Cellular

Division

1
 Cell Division
• All cells are derived from pre-existing
cells
• New cells are produced for growth and to
replace damaged or old cells
• Differs in prokaryotes (bacteria) and
eukaryotes (protists, fungi, plants, &
animals)
• The instructions for making cell parts are
encoded in the DNA, so each new cell
must get a complete set of the DNA
molecules 2
 Identical Daughter Cells

Two
identical
daughter
cells

Parent Cell

3
 DNA Replication

!DNA must be copied Original

or replicated before DNA strand
cell division
!Each new cell will
then have an identical
copy of the DNA

Two new, identical

DNA strands 4
 Prokaryotic Chromosome
!The DNA of
prokaryotes
(bacteria) is one,
circular chromosome
attached to the inside
of the cell membrane
! Plasmids are
extrachromosomal
circular DNA

5
 Eukaryotic Chromosomes
!All eukaryotic cells store genetic
information in chromosomes
!Most eukaryotes have between 10 and 50
chromosomes in their body cells
!Human body cells have 46 chromosomes

6
 Chromosomes in Dividing Cells

!Duplicated
chromosomes are
called chromatids
& are held
together by the
centromere

Called Sister Chromatids 9

 Karyotype
!A picture of the
chromosomes from a
human cell arranged in
pairs by size
!First 22 pairs are called
autosomes
!Last two are the sex
chromosomes
!XX female or XY male
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 Boy or Girl?
The Y Chromosome Decides

X - Chromosome

Y - Chromosome

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12
 Types of Cell Reproduction

1. Asexual reproduction involves a single cell

dividing to make 2 new, identical daughter cells
!Mitosis & binary fission are examples of
asexual reproduction

2. Sexual reproduction involves two cells (egg

& sperm) joining to make a new cell (zygote)
that is NOT identical to the original cells
!Meiosis is an example
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 Cell Division in Prokaryotes
! Prokaryotes such as
Parent
bacteria divide into 2 cell
identical cells by the
process of binary fission
! Single chromosome Chromosome
makes a copy of itself doubles
! Cell wall forms between
the chromosomes Cell splits
dividing the cell

Prokaryotic Cell Undergoing Binary Fission

2 identical daughter cells 14

 Five Phases of the Cell Cycle
! G1 - primary growth phase
! S – synthesis; DNA replicated
! G2 - secondary growth phase
collectively these 3 stages are called
interphase
! M - mitosis
! C - cytokinesis

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 Stages of mitosis

!1. Prophase
!2. Metaphase
!3. Anaphase
!4. Telophase

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 1. Prophase

What the cell looks

like

What’s happening 25
 2. Metaphase
!Chromosomes, attached to the kinetochore
fibers, move to the center of the cell
!Chromosomes are now lined up at the equator

Equator of Cell

Pole of the
Cell

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 3. Anaphase

!Occurs rapidly
!Sister chromatids
are pulled apart
to opposite poles
of the cell by
kinetochore fibers

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 4. Telophase

!Sister chromatids at opposite poles

!Spindle disassembles
!Nuclear envelope forms around each
set of sister chromatids
!Nucleolus reappears
!CYTOKINESIS occurs
!Chromosomes reappear as chromatin

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 Cytokinesis
!Means division of the cytoplasm
!Division of cell into two, identical halves
called daughter cells
!In plant cells, cell plate forms at the equator
to divide cell
!In animal cells, cleavage furrow forms to
split cell Cleavage furrow in animal cell

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 Summary of mitotic Cell Division
! Used for growth and
repair
! Produce two new cells
identical to the original Chromosomes during
cell Metaphase of mitosis
! Cells are diploid (2n)

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis

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 Uncontrolled Mitosis
! If mitosis is not
controlled, unlimited cell
division occurs causing
cancerous tumors
! Oncogenes are special
proteins that increase
the chance that a
normal cell develops
into a tumor cell

Cancer cells
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 Meiosis: Two Part Cell Division

Sister
chromatids
Homologs separate
separate

Meiosis Meiosis
I II

Diploid
Diploid
Haploid
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 Meiosis I: Reduction Division

Nucleus Spindle
fibers Nuclear
Late
Early Prophase I envelope
Prophase I Spindle Metaphase
(Chromosome forms. I Anaphase Telophase I
number doubled) Nuclear I (diploid)
Crossing over envelope
occurs fragments 35
 Tetrads Form in Prophase I

Homologous chromosomes
Join to form a
(each with sister TETRAD
chromatids)

Called Synapsis
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 Crossing-Over
! Homologous
chromosomes in a
tetrad cross over
each other
! Pieces of
chromosomes or
genes are
exchanged
! Produces Genetic
recombination in
the offspring

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 Metaphase I
Homologous pairs of
chromosomes align
along the equator of
the cell
Anaphase I
Homologs separate and move to
opposite poles.

Sister chromatids remain

attached at their centromeres.
 Telophase I

Nuclear envelopes reassemble.

Spindle disappears.

Cytokinesis divides cell into

two.

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 Meiosis II

Only one homolog of each

Gene X
chromosome is present in the
cell.
Sister chromatids carry
identical genetic
information.

Meiosis II produces gametes with one copy

of each chromosome and thus one copy of
each gene.
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Meiosis II: Reducing Chromosome Number

Prophase
Metaphase
II Telophase
II
Anaphase II 4 Identical
II haploid cells
Results of Meiosis
Gametes (egg & sperm)
form

Four haploid cells with one

copy of each chromosome

One allele of each gene

Different combinations of
alleles for different genes
along the chromosome

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 Why Do we Need Meiosis?
!It is the fundamental basis of sexual
reproduction
!Two haploid (1n) gametes are brought
together through fertilization to form a
diploid (2n) zygote

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Fertilization – “Putting it all
together”

2n = 6

1n =3

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 Meiosis Forms Haploid Gametes

! Meiosis must reduce the chromosome number by half

! Fertilization then restores the 2n number

from mom from dad child

too
much!

meiosis reduces
genetic content
The right
number!

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(Oogenesis or Spermatogenesis)
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 Spermatogenesis
! Occurs in the
testes
! Two divisions
produce 4
spermatids
! Spermatids mature
into sperm
! Men produce about
250,000,000 sperm
per day
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 Spermatogenesis in the Testes
23

46
46

23 23 23
 Oogenesis
!Occurs in the ovaries
!Two divisions produce 3 polar bodies
that die and 1 egg
!Polar bodies die because of unequal
division of cytoplasm
!Immature egg called oocyte
!Starting at puberty, one oocyte matures
into an ovum (egg) every 28 days
 Oogenesis in the Ovaries
23

46

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 Oogenesis in the Ovaries
First polar body
may divide a
(haploid)
X
a Polar
bodies
X a die
a X
X
Mitosis Meiosis I Meiosis II
A X (if fertilization
Oogonium occurs) A
(diploid) Primary
X
oocyte
46 (diploid) A X Ovum (egg) Mature
Secondary A egg
oocyte X 23
(haploid) Second
polar body
(haploid)
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 Comparison of Divisions
Mitosis Meiosis
Number of 2
1
divisions
Number of
2 4
daughter cells
Genetically
Yes No
identical?
Chromosome # Same as parent Half of parent

Where Somatic cells Germ cells

When Throughout life At sexual maturity

Role Growth and repair Sexual reproduction

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Thank You

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