- Centre for Heritage
Kent Law School
University of Kent
Canterbury CT2 7NS
UK
David W J Gill
University of Kent, Kent Law School, Department Member
- Higher Education Academy, Senior Fellow, AdjunctUniversity of East Anglia, School of History, Department Member, and 2 moreadd
- Archaeology, Art History, Humanities, History of Collections, Landscape Archaeology, Classical Archaeology, and 25 moreLandscape archaeology (Anthropology), Greek Archaeology, Egyptian Art and Archaeology, Archaeological Method & Theory, Media Archaeology, Anatolian Archaeology, Archaeological Ethics, Archaeology of Cyrenaica, Egyptology, History of Classical Scholarship, Cultural World Heritage Sites, Technologies Applied to Cultural Heritage, Heritage Studies, Cultural Heritage Law, Museum, Ancient History, Digital Heritage, History, Classics, History of Archaeology, Museum Studies, Public Archaeology, Fitzwilliam Museum, Museology, and Cultural Propertyedit
- Professor David Gill is Honorary Professor in the Centre for Heritage at the University of Kent, and Honorary Researc... moreProfessor David Gill is Honorary Professor in the Centre for Heritage at the University of Kent, and Honorary Research Fellow in the School of History at the University of East Anglia (UEA). He is a former Rome Scholar at the British School at Rome, and was a Sir James Knott Fellow at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. He was previously a member of the Department of Antiquities at the Fitzwilliam Museum, University of Cambridge, and Reader in Mediterranean Archaeology at Swansea University (where he also chaired the university's e-learning sub-committee). He was awarded his chair in Archaeological Heritage through UEA, and was Director of the Heritage Futures Research Unit at the University of Suffolk. He is a former Visiting Professor in the School of Humanities at the University of Southampton. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (FRSA) and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries (FSA). He is the holder of the 2012 Archaeological Institute of America (AIA) Outstanding Public Service Award, and the 2012 SAFE Beacon Award.edit
The RSA published its latest iteration of the Heritage Index in the autumn of 2020. This updates the data from 2016. The purpose of the Index is to assist with data-informed decision making for the heritage sector in the United Kingdom.... more
The RSA published its latest iteration of the Heritage Index in the autumn of 2020. This updates the data from 2016. The purpose of the Index is to assist with data-informed decision making for the heritage sector in the United Kingdom. The data are grouped around six main themes: Historic Built Environment; Museums, Archives and Artefacts; Industrial Heritage; Parks and Open Spaces; Landscape and Natural Heritage; and Cultures and Memories.
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The RSA published its latest iteration of the Heritage Index in the autumn of 2020. This updates the data from 2016. The purpose of the Index is to assist with data-informed decision making for the heritage sector in the United Kingdom.... more
The RSA published its latest iteration of the Heritage Index in the autumn of 2020. This updates the data from 2016. The purpose of the Index is to assist with data-informed decision making for the heritage sector in the United Kingdom. The data are grouped around six main themes: Historic Built Environment; Museums, Archives and Artefacts; Industrial Heritage; Parks and Open Spaces; Landscape and Natural Heritage; and Cultures and Memories.
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The RSA published its latest iteration of the Heritage Index in the autumn of 2020. This updates the data from 2016. The purpose of the Index is to assist with data-informed decision making for the heritage sector in the United Kingdom.... more
The RSA published its latest iteration of the Heritage Index in the autumn of 2020. This updates the data from 2016. The purpose of the Index is to assist with data-informed decision making for the heritage sector in the United Kingdom. The data are grouped around six main themes: Historic Built Environment; Museums, Archives and Artefacts; Industrial Heritage; Parks and Open Spaces; Landscape and Natural Heritage; and Cultures and Memories.
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Dr John Disney (1779-1857) was the benefactor of the first chair in archaeology at a British university. He also donated his major collection to the University of Cambridge. The sculptures continue to be displayed in the Fitzwilliam... more
Dr John Disney (1779-1857) was the benefactor of the first chair in archaeology at a British university. He also donated his major collection to the University of Cambridge. The sculptures continue to be displayed in the Fitzwilliam Museum.
The Disney family traced its origins back to the Norman invasion of England, and the family home was at Norton Disney in Lincolnshire. Disney’s father, the Reverend John Disney DD (1746-1816) left the Church of England to become a minister at the Unitarian Essex Street Chapel in London. A major sponsor of the chapel was Thomas Brand-Hollis of The Hyde, Essex, who bequeathed the house and his Grand Tour collection (formed with Thomas Hollis) on his death in 1804 to the Reverend Disney. Disney inherited part of the classical collection of his uncle and father-in-law Lewis Disney-Ffytche, owner of the 18th century pleasure gardens, Le Désert de Retz, outside Paris. Disney’s brother-in-law was Sir William Hillary, founder of the RNLI.
The Disney family traced its origins back to the Norman invasion of England, and the family home was at Norton Disney in Lincolnshire. Disney’s father, the Reverend John Disney DD (1746-1816) left the Church of England to become a minister at the Unitarian Essex Street Chapel in London. A major sponsor of the chapel was Thomas Brand-Hollis of The Hyde, Essex, who bequeathed the house and his Grand Tour collection (formed with Thomas Hollis) on his death in 1804 to the Reverend Disney. Disney inherited part of the classical collection of his uncle and father-in-law Lewis Disney-Ffytche, owner of the 18th century pleasure gardens, Le Désert de Retz, outside Paris. Disney’s brother-in-law was Sir William Hillary, founder of the RNLI.
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Context Matters is based on the twenty essays contributed to the Journal of Art Crime over its first ten years of publication. The contributions are supplemented by articles and review articles that were published alongside them. The... more
Context Matters is based on the twenty essays contributed to the Journal of Art Crime over its first ten years of publication. The contributions are supplemented by articles and review articles that were published alongside them. The chapters were written as museums in Europe and North America were facing a series of claims on recently acquired objects in their collections in the light of the photographic dossiers that had been seized from dealers in Switzerland and Greece. They engage with some of the recent debates over cultural property that include the Ka Ka Nefer mummy mask currently in the St Louis Art Museum, and the Leutwitz Apollo acquired by the Cleveland Museum of Art. Two of the essays reflect on the recent and controversial metal-detecting finds in England, the so-called Crosby Garrett helmet and the Lenborough Hoard. The volume contributes to the wider discussion about the appropriate due diligence process that should be conducted prior to the acquisition of archaeological material.
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Winifred Lamb was a pioneering archaeologist in the Aegean and Anatolia. She studied classics at Newnham College, Cambridge, and subsequently served in naval intelligence alongside J. D. Beazley during the final stages of the First World... more
Winifred Lamb was a pioneering archaeologist in the Aegean and Anatolia. She studied classics at Newnham College, Cambridge, and subsequently served in naval intelligence alongside J. D. Beazley during the final stages of the First World War. As war drew to a close, Sydney Cockerell, Director of the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge, invited Lamb to be the honorary keeper of Greek antiquities. Over the next 40 years she created a prehistoric gallery, marking the university’s contribution to excavations in the Aegean, and developed the museum’s holdings of classical bronzes and Athenian figure-decorated pottery. Lamb formed a parallel career excavating in the Aegean. She was admitted as a student of the British School at Athens and served as assistant director on the Mycenae excavations under Alan Wace and Carl Blegen. After further work at Sparta and on prehistoric mounds in Macedonia, Lamb identified and excavated a major Bronze Age site at Thermi on Lesbos. She conducted a brief excavation on Chios before directing a major project at Kusura in Turkey. She was recruited for the Turkish language section of the BBC during the Second World War, and after the cessation of hostilities took an active part in the creation of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara.
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In the tradition of The First Urban Christians by Wayne Meeks, this book explores the relationship between the earliest Christians and the city environment. Experts in classics, early Christianity, and human geography analyze the growth,... more
In the tradition of The First Urban Christians by Wayne Meeks, this book explores the relationship between the earliest Christians and the city environment. Experts in classics, early Christianity, and human geography analyze the growth, development, and self-understanding of the early Christian movement in urban settings.
The book's contributors first look at how the urban physical, cultural, and social environments of the ancient Mediterranean basin affected the ways in which early Christianity progressed. They then turn to how the earliest Christians thought and theologized in their engagement with cities. With a rich variety of expertise and scholarship, The Urban World and the First Christians is an important contribution to the understanding of early Christianity.
The book's contributors first look at how the urban physical, cultural, and social environments of the ancient Mediterranean basin affected the ways in which early Christianity progressed. They then turn to how the earliest Christians thought and theologized in their engagement with cities. With a rich variety of expertise and scholarship, The Urban World and the First Christians is an important contribution to the understanding of early Christianity.
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The XVII Annual Colloquium for Board Game Studies was hosted at the University Campus Suffolk, Ipswich, 20–24 May, 2014. This volume contains a selection of papers presented at the 2014 colloquium in a revised form suitable for... more
The XVII Annual Colloquium for Board Game Studies was hosted at the University Campus Suffolk, Ipswich, 20–24 May, 2014.
This volume contains a selection of papers presented at the 2014 colloquium in a revised form suitable for publication as proceedings, along with an appendix showing a full list of participants and a list of the papers presented in Ipswich.
This volume contains a selection of papers presented at the 2014 colloquium in a revised form suitable for publication as proceedings, along with an appendix showing a full list of participants and a list of the papers presented in Ipswich.
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The British School at Athens opened in 1886 “to promote all researches and studies” which could “advance the knowledge of Hellenic history, literature, and art from the earliest age to the present day”. Over the next thirty years the... more
The British School at Athens opened in 1886 “to promote all researches and studies” which could “advance the knowledge of Hellenic history, literature, and art from the earliest age to the present day”. Over the next thirty years the School initiated a major programme of excavations, initially on Cyprus, then at Megalopolis, on Melos, and at Sparta. School students took part in the work of the Cretan Exploration Fund and in the major regional surveys of the Asia Minor Exploration Fund.
Most of the students who were admitted to the School in this period had been educated at either Cambridge or Oxford. Women, mostly from Cambridge, took part in the School’s activities including the excavations at Phylakopi. The students’ research interests included Greek pottery, Aegean prehistory, and epigraphy. The experience of Greece prepared the students for later work in British universities and in other professions. Many extended their archaeological experience in Greece to fieldwork in Britain, Egypt, and India.
During the First World War former students were involved in intelligence work in the eastern Mediterranean through the activities of the Arab Bureau in Cairo.
Most of the students who were admitted to the School in this period had been educated at either Cambridge or Oxford. Women, mostly from Cambridge, took part in the School’s activities including the excavations at Phylakopi. The students’ research interests included Greek pottery, Aegean prehistory, and epigraphy. The experience of Greece prepared the students for later work in British universities and in other professions. Many extended their archaeological experience in Greece to fieldwork in Britain, Egypt, and India.
During the First World War former students were involved in intelligence work in the eastern Mediterranean through the activities of the Arab Bureau in Cairo.
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Swansea Festival Exhibition 1996, Glynn Vivian Art Gallery
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Greek vases fill whole wings of museums - from New York to Malibu, from Munich to Paris and London. There has, however, been an important change of emphasis of late - largely initiated by Michael Vickers and David Gill - as a result of... more
Greek vases fill whole wings of museums - from New York to Malibu, from Munich to Paris and London. There has, however, been an important change of emphasis of late - largely initiated by Michael Vickers and David Gill - as a result of which gold and silver have been restored to their central position as markers of wealth and taste. Painted ceramic has now been shown to be a high quality substitute for use in contexts where precious metal would have been inappropriate, notably in tombs, which are the source of the most number of pots that survive complete. This book demonstrates how Greek pottery first came to be regarded as a high value commodity in the eighteenth century thanks to clever, if not fraudulent, sales techniques; it examines the primary sources, both literary and epigraphic, to find what materials the ancients did consider to be important; and it explores the ways in which work in gold and silver influenced painted pottery. This challenging and important study calls for a radical reappraisal of the ways that the material culture of Greece is presented and discussed today.
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This volume locates the Book of Acts within the framework of the Roman Empire in the eastern Mediterranean. Drawing on recent archaeological field work and epigraphic discoveries, the author contextualizes the Book of Acts by illuminating... more
This volume locates the Book of Acts within the framework of the Roman Empire in the eastern Mediterranean. Drawing on recent archaeological field work and epigraphic discoveries, the author contextualizes the Book of Acts by illuminating such areas as the Roman legal system, Roman religion, and the problem of transport and travel.
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A catalogue for an exhibition of antiquities acquired on the Grand Tour and subsequently acquired by the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. The material includes part of the sculpture collection given by Dr John Disney, as well as the series... more
A catalogue for an exhibition of antiquities acquired on the Grand Tour and subsequently acquired by the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. The material includes part of the sculpture collection given by Dr John Disney, as well as the series of casts placed in the main entrance hall.
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In 1952 Mohammed Zakaria Goneim, chief inspector of antiquities, excavated an Egyptian mummy and mask at Saqqara. This mummy mask was acquired by the St Louis Art Museum (SLAM) in 1998 from Phoenix Ancient Art. The purchase led to a legal... more
In 1952 Mohammed Zakaria Goneim, chief inspector of antiquities, excavated an Egyptian mummy and mask at Saqqara. This mummy mask was acquired by the St Louis Art Museum (SLAM) in 1998 from Phoenix Ancient Art. The purchase led to a legal claim by the Egyptian authorities: The outcome was that the court confirmed the ownership with the museum. The release of internal documents from the museum reveals a story that suggests that key members of the museum’s curatorial team were aware of sensitivities relating to the history of the mask. There are two parallel and irreconcilable accounts of the mask between 1952 and 1998. The vendor had acquired a statement from Charly Mathez in 1997 that claimed that the mummy mask had been seen by him in Brussels in 1952 (or 1958). The Egyptian authorities claimed that the mask had been recorded in the archaeological store in Saqqara in 1959. The SLAM case raises the issue that legal challenges may not be the most effective way to reclaim cultural property. The way ahead may be to develop a more rigorous due diligence process for museum acquisitions that would enhance the legal ownership of objects acquired through the market.
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The English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk are home to a wide range of heritage from the prehistoric flint mines at Grimes Graves to the Cold War installations on Orford Ness. These heritage assets are owned and managed by a spectrum of... more
The English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk are home to a wide range of heritage from the prehistoric flint mines at Grimes Graves to the Cold War installations on Orford Ness. These heritage assets are owned and managed by a spectrum of institutions including English Heritage, the National Trust and the Church of England. The contribution of these assets to the character and economy of East Anglia is assessed through the RSA Heritage Index that drew on open source data. The DCMS Taking Part Survey suggests that there is strong regional engagement with heritage, and this is reflected in the contribution of heritage for the regional tourism strategy.
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Dr John Disney, through his benefaction of the eponymous chair of archaeology at the University of Cambridge, has been a major influence on the discipline of archaeology. The origins of his interest in archaeology and antiquarianism, as... more
Dr John Disney, through his benefaction of the eponymous chair of archaeology at the University of Cambridge, has been a major influence on the discipline of archaeology. The origins of his interest in archaeology and antiquarianism, as well the sources for his income, have not always been apparent but have now been revealed through a study of the printed and archive sources relating to his family. This study will explore the sources that can be used to reconstruct Disney’s life. They include the printed material, notably Museum Disneianum, being a description of a collection of ancient marbles, in the possession of John Disney, esq., F.R.S. F.S.A., at The Hyde, near Ingatestone (1846), the printed catalogue of his classical collection that formed the basis of his gift to the University of Cambridge; his ‘marbles’ are now displayed in the Fitzwilliam Museum. This catalogue drew on A Catalogue of some Marbles, Bronzes, Pictures and Gems, at The Hyde, Near Ingatestone, Essex (1807) the privately printed catalogues of the family home in Essex, that was prepared by his father, the Reverend John Disney. The Reverend Disney resigned his clerical livings in the Church of England and had become a minister at the Essex Street Unitarian Chapel in London. The archive at Dr Williams’s Library demonstrate the links between the Reverend Disney and Thomas Brand-Hollis, whose house, The Hyde, was bequeathed to Disney. The Disney family’s ancestral home at Norton Disney was in Lincolnshire, and some of the papers are located in the Lincolnshire county archives. The documents relating to The Hyde are located in the Essex Record Office. The genealogical history of the family came be derived from the county histories relating to the Disney estates in Lincolnshire, Essex and Dorset. The family graves in Essex reveal the close connections with Thomas Brand-Hollis. Disney, as a local magistrate and local benefactor, appears in the Essex newspapers on a regular basis. Further information is available through the societies that he supported notably the Chelmsford Philosophical Society and the Essex Archaeological Society.
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Numismatic evidence collected from the lower extension of Euesperides had suggested that there was a gradual withdrawal from the site to the new location of Berenice. However a stratified coin from the penultimate phase of occupation in a... more
Numismatic evidence collected from the lower extension of Euesperides had suggested that there was a gradual withdrawal from the site to the new location of Berenice. However a stratified coin from the penultimate phase of occupation in a house on the east side of the Sidi Abeid provides a terminus post quem of 261-258 BC (‘Magas reconciled with Ptolemy II Philadelphus’). This is comparable to other finds on the Sidi Abeid. The absence of Soter/Libya coins suggests that the final phase of Euesperides was short-lived and that the city was abandoned not long after 258 BC. Euesperitans appear in papyri from Egypt dated to the second half of the third century BC. However the individuals are likely to have been recruited for Ptolemaic forces before the abandonment of Euesperides or the adoption of the new name of Berenice.
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The journalistic investigation into the activities of a major London auction house in the 1990s led directly to the seizure of an important cache of documentation and images at the Geneva Freeport. As a result over 350 items have been... more
The journalistic investigation into the activities of a major London auction house in the 1990s led directly to the seizure of an important cache of documentation and images at the Geneva Freeport. As a result over 350 items have been returned to Italy from dealers, galleries and auction houses, North American public museums and private collectors. The 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property has provided a benchmark for claims on the return of cultural property. There is a need to enhance the due diligence process undertaken by the market. Although some North American museums have changed their acquisition policies, some curatorial staff display open hostility towards enhanced ethical responsibilities and an unwillingness to comply with further investigations.
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Dr John Disney presented his sculpture collection to the University of Cambridge in 1850. Parts of the collection had been formed by Thomas Hollis and Thomas Brand-Hollis on their Grand Tour. the pieces were subsequently displayed at The... more
Dr John Disney presented his sculpture collection to the University of Cambridge in 1850. Parts of the collection had been formed by Thomas Hollis and Thomas Brand-Hollis on their Grand Tour. the pieces were subsequently displayed at The Hyde, near Ingatestone in Essex. Disney was also a member of the Chelmsford Philosophical Society and the Colchester Archaeological Society.
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The importance of studying the market
The sources for the market
Metal detecting
Creative accounts
Fakes
The acquirers
The impact of the Medici Conspiracy
The scale of the market
The sources for the market
Metal detecting
Creative accounts
Fakes
The acquirers
The impact of the Medici Conspiracy
The scale of the market
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Hippodamos came from Miletos, a city that had been destroyed during the Ionian revolt. Its reconstruction in the decades after the termination of the Persian wars may have inspired Hippodamos, though there is no evidence that he was in... more
Hippodamos came from Miletos, a city that had been destroyed during the Ionian revolt. Its reconstruction in the decades after the termination of the Persian wars may have inspired Hippodamos, though there is no evidence that he was in any way involved.
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Gill, D. W. J., and C. Tsirogiannis. 2016. "Polaroids from the Medici dossier: continued sightings on the market." In Art crime: terrorists, tomb raiders, forgers and thieves, edited by N. Charney: 229-39. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
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An Attic black-glossed bolsal dating to the mid 430s BC in the Great North Museum, Newcastle upon Tyne, is derived from the collection once displayed at Nostell Priory in Yorkshire. This is one of the earliest examples of the shape. The... more
An Attic black-glossed bolsal dating to the mid 430s BC in the Great North Museum, Newcastle upon Tyne, is derived from the collection once displayed at Nostell Priory in Yorkshire. This is one of the earliest examples of the shape. The paper considers the use of stamped decoration to recreate workshop groups.
‘The Nostell Priory bolsal’, in J. Boardman, A. Parkin, and S. Waite (eds.), On the Fascination of Objects: Greek and Etruscan Art in the Shefton Collection (Oxford: Oxbow, 2015), 95-106.
‘The Nostell Priory bolsal’, in J. Boardman, A. Parkin, and S. Waite (eds.), On the Fascination of Objects: Greek and Etruscan Art in the Shefton Collection (Oxford: Oxbow, 2015), 95-106.
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Several million dollars’ worth of Egyptian antiquities are sold on the market every year. The majority of these items seem to have surfaced for the first time since 1973, the date of the Archaeological Institute of America’s ‘Resolution... more
Several million dollars’ worth of Egyptian antiquities are sold on the market every year. The majority of these items seem to have surfaced for the first time since 1973, the date of the Archaeological Institute of America’s ‘Resolution of the Acquisition of Antiquities by Museums’. Some of the material appearing on the market appears to have been removed from archaeological stores in Egypt. There is also clear evidence that reliefs and other items are being removed from recorded tombs. Many other items, such as the Akhmim stelae, come from previously unknown sites, and their removal has led to a loss of knowledge about the original contexts. The scandals surrounding the return of antiquities to Italy has resulted in more rigorous acquisition policies being developed by North American museums. This is likely to suppress the market for Egyptian objects that do not have recorded collecting histories.
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"Looting Matters" issued its first post on 17 July 2007. This publication considers how the blog emerged from an established research project with Christopher Chippindale on the material and intellectual consequences of collecting. The... more
"Looting Matters" issued its first post on 17 July 2007. This publication considers how the blog emerged from an established research project with Christopher Chippindale on the material and intellectual consequences of collecting. The Medici Conspiracy gave an impetus to the blog and posts were able to comment on the objects identified from major North American museums. "Looting Matters" was featured in a media project with PR Newswire (and press releases form an appendix to the chapter) and material used on the blog forms the basis of a regular column, "Context Matters", for the Journal of Art Crime (published by ARCA).
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Research Interests: Egyptology and Web 2.0
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‘Early colonisation at Euesperides: origins and interactions’, in G. J. Bradley and J.-P. Wilson (eds.), Greek and Roman colonization. Origins, ideologies and interactions (Swansea: Classical Press of Wales, 2006), 1–23.
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‘The British School at Athens and archaeological research in the late Ottoman Empire’, in D. Shankland (ed.), Archaeology, Anthropology and Heritage in the Balkans and Anatolia: The Life and Times of F.W. Hasluck, 1878–1920 (Istanbul: The... more
‘The British School at Athens and archaeological research in the late Ottoman Empire’, in D. Shankland (ed.), Archaeology, Anthropology and Heritage in the Balkans and Anatolia: The Life and Times of F.W. Hasluck, 1878–1920 (Istanbul: The Isis Press, 2004), vol. 1, 223–55.
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(and C. Mee, G. Taylor) ‘Artefact catalogue’, in C. Mee and H. Forbes (eds.), A Rough and Rocky Place: the Landscape and Settlement History of the Methana Peninsula, Greece. Results of the Methana Survey Project sponsored by the British... more
(and C. Mee, G. Taylor) ‘Artefact catalogue’, in C. Mee and H. Forbes (eds.), A Rough and Rocky Place: the Landscape and Settlement History of the Methana Peninsula, Greece. Results of the Methana Survey Project sponsored by the British School at Athens and the University of Liverpool (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1997), 57-91, 118-210, 269-343.
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‘Coinage of Methana’, in C. Mee and H. Forbes (eds.), A Rough and Rocky Place: the Landscape and Settlement History of the Methana Peninsula, Greece. Results of the Methana Survey Project sponsored by the British School at Athens and the... more
‘Coinage of Methana’, in C. Mee and H. Forbes (eds.), A Rough and Rocky Place: the Landscape and Settlement History of the Methana Peninsula, Greece. Results of the Methana Survey Project sponsored by the British School at Athens and the University of Liverpool (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1997), 57-91, 118-210, 269-343.
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(and L. Foxhall, H. Forbes) ‘Inscriptions of Methana’, in C. Mee and H. Forbes (eds.), A Rough and Rocky Place: the Landscape and Settlement History of the Methana Peninsula, Greece. Results of the Methana Survey Project sponsored by the... more
(and L. Foxhall, H. Forbes) ‘Inscriptions of Methana’, in C. Mee and H. Forbes (eds.), A Rough and Rocky Place: the Landscape and Settlement History of the Methana Peninsula, Greece. Results of the Methana Survey Project sponsored by the British School at Athens and the University of Liverpool (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1997), 57-91, 118-210, 269-343.
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(and C. Mee et al.) ‘Catalogue of sites’, (and L. Foxhall, H. Forbes) ‘Inscriptions of Methana’, ‘Coinage of Methana’, (and C. Mee, G. Taylor) ‘Artefact catalogue’, in C. Mee and H. Forbes (eds.), A Rough and Rocky Place: the Landscape... more
(and C. Mee et al.) ‘Catalogue of sites’, (and L. Foxhall, H. Forbes) ‘Inscriptions of Methana’, ‘Coinage of Methana’, (and C. Mee, G. Taylor) ‘Artefact catalogue’, in C. Mee and H. Forbes (eds.), A Rough and Rocky Place: the Landscape and Settlement History of the Methana Peninsula, Greece. Results of the Methana Survey Project sponsored by the British School at Athens and the University of Liverpool (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1997), 57-91, 118-210, 269-343.
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(and L. Foxhall, H. Bowden) ‘Classical and Hellenistic Methana’, in C. Mee and H. Forbes (eds.), A Rough and Rocky Place: the Landscape and Settlement History of the Methana Peninsula, Greece. Results of the Methana Survey Project... more
(and L. Foxhall, H. Bowden) ‘Classical and Hellenistic Methana’, in C. Mee and H. Forbes (eds.), A Rough and Rocky Place: the Landscape and Settlement History of the Methana Peninsula, Greece. Results of the Methana Survey Project sponsored by the British School at Athens and the University of Liverpool (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1997), 57-91, 118-210, 269-343.
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(and L. Foxhall) ‘Early Iron and Archaic Methana’, in C. Mee and H. Forbes (eds.), A Rough and Rocky Place: the Landscape and Settlement History of the Methana Peninsula, Greece. Results of the Methana Survey Project sponsored by the... more
(and L. Foxhall) ‘Early Iron and Archaic Methana’, in C. Mee and H. Forbes (eds.), A Rough and Rocky Place: the Landscape and Settlement History of the Methana Peninsula, Greece. Results of the Methana Survey Project sponsored by the British School at Athens and the University of Liverpool (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1997), 57-91, 118-210, 269-343.
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In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 16: 266-68. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
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In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 43: 68-69. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
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In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 7: 791-93. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
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In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 21: 454-55. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
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In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 27: 537-42. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
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In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 30: 521-24. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
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In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 13: 86-88. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
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In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 6: 695-96. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
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In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 15: 538-40. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
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The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), vol. 2: 625-27
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In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 13: 449-53. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
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In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 56: 632-35. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
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Robertson, M., and D. W. J. Gill. 2004. In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 4: 683-85. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 32: 285-87. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
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In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 43: 200-01. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
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In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 54: 1-2. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
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In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 24: 22-23. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
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The Michael C. Carlos Museum at Emory University has returned, or transferred the title of, two batches of antiquities: one to Italy, and the other to Greece. This is surprising in that the university museum during the 1980s had made a... more
The Michael C. Carlos Museum at Emory University has returned, or transferred the title of, two batches of antiquities: one to Italy, and the other to Greece. This is surprising in that the university museum during the 1980s had made a prominent ethical stand by developing an exhibition programme known as “The Emory University Museum International Loan Project” (EUMILOP). The nature of the returns and transfers for objects that were acquired largely in the wake of the EUMILOP initiative raises questions about the Carlos Museum’s commitment to a rigorous due diligence process prior to recommendations. The acquisition process needs to include the identification of authenticated documentation that would support the reconstruction of the history of the object as it passed through the market and the hands of individual collectors. This article examines this set of returns and how it might apply to other institutions in a similar situation.
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In May 2021 a group of 96 classical antiquities was seized from Fordham University where they had formed part of their museum collection. The seizure was directly linked to the investigation by US authorities of objects that had been... more
In May 2021 a group of 96 classical antiquities was seized from Fordham University where they had formed part of their museum collection. The seizure was directly linked to the investigation by US authorities of objects that had been handled by the dealer Edoardo Almagià. The Fordham material was dominated by objects derived from Italy: Apulian, Campanian and Paestan figure-decorated pottery; red-on-white ware associated with Crustumerium in Lazio; Etruscan pottery, architectural terracottas and terracotta votives. The objects were all donated to Fordham by William D. Walsh, and had largely been acquired at auctions or through a narrow group of Manhattan galleries.
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It has been more than 20 years since the raids on the premises at the Geneva Freeport linked to Giacomo Medici. The seizure of photographic records led to a major investigation of acquisitions by museums and private collectors. This was... more
It has been more than 20 years since the raids on the premises at the Geneva Freeport linked to Giacomo Medici. The seizure of photographic records led to a major investigation of acquisitions by museums and private collectors. This was expanded following the confiscation of archives from Robin Symes and Gianfranco Becchina. Over 350 items have been returned to Italy from North American public and private collections, as well as auction houses and galleries. This paper reviews the returns and identifies some of the major themes. It also notes some of the unresolved cases both in North America and in Europe and Japan.
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The first formal guidebooks for historic sites placed in state guardianship in the United Kingdom appeared in 1917. There was an expansion of the series in the 1930s and 1950s. However from the late 1950s the Ministry of Works, and later... more
The first formal guidebooks for historic sites placed in state guardianship in the United Kingdom appeared in 1917. There was an expansion of the series in the 1930s and 1950s. However from the late 1950s the Ministry of Works, and later the Ministry of Public Buildings and Works, started to produce an additional series of illustrated souvenir guides. One distinct group covered Royal Palaces: The Tower of London, Hampton Court Palace, Queen Victoria’s residence of Osborne House on the Isle of Wight, and Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh. This was followed by guides for the archaeological sites such as Stonehenge and Avebury, the Neolithic flint mines at Grime’s Graves, the Roman villa at Lullingstone, and Hadrian’s Wall. In 1961 a series of guides, with covers designed by Kyffin Williams, were produced for the English castles constructed in North Wales and that now form part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of ‘Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd’. These illustrated guides, some with colour, prepared the way for the fully designed guides now produced by English Heritage, Cadw, and History Scotland.
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The ancient monuments of Wales and Monmouthshire in the guardianship of the Office of Works (and its successors) were interpreted through the preparation of some 50 guidebooks and leaflets from the 1920s to the formation of the Department... more
The ancient monuments of Wales and Monmouthshire in the guardianship of the Office of Works (and its successors) were interpreted through the preparation of some 50 guidebooks and leaflets from the 1920s to the formation of the Department of the Environment in 1970. The initiative lay with the Chief Inspector, (Sir) Charles Reed Peers, who prepared the guide for Caernarfon Castle. One of the most prolific authors was C. A. Ralegh Radford, the Inspector, who wrote some 21 guides for sites in Wales. Although most guides covered the major castles and ecclesiastical structures in Wales, from the 1930s interpretative guides were written for a number of prehistoric and Roman sites, including the amphitheatre at Caerleon by (Sir) Mortimer Wheeler.
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In February 2013 Christos Tsirogiannis linked a fragmentary Athenian red-figured cup from the collection formed by Dietrich von Bothmer, former chairman of Greek and Roman Art at New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art, to a tondo in the... more
In February 2013 Christos Tsirogiannis linked a fragmentary Athenian red-figured cup from the collection formed by Dietrich von Bothmer, former chairman of Greek and Roman Art at New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art, to a tondo in the Villa Giulia, Rome. The Rome fragment was attributed to the Euaion painter. Bothmer had acquired several fragments attributed to this same painter, and some had been donated to the Metropolitan Museum of Art as well as to the J. Paul Getty Museum. Other fragments from this hand were acquired by the San Antonio Museum of Art and the Princeton University Art Museum. In January 2012 it was announced that some fragments from the Bothmer collection would be returned to Italy, because they fitted vases that had already been repatriated from North American collections. The Euaion painter fragments are considered against the phenomenon of collecting and donating fractured pots.
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Harry Pirie-Gordon (1883-1969) was responsible for the preparation of a series of Guide-Books published by the Palestine News immediately after the First World War. The information had been prepared for the British attack on Palestine.... more
Harry Pirie-Gordon (1883-1969) was responsible for the preparation of a series of Guide-Books published by the Palestine News immediately after the First World War. The information had been prepared for the British attack on Palestine. Pirie-Gordon first went to Syria in 1908 ostensibly to study Crusader Castles. He took part in the survey of the Syrian coast around Alexandretta and worked as a foreign correspondent for The Times. Pirie-Gordon was commissioned in the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve (RNVR) and initially worked through the Arab Bureau in Cairo. After a spell in Salonica, he was commissioned in the Army, returned to Cairo and took responsibility for the publication of the Palestine News for the Egyptian Expeditionary Force. Allenby’s campaign in Palestine drew on the developing technology of aerial photography to prepare accurate maps of troop dispositions.
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The Fitzwilliam Museum holds material brought back by some of the early nineteenth-century travellers to Greece including Edward Daniel Clarke and William Martin Leake. However, it was not until the later nineteenth century, with the... more
The Fitzwilliam Museum holds material brought back by some of the early nineteenth-century travellers to Greece including Edward Daniel Clarke and William Martin Leake. However, it was not until the later nineteenth century, with the founding of such organisations as the British School of Athens and the Cyprus Exploration Fund, that the Museum's collections started to be enriched through material excavated or otherwise acquired in Greece by archaeologists and other students. This article maps the impact of the emerging discipline of archaeology on the Fitzwilliam's collections in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It also demonstrates how the Museum profited from the close connections between students, archaeologists and museum officers of the period.
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The Gallipoli campaign in 1915 revealed remains of the cemeteries of the Greek settlement of Elaious. French troops from the Corps expéditionnaire d’Orient were assigned to investigate the site, often under Turkish gunfire. This work was... more
The Gallipoli campaign in 1915 revealed remains of the cemeteries of the Greek settlement of Elaious. French troops from the Corps expéditionnaire d’Orient were assigned to investigate the site, often under Turkish gunfire. This work was supervised by former students of the École française d’Athènes. Detailed plans were made, the finds catalogued, and a published report issued. During the subsequent campaign in Macedonia the French team made a detailed study of the archaeological remains and objects discovered in the French sector. Ernest Gardner, the former director of the British School at Athens, had been posted to Salonica as a member of the Eastern Mediterranean Special Intelligence Bureau (EMSIB). He studied the finds from the British sector and created a museum for the finds in Salonica. Some other archaeological work continued in Greece during the war years though not close to the front. Such dedicated archaeological work in a battlefield situation was the precursor to more specialised units that developed during the Second World War.
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The series of returned antiquities to Italy have been a reminder of the role of Giacomo Medici in the movement of antiquities to North American public and private collections. A dossier of images was seized during a series of raids on... more
The series of returned antiquities to Italy have been a reminder of the role of Giacomo Medici in the movement of antiquities to North American public and private collections. A dossier of images was seized during a series of raids on premises in the Geneva Freeport linked to Medici. Such images have made it possible for the Italian authorities to make identifications with recently surfaced antiquities. In spite of the publicity some involved with the trade of antiquities continue to offer recently-surfaced objects that can be traced back to Medici and his consignments to the London market.
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The Portable Antiquities Scheme and the Treasure Act: Protecting the Archaeology of England and Wales? Reply to Austin, Barford, Moshenska, Renfrew and Worrell
The Portable Antiquities Scheme and the Treasure Act: Protecting the Archaeology of England and Wales? Reply to Austin, Barford, Moshenska, Renfrew and Worrell
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The use of the term “provenance” when applied to archaeological material has been related to previous ownership. The collecting histories of over 120 items returned to Italy from North American collections have demonstrated the need for... more
The use of the term “provenance” when applied to archaeological material has been related to previous ownership. The collecting histories of over 120 items returned to Italy from North American collections have demonstrated the need for the careful and rigorous documentation of individual pieces. Such a history would chart the “life” of the object from the moment that it is discovered to the point when it is sold at auction or acquired by a museum or private individual. The impact of the scandal surrounding the “Medici Conspiracy” has led to the withdrawal of lots from a London sale in 2008, and a series of seizures from a New York auction house in 2009. The lack of collecting histories for individual objects suggests that the pieces were removed from their archaeological contexts, such as graves, by unscientific methods. The study argues that the widely used term “provenance” is essentially obsolete when applied to antiquities.
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A discussion of a marble 'book' recording HMS Belvidera in Greek waters during the summer of 1832. The book celebrates 'The Temple of Minerva', almost certainly the Parthenon.
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Using video podcasts to explore the topography of Athens, Pergamon and Rome.
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Forty years have passed since the 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property. In spite of this there have been major scandals relating to the... more
Forty years have passed since the 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property. In spite of this there have been major scandals relating to the acquisition of recently-surfaced antiquities by public museums and private individuals. The Italian government has obtained the return of over 100 antiquities from North American collections and these have been displayed in a series of high profile exhibitions. Greece and Egypt have made successful claims on other material. Some dealers appear to be willing to handle material that surfaced along similar routes in spite of this increased awareness of the problem of looting, North American museums have now adjusted their acquisition policies to align them with the 1970 Convention.
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The 2006 deaccessioning of antiquities from the Museum of Fine Arts (MFA), Boston, for return to Italy drew attention to the networks allowing objects to be sold on the market. This case study analyzes 13 South Italian pots (Apulian and... more
The 2006 deaccessioning of antiquities from the Museum of Fine Arts (MFA), Boston, for return to Italy drew attention to the networks allowing objects to be sold on the market. This case study analyzes 13 South Italian pots (Apulian and Paestan) acquired by the MFA since its revised accessions policy of 1983. Only three appear to have documentation showing that they were known prior to 1970, and another three were part of the 2006 return. The remaining pots are associated with restorers and dealers who have been linked to the trade in recently surfaced antiquities. This suggests that museums need to adopt more rigorous policies to ensure that they do not acquire antiquities that may have been removed illegally from archaeological sites.
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Five items of silver plate from tomb II at Vergina are inscribed with their ancient weights. The inscriptions, using the acrophonic and alphabetic systems, suggest that the pieces were made to a drachma weight of ca. 4.2 g. This weight of... more
Five items of silver plate from tomb II at Vergina are inscribed with their ancient weights. The inscriptions, using the acrophonic and alphabetic systems, suggest that the pieces were made to a drachma weight of ca. 4.2 g. This weight of drachma was introduced to Macedonia by Alexander the Great and does not appear to have been used by Philip II. The inscriptions on the silver add to the cumulative evidence provided by the cremated remains, black-gloss saltcellars, and iconography of the lion-hunt frieze that tomb II was the final resting place not of Philip II, but of Philip III Arrhidaios and Adea Eurydike.
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During 2006 three major North American Museums, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, and the J. Paul Getty Museum in Malibu, agreed to return a significant number of antiquities to Italy.... more
During 2006 three major North American Museums, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, and the J. Paul Getty Museum in Malibu, agreed to return a significant number of antiquities to Italy. Acquisition information relating to the return of 26 items to Italy and 4 to Greece from the Getty can be added to the details known from the objects returned from Boston. A more detailed picture is emerging of how antiquities, apparently looted from Italy, were being passed through Switzerland on their way to dealers in Europe and North America. This information also points toward other antiquities that may be included in future agreements.
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The return of 13 classical antiquities from Boston's Museum of Fine Arts (MFA) to Italy provides a glimpse into a major museum's acquisition patterns from 1971 to 1999. Evidence emerging during the trial of Marion True and Robert E. Hecht... more
The return of 13 classical antiquities from Boston's Museum of Fine Arts (MFA) to Italy provides a glimpse into a major museum's acquisition patterns from 1971 to 1999. Evidence emerging during the trial of Marion True and Robert E. Hecht Jr. in Rome is allowing the Italian authorities to identify antiquities that have been removed from their archaeological contexts by illicit digging. Key dealers and galleries are identified, and with them other objects that have followed the same route. The fabrication of old collections to hide the recent surfacing of antiquities is also explored.
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British scholars were active in the Levant during the years leading up to the outbreak of the First World War. Harry Pirie-Gordon toured medieval castles in the region during the spring of 1908 under the auspices of the British School at... more
British scholars were active in the Levant during the years leading up to the outbreak of the First World War. Harry Pirie-Gordon toured medieval castles in the region during the spring of 1908 under the auspices of the British School at Athens; T.E. Lawrence used his maps in the following year. Pirie-Gordon continued to travel widely in the Near East as a member of the Foreign Department of The Times and was involved with the survey of the Syrian coastline around Alexandretta. He was commissioned in the RNVR in 1914 and took part in the raid by HMS Doris on Alexandretta. Pirie-Gordon served in an intelligence capacity at Gallipoli before returning to Cairo to work with David Hogarth. In 1916 he was involved with the occupation of Makronisi (Long Island) in the Gulf of Smyrna. Later that year he took charge of the EMSIB operation at Salonica until its purge in early 1917. Pirie-Gordon returned to the Arab Bureau in Cairo and took part in the Palestine campaign.
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A fragmentary Egyptian Middle Kingdom statuette was found in the north-west area of Central Court at Knossos in 1900. The three hieroglyphic texts show that the statue was mortuary in character, and that it was linked to a gold-caster... more
A fragmentary Egyptian Middle Kingdom statuette was found in the north-west area of Central Court at Knossos in 1900. The three hieroglyphic texts show that the statue was mortuary in character, and that it was linked to a gold-caster called User of the Wadjet nome in Egypt. The User statuette is part of a wider distribution of Middle Kingdom statues from Nubia, Anatolia, and the Levant which have been found in funerary and nonfunerary contexts. Theories for this distribution are reviewed including diplomatic gifts and exchanges, dedications in sanctuaries, the movement of specialised Egyptian workers, portable funerary statues and looting. Looting of tombs in the Wadjet nome followed by redistribution of finds looks like the most likely explanation for the appearance of User's statuette on Crete.
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A discussion of 'Swedes' by Edward Thomas against the background of Egyptian tomb-robbing.
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Professor William Francis ('Peter') Grimes (1905-1988), Director of the Institute of Archaeology in London, is often associated with Roman archaeology. Although his roots were in the classical world, he made a significant contribution to... more
Professor William Francis ('Peter') Grimes (1905-1988), Director of the Institute of Archaeology in London, is often associated with Roman archaeology. Although his roots were in the classical world, he made a significant contribution to the study of pre-Roman Wales, and was in the vanguard of field archaeologists in Britain considering prehistory.
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‘A Greek price inscription from Euesperides, Cyrenaica’, Libyan Studies 29 (1998), 83–88
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(with R. Gee) 116 (1996), 257-61
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In 1969 the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, purchased fifty-five fragments of relief disci from Athenian terracotta lamps of the 3rd and 4th centuries AD. They comprise thirty discus types, and the presence of at least one waster may... more
In 1969 the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, purchased fifty-five fragments of relief disci from Athenian terracotta lamps of the 3rd and 4th centuries AD. They comprise thirty discus types, and the presence of at least one waster may suggest that they are discards from a kiln site. Recent excavations in the Kerameikos have provided some parallels for the material, especially from the Roman kilns which were built in the ruins of Building Y, to the east of the Sacred Gate.
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A discussion of the Roman copy of Polykleitos' Doryphoros acquired by the Minneapolis Institute of Arts (MIA) in 1986 for $2.5 million. It surfaced in Munich in the 1970s as the ‘Doryphoros aus Stabiae’ implying that it had been found in... more
A discussion of the Roman copy of Polykleitos' Doryphoros acquired by the Minneapolis Institute of Arts (MIA) in 1986 for $2.5 million. It surfaced in Munich in the 1970s as the ‘Doryphoros aus Stabiae’ implying that it had been found in the vicinity of the Bay of Naples.
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A discussion of the two Roman portrait heads excavated in southern Italy and that surfaced through PIASA in Paris. One entered a private North American collection, and the other was sold by a Swiss-based dealer to the Cleveland Museum of... more
A discussion of the two Roman portrait heads excavated in southern Italy and that surfaced through PIASA in Paris. One entered a private North American collection, and the other was sold by a Swiss-based dealer to the Cleveland Museum of Art. Both portraits were returned to Italy in 2017.
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Journal of Art Crime 15 (2016) 73-77.
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Journal of Art Crime 14 (2015) 65-71.
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Review of Duncan Chappell and Saskia Hufnagel (eds.). Contemporary perspectives on the detection, investigation and prosecution of art crime: Australasian, European and North American perspectives. xiv+276 pages. 2014 Farnham & Burlington... more
Review of Duncan Chappell and Saskia Hufnagel (eds.). Contemporary perspectives on the detection, investigation and prosecution of art crime: Australasian, European and North American perspectives. xiv+276 pages. 2014 Farnham & Burlington (VT): Ashgate; 978-1-4094-6313-9 hardback £70. Louise Grove and Suzie Thomas (eds.). Heritage crime: progress, prospects and prevention. xiv+235 pages, 13 b&w illustrations. 2014. Basingstoke & New York (NY): Palgrave Macmillan; 978-1-137-35750-2 hardback £65.
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Review article of James B. Cuno, Who owns antiquity? Museums and the battle over our ancient heritage (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008), in American Journal of Archaeology 113, 1 (January 2009).
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(with Christopher Chippindale) ‘The illicit antiquities scandal: what it has done to classical archaeology collections’, review article of P. Watson and C. Todeschini, The Medici conspiracy: the illicit journey of looted antiquities from... more
(with Christopher Chippindale) ‘The illicit antiquities scandal: what it has done to classical archaeology collections’, review article of P. Watson and C. Todeschini, The Medici conspiracy: the illicit journey of looted antiquities from Italy's tomb raiders to the world's great museums (New York: Public Affairs, 2006), in American Journal of Archaeology 111 (2007), 571-74.
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Review article of Craig, A. Evans, Jesus and the ossuaries (Waco, Texas: Baylor University Press 2003), in Evangelical Quarterly 77, 4 (2005), 354-58.
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‘Sotheby’s, sleaze and subterfuge: inside the antiquities trade’, review article of P. Watson, Sotheby’s: inside story (London: Bloomsbury, 1997), in Antiquity 71 (1997), 468-71.
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‘Connoisseurship in context’, review article of B.A. Sparkes, The Red and the Black: Studies in Greek Pottery (London: Routledge, 1996), and N. Spivey, Understanding Greek Sculpture: Ancient Meanings, Modern Readings (London: Thames &... more
‘Connoisseurship in context’, review article of B.A. Sparkes, The Red and the Black: Studies in Greek Pottery (London: Routledge, 1996), and N. Spivey, Understanding Greek Sculpture: Ancient Meanings, Modern Readings (London: Thames & Hudson, 1996), in Antiquity 70 (1996), 988-91.
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Antiquity 69 (1995), 626-30
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Review article of D.A. Traill, Excavating Schliemann: Collected Papers on Schliemann (Illinois Classical Studies suppl. 4; Atlanta, 1993), in Bryn Mawr Classical Review 5.1 (1994), 57-64 (also in Electronic edition). [ISSN 1055-7660]
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‘Art and vases vs. craft and pots’, review article of M. Robertson, The Art of Vase-painting in Classical Athens (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), in Antiquity 67 (1993), 452-55.
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(with K. Butcher) ‘Mischievous pastime or historical science?’, review article of Minerva, in Antiquity 64 (1990), 946-50.
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Includes discussion of material identified from Medici Dossier and Schinousa Archive.
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Review of Hellenic Histories. The Cultural, Ideological and Political Issues of the Archaeology of Ancient Greece (London: Routledge, 2006), in Journal of Hellenic Studies 128 (2008), 296-97.
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Review of Anna Lemos, Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum, Greece 10: Rhodes, Archaeological Museum 1: Attic Black Figure (Athens: Academy of Athens, 2007), in American Journal of Archaeology 112, 4 (2008).
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Review of T. Melander, Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum, Danemark 9: Thorvaldsens Museum (Collection des Antiquités Classiques) 1 (Copenhagen: Thorvaldsens Museum / Académie Royale des Sciences et des Lettres du Danemark, 1999), and A.... more
Review of T. Melander, Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum, Danemark 9: Thorvaldsens Museum (Collection des Antiquités Classiques) 1 (Copenhagen: Thorvaldsens Museum / Académie Royale des Sciences et des Lettres du Danemark, 1999), and A. Mlasowsky, Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum, Deutschland 72: Hannover, Kestner-Museum 2 (Munich: C.H. Beck, 2000), in Journal of Hellenic Studies 127 (2007), 226-27.
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Review of A. Papanastasiou, Relations between red-figured and black-glazed vases in Athens of the 4th century B.C. (BAR international series, vol. 1297; Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 2004), in Journal of Hellenic Studies 127... more
Review of A. Papanastasiou, Relations between red-figured and black-glazed vases in Athens of the 4th century B.C. (BAR international series, vol. 1297; Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 2004), in Journal of Hellenic Studies 127 (2007), 225-26.
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Review of E. Robson, L. Treadwell, and L. Gosden (eds.), Who owns objects? The ethics and politics of collecting cultural artefacts (Oxford: Oxbow, 2006); and N. Brodie, M. M. Kersel, C. Luke, and K. W. Tubb (eds.), 2006. Archaeology,... more
Review of E. Robson, L. Treadwell, and L. Gosden (eds.), Who owns objects? The ethics and politics of collecting cultural artefacts (Oxford: Oxbow, 2006); and N. Brodie, M. M. Kersel, C. Luke, and K. W. Tubb (eds.), 2006. Archaeology, cultural heritage, and the antiquities trade (Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2006), in Journal of Field Archaeology 32.1 (2007), 103-06.
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Review of R.E. Leader-Newby, Silver and Society in Late Antiquity: Functions and Meanings of Silver Plate in the Fourth to Seventh centuries (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004), in Classical Review 57, 1 (2007), 226-28.
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Review article of Craig, A. Evans, Jesus and the ossuaries (Waco, Texas: Baylor University Press 2003), in Evangelical Quarterly 77, 4 (2005), 354–58.
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Review of William D.E. Coulson, Ancient Naukratis. Volume II. The survey at Naukratis and environs. Part I. The survey at Naukratis (Oxbow monograph, vol. 60. Oxford: Oxbow. 1996), in Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 89 (2003) 278–80.
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Review of Vinnie Nørskov, Greek Vases in New Contexts. The Collecting and Trading of Greek Vases - An Aspect of the Modern Reception of Antiquity (Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 2002), in Culture Without Context 12 (Spring 2003), 21–23.
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Review of Oscar White Muscarella, The Lie Became Great: The Forgery of Ancient Near Eastern Cultures (Studies in the Art and Archaeology of Antiquity vol. 1; Groningen: Styx, 2000), in American Journal of Archaeology 107, 2 (2003), 285–86.
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Review of G. Günter, Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum, Deutschland 71: Würzburg, Martin von Wagner Museum, 4 (Munich: C.H. Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1999) and C.L. Sismanides, Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum, Greece 5: Thessaloniki,... more
Review of G. Günter, Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum, Deutschland 71: Würzburg, Martin von Wagner Museum, 4 (Munich: C.H. Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1999) and C.L. Sismanides, Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum, Greece 5: Thessaloniki, Archaeological Museum, 1 (Athens: Academy of Athens, 1998)
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Review of D. Williams (ed.), The Art of the Greek Goldsmith (London: British Museum Press, 1998), in Classical Review 50.1 (2000), 233–235.
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119, 225–26
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Review of Susan Heuck Allen, Finding the Walls of Troy: Frank Calvert and Heinrich Schliemann at Hisarlik (Berkeley1998), in Antiquity 73 (1999), 968–69.
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Review of R. Lambrechts, Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum, Stato della Città del Vaticano 1. Città del Vaticano, Museum Profano dell a Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana; Roma, Collezione di antichità dell’Abbazia di San Paolo fuori le mura (Rome... more
Review of R. Lambrechts, Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum, Stato della Città del Vaticano 1. Città del Vaticano, Museum Profano dell a Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana; Roma, Collezione di antichità dell’Abbazia di San Paolo fuori le mura (Rome 1995), in Classical Review 48 (1998), 549–50.
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Review of M.B. Hatzopoulos & L.D. Loukopoulou, Recherches sur les marches orientales des Téménides (Anthémonte-Kalindoia): IIe partie (Athens 1996), in Classical Review 48 (1998), 235.
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Review of M. Mund-Dopchie, La fortune du ‘Périple d’Hannon’ à la Renaissance et au XVIIe siècle: Continuité et rupture dans la transmission d’un savoir géographique (Namur 1995), in Classical Review 48 (1998), 183–84.
Review of G. Shipley & J. Salmon (eds.), Human Landscapes in Classical Antiquity: Environment and Culture (London 1996), in Classical Review 48 (1998), 137–39.
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Review of A. Hurst & A. Schachter (eds.), La montagne des Muses (Geneva 1996), in Classical Review 48 (1998), 133–34.
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Review of W. Cavanagh, J. Crouwel, R.W.V. Catling & G. Shipley, Continuity and Change in a Greek Rural Landscape. The Laconia Survey: volume II: Archaeological Data (London 1996), in Classical Review 48 (1998), 131–32.
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Review of M. Melas, Potivdaion Karpavqou ajpov thn proi>storikhv ejpochv w{~ thn u{sterh ajrcaiovthta (New York, 1991), in Classical Review 47.2 (1997), 437-38
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Review of C. Johns, The Jewellery of Roman Britain: Celtic and Classical Traditions (London, 1996), in Classical Review 47.2 (1997), 400-402
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Review of A.D. Rizakis, Achaie I: Sources textuelles et histoire regionale (Meletemata 20; Athens, 1992), in Classical Review 47.1 (1997), 151-52.
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Review of I. Jenkins and K. Sloan, Vases and Volcanoes: Sir William Hamilton and his Collection (London, 1996), in American Journal of Archaeology 101 (1997), 424-25.
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Review of E. Zangger, The Geoarchaeology of the Argolid (Argolis 2; Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Athen; Berlin: Gebr. Mann, 1993), in Classical Review 46 (1996), 386-87
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Review of M. Henig et al., Classical Gems: Ancient and Modern Intaglios and Cameos in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), in Classical Review 46 (1996), 342-43
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Review of A. Leontis, Topographies of Hellenism: Mapping the Homeland (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995), in Classical Review 46 (1996), 312-13.
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Review of E.A. Tees, The Ancient and Classicising Finger-rings and Gems, The McGill University Collection of Greek and Roman Antiquities, fascicule 2 (Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben, 1994), in Classical Review 46 (1996), 190-91.
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This report reviews the contribution of heritage to the region defined by the counties of Kent, Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk. It identifies four key themes that link the heritage in the region: coastal defence; Christian heritage; historic... more
This report reviews the contribution of heritage to the region defined by the counties of Kent, Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk. It identifies four key themes that link the heritage in the region: coastal defence; Christian heritage; historic houses; and historic landscapes and natural heritage. The region contains one UNESCO World Heritage Site at Canterbury. Heritage is supported by the development of several Heritage Action Zones and High Street Heritage Action Zones across the four counties.
Heritage features in the strategies for the two regional Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEP), as well as countywide and local authority heritage and cultural strategies. The report identifies examples of good practice.
Several research themes have been identified that link to the interests of the three sponsoring universities of East Anglia, Essex, and Kent. Coastal heritage across the four counties is facing the threat of the climate crisis and assets are being lost due to coastal erosion. The impact of rising sea levels is also assessed. Heritage and cultural property crime affects the sustainability of heritage and cultural property across the region. Five case studies are presented: damage to churches, including lead roof theft; illegal metal-detecting and the disposal of finds; architectural theft; vandalism; and the use of technology to facilitate crime against heritage assets. The third research theme relates to the way that the DCI sector works with heritage organisation to record and interpret assets. The development of a county based Digital Heritage Strategy for Suffolk is highlighted.
The economic benefits of heritage are explored through the award of National Lottery Heritage Fund (NLHF) grants to heritage projects. Between 2013 and 2020 the EARC region was awarded over £190 million for heritage projects by NLHF. In addition, the report explores visitor trends and identifies the impact of COVID-19 on the tourism economy for the region. Historic England estimates that the heritage sector accounted for 140,000 jobs in the south east, and eastern England in 2019.
The social benefits of heritage align with the UK Government’s Levelling-Up agenda. This is explored through a number of sub-themes: health and well-being; pride in place; digital connectivity; education and skills.
The report concludes with a reflection on the challenges facing heritage across the region. This includes encouraging public participation with museums and archives.
Heritage features in the strategies for the two regional Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEP), as well as countywide and local authority heritage and cultural strategies. The report identifies examples of good practice.
Several research themes have been identified that link to the interests of the three sponsoring universities of East Anglia, Essex, and Kent. Coastal heritage across the four counties is facing the threat of the climate crisis and assets are being lost due to coastal erosion. The impact of rising sea levels is also assessed. Heritage and cultural property crime affects the sustainability of heritage and cultural property across the region. Five case studies are presented: damage to churches, including lead roof theft; illegal metal-detecting and the disposal of finds; architectural theft; vandalism; and the use of technology to facilitate crime against heritage assets. The third research theme relates to the way that the DCI sector works with heritage organisation to record and interpret assets. The development of a county based Digital Heritage Strategy for Suffolk is highlighted.
The economic benefits of heritage are explored through the award of National Lottery Heritage Fund (NLHF) grants to heritage projects. Between 2013 and 2020 the EARC region was awarded over £190 million for heritage projects by NLHF. In addition, the report explores visitor trends and identifies the impact of COVID-19 on the tourism economy for the region. Historic England estimates that the heritage sector accounted for 140,000 jobs in the south east, and eastern England in 2019.
The social benefits of heritage align with the UK Government’s Levelling-Up agenda. This is explored through a number of sub-themes: health and well-being; pride in place; digital connectivity; education and skills.
The report concludes with a reflection on the challenges facing heritage across the region. This includes encouraging public participation with museums and archives.
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The report builds on the data brought together in the RSA Heritage Index (2020). It identifies four key heritage themes in Kent: coastal heritage; Christian heritage; historic houses; and natural heritage and historic landscapes. These... more
The report builds on the data brought together in the RSA Heritage Index (2020). It identifies four key heritage themes in Kent: coastal heritage; Christian heritage; historic houses; and natural heritage and historic landscapes. These themes embrace elements such as the Roman forts of the Saxon Shore; Dover Castle; the artillery forts of Henry VIII; coastal resorts; the UNESCO World Heritage site of Canterbury; the cathedral city of Rochester; historic houses including Knole and
Chartwell; and the Kent Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB).
Three case studies relating to local authorities are presented: Canterbury, Dover, and Folkestone and Hythe. These show how each of the areas has been able to use its heritage assets to develop its tourism economy, and to attract significant funding from the NLHF.
A summary of the key themes of heritage strategies from local authorities across Kent is provided to indicate how local heritage assets are perceived as part of their local communities.
A consideration of the social benefits of heritage includes a reflection on the UK Government’s Levelling-Up agenda and its interaction with the heritage sector. The economic benefits of heritage are underlined by the scale of NLHF awards made to projects in Kent, as well as the value of tourism, in part driven by heritage attractions and assets. Heritage projects in Kent were awarded over £79 million in grants from NLHF from 2013 to 2020. The largest amounts were for £13.7 million for the Canterbury Journey awarded to Canterbury Cathedral, £4.8 million for Chatham Historic Dockyard Trust, £4.6 million for the Maison Dieu in Dover, £4.6 million for the Sheerness Dockyard Church project, and £3.4 million for Chartwell.
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a major fall in income from tourism for the county from £4.1 billion in 2019 to £1.6 billion in 2020. This included a fall of 61 per cent on day trips, and 60 per cent on overnight trips. This had an impact on employment in the tourism sector accounting for a drop of 39 per cent to 50,026 individuals. The fall in income due to the pandemic is particularly noticeable for Canterbury with a loss of over £300 million, while Medway and Thanet both saw losses over around £200 million.
The report reflects on the challenges facing heritage in Kent. In particular, it considers the way that the public have been engaging with built heritage, museums, and archives. Solutions include integrating the historic built environment with related objects and documents that can be found in museums and archives within the county.
Chartwell; and the Kent Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB).
Three case studies relating to local authorities are presented: Canterbury, Dover, and Folkestone and Hythe. These show how each of the areas has been able to use its heritage assets to develop its tourism economy, and to attract significant funding from the NLHF.
A summary of the key themes of heritage strategies from local authorities across Kent is provided to indicate how local heritage assets are perceived as part of their local communities.
A consideration of the social benefits of heritage includes a reflection on the UK Government’s Levelling-Up agenda and its interaction with the heritage sector. The economic benefits of heritage are underlined by the scale of NLHF awards made to projects in Kent, as well as the value of tourism, in part driven by heritage attractions and assets. Heritage projects in Kent were awarded over £79 million in grants from NLHF from 2013 to 2020. The largest amounts were for £13.7 million for the Canterbury Journey awarded to Canterbury Cathedral, £4.8 million for Chatham Historic Dockyard Trust, £4.6 million for the Maison Dieu in Dover, £4.6 million for the Sheerness Dockyard Church project, and £3.4 million for Chartwell.
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a major fall in income from tourism for the county from £4.1 billion in 2019 to £1.6 billion in 2020. This included a fall of 61 per cent on day trips, and 60 per cent on overnight trips. This had an impact on employment in the tourism sector accounting for a drop of 39 per cent to 50,026 individuals. The fall in income due to the pandemic is particularly noticeable for Canterbury with a loss of over £300 million, while Medway and Thanet both saw losses over around £200 million.
The report reflects on the challenges facing heritage in Kent. In particular, it considers the way that the public have been engaging with built heritage, museums, and archives. Solutions include integrating the historic built environment with related objects and documents that can be found in museums and archives within the county.
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Summary report of an analysis of the RSA Heritage Index for local authorities in the Solent area.
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A report on the state of the Historic Environment for East Anglia has been prepared by Professor David Gill. The report is based on the analysis of data derived from the RSA Heritage Index (2020). It presents the heritage rankings for... more
A report on the state of the Historic Environment for East Anglia has been prepared by Professor David Gill. The report is based on the analysis of data derived from the RSA Heritage Index (2020). It presents the heritage rankings for authorities in the region, and then explores the main themes of the Index: Historic Built Environment; Museums, Archives and Artefacts; Industrial Heritage; Parks and Open Spaces; Landscapes and Natural Heritage; Culture and Memories. There are additional sections on Participation in Heritage, National Lottery Heritage Fund (NLHF) Grants, and Heritage and the Tourism Economy. Links to open source data are provided. This summary extracts the information for North Norfolk.
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A report on the state of the Historic Environment for East Anglia has been prepared by Professor David Gill. The report is based on the analysis of data derived from the RSA Heritage Index (2020). It presents the heritage rankings for... more
A report on the state of the Historic Environment for East Anglia has been prepared by Professor David Gill. The report is based on the analysis of data derived from the RSA Heritage Index (2020). It presents the heritage rankings for authorities in the region, and then explores the main themes of the Index: Historic Built Environment; Museums, Archives and Artefacts; Industrial Heritage; Parks and Open Spaces; Landscapes and Natural Heritage; Culture and Memories. There are additional sections on Participation in Heritage, National Lottery Heritage Fund (NLHF) Grants, and Heritage and the Tourism Economy. Links to open source data are provided. Ipswich is ranked at 87 out of 316 local authorities in England.
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This summary report on the state of the Historic Environment for Swansea has been compiled by Professor David Gill based on the analysis of data derived from the RSA Heritage Index (2020). It presents the heritage rankings for Swansea... more
This summary report on the state of the Historic Environment for Swansea has been compiled by Professor David Gill based on the analysis of data derived from the RSA Heritage Index (2020). It presents the heritage rankings for Swansea through the main themes of the Index: Historic Built Environment; Museums, Archives and Artefacts; Industrial Heritage; Parks and Open Spaces; Landscapes and Natural Heritage; Culture and Memories. There are additional sections on Participation in Heritage, National Lottery Heritage Fund (NLHF) Grants, and Heritage and the Tourism Economy. Swansea is ranked at 13 out of 22 local authorities in Wales. This is a slight decrease from 12 in the 2016 Index. Cardiff is placed at 12, Carmarthenshire at 14, and Neath Port Talbot at 19.
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Analysis of the RSA Heritage Index (2020) for Shropshire
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Analysis of the RSA Heritage Index (2020) data for Cheshire, the Wirral and North-east Wales.
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Analysis of the RSA Heritage Index (2020) for Sussex.
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An analysis of the RSA Heritage Index (2020) for East Anglia (Norfolk and Suffolk).
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Analysis of the RSA Heritage Index (2020) for Essex including Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock.
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Publications, including reviews, on cultural property.
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Publications largely relating to Greek and Roman silver plate, skeuomorphism, and ancient mining.
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This bibliography highlights key publications relating to chronological issues. This includes dating the early colonisation of Cyrenaica (with special reference to Euesperides), the down-dating of the the temple of Aphaia on Aegina,... more
This bibliography highlights key publications relating to chronological issues. This includes dating the early colonisation of Cyrenaica (with special reference to Euesperides), the down-dating of the the temple of Aphaia on Aegina, Egyptian or Egyptianising material in Italy, and the implications of lower dates for the Nike Temple Decree and the horoi for the Piraeus.
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Publications relating to Greek pottery.
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This list includes publications relating to the Ashmolean Museum's excavations at Euesperides in Cyrenaica, as well as the American excavations at Cyrene.
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These publications include cultural property issues including finds as a result of metal-detecting. Dr John Disney's interest in Roman finds from Colchester is included, as well as the work of students from the British School at Athens on... more
These publications include cultural property issues including finds as a result of metal-detecting. Dr John Disney's interest in Roman finds from Colchester is included, as well as the work of students from the British School at Athens on a number of sites in England (including Housesteads).
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Heritage policymaking and economic policymaking have usually taken place separately. This is a big missed opportunity. The heritage sector has a key role to play in driving growth that supports local communities and reduces inequality.... more
Heritage policymaking and economic policymaking have usually taken place separately. This is a big missed opportunity.
The heritage sector has a key role to play in driving growth that supports local communities and reduces inequality.
Heritage for inclusive growth explores a systemic approach which brings together heritage, economic development and wider range of inclusive outcomes – not only economic, but also social and environmental.
This report presents RSA research around what heritage for inclusive growth looks like in a UK context, with reflections and responses from the British Council drawing on the insights emerging from the global Cultural Heritage for Inclusive Growth programme.
The heritage sector has a key role to play in driving growth that supports local communities and reduces inequality.
Heritage for inclusive growth explores a systemic approach which brings together heritage, economic development and wider range of inclusive outcomes – not only economic, but also social and environmental.
This report presents RSA research around what heritage for inclusive growth looks like in a UK context, with reflections and responses from the British Council drawing on the insights emerging from the global Cultural Heritage for Inclusive Growth programme.
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Report commissioned by Ipswich Borough Council and Suffolk County Council. Submitted 2015.
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This contains a list of publications, including reviews, on the themes of the history of collecting and the history of archaeology. There is an emphasis on the British School at Athens (especially from 1886 to 1939) and the Fitzwilliam... more
This contains a list of publications, including reviews, on the themes of the history of collecting and the history of archaeology. There is an emphasis on the British School at Athens (especially from 1886 to 1939) and the Fitzwilliam Museum (including Winifred Lamb and Dr John Disney).
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Analysis of visitor data from Visit Britain and ALVA for the Eastern ARC region (Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Kent, and Sussex).
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Newton’s time at the British Museum coincided with a new approach to acquiring classical sculpture that was derived from specific sites rather than old collections. His work in Anatolia and the Aegean islands enabled the British Museum to... more
Newton’s time at the British Museum coincided with a new approach to acquiring classical sculpture that was derived from specific sites rather than old collections. His work in Anatolia and the Aegean islands enabled the British Museum to acquire key pieces of sculpture for its growing collection: among them fragments of the Mausoleum of Halikarnassos; the seated figures from the Sacred Way at Didmya near Miletos; and finds from the sanctuary of Demeter at Knidos. This made a marked change from the formation of Grand Tour collections that had been created from random digging at classical sites such as Hadrian’s Villa at Tivoli. The University of Cambridge acquired the sculptures collected by E. Daniel Clarke during his travels in the Aegean: among them was one of the Caryatids from the Propylon at Eleusis. These pieces were to be displayed alongside the Disney Marbles in the newly created Fitzwilliam Museum. In Oxford, the Ashmolean Museum displayed the Arundel marbles. In France, the Louvre had acquired the statue of Aphrodite found on the island of Melos in 1820, and later purchased some sculptures found at the Samian Heraion in 1875. Munich had displayed the sculptures removed from the temple of Aphaia on the island of Aegina in 1811, and then sold to King Ludwig of Bavaria. In Berlin, finds from the German excavations at the Samian Heraion were put on display. This were supplemented by the dramatic sculptural finds of the altar of Zeus from the acropolis at Pergamon that were excavated from 1878.
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Newton was an active member of the Archaeological Institute following its split with the British Archaeological Association in 1845. The choice of the designation ‘Institute’ was influenced by the Institut de Paris, and brought with it... more
Newton was an active member of the Archaeological Institute following its split with the British Archaeological Association in 1845. The choice of the designation ‘Institute’ was influenced by the Institut de Paris, and brought with it the educational values of its French counterpart. Newton served as the Institute’s secretary alongside other colleagues from the Departments of Antiquities and Manuscripts at the British Museum. His experience of excavating around the Aegean brought him into contact with the École française in Athens, and he served as a correspondent of the Society of the Dilettanti. On his return to London after his excavations in Anatolia and his time in Rome, he worked with George A. Macmillan to establish the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies in 1879. He was subsequently involved with the formation of the Egypt Exploration Fund in 1882, and the British School at Athens in 1886 that promoted the newly formed science of archaeology.
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An overview of the contribution made by the heritage sector in Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex and Kent.
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The issue of acquiring fragmented Athenian pottery has frequently been overlooked. Yet the pattern of acquisitions presents a rather more complicated narrative about the working of the market. The pattern of donating a fragment followed... more
The issue of acquiring fragmented Athenian pottery has frequently been overlooked. Yet the pattern of acquisitions presents a rather more complicated narrative about the working of the market. The pattern of donating a fragment followed by the purchase of further pieces, sometimes from a number of vendors, raises ethical issues about the working of the antiquities market.
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The British prehistorian Winifred Lamb (1894–1963) was one of the first women to direct an archaeological excavation in Turkey. She had taken part in the excavations at Mycenae under Alan Wace and Carl Blegen, and then worked on... more
The British prehistorian Winifred Lamb (1894–1963) was one of the first women to direct an archaeological excavation in Turkey. She had taken part in the excavations at Mycenae under Alan Wace and Carl Blegen, and then worked on prehistoric mounds in Macedonia under Walter A. Heurtley. She became interested in the connection between the Balkans and Anatolia and identified the Bronze Age site of Thermi on Lesbos as a key site to investigate. In 1929 she was able to visit Blegen’s excavations at Troy. With the encouragement of V. Gordon Childe, she undertook a major journey in western Anatolia to identify a suitable site that connected the Aegean with central Anatolia, and this led to her work at Kusura from 1935 to 1937. With the outbreak of the Second World War, Lamb was recruited by Sir Leonard Woolley in April 1940 to work for the BBC, initially in the Greek section; in 1942 she moved into the Turkish section where she compiled monthly briefing papers on broadcasts to Turkey. She was involved with the creation of Halkevi in Fitzhardinge Street, London to promote Anglo-Turkish relations. Following the end of the Second World War, Winifred was one of the key people alongside John Garstang who helped to establish what became the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara; she became its honorary secretary from 1948 to 1957. Although she did not excavate again, she was active in questions about the links between eastern Anatolia and the Aegean and conducted two trips to eastern Turkey in the early 1950s.
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A double-sided decree found on the north slope of the Athenian acropolis made provision for the construction of a temple and altar for Athena Nike, and for the selection of a priestess (IG I3 35); on the reverse, arrangements were made... more
A double-sided decree found on the north slope of the Athenian acropolis made provision for the construction of a temple and altar for Athena Nike, and for the selection of a priestess (IG I3 35); on the reverse, arrangements were made for the first payments to the priestess (IG I3 36). There is unambiguous evidence that a statue of Athena Nike, repaired in the second half of the fourth century, was derived from booty gained during the campaigns in north-west Greece in 426/5 (IG II2 403).
While the provisions for the salary for the priestess can be dated to 424/3, the decree appointing Kallikrates to the project is dated by R. Osborne and P.J. Rhodes (no. 137) to ‘438–435 or 450–445’. Yet it now seems likely that the decision to build the temple on a raised bastion—brought effectively to the height of the south-west wing of the Propylaia—was taken after the decisive victory over the Spartans at Sphacteria in 425. There is a strong case to be made that the captured Spartan shields were mounted on the outer walls of the sanctuary, and that a descending Nike, similar to that created by Paionios at Olympia to mark the victory at Sphacteria, was mounted as the central acroterion for the temple. Is there compelling evidence that work on the renewed sanctuary had been initiated before the start of the construction of the Propylaia in 438? Or is the decree appointing Kallikrates best placed in 425, perhaps within weeks of the great reassessment of tribute (IG I3 71)?
The expansion of the sanctuary, especially with the cladding on the bastion, may have caused concern that the project was intruding on the sacred area of the Pelargikon at the western end of the acropolis. Is this the context for Lampon’s rider to the First Fruits Decree (IG I3 78)?
While the provisions for the salary for the priestess can be dated to 424/3, the decree appointing Kallikrates to the project is dated by R. Osborne and P.J. Rhodes (no. 137) to ‘438–435 or 450–445’. Yet it now seems likely that the decision to build the temple on a raised bastion—brought effectively to the height of the south-west wing of the Propylaia—was taken after the decisive victory over the Spartans at Sphacteria in 425. There is a strong case to be made that the captured Spartan shields were mounted on the outer walls of the sanctuary, and that a descending Nike, similar to that created by Paionios at Olympia to mark the victory at Sphacteria, was mounted as the central acroterion for the temple. Is there compelling evidence that work on the renewed sanctuary had been initiated before the start of the construction of the Propylaia in 438? Or is the decree appointing Kallikrates best placed in 425, perhaps within weeks of the great reassessment of tribute (IG I3 71)?
The expansion of the sanctuary, especially with the cladding on the bastion, may have caused concern that the project was intruding on the sacred area of the Pelargikon at the western end of the acropolis. Is this the context for Lampon’s rider to the First Fruits Decree (IG I3 78)?
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In the early 1980s four Roman bronzes, probably originally displayed on a monumental chariot, surfaced on the London antiquities market. Two were purchased by the J. Paul Getty Museum in 1984, one by the Cleveland Museum of Art in the... more
In the early 1980s four Roman bronzes, probably originally displayed on a monumental chariot, surfaced on the London antiquities market. Two were purchased by the J. Paul Getty Museum in 1984, one by the Cleveland Museum of Art in the same year, and the fourth was sold to a North American private collector (and then sold to the Getty in 1985). All four were exhibited in the Cleveland exhibition, The Gods Delight: the Human Figure in Classical Bronze in 1988 where it was observed that they had ‘traveled through the art market and conceivably found with [the other three]’. The scientific study of the corrosion products shows that three of the figures had fibrous malachite crystals on the surface suggesting that they had shared a similar ‘burial environment’. In addition, the four bronzes are linked by the presence of ‘relatively homogenous’ fragments of red brick or tile embedded in their surfaces. Do these characteristics suggest that the figures had been extracted from their archaeological deposit(s) illicitly, or was it just chance that brought them together on the market?
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Presentation to the Suffolk Strategic Heritage Forum looking at the RSA Heritage Index data for Suffolk.
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Winifred Lamb (1894–1963) was a pioneering archaeologist conducting fieldwork in Greece and Turkey. She read classics at Newnham College, Cambridge, where Dorothy Garrod was her contemporary, before joining Room 40 at the Admiralty in the... more
Winifred Lamb (1894–1963) was a pioneering archaeologist conducting fieldwork in Greece and Turkey. She read classics at Newnham College, Cambridge, where Dorothy Garrod was her contemporary, before joining Room 40 at the Admiralty in the later stages of the First World War. She was admitted as a student of the British School at Athens in the autumn of 1920 and excavated at Mycenae with Alan J.B. Wace and Carl Blegen. She subsequently worked on the British excavations at Sparta (1924) and in Macedonia (1925, 1929), before directing her own excavation at Thermi on Lesbos (1929–33). Her work on Lesbos was recognised by her election as a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries on 25 February 1932, and later by the award of a ScD from the University of Cambridge (1940). After work on Chios (1934), she directed the excavation of the Bronze Age site of Kusura in western Turkey (1935–37).
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A review of the workings of the contemporary international trade in antiquities.
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Winifred Lamb, who grew up at Winterslow near Salisbury, served as honorary keeper of Greek antiquities at the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge from 1920 to 1958. She first met Sir Sydney Cockerell, the Director of the Fitzwilliam, at the... more
Winifred Lamb, who grew up at Winterslow near Salisbury, served as honorary keeper of Greek antiquities at the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge from 1920 to 1958. She first met Sir Sydney Cockerell, the Director of the Fitzwilliam, at the sale of the Hope antiquities at Christie’s in July 1917. Later that year she was invited to join Room 40, part of Naval Intelligence, where she worked alongside the academic (Sir) John Beazley who encouraged her interest in Greek pottery. Cockerell invited her to work on the Greek collections at the Fitzwilliam, before offering her the role of honorary keeper. One of her first tasks was to create a prehistoric gallery where finds from excavations sponsored by the British School at Athens were displayed. In parallel to this she was admitted to the British School at Athens where she worked on the excavation of Mycenae, Sparta, and prehistoric sites in Macedonia. She then funded her own excavation of the Bronze Age site of Thermi on the island of Lesbos before turning her attention to the site of Kusura in western Turkey. During the Second World War she was a member of the Turkish monitoring section of the BBC. Lamb was a pioneering archaeologist and one of the most important benefactors of the Greek and Roman Department of the Fitzwilliam.
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Organisations are faced with the challenge of forming effective project groups that will deliver on their objectives. The seminar will consider the decision recorded in a fifth century BC Athenian decree that recommends that the group... more
Organisations are faced with the challenge of forming effective project groups that will deliver on their objectives. The seminar will consider the decision recorded in a fifth century BC Athenian decree that recommends that the group formed to deliver a major building project at the sanctuary of Demeter at Eleusis should be like the ones formed for the delivery of ‘the temple and the statue’. The paper will seek to demonstrate the identity of these two projects, and to review the public accounts for them in which the committee membership is listed. The project groups do not draw on a democratic model that would have included representatives from each of the tribes that formed the citizen body, but rather a more closely defined membership that embraced relevant expertise.
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Winifred Lamb served as honorary keeper of Greek antiquities at the Fitzwilliam Museum from 1920 to 1958. At the same time she was an active field archaeologist excavating at Mycenae, Sparta and in Macedonia, and then directing projects... more
Winifred Lamb served as honorary keeper of Greek antiquities at the Fitzwilliam Museum from 1920 to 1958. At the same time she was an active field archaeologist excavating at Mycenae, Sparta and in Macedonia, and then directing projects at Thermi on Lesbos, on Chios, and at Kusura in western Turkey. Her biography can be approached through her publications, her acquisitions for the Fitzwilliam, her private diaries and notebooks, and her photographic diaries. Her wartime work for the BBC is revealed through the monthly intelligence briefings on Turkey. Her parallel careers throw light on the development of the collections at the Fitzwilliam, the role of the British School at Athens during the inter-war years, and the creation of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara after the conclusion of the Second World War.
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Winifred Lamb served as honorary keeper of Greek antiquities at the Fitzwilliam Museum from 1920 to 1958. One of her first tasks was to create a prehistoric gallery at the Fitzwilliam where finds from British excavations at Phylakopi on... more
Winifred Lamb served as honorary keeper of Greek antiquities at the Fitzwilliam Museum from 1920 to 1958. One of her first tasks was to create a prehistoric gallery at the Fitzwilliam where finds from British excavations at Phylakopi on Melos, Palaikastro on Crete, and various sites on Cyprus could be displayed. This work was informed by involvement in the British School’s excavations at Mycenae, and then her own work at Thermi on Lesbos. She developed a strong research interest in small bronzes, in part informed by her work at Sparta, as well as Greek figure-decorated pottery.
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Winifred Lamb served as honorary keeper of Greek antiquities at the Fitzwilliam Museum from 1920 to 1958. She first met Sir Sydney Cockerell at the sale of the Hope antiquities at Christie’s in July 1917. Later that year she was invited... more
Winifred Lamb served as honorary keeper of Greek antiquities at the Fitzwilliam Museum from 1920 to 1958. She first met Sir Sydney Cockerell at the sale of the Hope antiquities at Christie’s in July 1917. Later that year she was invited to join Room 40, part of Naval Intelligence, where she worked alongside the academic (Sir) John Beazley who encouraged her interest in Greek pottery. Cockerell invited her to work on the Greek collections at the Fitzwilliam, before offering her the role of honorary keeper. One of her first tasks was to create a prehistoric gallery where finds from excavations sponsored by the British School were displayed. She developed an interest in Greek and Roman bronzes, and then made a series of purchases in preparation for the publication of the two Cambridge fascicules of the Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum. In the post-war years she helped to consolidate the classical collections across the different museums in Cambridge.
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An overview of the range of heritage in Suffolk.
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Presentation on the RSA Heritage Network to the Ipswich Heritage Forum
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Analysis of visitor numbers for a range of heritage sites and museums across Suffolk from 2011 to 2016.
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Tourism is a significant part of the Greek economy and an important counterbalance to austerity. There are 18 UNESCO cultural and two mixed World Heritage Sites (WHS) in Greece. They range from the Bronze Age site of Mycenae, through the... more
Tourism is a significant part of the Greek economy and an important counterbalance to austerity. There are 18 UNESCO cultural and two mixed World Heritage Sites (WHS) in Greece. They range from the Bronze Age site of Mycenae, through the Classical site of Olympia, to the Medieval City of Rhodes. These locations stand alongside a rich range of archaeological and heritage sites as well as museums that serve as a repository for the finds. This lecture will review the value of these UNESCO recognised sites as focal points for tourist activity. This overview will be presented against the wider visitor figures for other archaeological sites and museums in the care of the Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports. This information will be mapped onto the wider visitor data for Greece, and contributes to the discussion over the economic impact of World Heritage Sites for local economies as well as the wider economy of Greece. The lecture will explore the likely impact of Brexit on the Greek tourist economy, and opens a wider discussion of why the UK Government should value our own UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
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Presentation to explore possible ways that digital technologies can be used by The Hold to engage with Suffolk's heritage.
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It is 24 years since Christopher Chippindale and I published our study, ‘The material and intellectual consequences of esteem of Cycladic figures’. Our concern at that particular time was that there was a growing threat to the... more
It is 24 years since Christopher Chippindale and I published our study, ‘The material and intellectual consequences of esteem of Cycladic figures’. Our concern at that particular time was that there was a growing threat to the archaeological record, and that Cycladic figures, found in a relatively narrow geographical area, were able to indicate not just the scale of looting, but also the impact on the way that scholarship interpreted the finds. The responses to our research have been mixed: a New York based gallery owner dismissed our work as atypical for archaeological material on the market; a senior UK archaeologist expressed the view that our research was not aesthetically sensitive; and an academic lawyer considered that our approach was particularly and unnecessarily bleak. Yet the revelations of the Medici Conspiracy have confirmed the worst of our concerns. Pat Getz-Gentle’s continuing work on attributing Cycladic figures to anonymous artists has now acknowledged our concerns about groups of material that have no secure archaeological contexts. Indeed our research rightly predicted that some of the ‘insecure’ sculptors (or ‘Masters’) were indeed the result of modern creative activity.
A study of the Cycladic corpus of figures highlights the way that looting affects the way that we study the past. This can be applied to the intellectual consequences of studying Bronze Age pottery from Crete, or, from a later period, the Sarpedon krater. There needs to be a desire to place secure or grounded archaeological material at the heart of our discussions.
A study of the Cycladic corpus of figures highlights the way that looting affects the way that we study the past. This can be applied to the intellectual consequences of studying Bronze Age pottery from Crete, or, from a later period, the Sarpedon krater. There needs to be a desire to place secure or grounded archaeological material at the heart of our discussions.
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This paper presents the economic data for the value of heritage for Suffolk. It includes visitor numbers, tourism trends, and HLF awards for the county.
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This lecture will explore the contemporary issues relating to the collecting of archaeological material relating to the classical world. It will consider the implications of the 'Medici Dossier' as well as issues emerging from the present... more
This lecture will explore the contemporary issues relating to the collecting of archaeological material relating to the classical world. It will consider the implications of the 'Medici Dossier' as well as issues emerging from the present conflict in Syria.
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The ruined remains of Roman forts, castles and abbey can be confusing places for the visitor. The Ministry of Works commissioned the Royal Label Factory to create a series of signs to assist the visitor and to interpret the features.... more
The ruined remains of Roman forts, castles and abbey can be confusing places for the visitor. The Ministry of Works commissioned the Royal Label Factory to create a series of signs to assist the visitor and to interpret the features. These range from roadside directions boards, to path side arrows at more remote locations. Internal features were marked to assist the visitor to locate themselves on the printed plans in the official site handbooks ('The Blue Guides'): chapel, warming room, dorter and reredorter. These signs were sometimes expanded to include some interpretative material. Other signs directed visitors to other facilities: custodian's office, toilets, and car-parking. The surviving signs are a reminder of the determination to make heritage sites in state guardianship accessible to the public.
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Since 2006 several hundred objects have been returned to Italy and to Greece from major North American public collections, auction-houses, and private collectors. This has been the result of research on three main photographic archives... more
Since 2006 several hundred objects have been returned to Italy and to Greece from major North American public collections, auction-houses, and private collectors. This has been the result of research on three main photographic archives seized by police in Greece and in Switzerland. This co-called 'Medici Conspiracy' has placed the international movement of archaeological material in the spotlight.
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Dr John Disney (1779-1857) is best known for establishing the Disney Chair of Archaeology at the University of Cambridge. Disney's father, the Reverend John Disney (1746-1816), had inherited The Hyde, near Ingatestone, Essex, from Thomas... more
Dr John Disney (1779-1857) is best known for establishing the Disney Chair of Archaeology at the University of Cambridge. Disney's father, the Reverend John Disney (1746-1816), had inherited The Hyde, near Ingatestone, Essex, from Thomas Brand-Hollis (c. 1719-1804). The Reverend Disney and Brand-Hollis knew each other through the Unitarian Essex Street Chapel in London. The Hyde contained a major classical sculptural collection formed by Brand-Hollis and his friend Thomas Hollis (1720-1774) on their joint (and separate) Grand Tours of Italy. Dr Disney's uncle, Disney was President of the Chelmsford Philosophical Society and helped to establish the Chelmsford Museum (opening 1843). He was President of the Essex Archaeological Society (1852) which had evolved from the Colchester Archaeological Association. Disney was active in the construction of the Eastern Counties Railway, President of the Chelmsford and Essex Agricultural Society, and on the London Commission of Supervision for ‘The Nouveau Monde, Mining Company’. Disney presented most of his sculpture collection to Cambridge University where it was displayed in the Fitzwilliam Museum.
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Greece has faced serious economic and social challenges during the present economic crisis. Heritage sites are seen as a major asset in the tourism strategy for Greece to generate income from outside the country. There are 15 World... more
Greece has faced serious economic and social challenges during the present economic crisis. Heritage sites are seen as a major asset in the tourism strategy for Greece to generate income from outside the country. There are 15 World Heritage sites in Attica (the Athenian Akropolis), central Greece (Delphi), the Peloponnese (Bassae, Epidauros, Mycenae and Tiryns, Mystras, Olympia), Macedonia (Vergina, Thessalonika), and the islands (Delos, Rhodes, Chios, Corfu, Samos, Patmos). The paper will analyse data from the Hellenic Statistical Service. In 2014 more than 14 million visits were made to heritage sites and museums in Greece. Back in 2008 the same figures showed that only 8 million visits were made. There are clearly heritage 'hot-spots' with Athens, Knossos, Rhodes and Olympia leading the way. The figures suggest that visitors tend to enjoy visiting sites rather than museums, though at Delphi nearly two-thirds of visitors also make their way to the museum to see the finds from the excavations. In 2014 heritage sites and museums generated more than 54 million Euros in ticket sales alone. However there are some sites and museums, especially on more remote islands or in the mountains of the Peloponnese, where visitor numbers are extremely low. There are suggestions from northern European and North American arts commentators that Greece should realise its assets by selling ‘duplicate’ objects from its extensive holdings.
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Printed guidebooks have been produced for historic monuments placed in state guardianship. The earliest examples include the booklet for St Botolph's Priory in Colchester (1917) prepared by Sir Charles Peers. Such early examples provided... more
Printed guidebooks have been produced for historic monuments placed in state guardianship. The earliest examples include the booklet for St Botolph's Priory
in Colchester (1917) prepared by Sir Charles Peers. Such early examples provided the format for the 'blue guides' issued by the Office of Works, the Ministry of Works, the Ministry of Public Buildings and Works, and the Department of the Environment, that continued into the 1970s. Many of the guides were prepared by the Inspectors of Ancient Monuments such C.A. Ralegh Radford. The original guides provided information about ecclesiastical sites and castles although they soon expanded to include prehistoric and Roman sites.
Souvenir guides started to appear in the early 1960s. The covered some of the castles of the Cinque Ports, Stonehenge, Grimes Graves, and theEdwardian Castles of North Wales.
A series of regional guides were produced from the 1930s, and these were updated in the 1970s.
The devolved heritage bodies of English Heritage, Cadw, and Historic Scotland started to produce their own distinctive guidebooks. These are now fully illustrated with colour images. Interestingly the text of some can be traced back to the earlier blue guides of the 1960s.
Date: Wednesday 7 October 2015, 4.30 pm.
in Colchester (1917) prepared by Sir Charles Peers. Such early examples provided the format for the 'blue guides' issued by the Office of Works, the Ministry of Works, the Ministry of Public Buildings and Works, and the Department of the Environment, that continued into the 1970s. Many of the guides were prepared by the Inspectors of Ancient Monuments such C.A. Ralegh Radford. The original guides provided information about ecclesiastical sites and castles although they soon expanded to include prehistoric and Roman sites.
Souvenir guides started to appear in the early 1960s. The covered some of the castles of the Cinque Ports, Stonehenge, Grimes Graves, and theEdwardian Castles of North Wales.
A series of regional guides were produced from the 1930s, and these were updated in the 1970s.
The devolved heritage bodies of English Heritage, Cadw, and Historic Scotland started to produce their own distinctive guidebooks. These are now fully illustrated with colour images. Interestingly the text of some can be traced back to the earlier blue guides of the 1960s.
Date: Wednesday 7 October 2015, 4.30 pm.
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Dr John Disney is best known as the donor of the Cambridge University chair of archaeology that bears his name, and the 'Disney Marbles' that form part of the classical collection in the Fitzwilliam Museum. Disney inherited the Grand Tour... more
Dr John Disney is best known as the donor of the Cambridge University chair of archaeology that bears his name, and the 'Disney Marbles' that form part of the classical collection in the Fitzwilliam Museum. Disney inherited the Grand Tour collection formed by Thomas Hollis and Thomas Brand-Hollis and displayed at The Hyde near Ingatestone in Essex. Disney played an active role in the Chelmsford Philosophical Society and helped to create the Chelmsford Museum. He also collected finds from Essex including Latin inscriptions from the cemetery outside the Balkerne Gate at Colchester.
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Research Interests:
This presentation explored three key areas. First, to what extent are archaeological sites in Syria and northern Iraq being looted? Second, how does cultural property cross boundaries? Third, what sort of material is emerging from the... more
This presentation explored three key areas. First, to what extent are archaeological sites in Syria and northern Iraq being looted? Second, how does cultural property cross boundaries? Third, what sort of material is emerging from the conflict zone?
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Winifred Lamb completed Part 2 of the Classical Tripos at Newnham College in 1917. She initially went to work in a military hospital but in December 1917 she was invited to attend an interview for 'an interesting job' by the wife of the... more
Winifred Lamb completed Part 2 of the Classical Tripos at Newnham College in 1917. She initially went to work in a military hospital but in December 1917 she was invited to attend an interview for 'an interesting job' by the wife of the diplomat, George Young. She was offered a place in Room 40, part of Naval Intelligence based in the Admiralty. She worked alongside Lt-Commander J.D. Beazley RNVR. They were able to attend the London sales, and in one instance they jointly purchased an Athenian amphora that was presented to the Ashmolean Museum. Beazley introduced her to Sir Sydney Cockerell, Director of the Fitzwilliam Museum, and Lamb was invited to become Honorary Keeper of Greek Antiquities. In April 1940 she was approached, at the prompting of Sir Leonard Woolley, to join the BBC. From 1941 she worked in the Balkans section, and in the spring of 1942 she moved to the Turkish language section where she was responsible for preparing regular monitoring reports. This was a crucial period when the Allies were seeking to maintain Turkey's neutrality. In October 1944 she was seriously injured during a V1 rocket attack. She returned to work in late April 1945, monitoring the broadcasts to Turkey from Moscow. Lamb resigned from the BBC in February 1946 and joined a group of scholars, including John Garstang, to create what was initially called The Anglo-Turkish Institute of Archaeology at Ankara.
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Dr John Disney (1779-1857) is best known for establishing the Disney Chair of Archaeology at the University of Cambridge. Disney's father, the Reverend John Disney (1746-1816), had inherited The Hyde, near Ingatestone, Essex, from Thomas... more
Dr John Disney (1779-1857) is best known for establishing the Disney Chair of Archaeology at the University of Cambridge. Disney's father, the Reverend John Disney (1746-1816), had inherited The Hyde, near Ingatestone, Essex, from Thomas Brand-Hollis (c. 1719-1804). The Reverend Disney and Brand-Hollis knew each other through the Unitarian Essex Street Chapel in London. The Hyde contained a major classical sculptural collection formed by Brand-Hollis and his friend Thomas Hollis (1720-1774) on their joint (and separate) Grand Tours of Italy. Dr Disney's uncle, Lewis Disney-ffytche (1738-1822) lived at Danbury Park: his elder daughter Frances Elizabeth married Sir William Hillary (1770-1847) (founder of the RNLI) in 1800, and his younger daughter Sophia (1777-1856) married Disney in 1802. Disney stood unsuccessfully as MP for Ipswich in 1830, and for Harwich in 1835. Disney was President of the Chelmsford Philosophical Society and helped to establish the Chelmsford Museum (opening 1843). He was President of the Essex Archaeological Society (1852) which had evolved from the Colchester Archaeological Association. Disney was active in the construction of the Eastern Counties Railway, President of the Chelmsford and Essex Agricultural Society, and on the London Commission of Supervision for ‘The Nouveau Monde, Mining Company’.
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There is a tension between the value systems of antiquity and those of the modern 'antiquities market'. The evidence of ancient commercial graffiti will be reviewed to demonstrate that the ancient prices for figure-decorated pottery were... more
There is a tension between the value systems of antiquity and those of the modern 'antiquities market'. The evidence of ancient commercial graffiti will be reviewed to demonstrate that the ancient prices for figure-decorated pottery were low. In contrast the bullion value of silver and gold plate was considerably higher. For example the Kozani and Duvanli phialai each weighed the equivalent of 1 mina. Modern scholarship has continued to (mis)use the evidence of dedications from the Athenian akropolis to suggest that Athenian potters held high status. The central themes of Artful Crafts (1994) will be revisited to see how scholarship has responded. Recent major returns of archaeological material to Italy will be reviewed in the light of market forces.
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This lecture explores the interface between university lecturing and personal research in the areas of Mediterranean archaeology and heritage. It considers four areas: fieldwork, cultural interaction in the Late Bronze Age, the... more
This lecture explores the interface between university lecturing and personal research in the areas of Mediterranean archaeology and heritage. It considers four areas: fieldwork, cultural interaction in the Late Bronze Age, the encyclopedic museum, and archaeological ethics. The paper suggests ways to introduce students to specialised 'research' publications as part of their studies, and to use academic reviews to evaluate recommended course books. Web 2.0 technologies such as blogs can be used to ensure that teaching materials respond to new 'finds' and interpretations.
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Research Interests:
Students of the British School at Athens played a key part during the campaigns of the First World War. There were relatively few casualties: two killed at Gallipoli, and five fatalities on the Western Front (including Guy Dickins who had... more
Students of the British School at Athens played a key part during the campaigns of the First World War. There were relatively few casualties: two killed at Gallipoli, and five fatalities on the Western Front (including Guy Dickins who had been working on a catalogue of the Acropolis Museum). One of the reasons for this low rate is that many former students were recruited for military intelligence operations in the eastern Mediterranean. David Hogarth was a central figure in the Arab Bureau in Cairo and developed British policy in the Near East. Harry Pirie-Gordon was involved on the strategic attack on Alexandretta, and he subsequently helped to establish a naval intelligence group (EMSIB) in Salonica. A number of former BSA students were involved in EMSIB including Professor Ernest A. Gardner who established an archaeological collection in the White Tower derived from material uncovered during the Macedonia campaign. John Lawson and Richard Dawkins operated on Crete to track enemy submarine activity. Alan Wace and Frederick W. Hasluck remained in Athens and helped to monitor the intelligence community.
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This seminar will develop the themes from the 2014 Heritage Fortnight lectures. The Anglo-Saxon period is now seen as a key area for the Suffolk Heritage Strategy. Late Roman sites in East Anglia are dominated by the Saxon Shore forts at... more
This seminar will develop the themes from the 2014 Heritage Fortnight lectures. The Anglo-Saxon period is now seen as a key area for the Suffolk Heritage Strategy. Late Roman sites in East Anglia are dominated by the Saxon Shore forts at Brancaster, Caister-on-Sea, Burgh Castle, (the lost) Walton Castle, and (into Essex) Bradwell-on-Sea. Anglo-Saxon sites include the iconic Sutton Hoo ship burial and the West Stow Anglo-Saxon village, as well as the monastic site of Iken.
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The looting of archaeological sites to provide 'antiquities' for the market has two sets of consequences. The first relates to the permanent damage to the archaeological record. The second is more subtle as it has an impact on the way... more
The looting of archaeological sites to provide 'antiquities' for the market has two sets of consequences. The first relates to the permanent damage to the archaeological record. The second is more subtle as it has an impact on the way that archaeologists and art historians interpret and discuss objects that have lost their archaeological contexts. This approach was developed for Cycladic marble figures from the southern Aegean. Case studies will include the Attic Euphronios (Sarpedon) krater, Apulian cavalry armour, and classical bronzes.
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Since 2006 several hundred objects have been returned to Italy and to Greece from major North American public collections, auction-houses, and private collectors. This has been the result of research on three main photographic archives... more
Since 2006 several hundred objects have been returned to Italy and to Greece from major North American public collections, auction-houses, and private collectors. This has been the result of research on three main photographic archives seized by police in Greece and in Switzerland. This co-called 'Medici Conspiracy' has placed the international movement of archaeological material in the spotlight. While it is easy to suggest that the problem relates more to Mediterranean countries, the case of the Icklingham bronzes from Suffolk shows that the issues are relevant to the United Kingdom.
East Anglia is a key region for understanding the transformation of the Roman province of Britannia into an area of Anglo-Saxon rule. During the 3rd century AD Roman fortresses, known collectively as the Litus Saxonicum, were built around... more
East Anglia is a key region for understanding the transformation of the Roman province of Britannia into an area of Anglo-Saxon rule. During the 3rd century AD Roman fortresses, known collectively as the Litus Saxonicum, were built around the eastern counties to protect the coastline from raids by the Saxons. These included the well-preserved structures at Burgh Castle, Pevensey Castle, and Portchester Castle. The fortress at Walton Castle near Felixstowe has now fallen into the sea. The formal links between Britain and Rome were broken in the early 5th century AD. The Anglo-Saxon settlement of East Anglia is well known through the rich ship burial at Sutton Hoo, the palace site at Rendlesham, and the village excavated at West Stow. Suffolk is home to the shrine of Edmund, king of the East Angles, killed in 869.
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Research Interests:
This lecture will address the sale of Greek and Roman antiquities online. The initial focus will be on eBay providing examples from East Anglia, Syria and Italy. The profile of one of the sellers will be explored against recent a recent... more
This lecture will address the sale of Greek and Roman antiquities online. The initial focus will be on eBay providing examples from East Anglia, Syria and Italy. The profile of one of the sellers will be explored against recent a recent legal case in the US. The second area will be the sale of antiquities on the Swiss market. The collecting histories of pieces will be considered. Finally the lecture will review the recent appearance of material handled by Robin Symes on the London auction market.
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The HEFCW funded project ‘2-Evaluate’ allowed the development of Web 2.0 tools to support a number of archaeological modules. Students were encouraged to work collaboratively on the analysis of an ancient text using the wiki tool within... more
The HEFCW funded project ‘2-Evaluate’ allowed the development of Web 2.0 tools to support a number of archaeological modules. Students were encouraged to work collaboratively on the analysis of an ancient text using the wiki tool within Blackboard. Google Earth was applied to the analysis of a second century AD Roman ‘tourist’ guide and live links were added by student groups to create online resources. These included plans, photographs and excavation reports. Blogs (either via Blogger or the embedded Blackboard tool) were used for reflective learning and for sharing research information linked to the modules. This enabled students to apply what they had learned to developing stories in the media.
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The presentation will consider the contribution of heritage to the economy of the Eastern ARC region (Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex and Kent). It will consider some of the challenges facing the sector.
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In 2022 EARC commissioned a report looking at the value of, opportunities for and challenges to heritage assets in the Eastern Arc area. Working with the RSA and other stakeholders, the report was well-received and provided a... more
In 2022 EARC commissioned a report looking at the value of, opportunities for and challenges to heritage assets in the Eastern Arc area. Working with the RSA and other stakeholders, the report was well-received and provided a comprehensive picture of the heritage environment in the region.
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In 1952 Mohammed Zakaria Goneim, chief inspector of antiquities, excavated an Egyptian mummy and mask at Saqqara. This mummy mask was acquired by the St Louis Art Museum in 1998 from Phoenix Ancient Art for $499,000. The purchase led to a... more
In 1952 Mohammed Zakaria Goneim, chief inspector of antiquities, excavated an Egyptian mummy and mask at Saqqara. This mummy mask was acquired by the St Louis Art Museum in 1998 from Phoenix Ancient Art for $499,000. The purchase led to a legal claim by the Egyptian authorities. However, the outcome was that the court confirmed the ownership with the St Louis Art Museum. The release of internal documents from the museum reveals a story that suggests that key members of the museum’s curatorial team were aware of sensitivities relating to the history of the mummy mask.
There are two parallel and irreconcilable accounts of the mask between 1952 and 1998. The vendor had acquired a statement from Charly Mathez in 1997 that claimed that the mummy mask had been seen by him in Brussels in 1952 (or 1958). The mask is then reported to have been part of the collection of Suzana Jelinek in Zagreb, before moving into an anonymous Swiss private collection. The mask was then reported to have been displayed for a short time in Geneva’s Musées d’art et d’histoire in 1997 prior to its sale.
The Egyptian authorities claimed that the mask had followed a different path and that it was recorded in the archaeological store in Saqqara in 1959. It then moved to the Cairo Museum from 1959 to 1962 when it returned to the store in Saqqara. It went back to Cairo in 1966, and was finally noted as missing in 1973. It appears to be significant that the personal name in hieratic script that was visible on the right hand of the mask when excavated had been removed by the time that the piece passed through the dealer in Switzerland as demonstrated by publicity photographs taken around 1997.
The museum does not appear to have responded to suggestions (in January 2006) that it should check with the Egyptian authorities to ensure that the mask had not been stolen from the Saqqara store. Zahi Hawass, the then Secretary General of the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities, raised his concerns about the mask in February 2006. This was supported by well-documented instances of thefts from the Saqqara stores, including two alabaster ducks that were returned to Egypt.
The legal case developed in January 2011, and a case for forfeiture was filed in March 2011; this was dismissed on 31 March 2012 by a US District Judge. A parallel case for declamatory relief was finally withdrawn in June 2014. It does not appear to have been disclosed during the hearings that John H. Taylor, an Egyptologist at the British Museum, had raised his concerns about the mask to SLAM curators in February 1999. Such concerns were apparently left uninvestigated by the museum or the legal teams.
The SLAM case raises the issue that legal challenges may not be the most effective way to reclaim cultural property. In contrast the Italian government has managed to secure the return of several hundred objects from North American public museums and private collections through the effective use of the media that has placed moral pressure on museums, auction houses and private individuals. The way ahead may be to develop a more rigorous due diligence process for museum acquisitions that would enhance the legal ownership of objects acquired through the market.
There are two parallel and irreconcilable accounts of the mask between 1952 and 1998. The vendor had acquired a statement from Charly Mathez in 1997 that claimed that the mummy mask had been seen by him in Brussels in 1952 (or 1958). The mask is then reported to have been part of the collection of Suzana Jelinek in Zagreb, before moving into an anonymous Swiss private collection. The mask was then reported to have been displayed for a short time in Geneva’s Musées d’art et d’histoire in 1997 prior to its sale.
The Egyptian authorities claimed that the mask had followed a different path and that it was recorded in the archaeological store in Saqqara in 1959. It then moved to the Cairo Museum from 1959 to 1962 when it returned to the store in Saqqara. It went back to Cairo in 1966, and was finally noted as missing in 1973. It appears to be significant that the personal name in hieratic script that was visible on the right hand of the mask when excavated had been removed by the time that the piece passed through the dealer in Switzerland as demonstrated by publicity photographs taken around 1997.
The museum does not appear to have responded to suggestions (in January 2006) that it should check with the Egyptian authorities to ensure that the mask had not been stolen from the Saqqara store. Zahi Hawass, the then Secretary General of the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities, raised his concerns about the mask in February 2006. This was supported by well-documented instances of thefts from the Saqqara stores, including two alabaster ducks that were returned to Egypt.
The legal case developed in January 2011, and a case for forfeiture was filed in March 2011; this was dismissed on 31 March 2012 by a US District Judge. A parallel case for declamatory relief was finally withdrawn in June 2014. It does not appear to have been disclosed during the hearings that John H. Taylor, an Egyptologist at the British Museum, had raised his concerns about the mask to SLAM curators in February 1999. Such concerns were apparently left uninvestigated by the museum or the legal teams.
The SLAM case raises the issue that legal challenges may not be the most effective way to reclaim cultural property. In contrast the Italian government has managed to secure the return of several hundred objects from North American public museums and private collections through the effective use of the media that has placed moral pressure on museums, auction houses and private individuals. The way ahead may be to develop a more rigorous due diligence process for museum acquisitions that would enhance the legal ownership of objects acquired through the market.
Research Interests:
In 1994 the publication of Artful Crafts by Michael Vickers and David Gill drew attention to the evocation of lost Athenian gold-figured silver plate by Athenian red-figured pottery. Some of the best-preserved examples of gold-figured... more
In 1994 the publication of Artful Crafts by Michael Vickers and David Gill drew attention to the evocation of lost Athenian gold-figured silver plate by Athenian red-figured pottery. Some of the best-preserved examples of gold-figured plate had come from the Thracian burial mounds at Duvanli: they included a phiale and kantharos. The weight of these pieces suggest that they had been made to weigh a round number of Attic drachmae: the phiale, for example, was the equivalent of 1 mina (100 drachmae). Other undecorated silver plate had close links with Attic black-glossed pottery, perhaps suggesting that ancient silver was kept in a patinated condition. For example, the (lost) silver cup with gold tondo from the Chemyrev mound is very close to the Attic black-glossed acrocups that appear to be cheaper copies; and the silver mug from Duvanli finds frequent parallels in black-glossed pottery. Over the last quarter of a century other gold-figured silver plate has surfaced, often in private collections. The pieces include a phiale decorated with a hunt scene in New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art that weighed approximately 1 mina. A series of gold-figured silver plate from the Bojkov collection includes stemless Rheneia cups, kantharoi, and a further phiale. Although items of gold and silver plate are well known from classical texts as well as their listing in temple inventories, classical archaeologists have continued to privilege Athenian red-figured pottery. The recent major exhibition ‘celebrating’ the work attributed to the anonymous pot decorator known as the Berlin painter failed to take proper account of ancient price inscriptions that provide appropriate evidence for the value of figure-decorated pottery. Even the metalworker’s relief on the Athenian acropolis continues to be presented as the dedication of a wealthy potter.
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Winifred Lamb (1894-1963) was honorary keeper of Greek antiquities at the Fitzwilliam Museum, University of Cambridge from 1920 to 1958. The holdings at the Fitzwilliam include items from her own and her family's collections, notably... more
Winifred Lamb (1894-1963) was honorary keeper of Greek antiquities at the Fitzwilliam Museum, University of Cambridge from 1920 to 1958. The holdings at the Fitzwilliam include items from her own and her family's collections, notably pieces from the sale of the Hope collection in July 1917. Lamb helped to develop the Fitzwilliam's collections over some 40 years by creating a prehistoric gallery, and acquiring Etruscan, Greek and Roman bronzes, as well as Athenian figure-decorated pottery. Winifred prepared two fascicules of the Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum (one containing the loan collection of Charles Ricketts and Charles Shannon), and in 1926 she invited Betty Burn of Newnham College to prepare the catalogue of ancient gems (although this was never published due to lack of funds).
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One of the aims for organisations within the heritage sector is to engage with a wider and specifically younger audience. The three national heritage bodies of English Heritage, Cadw, and Historic Environment Scotland have dedicated... more
One of the aims for organisations within the heritage sector is to engage with a wider and specifically younger audience. The three national heritage bodies of English Heritage, Cadw, and Historic Environment Scotland have dedicated activities for schools and young people. These include ‘expert’ interpretations, children-led tours, and carefully constructed sessions that tie to the school curriculum. Cadw has been working with the Welsh Government to develop a ‘passport’ scheme that includes Cadw sites, the National Museum of Wales, and the National Library of Wales. The National Trust have developed a range of children’s activities such as ’50 things to do before you are 11 ¾”. National and local authority museums also have dedicated activities for school and young people.
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Presentation exploring the visitor numbers for UNESCO World Heritage sites in Greece.
Research Interests:
The last 20 years have provided concrete evidence for the illicit trafficking of cultural property. The seizure of photographic archives and objects in the Geneva Freeport in 1995, followed by further raids in Basel and on the Greek... more
The last 20 years have provided concrete evidence for the illicit trafficking of cultural property. The seizure of photographic archives and objects in the Geneva Freeport in 1995, followed by further raids in Basel and on the Greek island of Schinoussa, provided compelling information about how newly surfaced archaeological objects moved from their countries of origin to public and private collections. Over 300 items have been returned to Italy from North American collections since 2006. All had been acquired since the 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property. Some of the objects were acquired after the 1983 acceptance of the Convention by the US Government. The reputational damage created by these returns has seen a call for greater transparency over museum acquisitions. This is particularly important when it is realised that information about collecting histories has in some cases been fabricated. There is a renewed urgency for a change in attitude over acquisitions given the generally accepted looting that has been associated with armed conflicts in the Middle East.
Research Interests:
Introduction Greece has faced serious economic and social challenges during the present economic crisis. Heritage sites are seen as a major asset in the tourism strategy for Greece to generate income from outside the country. There are 15... more
Introduction
Greece has faced serious economic and social challenges during the present economic crisis. Heritage sites are seen as a major asset in the tourism strategy for Greece to generate income from outside the country. There are 15 World Heritage sites in Greece: in Attica (the Athenian Akropolis), central Greece (Delphi), the Peloponnese (Bassae, Epidauros, Mycenae and Tiryns, Mystras, Olympia), Macedonia (Vergina, Thessalonika), and the islands (Delos, Rhodes, Chios, Corfu, Samos, Patmos).
Methods
The project has analysed the visitor figures and income generation for archaeological sites and museums, including the key World Heritage sites, in Greece. These data are available from the Hellenic Statistical Service.
In recent years detailed figures are no longer reported for every site and museum in Greece. However it is possible to identify trends for the Athenian Akropolis, Delphi, Epidauros, Mycenae (but not Tiryns), Mystras, and Olympia.
Some major archaeological sites such as Knossos on Crete are not designated as World Heritage Sites but do attract large numbers of visitors (632,288 in 2015).
Findings
There were 23.5 million arrivals by non-residents in Greece in 2015, and increase from 22 million in 2014. Visitors from Germany, the UK, France and Italy account for some 8 million in 2015.
In 2015 there were 10.3 million visits to (paid) archaeological sites, and 4.4 million visits to museums. This was an increase from 2014 with 14.1 million combined visits. Back in 2008 the same figures showed that only 8 million visits were made.
The core World Heritage sites in Greece attracted more than 3.77 million visitors in 2015: this reflects an increase of more than 1 million visits over a decade (2.7 million in 2006). There has been a marked resurgence since the low point of 1.9 million visits in 2010.
In 2015 heritage sites and museums generated more than 56 million Euros in ticket sales alone; in 2014 the total revenue was 54.6 million Euros. The lowest point was 2012 with an income of only 40.5 million Euros. However there are some sites and museums, especially on more remote islands or in the mountains of the Peloponnese, where visitor numbers are extremely low.
Conclusion
There are clearly heritage 'hot-spots' with Athens (Akropolis; Akropolis Museum; National Archaeological Museum), Knossos, Rhodes and Olympia leading the way. The figures suggest that visitors tend to enjoy visiting sites rather than museums, though at Delphi nearly two-thirds of visitors also make their way to the museum to see the finds from the excavations.
The figures suggest that heritage (including museums) are positive attractions in the tourist offer for Greece, and provide a key income stream for preserving this part of the universal heritage. Key sites, and especially those designated as World Heritage Sites, are key in the economic strategy to protect important sites and archaeological collections that are less well visited in Greece.
References
Gill, David W.J. 2013. Cultural tourism in Greece at a time of economic crisis. Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology & Heritage Studies 1: 233-42.
Timothy, Dallen J. 2014. Contemporary Cultural Heritage and Tourism: Development Issues and Emerging Trends. Public Archaeology 13, 1-3: 30-47.
Hellenic Statistical Service. http://www.statistics.gr/
UNESCO: World Heritage Sites in Greece. http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/gr
Greece has faced serious economic and social challenges during the present economic crisis. Heritage sites are seen as a major asset in the tourism strategy for Greece to generate income from outside the country. There are 15 World Heritage sites in Greece: in Attica (the Athenian Akropolis), central Greece (Delphi), the Peloponnese (Bassae, Epidauros, Mycenae and Tiryns, Mystras, Olympia), Macedonia (Vergina, Thessalonika), and the islands (Delos, Rhodes, Chios, Corfu, Samos, Patmos).
Methods
The project has analysed the visitor figures and income generation for archaeological sites and museums, including the key World Heritage sites, in Greece. These data are available from the Hellenic Statistical Service.
In recent years detailed figures are no longer reported for every site and museum in Greece. However it is possible to identify trends for the Athenian Akropolis, Delphi, Epidauros, Mycenae (but not Tiryns), Mystras, and Olympia.
Some major archaeological sites such as Knossos on Crete are not designated as World Heritage Sites but do attract large numbers of visitors (632,288 in 2015).
Findings
There were 23.5 million arrivals by non-residents in Greece in 2015, and increase from 22 million in 2014. Visitors from Germany, the UK, France and Italy account for some 8 million in 2015.
In 2015 there were 10.3 million visits to (paid) archaeological sites, and 4.4 million visits to museums. This was an increase from 2014 with 14.1 million combined visits. Back in 2008 the same figures showed that only 8 million visits were made.
The core World Heritage sites in Greece attracted more than 3.77 million visitors in 2015: this reflects an increase of more than 1 million visits over a decade (2.7 million in 2006). There has been a marked resurgence since the low point of 1.9 million visits in 2010.
In 2015 heritage sites and museums generated more than 56 million Euros in ticket sales alone; in 2014 the total revenue was 54.6 million Euros. The lowest point was 2012 with an income of only 40.5 million Euros. However there are some sites and museums, especially on more remote islands or in the mountains of the Peloponnese, where visitor numbers are extremely low.
Conclusion
There are clearly heritage 'hot-spots' with Athens (Akropolis; Akropolis Museum; National Archaeological Museum), Knossos, Rhodes and Olympia leading the way. The figures suggest that visitors tend to enjoy visiting sites rather than museums, though at Delphi nearly two-thirds of visitors also make their way to the museum to see the finds from the excavations.
The figures suggest that heritage (including museums) are positive attractions in the tourist offer for Greece, and provide a key income stream for preserving this part of the universal heritage. Key sites, and especially those designated as World Heritage Sites, are key in the economic strategy to protect important sites and archaeological collections that are less well visited in Greece.
References
Gill, David W.J. 2013. Cultural tourism in Greece at a time of economic crisis. Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology & Heritage Studies 1: 233-42.
Timothy, Dallen J. 2014. Contemporary Cultural Heritage and Tourism: Development Issues and Emerging Trends. Public Archaeology 13, 1-3: 30-47.
Hellenic Statistical Service. http://www.statistics.gr/
UNESCO: World Heritage Sites in Greece. http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/gr
Research Interests:
The Saxon Shore research project will explore the transformation of East Anglia from the Late Roman period to the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. The lecture will consider the contribution of the Anglo-Saxon heritage to the tourism economy of the... more
The Saxon Shore research project will explore the transformation of East Anglia from the Late Roman period to the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. The lecture will consider the contribution of the Anglo-Saxon heritage to the tourism economy of the region. In particular it will consider the HLF funded project to enhance the visitor experience at Sutton Hoo, the UK Government railway tourism project to link Sutton Hoo with the finds at the British Museum, and the work of the Woodbridge Riverside Trust and the reconstruction of the Sutton Hoo ship. The paper will indicate the likely growth in visitor numbers to four key heritage locations linked to the project, and their value to the local economies.
Research Interests:
In the Late Roman period the east coast was known as 'The Saxon Shore'. The Anglo-Saxon ship-burial at Sutton Hoo now attracts over 100,000 visitors a year. How can we attract more tourists to Suffolk on a short term basis to explore... more
In the Late Roman period the east coast was known as 'The Saxon Shore'. The Anglo-Saxon ship-burial at Sutton Hoo now attracts over 100,000 visitors a year. How can we attract more tourists to Suffolk on a short term basis to explore Suffolk's rich heritage? How can we encourage visitors to the Sutton Hoo displays at the British Museum to make their way to the Deben? What impact will this have on the development of the Woodbridge Waterfront, the Anglo-Saxon displays at the Ipswich Museum, and the role of the proposed Heritage Centre ('The Hold') in the Ipswich Marina? Are there opportunities to use new technologies to spread the economic benefits of these visits?
Research Interests:
Early Christian communities emerged in a range of urban communities found across the Roman provinces around the eastern Mediterranean. Some were established in formal Roman colonies such as Pisidian Antioch, Philippi, and Corinth. The... more
Early Christian communities emerged in a range of urban communities found across the Roman provinces around the eastern Mediterranean. Some were established in formal Roman colonies such as Pisidian Antioch, Philippi, and Corinth. The urban landscape deliberately evoked Rome, urban officials were known by their Latin terminology, and Latin was the formal language. The colonial contexts provided early Christian communities with a hierarchical structure where Roman citizenship and its related status was highly valued. There was a strong element of personal patronage, such as the likely introduction of Paul to Pisidian Antioch through his encounter with Sergius Paulus the Roman governor of Cyprus. Civic elites from polities such as Sparta are known to have gravitated towards provincial centres such as Corinth during the first century AD. These colonial settings contrast with other poleis such as Athens and Thessalonike that echoed their Hellenistic pasts with their traditional forms of magistracies and cults. It is important to look beyond these colonial settings to the dispersed rural communities within their provinces and their relationship with the urban populations.
Research Interests:
This paper will explore art crime from the perspective of classical archaeology and in particular the movement of material culture from source countries such as Italy and Greece. The problem of the looting of archaeological sites in... more
This paper will explore art crime from the perspective of classical archaeology and in particular the movement of material culture from source countries such as Italy and Greece.
The problem of the looting of archaeological sites in Italy has been highlighted by the high profile seizures of 'stock' from Japanese and Sicilian dealers in Switzerland. The raid on the Geneva Freeport provided photographic evidence that has led to the return of several hundred items from North American public and private collections. A careful study of the collecting histories of these returned pieces has shown the movement of material from dealers in Switzerland and then to London and New York. Sometimes the find-spots of the objects is unknown, but occasionally objects can be placed in specific archaeological contexts. One of the countries that is attracting much interest at the moment is Syria and it is possible to identify classical items that are surfacing on the market.
The issue of looted classical antiquities has been highlighted by exhibitions such as 'Nostoi' in Rome and Athens. Finally the scale of the market can be indicated through a study of objects surfacing on the market.
The problem of the looting of archaeological sites in Italy has been highlighted by the high profile seizures of 'stock' from Japanese and Sicilian dealers in Switzerland. The raid on the Geneva Freeport provided photographic evidence that has led to the return of several hundred items from North American public and private collections. A careful study of the collecting histories of these returned pieces has shown the movement of material from dealers in Switzerland and then to London and New York. Sometimes the find-spots of the objects is unknown, but occasionally objects can be placed in specific archaeological contexts. One of the countries that is attracting much interest at the moment is Syria and it is possible to identify classical items that are surfacing on the market.
The issue of looted classical antiquities has been highlighted by exhibitions such as 'Nostoi' in Rome and Athens. Finally the scale of the market can be indicated through a study of objects surfacing on the market.
Research Interests:
Students arrive at university with a range of digital skills but these do not always contribute to their studies. How do we encourage discernment in the authority of online resources? How do we use electronic tools to conduct... more
Students arrive at university with a range of digital skills but these do not always contribute to their studies. How do we encourage discernment in the authority of online resources? How do we use electronic tools to conduct collaborative
learning? How do students capture contemporary debates and themes in their subject areas? How do lectures use innovative technologies to enhance the learning process while retaining an intellectual rigour? Can we encourage students to interact in a constructive way during lectures?
This paper will draw on the 2-evaluate Project at Swansea University. This JISC funded ‘Building Capacity’ project explored how Web 2.0 technologies could be deployed in the HE setting. The project used both (ancient) historical texts and archaeological material, and allowed students to create ‘digital assets’ that could be reused within the VLE. The approach has been developed with heritage students at UCS in the field of site interpretation and evaluation.
learning? How do students capture contemporary debates and themes in their subject areas? How do lectures use innovative technologies to enhance the learning process while retaining an intellectual rigour? Can we encourage students to interact in a constructive way during lectures?
This paper will draw on the 2-evaluate Project at Swansea University. This JISC funded ‘Building Capacity’ project explored how Web 2.0 technologies could be deployed in the HE setting. The project used both (ancient) historical texts and archaeological material, and allowed students to create ‘digital assets’ that could be reused within the VLE. The approach has been developed with heritage students at UCS in the field of site interpretation and evaluation.
Research Interests:
The Suffolk Heritage Strategy has highlighted the strength of the Anglo-Saxons for the county. In the Roman period a string of fortresses---known as 'The Saxon Shore'---protected the eastern counties from Norfolk to Hampshire. Suffolk has... more
The Suffolk Heritage Strategy has highlighted the strength of the Anglo-Saxons for the county. In the Roman period a string of fortresses---known as 'The Saxon Shore'---protected the eastern counties from Norfolk to Hampshire. Suffolk has a number of important Anglo-Saxon sites: the ship burial at Sutton Hoo; the Anglo-Saxon village at West Stow; the newly excavated palace site at Rendlesham; and Ipswich has been promoted as the 'oldest Anglo-Saxon town'. This paper will explore how a network of Late Roman and Anglo-Saxon sites could be identified to allow visitors to the region to understand how 'Anglia Became England'.
Research Interests:
Dr John Disney continues to be remembered for his benefaction of a chair in archaeology at Cambridge University. He also donated his collection of classical (and mostly Roman) sculpture to Cambridge. Disney's father, the Reverend John... more
Dr John Disney continues to be remembered for his benefaction of a chair in archaeology at Cambridge University. He also donated his collection of classical (and mostly Roman) sculpture to Cambridge. Disney's father, the Reverend John Disney DD, inherited the Grand Tour collection of antiquities from Thomas Brand-Hollis who displayed them at his home, The Hyde, near Ingatestone in Essex. The display reflected the republican values of Brand-Hollis and his benefactor and close friend Thomas Hollis. Dr John Disney was involved with the Chelmsford Philosophical Society and helped to create the Chelmsford Museum. He was a key figure in the formation of the Essex Archaeological Society, and in the exploration of Roman Colchester.
Research Interests:
75th Anniversary Conference to Mark the Excavations at Sutton Hoo
Research Interests:
The collecting of "ancient art" since the 1960s has important intellectual consequences especially when archaeological contexts are lost, destroyed or fabricated. This paper will focus on a number of case studies including: marble figures... more
The collecting of "ancient art" since the 1960s has important intellectual consequences especially when archaeological contexts are lost, destroyed or fabricated. This paper will focus on a number of case studies including: marble figures from the Cycladic islands; the Sarpedon [Euphronios] krater; the Roman imperial portraits from Bubon in Turkey. The Leutwitz Apollo, now on display in the Cleveland Museum of Art, raises issues about the original display, collecting, and museum presentation and interpretation.
Research Interests:
Winifred Lamb was a pioneering archaeologist who worked at various sites around the Aegean and in Anatolia during the 1920s and 1930s. Lamb was educated at Newnham College, Cambridge, and after work in Naval Intelligence (Room 40) she was... more
Winifred Lamb was a pioneering archaeologist who worked at various sites around the Aegean and in Anatolia during the 1920s and 1930s. Lamb was educated at Newnham College, Cambridge, and after work in Naval Intelligence (Room 40) she was admitted as a student of the British School at Athens (BSA). She took part in the BSA excavations at Mycenae and by the second year was assistant to Alan J.B. Wace. She then assisted with the work at the archaic and classical site of Sparta while also taking part in the prehistoric excavations in Macedonia. Lamb developed a strong interest in prehistory and this led to the discovery and excavation of the site of Thermi on Lesbos. The subsequent publication formed the basis of her Cambridge ScD. She also led work at Antissa on Lesbos and Kato Phana on Chios, before developing a major prehistoric project at Kusura in western Anatolia. This active fieldwork was conducted purely on the basis of private means as Lamb only held an honorary keepership at the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. This paper will explore archive material that has shed light on the Lamb family background. This includes major mining interest in Northumberland and Co Durham, and cotton mills in Manchester.
Since 2006 North American public and private collections have returned some 140 antiquities to Italy. Objects have been largely identified from a major dossier of Polaroid photographs seized from a dealer’s warehouse in the Geneva... more
Since 2006 North American public and private collections have returned some 140 antiquities to Italy. Objects have been largely identified from a major dossier of Polaroid photographs seized from a dealer’s warehouse in the Geneva Freeport during the early 1990s. It appears that the items had been extracted from their archaeological contexts by illicit means, and then removed from Italian territory contrary to legislation. Institutions affected by the returns have included Boston’s Museum of Fine Art, the Cleveland Museum of Art, the J. Paul Getty Museum, New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the Princeton University Art Museum. All the returns consist of objects acquired by museums since 1970, the date of the UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property. This is in spite of the USA not ratifying the Convention until 1983. The US Association of Art Museum Directors (AAMD) has now adopted 1970 as the benchmark date for acquisitions where the collecting histories (or provenance) is unclear or unknown. The continuing identification of recently surfaced objects in US auctions and galleries raises issues about how the art market can be encouraged to comply with internationally agreed conventions.
Black-glossed pottery was one of the research interests of Professor Brian Shefton and this is reflected in the important holdings in the Great North Museum. Among the acquisitions is an early example of a 'bolsal' --- a two-handled cup... more
Black-glossed pottery was one of the research interests of Professor Brian Shefton and this is reflected in the important holdings in the Great North Museum. Among the acquisitions is an early example of a 'bolsal' --- a two-handled cup type named by Sir John Beazley after figure-decorated examples in Bologna and in Thessalonica (from Olynthos) --- once in the Nostell Priory collection. The Newcastle bolsal is similar to a smaller version reportedly discovered in southern Sicily (and now in the British Museum). The study of stamped decoration allows pottery workshops to be identified.
Research Interests:
Winifred Lamb (1894-1963) was the honorary keeper of Greek antiquities at the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge from 1919 to 1958. In 1918, while she was working for naval Intelligence (Room 40), she was approached by (Sir) Sydney... more
Winifred Lamb (1894-1963) was the honorary keeper of Greek antiquities at the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge from 1919 to 1958. In 1918, while she was working for naval Intelligence (Room 40), she was approached by (Sir) Sydney Cockerell, director of the Fitzwilliam, to assist with the redisplay of the Greek pottery collections. One of her first tasks after the war was the creation of a prehistoric gallery, a bold move for what was essentially a fine art museum. Winifred included excavated material from projects that had been sponsored by Cambridge: the Cyprus Exploration Fund, the Phylakopi work on Melos, and the Palaikastro excavations in eastern Crete (as part of the Cretan Exploration Fund). Lamb was also able to acquire examples of marble Cycladic figures on the antiquities market, as well as excavated material from the Cyclades through the National Museum in Athens. The highlight of the prehistoric room was the purchase (on the recommendation of Sir Arthur Evans) of “The Fitzwilliam Goddess”, presented as one of the earliest pieces of European sculpture but almost certainly a work of modern manufacture. Lamb herself maintained a series of active field projects in the Aegean (Mycenae, Sparta, Macedonia, Thermi on Lesbos, Chios) and Anatolia (Kusura) alongside her Cambridge commitments. After the creation of the prehistoric room, Lamb turned her attention to the development of the collection of Athenian and South Italian figure-decorated pottery. This was linked to the preparation of two fascicules of the Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum (1930, 1936). Lamb’s unpublished diaries and papers provide insight on the care of a major university collection before the creation of dedicated (and salaried) posts.
Why should archaeologists care about looting? First, there are the material consequences: archaeological sites are disturbed and wrecked. Second, there are the intellectual consequences: the loss of information that hinders the... more
Why should archaeologists care about looting? First, there are the material consequences: archaeological sites are disturbed and wrecked. Second, there are the intellectual consequences: the loss of information that hinders the interpretation of the objects. The last five years have seen renewed interest in the damage to the archaeological record of Italy. Well over 100 objects have been returned from North American public and private collections to the Italian state, many of them identified from photographic images seized in the Geneva Freeport. Why did high profile institutions continue to acquire recently surfaced objects in spite of the 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property? Are the present Association of Art Museum Directors (AAMD) guidelines having an impact on acquisition policies for archaeological material? Objects identified from the Geneva Polaroids have been surfacing on the London and New York markets in recent years. How have galleries and auction houses reacted to requests to withdraw material from sale? Is there a new ethical framework for the selling objects? The investigations into the returns have raised further issues. They include the fabrication of collecting histories or “provenance”. Objects have been placed in genuine but poorly documented collections to present a believable veneer of truth. The investigations have also raised concerns about how objects passed through the market and the role of scholars in providing attributions. The place of so-called “orphans”, or fragments from pots, have started to shed light on how these networks operated. What are the outstanding issues? How should museums respond to claims on material in their collections? How can the due diligence process be improved and be made more rigorous? Do museums policies cover the long-term loan of archaeological material? What steps can “source” countries take to reduce looting? Would a “licit market” make a difference? What place is there for discussion using the “new media” and Web 2.0 technologies?
Harry Pirie-Gordon prepared four maps published by the Palestine Guide just after the First World War. These were based on the series of maps prepared for the Palestine News to inform members of the British Forces during Allenby's push... more
Harry Pirie-Gordon prepared four maps published by the Palestine Guide just after the First World War. These were based on the series of maps prepared for the Palestine News to inform members of the British Forces during Allenby's push through Palestine. Pirie-Gordon had studied at Magdalen College, Oxford, and was subsequently admitted as a student of the British School at Athens to study Crusader castles in Syria. He prepared a map of Syria that T.E. Lawrence used during his first visit to the region. Pirie-Gordon became the Times correspondent in the Near East and was involved in the survey of the region around the port of Alexandretta prior to the outbreak of hostilities. In 1914 he was commissioned in the RNVR and joined the topographical section of the Arab Bureau in Cairo under David Hogarth. He saw action (and was decorated) during the raids on Alexnadretta by HMS Doris, and subsequently at Gallipoli and on Makronisi (Long Island) in the gulf of Smyrna. He then served as section head for the Eastern Mediterranean Special Intelligence Bureau (EMSIB) in Salonica, before returning to Cairo as Lt-Colonel. Pirie-Gordon made use of photographic surveys to enhance the maps showing Ottoman dispositions.
My presentation discussed the creation and use of material for the 'Podcasting the Ancient World' project.
’The ivory trade’, in J. Lesley Fitton (ed.), Ivory in Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean from the Bronze Age to the Hellenistic Period (British Museum Occasional Paper 85; London: British Museum 1992), 233-37.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Satellite images reveal the extent to which sites of important historical interest have been looted in Syria. Some of these are in areas controlled by Islamic State where looters are believed to pay a tax to allow them to operate. Iraqi... more
Satellite images reveal the extent to which sites of important historical interest have been looted in Syria. Some of these are in areas controlled by Islamic State where looters are believed to pay a tax to allow them to operate. Iraqi military say evidence from a senior IS member revealed the group is making millions of pounds from the trafficking of looted antiquities
Simon Cox investigates the global trade in stolen artefacts and traces smuggling routes through Turkey and Lebanon and onto the international antiquities market.
He hears concerns that dealers and collectors are not doing enough to verify the provenance of ancient works of art and asks whether the authorities in the UK and elsewhere are doing enough to prevent the trade.
Why, for example, does the UK remain the most significant military power not to have ratified a UN convention to protect cultural property during armed conflict?
Reporter: Simon Cox Producer: Paul Grant.
Simon Cox investigates the global trade in stolen artefacts and traces smuggling routes through Turkey and Lebanon and onto the international antiquities market.
He hears concerns that dealers and collectors are not doing enough to verify the provenance of ancient works of art and asks whether the authorities in the UK and elsewhere are doing enough to prevent the trade.
Why, for example, does the UK remain the most significant military power not to have ratified a UN convention to protect cultural property during armed conflict?
Reporter: Simon Cox Producer: Paul Grant.
Research Interests:
In the tradition of The First Urban Christians by Wayne Meeks, this book explores the relationship between the earliest Christians and the city environment. Experts in classics, early Christianity, and human geography analyze the growth,... more
In the tradition of The First Urban Christians by Wayne Meeks, this book explores the relationship between the earliest Christians and the city environment. Experts in classics, early Christianity, and human geography analyze the growth, development, and self-understanding of the early Christian movement in urban settings. The book's contributors first look at how the urban physical, cultural, and social environments of the ancient Mediterranean basin affected the ways in which early Christianity progressed. They then turn to how the earliest Christians thought and theologized in their engagement with cities. With a rich variety of expertise and scholarship, The Urban World and the First Christians is an important contribution to the understanding of early Christianity.
Research Interests:
In February 2013 Christos Tsirogiannis linked a fragmentary Athenian red-figured cup from the collection formed by Dietrich von Bothmer, former chairman of Greek and Roman Art at New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art, to a tondo in the... more
In February 2013 Christos Tsirogiannis linked a fragmentary Athenian red-figured cup from the collection formed by Dietrich von Bothmer, former chairman of Greek and Roman Art at New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art, to a tondo in the Villa Giulia, Rome. The Rome fragment was attributed to the Euaion painter. Bothmer had acquired several fragments attributed to this same painter, and some had been donated to the Metropolitan Museum of Art as well as to the J. Paul Getty Museum. Other fragments from this hand were acquired by the San Antonio Museum of Art and the Princeton University Art Museum. In January 2012 it was announced that some fragments from the Bothmer collection would be returned to Italy, because they fitted vases that had already been repatriated from North American collections. The Euaion painter fragments are considered against the phenomenon of collecting and donating fractured pots.
Research Interests:
The series of returned antiquities to Italy have been a reminder of the role of Giacomo Medici in the movement of antiquities to North American public and private collections. A dossier of images was seized during a series of raids on... more
The series of returned antiquities to Italy have been a reminder of the role of Giacomo Medici in the movement of antiquities to North American public and private collections. A dossier of images was seized during a series of raids on premises in the Geneva Freeport linked to Medici. Such images have made it possible for the Italian authorities to make identifications with recently surfaced antiquities. In spite of the publicity some involved with the trade of antiquities continue to offer recently-surfaced objects that can be traced back to Medici and his consignments to the London market.
Research Interests: Classical Archaeology, Art Economics and Markets, Museum Studies, Cultural Heritage, Heritage Studies, and 10 moreAuctions, Archaeological Ethics, Illicit Antiquities Trade, Art Market, Transnational Organized Crime, Museums, Protection of cultural heritage, Protection of Cultural Heritage from Illicit Trafficking, Repatriation of Antiquities, Art Crime, and Fine art, art market, art auction
"Skeuomorphs. Transmaterial Design in the Ancient and Medieval Mediterranean"
International Conference, Freiburg University, 17-19 November 2021
International Conference, Freiburg University, 17-19 November 2021