Science Reviewer
by Sama and Psalmuel ( hehe sam and sam )
Topics:
1. Circulatory system
2. Human respiratory system
3. Genetic studies
4. Predicting the results of genetic crosses
5. Patterns of inheritance
6. Photosynthesis
7. Cellular respiration
1. Circulatory system
- Transports vital substances like nutrients, oxygen (O2) and blood
- Removes waste like carbon dioxide (CO2)
- Regulates body temperature (hormones)
- Insures body function
Components in Blood:
Plasma (55%)
- Soluble proteins (7%)
- Water (92%)
- Other solutes (1%)
Formed elements (45%)
- Red blood cells (99%)
- White blood cells and platelets (<1%)
The Heart:
Cycle:
1. Inferior and Superior Vena Cava (blue tubes to the left)
2. Right Atrium
3. Right Ventricle
4. Pulmonary Artery
5. Goes to the lungs and back through pulmonary vein
6. Left Atrium
7. Left Ventricle
8. Aorta (and rest of the body
Pulmonary Circuit
1. Right Ventricle
2. Pulmonary Arteries
3. Capillaries in Lungs
4. Pulmonary Veins
5. Left Atrium
6. Left Ventricle
Systemic Circuit
7. Aorta
8. Head, Chest, Arms, Abdominal Region, and Legs
9. Right Atrium
Parts and Organs of the Circulatory System:
1. Arteries- carry oxygenated blood from your heart to your body (Aorta= blood to
body, Pulmonary Artery= blood to lungs)
2. Veins- collect Non- oxygenated blood and return to your heart (opposite of
arteries)
3. Capillaries- exchange of gasses
4. Superior Vena Cava- carries Non- oxygenated blood from your upper body to
the heart
5. Inferior Vena cava- carries Non- oxygenated blood from your lower body to your
heart
6. Right Atrium
7. Right Ventricle
8. Left Atrium
9. Left Ventricle- bigger than right ventricle (it may not look like it but the walls are
thicker)
Heart Diseases
● Atherosclerosis- build up of fats, cholesterol, and plaque in artery walls
● Stroke- blood supply to brain is cut off
● Hypertensive Heart disease- constellations of changes in the Left Ventricle, Left
Atrium and arteries as a result of chronic blood pressure
● Coronary Heart disease- affects main blood vessels, reduced blood flow to
arteries
● Hemophilia- blood doesn't clot
● Anemia- not enough red blood cells
● Leukemia- too much white blood cells
2. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Cycle:
1. Inhalation
2. Nostrils
3. Nasal Cavity
4. Pharynx
5. Larynx
6. Trachea
7. Lungs
8. Bronchi
9. Bronchioles
10. Alveoli
11. Exhalation
Parts and Organs of the Respiratory System:
1. Nasal cavity- filters and warms the air, makes it moist before it goes into the
lungs, Upper Tract
2. Pharynx- acts as a passageway for air to enter the larynx and lungs, Upper Tract
3. Larynx- area of the throat containing the vocal cords and used for breathing,
swallowing, and talking, Upper Tract
4. Trachea- connects the larynx to lungs, Top half: Upper Tract, Bottom half: Lower
Tract
5. Bronchi- the passageways that connect your windpipe to your lungs, Lower
Tract
6. Bronchioles- some of the smallest airways in your lungs, Lower Tract
7. Alveoli- carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen and passed into the blood in
capillaries, Lower Tract
Respiratory Diseases:
1. Asthma- makes breathing airways narrower and swollen
-Treatment: nebulizer can relieve temporarily but cannot cure
2. Bronchitis- inflammation or swelling of breathing passageways (bronchi)
-Treatment: sufficient rest and drinking enough fluids
3. Emphysema- long term disease of the lungs caused by frequent exposure to
tobacco, fumes, or oil
-Treatment: incurable treatment, but temporary relief
4. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)- group of lung diseases
(combination of asthma, emphysema and bronchitis) mostly caused by smoking
-Treatment: antibiotics, once emphysema sets in chances of living is low
5. Lung Cancer- caused by long term exposure to carcinogens such as asbestos
or tobacco smoke
-Treatment: surgical removal of the damaged part, chemotherapy and
radiation
3. GENETIC STUDIES
Genetics:
-study of genes, genetics, and heredity
Heredity:
-parents passing genes
Terms:
1. Alleles- alternative forms of a trait
2. Genes- segments of DNA
3. Dominant- strong, observed genes
4. Recessive- weak, not observed genes
5. Homozygous- 2 identical alleles (BB, bb)
6. Heterozygous- 2 different Alleles (Bb)
7. Genotype- set of genes, responsible for observed trait (BB, Bb, bb)
8. Phenotype- observable expressions of a trait (brown hair, black hair)
Mendelian Inheritance:
-Inherited traits are determined by genes
-child inherits 2 genes, 1 from each parent
Evolution:
-continuous process
-Positive:
-skin response to climate
-flightless birds
-peacock feather
-Negative:
-Huntington disease
-Hemophilia
-Antibiotic resistance
-Albinism
Chromosome Damage:
1.
4. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- Photosynthesis happens mainly in the leaves
( edited for better vision <3 )
1. Stoma - the tiny pores on the OUTSIDE
2. Stomata - plural of stoma
3. Mesophyll cells - the white things inside the leaves
4. Chloroplasts - the tooth looking things inside a mesophyll cell
5. Thylakoid - 1 plate inside a chloroplast
6. Granum - 1 stack of thylakoids
7. Grana - plural of granum
8. Stroma - liquid inside a chloroplast
- 2 stages of photosynthesis :
★ Light dependent or photochemical stage ( occurs in thylakoid
membrane )
★ Light independent or dark reaction or calvin cycle ( occurs in stroma
)
★ LIGHT DEPENDENT
- Absorbs water molecules and produces oxygen
- Energy from the sun is absorbed by the chlorophyll and converted
into chemical energy
- Oxygen released as a waste product and water molecules splitting
are called photochemical light reactions bc they need light
- Needs 2 groups of molecules : photosystem I and photosystem II
- Photosystem II takes in the light and carries it through the electron
transport chain to photosystem I to make ATP and NADPH
- ATP : adenosine triphosphate
★ LIGHT INDEPENDENT STAGE OR CALVIN CYCLE
- Absorbs carbon dioxide and produces glucose ( sugar )
- Glucose is used by plants as fuel for cellular respiration
- 2nd stage of photosynthesis
- Calvin cycle comes from the name Malvin Calvin
● In summary, light dependent splits water and produces ATP and
NADPH, oxygen is the byproduct. ATP and NADPH along with
carbon dioxide are needed in the light independent stage. Light
independent stage produce glucose ADP and NADP.
5. CELLULAR RESPIRATION
- During digestion, food is broken down
★ Carbohydrates —> glucose
★ Proteins —> amino acids
★ Lipids —> fatty acids and glycerol
- Then obsorbed into bloodstream
- Cellular respiration releases energy ( ATP ) from food molecules
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
- Uses oxygen hence ‘aero’ for air travel
- Involves glycolisis, krebs cycle and electron transport chain
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
