以起始反应。在搅拌下,经30分钟使反应温度缓慢地温热至室温。薄层色谱显示反应完成。在40℃下于真空下浓缩反应产物,将粗制残余物用DCM稀释并用10%NaHCO3溶液洗涤。用DCM再萃取水层,将合并的有机层用盐水溶液洗涤,经Na2SO4干燥并在减压下浓缩。在氮气下,将收集的粗制产物溶解于无水DCM(10ml)中。添加三光气(0.0182mol,5.4g)并将反应混合物冷却至0℃,并且逐滴添加Et3N。将反应混合物在室温下搅拌过夜。薄层色谱显示反应完成。在N2下通过蒸馏从反应物料中除去DCM溶剂。将反应产物冷却至0℃,用DCM(15ml)稀释,并添加2-(二甲基氨基)丙烷硫醇·HCl(0.0182mol,2.82g),之后添加Et3N(无水)。然后,将反应混合物在室温下搅拌过夜。薄层色谱显示反应完成。用0.3M HCl水溶液(20ml)稀释反应产物并分离有机层。用DCM再萃取水层,将合并的有机层用10%K2CO3水溶液(50ml)洗涤并经无水Na2SO4干燥。浓缩溶剂得到5克的粗制物料。通过硅胶柱(100至200目)使用3%MeOH/DCM纯化粗制化合物。产量为0.9克。
实施例11.ATX-004的合成
将8,8’((叔丁氧基羰基)氮烷二基)二辛酸二((Z)-壬-2-烯-1-基)酯(0.023mol,15g)溶解于DCM(200ml)中。在0℃下添加TFA以起始反应。在搅拌下,经30分钟使反应温度缓慢地温热至室温。薄层色谱显示反应完成。在40℃下于真空下浓缩反应产物,将粗制残余物用DCM稀释并用10%NaHCO3溶液洗涤。用DCM再萃取水层,将合并的有机层用盐水溶液洗涤,经Na2SO4干燥并浓缩。在氮气下,将收集的粗制产物8,8’-氮烷二基二辛酸二((Z)-壬-2-烯-1-基)酯(5.853mmol,3.2g)溶解于无水二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中,并添加2-((3-(二甲基氨基)丙基)硫基)乙酸(10.48mmol,1.85g)和EDC·HCl(14.56mmol,2.78g)。将反应混合物在室温下搅拌过夜。将反应用水(30ml)淬灭并用DCM(30ml)稀释,分离有机层。用DCM再萃取水层,将合并的有机层用10%K2CO3水溶液洗涤并经无水Na2SO4干燥。通过硅胶柱(100至200目)使用3%MeOH/DCM纯化粗制化合物。产量为1g(24.2%)。
实施例12.ATX-005的合成
将8,8’((叔丁氧基羰基)氮烷二基)二辛酸二((Z)-壬-2-烯-1-基)酯(0.023mol,15g)溶解于无水DCM(200ml)中。在0℃下添加TFA以起始反应。在搅拌下,经30分钟使反应温度缓慢地温热至室温。薄层色谱显示反应完成。在40℃下于真空下浓缩反应产物,将粗制残余物用DCM稀释并用10%NaHCO3溶液洗涤。用DCM再萃取水层,将合并的有机层用盐水溶液洗涤,经Na2SO4干燥并浓缩。在氮气下,将粗制反应产物8,8’-氮烷二基二辛酸二((Z)-壬-2-烯-1-基)酯(5.853mmol,3.2g)溶解于DMF中。2-((3-(二甲基氨基)丙基)硫基)乙酸(10.48mmol,1.85g)和EDC·HCl(14.56mmol,2.78g)并将反应混合物在室温下搅拌过夜。薄层色谱显示反应完成。将反应产物用水(30ml)淬灭并用DCM(30ml)稀释。用DCM再萃取水层,将合并的有机层用10%K2CO3水溶液(75ml)洗涤并经无水Na2SO4干燥。浓缩溶剂得到5克的粗制物料。通过硅胶柱(100至200目)使用3%MeOH/DCM纯化粗制化合物。产量为1g(24.2%)。
实施例13.ATX-006的合成
将8,8’((叔丁氧基羰基)氮烷二基)二辛酸二((Z)-壬-2-烯-1-基)酯溶解于无水DCM(150ml)中。在0℃下添加TFA以起始反应。在搅拌下,经30分钟使反应温度缓慢地温热至室温。薄层色谱显示反应完成。在40℃下于真空下浓缩反应产物,将粗制残余物用DCM稀释并用10%NaHCO3溶液洗涤。用DCM再萃取水层,并将合并的有机层用盐水溶液洗涤,经Na2SO4干燥并浓缩。在氮气下,将收集的粗制产物溶解于无水DCM(85ml)中。添加三光气并将反应混合物冷却至0℃,并且逐滴添加Et3N。将反应混合物在室温下搅拌过夜。薄层色谱显示反应完成。在氮气氛下,将粗制反应产物溶解于无水DMF中并添加2-((2-(二乙基氨基)乙基)硫基)乙酸(3.93mmol,751mg)和EDC·HCl(5.45mmol,1.0g)。将反应混合物在室温下搅拌过夜。用水(3ml)淬灭反应并在25℃下于真空下除去过量的DMF。用水稀释反应产物并用DCM(20ml)萃取水层三次。将合并的有机层用盐水溶液洗涤并经无水Na2SO4干燥。浓缩溶剂得到2克的粗制物料。在通过硅胶柱(100至200目)使用3%MeOH/DCM纯化之后,产量为1.2g(76%)。
实施例14.ATX-009的合成
将8,8’((叔丁氧基羰基)氮烷二基)二辛酸二((Z)-壬-2-烯-1-基)酯(13.85mmol,9克)溶解于无水DCM(20ml)中。在0℃下添加TFA以起始反应。在搅拌下,经30分钟使反应温度缓慢地温热至室温。薄层色谱显示反应完成。在40℃下于真空下浓缩反应产物,并将粗制残余物用DCM稀释并用10%NaHCO3溶液洗涤。用DCM再萃取水层,并将合并的有机层用盐水溶液洗涤,经Na2SO4干燥并浓缩。在氮气氛下,将8,8’-氮烷二基二辛酸二((Z)-壬-2-烯-1-基)酯(0.909mmol,500mg)溶解于无水DCM(20ml)中。添加三光气并将反应混合物冷却至0℃,并且逐滴添加Et3N。将反应混合物在室温下搅拌过夜。薄层色谱显示反应完成。在氮气氛下,通过蒸馏从反应物料中除去DCM溶剂。将2-(乙基(甲基)氨基)乙烷-1-硫醇盐酸盐(4.575mmol,715mg)溶解于DMF(7ml)和四氢呋喃(THF)(5ml)中,并在0℃下逐滴添加至THF中的氢化钠混悬液。然后,将反应混合物在室温下搅拌过夜。薄层色谱显示反应完成。用乙酸乙酯和冷水稀释反应产物。用5%HCl(9ml)中和反应,并分离有机层。将水层用乙酸乙酯(EtOAc)(20ml)再萃取,在冷水和盐水中洗涤,并将合并的有机层洗涤,经无水Na2SO4干燥。浓缩溶剂得到1克的粗制产物。通过硅胶柱(100至200目)使用3%MeOH/DCM纯化化合物得到100mg。
实施例15.ATX-010的合成
将8,8’((叔丁氧基羰基)氮烷二基)二辛酸二((Z)-壬-2-烯-1-基)酯(3.079mmol,2g)溶解于无水DCM(20ml)中。在0℃下添加TFA以起始反应。在搅拌下,经30分钟使反应温度缓慢地温热至室温。薄层色谱显示反应完成。在40℃下于真空下浓缩反应产物,并将粗制残余物用DCM稀释并用10%NaHCO3溶液洗涤。用DCM再萃取水层,并将合并的有机层用盐水溶液洗涤,经Na2SO4干燥并浓缩。在氮气下,将收集的粗制产物溶解于无水DCM(20ml)中。添加三光气(14.55mmol,4.32g)并将反应混合物冷却至0℃,并且逐滴添加Et3N。将反应混合物在室温下搅拌过夜。薄层色谱显示反应完成。在N2下,通过蒸馏从反应物料中除去DCM溶剂。将反应产物冷却至0℃,用DCM(20ml)稀释并添加2-(二甲基氨基)乙烷硫醇HCl(0.063mol,8.3g),之后添加Et3N(无水)。然后,将反应混合物在室温下搅拌过夜。薄层色谱显示反应完成。用0.3M HCl溶液(20ml)稀释反应产物,并分离有机层。用DCM再萃取水层,将合并的有机层用10%K2CO3水溶液(20ml)洗涤并经无水Na2SO4干燥。浓缩溶剂得到10克的粗制物料。通过硅胶柱(100至200目)使用3%MeOH/DCM纯化粗制化合物。产量为1.4g(75%)。
实施例16.ATX-011至ATX-030和ATX-32的合成
ATX-011至ATX-030的合成遵循实施例1至15的合成,通过用适当的起始成分替换用于其中所述的合成反应。
实施例17.ATX-031的合成
实施例19.体内小鼠因子VII沉默
使用脂质体文库的肝定向体内筛选,测试有利于肝细胞(所述细胞包含肝实质的细胞)中的高水平siRNA介导的基因沉默的一系列化合物。因子VII(一种凝血因子)是用于测定向肝的功能性siRNA递送的合适靶基因。与向网状内皮系统之细胞(例如,枯否细胞(Kupffer cell))的递送相对,由于该因子特异性地在肝细胞中产生,因此基因沉默指示成功递送至实质。另外,因子VII是可在血清中容易地测量的分泌蛋白,避免了对动物实施安乐死的需要。mRNA水平的沉默可通过测量蛋白质的水平来容易地确定。这是由于蛋白质的短半衰期(2至5小时)。以0.006ml/g的体积经尾静脉注射使C57BL/6小鼠(Charles RiverLabs)接受盐水或在脂质体制剂中的siRNA。在施用后48小时时,通过异氟烷(isofiuorane)吸入麻醉动物,并通过眶后出血将血液收集到血清分离管中。使用生色测定(BiophenFVII,Aniara Corporation)根据生产商的方案在样品中确定因子VII蛋白的血清水平。使用从经盐水处理的动物收集的血清产生标准曲线。
具有针对因子VIII之siRNA的组合物用ATX-001、ATX-002、ATX-003和ATX-547以及比较物样品NC1和MC3(Alnylam)配制而成。将这些以0.3mg/kg和1mg/kg注射到动物中。在将siRNA制剂施用于C57BL6小鼠之后,测量经MC3(0.3mg/kg)、NC1(0.3mg/kg)、ATX-547(0.3mg/kg)、ATX-001(0.3和1.0mg/kg)、ATX-002(0.3和1.0mg/kg)和ATX-003(0.3和1.0mg/kg)包封之siRNA在小鼠血浆中敲减因子VII的能力。结果显示,与对照相比,ATX-001和ATX-002在0.3mg/kg下最有效(图1和2)。
在将siRNA制剂施用于C57BL6小鼠之后,测量经MC3(0.3和1.5mg/kg)、NC1(0.3mg/kg)、ATX-547(0.1和0.3mg/kg)、ATX-004(0.3)、ATX-006(0.3和1.0mg/kg)、ATX-010(0.3mg/kg)和ATX-001(0.3和1.5mg/kg)包封之siRNA在小鼠血浆中的因子VII敲减。结果显示,ATX-001和ATX-010最有效(图3和4)。示出了示例性化合物ATX-018、ATX-019和ATX-020在0.3mg/kg或0.05mg/kg下的敲减活性(表1)。
Claims (20)
1.式I的化合物或其可药用盐:
其中
R1和R2相同或不同,各自是由1至9个碳组成的直链烷基、由2至11个碳组成的烯基,
L1和L2相同或不同,各自是由5至18个碳组成的直链亚烷基,
X1是键,或者是-CO-O-,由此形成-L2-CO-O-R2,
X2是S,
L3是键或者亚甲基,
R3是由1至6个碳组成的直链或支链亚烷基,并且
R4和R5相同或不同,各自是甲基或乙基,
排除以下化合物:
2.权利要求1所述的化合物,其中L3是键。
3.权利要求1所述的化合物,其中L3是亚甲基。
4.权利要求1所述的化合物,其中R3是亚乙基。
5.权利要求1所述的化合物,其中L1和L2相同。
6.权利要求1所述的化合物,其中L1和L2不同。
7.权利要求1所述的化合物,其中L1或L2由具有7个碳原子的直链亚烷基组成。
8.权利要求1所述的化合物,其中L1或L2由具有9个碳原子的直链亚烷基组成。
9.权利要求1所述的化合物,其中R1和R2相同。
10.权利要求1所述的化合物,其中R1和R2不同。
11.权利要求9所述的化合物,其中R1和R2各自由烯基组成。
12.权利要求9所述的化合物,其中R1和R2各自由烷基组成。
13.权利要求11所述的化合物,其中所述烯基由单个双键组成。
14.权利要求9所述的化合物,其中R1或R2由9个碳原子组成。
15.权利要求9所述的化合物,其中R1或R2由11个碳原子组成。
16.权利要求9所述的化合物,其中R1或R2由7个碳原子组成。
17.权利要求1所述的化合物,其中L3是亚甲基,R3是亚乙基,X2是S,并且R4和R5各自是甲基。
18.权利要求1所述的化合物,其中L3是键,R3是亚乙基,X2是S,并且R4和R5各自是甲基。
19.权利要求1所述的化合物,其中L3是键,R3是亚乙基,X2是S,并且R4和R5各自是乙基。
20.化合物,其选自式ATX-002、ATX-010、ATX-016、ATX-018、ATX-019、ATX-020和ATX-025的化合物:
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