Cell

Division
MR LAOYE,B.J.
 Significance of Cell Division

• Growth
• Development & Repair
• Reproduction
• Asexual Reproduction
• Sexual Reproduction

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 Terminologies
• Gene - basic unit of heredity; codes for a
specific trait.
• Allele - alternate forms of the same gene
• Locus - the specific location of a gene on a
chromosome (locus - plural loci)
• Genome - the total hereditary endowment of
DNA of a cell or organism
• Somatic cell - all body cells except
reproductive cells

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• Gamete - reproductive cells (i.e. sperm &
eggs)
• Chromosome - elongated cellular structure
composed of DNA and protein - they are the
vehicles which carry DNA in cells. It composed
of DNA and protein (histones) all tightly
wrapped up in one package. Duplicated
chromosomes are connected by a centromere
• Diploid (2n) - cellular condition where each
chromosome type is represented by two
homologous chromosomes

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 Terminologies contd
• Haploid (n) - cellular condition where each
chromosome type is represented by only one
chromosome
• Homologous chromosome - chromosome of
the same size and shape which carry the same
type of genes
• Heterozygous - having two different alleles for
a given gene

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 Terminologies contd
• Genotype - genetic makeup of an organism
• Phenotype - the expressed traits of an
organism
• Chromatid - one of two duplicated
chromosomes connected at the centromere
• Centromere - region of chromosome where
microtubules attach during mitosis and meiosis

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 Terminologies contd
• Synapsis - the side by side pairing of
homologous maternal and paternal
chromosomes at the start of meiosis.
• Crossing Over - the interchange of sections
between pairing homologous chromosomes
during the diplotene stage of meiosis. It
results in the rearrangement of genes and
produces variation in the inherited
characteristics of the offspring
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 Terminologies contd
• Chiasma/ Chiasmata -The point of contact between
paired chromatids during meiosis, resulting in a
cross-shaped configuration and representing the
cytological manifestation of crossing over.
• Bivalent - homologous chromosomes associated in
pairs in synapsis
• Tetrad - A four-part structure that forms during the
prophase of meiosis and consists of two homologous
chromosomes, each composed of two sister
chromatids.
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 Terminologies contd
• Mitosis - nuclear/chemical events resulting in
two daughter nuclei which have identical
genetic material to each other and to the
mother cell
• Cytokinesis - division of the cytoplasm. This
usually occurs with mitosis.

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 Chromosome Structure
• Composed of DNA and protein (histones) all
tightly wrapped up in one package
• Duplicated chromosomes are connected by a
centromere

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 Cell Division
All cells are derived from
pre-existing cells
New cells are produced for
growth and to replace
damaged or old cells
Differs in prokaryotes
(bacteria) and eukaryotes
(protists, fungi, plants, &
animals)
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 Keeping Cells Identical

The instructions
for making cell
parts are encoded
in the DNA, so
each new cell
must get a
complete set of
the DNA
molecules
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 DNA Replication
DNA must be
copied or Original DNA
strand
replicated
before cell
division Two new,
Each new cellidentical DNA
strands
will then have
an identical
copy of the
DNA
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Identical Daughter Cells

Two
identical
daughter
cells

Parent Cell
 Chromosom
es

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 Prokaryotic Chromosome

The DNA of
prokaryotes
(bacteria) is
one, circular
chromosome
attached to
the inside of
the cell
membrane

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 Eukaryotic
Chromosomes

All eukaryotic cells store genetic

information in chromosomes
Most eukaryotes have between 10
and 50 chromosomes in their body
cells
Human body cells have 46
chromosomes or 23 identical pairs

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 Eukaryotic
EachChromosomes
chromosome is composed
of a single, tightly coiled DNA
molecule
Chromosomes can’t be seen
when cells aren’t dividing and
are called chromatin

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 Compacting DNA into
Chromosomes
DNA is
tightly
coiled
around
proteins
called
histones

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 Chromosomes in Dividing
Cells
Duplicated
chromosomes
are called
chromatids &
are held
together by
the
centromere

10/29/24 Called Sister Chromatids 20

 Karyotype
A picture of the
chromosomes
from a human cell
arranged in pairs
by size
First 22 pairs are
called autosomes
Last pair are the
sex chromosomes
XX female or XY
male
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 Boy or Girl?
The Y Chromosome Decides

Y - Chromosome

X - Chromosome
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 Cell
Reproduction

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 Types of Cell
Reproduction
Asexual reproduction involves a
single cell dividing to make 2
new, identical daughter cells
Mitosis & binary fission are
examples of asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction involves two
cells (egg & sperm) joining to
make a new cell (zygote) that is
NOT identical to the original cells
Meiosis is an example

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 Cell Division in
Prokaryotes

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 Cell Division in Prokaryotes
 Prokaryotes such
as bacteria divide Parent
cell
into 2 identical
cells by the
process of binary
Chromosome
fission doubles
 Single chromosome
makes a copy of
itself Cell splits
 Cell wall forms
between the
chromosomes
dividing the cell
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The Cell
Cycle
 Sketch the Cell Cycle
DNA Copied
Cells prepare for
Cells Division
Mature

Daughter
Cells
Cell Divides into
Identical cells
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 G1 - first gap
S - DNA
synthesis
(replication)
G2 - second gap
M – mitosis

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 Mitosis and Meiosis
• Mitosis:
-division of somatic (body) cells

• Meiosis
-division of gametes (sex cells)

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 Mitosis
• Interphase

• Prophase

• Metaphase

• Anaphase

• Telophase

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 Five Phases of the Cell
Cycle
G1 - primary growth phase
S – synthesis; DNA replicated
G2 - secondary growth phase
collectively these 3 stages
are called interphase
M - mitosis
C - cytokinesis

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 Regulation of the Cell Cycle
• Is controlled by a cyclically operating set of
reaction sequences that both trigger and
coordinate key events in the cell cycle
• Is driven by a built-in clock that can be
adjusted by external stimuli (chemical
messages)
• Checkpoint - a critical control point in the
cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals
can regulate the cell cycle.

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 Interphase
• Is the "resting" or non-mitotic portion of the cell
cycle.
• It follows immediately after the last stage of cell
division ie Telophase.
• It is comprised of G1, S, and G2 stages of the cell
cycle.
• DNA is replicated during the S phase of Interphase
• At interphase, cell has the same appearance as
any non dividing cell

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• The chromosome therefore can’t be
differentiated and it runs out inform of long
Chromatin thread which having swollen at
interphase at all chromatin granules.

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 Interphase
• Interesting things happen!
1. Cell preparing to divide
2. Genetic material doubles

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 Interphase - G1
Stage
1st growth stage after cell
division
Cells mature by making
more cytoplasm &
organelles
Cell carries on its normal
metabolic activities

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 Interphase – S
Stage
Synthesis stage
DNA is copied or replicated

Two
identical
copies of
DNA

Original
DNA
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 Interphase – G2
2nd Stage
Growth Stage
Occurs after DNA has been
copied
All cell structures needed for
division are made (e.g.
centrioles)
Both organelles & proteins are
synthesized
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 Mitosis

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 Chromosomes in Dividing
Cells
Duplicated
chromosomes
are called
chromatids &
are held
together by
the
centromere

10/29/24 Called Sister Chromatids 41

 Spindle Fiber attached to
Chromosome

Kinetochore Fiber

Chromosome
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 Spindle Fibers
The mitotic spindle form from
the microtubules in plants and
centrioles in animal cells
Polar fibers extend from one pole
of the cell to the opposite pole
Kinetochore fibers extend from
the pole to the centromere of the
chromosome to which they
attach
Asters are short fibers radiating
from centrioles
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 Learn How to Sketch The
Spindle Fibre and
Chromosomes

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 Mitosis
Division of the nucleus
Also called karyokinesis
Only occurs in
eukaryotes
Has four stages
Doesn’t occur in some
cells such as brain cells

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 Four Mitotic Stages

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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 Prophase
• Chromosome pair up!
1. Chromosomes thicken and shorten
-become visible
-2 chromatids joined by a centromere
2. Centrioles move to the opposite sides of
the nucleus
3. Nucleolus disappears
4. Nuclear membrane disintegrate

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 Early Prophase
Chromatin in nucleus condenses to
form visible chromosomes
Mitotic spindle forms from fibers in
cytoskeleton or centrioles (animal)

Nucleolus Cytoplasm

Nuclear Membrane
Chromosomes

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 Late Prophase
Nuclear membrane & nucleolus
are broken down
Chromosomes continue
condensing & are clearly visible
Spindle fibers called
kinetochores attach to the
centromere of each chromosome
Spindle finishes forming
between the poles of the cell

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 Metaphase
• Chromosomes meet in the
middle!
1. Chromosomes arrange at equator
of cell
2. Become attached to spindle fibres
by centromeres
3. Homologous chromosomes do not
associate

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 Metaphase
Chromosomes, attached to the
kinetochore fibers, move to the
center of the cell
Chromosomes are now lined up at
the equator Equator of Cell

Pole of the
Cell

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 Anaphase
• Chromosomes get pulled apart
1. Spindle fibres contract pulling
chromatids to the opposite poles of
the cell

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 Anaphase
Occurs rapidly
Sister
chromatids
are pulled
apart to
opposite poles
of the cell by
kinetochore
fibers

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 Telophase
• Now there are two!
1. Chromosomes uncoil
2. Spindle fibres disintegrate
3. Centrioles replicate
4. Nuclear membrane forms
5. Cell divides

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 Telophase
Sister chromatids at
opposite poles
Spindle disassembles
Nuclear envelope forms
around each set of sister
chromatids
Nucleolus reappears
CYTOKINESIS occurs
Chromosomes reappear as
chromatin

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 Cytokinesis
Means division of the
cytoplasm
Division of cell into two,
identical halves called
daughter cells
In plant cells, cell plate forms
at the equator to divide cell
In animal cells, cleavage
furrow forms to split cell
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 Cytokinesis
Cleavage furrow in Cell plate in animal
animal cell cell

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 Mitotic Stages

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 Daughter Cells of
Mitosis
Have the same number of
chromosomes as each other
and as the parent cell from
which they were formed
Identical to each other, but
smaller than parent cell
Must grow in size to become
mature cells (G1 of Interphase)

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 Draw & Learn these
Stages

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 Uncontrolled Mitosis
 If mitosis is not
controlled,
unlimited cell
division occurs
causing cancerous
tumors
 Oncogenes are
special proteins that
increase the chance
that a normal cell
develops into a
tumor cell
Cancer cells
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