SCIENCE REVIEWER
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
PHARYNX : ITS USUALLY CALLED THE THROAT, IT CARRIES AIR, FLUID AND FOOD DOWN FROM THE NOSE
AND MOUTH.
LARYNX: IT’S THE ORGAN THAT CONNECTS THE PHARYNX AND TRACHEA. IT ALSO CONTAINS YOUR
VOCAL CORDS AND IS ESSENTIAL TO HUMAN SPEECH SO ITS OFTEN CALLED THE VOICE BOX
TRACHEA: RACHEA IS ONE PART FO YOUR AIRWAY SYSTEM. ITS KNOWN AS A WINDPIE AND ITS MAIN
FUNCTION IS TO CARRY AIR IN AND OUT OF YOUR LUNGS
BRONCHI: THE BRONCHI ARE THE TWO LARGE TUBES CARRIES AIR AND DISTRIBUTE IT TO THE GAS
EXCHANGING ZONE OF THE LUNG.
BRONCHIOLES: BRONCHIOLES ARE AIR PASSAGES INSIDE THE LUNGS THAT BRANCH OFF LIKE A TREE
LIMBS FRON THE BRONCHI. THE BRONCHIOLES DELIVER AIR TO TINY SACS CALLED ALVEOLI.
ALVEOLI: TINY AIR SACS AT THE END OF THE BRONCHIOLES. IT IS WHERE GAS EXCHANGE HAPPENS
LUNGS : THERE ARE TWO LUNGS IN THE HUMAN BODY. ITS ALSO COVERED WITH PLEURA
DIAPHRAGM: DOME SHAPED, UPON INHALATION , THE DIAPHRAGM CONTRACTS AND FALTTEND=S AND
CHEST CAVITY ENLARGES. UPON EXHALATION THE DIAPHRAGM RELAXES AND RETURNS TO ITS DOME
LIKE SHAPE, AND AIR IS FORCED OUT OF THE LUNGS.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
HEART CHAMBERS
-IT IS MADE OFFOUR CHAMBERS
1. UPPDER CHAMBERS
-LEFT AND RIGHTS ATRIUM
2. LOWERS CHAMBER
-LEFT AND RIGHT VENTRICLE
ATRIA ( UPPER CHAMBERS)
-LEFT ATRIUM- RECIEVES OXYGENATED BLOOD FROM THE LUNGS THROUGH THE FOUR PULMONARY
VEINS
RIGHT ATRIUM- RECEIVE DE OXYGENATED BLOOD FROM ALL OVER THE BODY THROUGHT THE
SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR VENA CAVA
VENTRICLE ( LOWER CHAMBER )
LEFT VENTRICLE- PUMPS OXYGENATED BLOOD TO ALL PARTS OF THE BODY
RIGHTS VENTRICLE- PUMPS DE OXYGENATED BLOOD TO THE LUNG
HEART VALVES
1. TRICUSPID VALVE – IT IS THE DOOR BETWEEN THE RIGHT ATRIUM AND RIGHTS VENTRICLE
2. MITRAL VALVE - IT IS THE DOOR BETWEEN THE LEFT ATRIUM AND LEFT VENTRICLE
3. AORTIC VALVE – IT IS THE COOR BETWEEN THE LEFT VENTRICLE AND AORTA
4. PILMONARY VALVE – IT’S THE DOOR BETWEEN THE RIGHT VENTRICLE AND PULMONARY ARTERY
GENETICS
HEREDITY- THE PASSING ON OF TRAITS FROM PARENTS TO THEIR OFF SPRINGS
CHROMOSOME- LOCATED IN THE NUCLEUS. CARRY ALL THE INFORMATION THAT MAKES
ORGANISMS WHAT THEY ARE
GENE- A PORTION OF A DNA MOLECULE THAT SERVES AS THE BASIC UNIT OF HEREDITY
STRUCTURE OF A CHROMOSOME
CHROMOSOMES ARE HELD TOGETHER AT THE CENTER BY A CENTROMERE. P ARM OR (SHORT ARM) OF
A CHROMOSOME, Q ARM (LONG ARM) OF A CHROMOSOME
THE CHROMOSOME NUMBER COULD EITHER BE A DIPLOID OR A HAPLOID, DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF
THE CELL.
DIPLOID(2N) – IT REFERS TO TWO SETS OF CHROMOSOMES
HAPLOID(n) – IT REFERS TO A SINGLE SET OF CHROMOSOMES
SPERM AND EGG CELL HAS 23 CHROMOSOMES AND IT IS CONSIDERED HAPLOID
HUMAN HAS 46 CHROMOSOME AND IS CONSIDERED AS A DIPLOID
THERE ARE 23 PAIRS OF CHROMOSOMES, AUTOSOMES OR SEX CHROMOSOME
AUTOSOME – 22 PAIRS
SEX CHROMOSOME – 1 PAIR
XY – MALE
XX – FEMALE
AUTOSOME- IT IS A CHROMOSOME THAT DOESN’T DETERMINE THE SEX OF AN ORGANISM
SEX CHROMOSOME- IT DETERMINES THE SEX OF AN ORGANISM
KARYOTYPE – IT SHOWS THE NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES OF AN ORGANISM AS WELL AS IT
CHARACTERISTICS ARRANGED INA PARTICULAR PATTERN.
TRAITS- A GENETICALLY DETERMINED CHARACTERISTIC
ALLELE- ONE OF TWO OR MORE ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF GENE FOUND AT THE SAME PLACE ON A
CHROMOSOME
DOMINANT- TRAITS EXPRESSED I N AN INDIVIDUAL, REPRESENTED BY CAPITAL LETTERS
RECESSIVE- TRAITS AMSKED IN AN INDIVIDUAL, REPRESENTED BY SMALL LETTERS
FUNDAMENTALS OF GENETICS
GREGOR MENDEL – FATHER OF GENETICS
HOMOZYGOUS – SETS OF TWO IDENTICAL ALLELE (BB) (bb)
HETEROZYGOUS – COMBINATION OF DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE ALLELE (Bb)
PHENOTYPE – PHYSICAL CHARCTERISTICOF AN INDIVIDUAL
GENOTYPE – GENETICS COMPOSITION OF AN INDIVIDUAL
NON-MENDELIAN GENETICS
1. INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
2. CO-DOMINANCE
3. SEX-LINKED TRAITS
4. SXE-INFLUENCED TRAIT
5. MULTIPLE ALLELE
BIODEVERSITY
IT’S A COMPOUND WORD DERIVED FROM “ BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY’’, IT REFERS TO A VARIETY OF LIFE IN AN
AREA.
POPULATION – IT’S A GROUP OF LIVING THINGS THAT ALL THE SAME SPECIES
ECOSYSTEM – IT’S A COMMUNITY OF ORGANISM INTERACTING WITH THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM
1. BIOTIC – ALL LIVING THINGS
2. ABIOTIC – NON LIVING THINGS
LIMITING FACTOR – IT IS USUALLY EXPRESSED AS A LACK OF A PARTICULAR RESOURCE
EXTINCTION – IT OCCURS WHEN THE LASTMEMBER OF THE SPECIES DIE.
ENDANGERED SPECIES – A SPECIES OF PLANT OR ANIMAL THAT IS IN IMMEDIETE DANGER OF
BECOMING EXETINCT AND NEEDS PROTECTION TO SURVIVE.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
PHOTO – LIGHT AND SYNTHESIS – COMPOSITION
WHAT IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS?- PHOTOSYNTHESIS IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH PLANTS USE LIGHT ENERGY
FROM THE SUN AND CARBON DIOXIDE TO PRODUCE GLUCOSE, THE SUGAR MOLECULES AND OXYGEN
THAT THEY USE FOR GROWTH AND NOURISHMENT.
PRIMARILY, PHOTO SYNTHESIS TAKES PLACE IN THE LEAVES , WHICH ARE THE MAIN ORAGANS FOR
PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
NADP – NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE
NAD – NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE
ATP – ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
PGAL – PHOSPHOGLYCERALDEHYDE
FAD – FLAVIN ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE
ADP – ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE
1. LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION
-REQUIRES PHOTONS FROM THE LIGHT
-TAKES PLACE IN BETWEEN THYLAKOIDS
-USES LIGHT AND WATER TO PRODUCE OXYGEN AND TO PRODUCE 2 ENERGY CARRYING
MOLECULES
a. ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE)
b. NADPH ( NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE HYDROGEN)
2. LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION OR CALVIN CYCLE
- DOES NOT REQUIRE LIGHT
- TAKES PLACE IN THE STROMA
- USES CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE NADPHTO PRODUCE CARBONHYDRATE OT SUGAR
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
- IT’S THE PROCESS OF BREAKING DOWN COMPLEX MOLECULES SUCH AS SUGAR TO
RELEASE ENERGY IN THE FORM OF ATP.
- IT OCCURS IN ALL LIVING THINGS
- IT TAKES PLACE IN THE MITOCHONDRIA
- INVOLVES SUGAR AND OXYGEN REACTING TO PRODUCE CARBON DIOXIDE, WATERAND
ENERGY IN THR FORM OF ATP
STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION
- GLYCOLYSIS
- PYRUVATE PROCESSING/ OXIDATION
- KREBS CYCLE/ DITRIC ACID CYCLE
- ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
