science

Respiratory System – responsible for gas exchange

Asphyxia – body is deprived of oxygen
Nose – filters particles
- moistens the air
- warms the air
Epiglottis – flap the cartilage at the root of tongue
- closes when you swallow but opens when you breathe
Pharynx (throat) – tube connected the nose/mouth to the esophagus
Larynx (voice box) – hollow muscular organ
- passage between the pharynx and trachea
Trachea – tube in your throat; carries air to your lungs (windpipe)
- connecting the larynx to the bronchi
Bronchi – airway in the respiratory; conducts air into the lungs
- branches of tissue stemming from the trachea
Bronchiole – airway that extends from the bronchus
Alveoli – gas exchange occurs
Diaphragm – lays beneath the lungs; aids in inhalation/exhalation
- inhale: when you breathe in, the diaphragm moves downward causing the lungs to expand
- exhale: the diaphragm moves upward and causing lungs to contract
External Respiration – aka breathing
- bringing air to the lungs (inhalation) and releasing air (exhalation)
Internal Respiration – oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the cells and blood vessels
1. Respiration – begins at the nose or mouth
2. Nose or Mouth – where oxygenated air is brought before moving down the pharynx, larynx, and
trachea
3. Trachea – branches into two bronchi
4. Bronchioles – smaller bronchi
5. Alveoli – air sacs
Circulatory System – transport system; carrying blood, nutrients, and waste throughout the body
- supplying oxygen from the lungs to the tissues
- supplying substances absorbed from the digestive system to the tissues
- removing carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs
- removing waste products from the tissues to the kidneys
 Blood – transporting gases (oxygen & carbon dioxide)
- transporting waste products
- transporting nutrients
- helping remove toxins from the body
- 4 liters of blood per person
- men have more blood than women
Blood Composition:
1. Plasma – light yellow liquid portion
- 55% of the total blood volume
- largest part of your blood, 92% water
- take nutrients, hormones, and nutrients to the parts of the body
2. Red Blood Cells – erythrocytes; Greek: erythros = red, cyte = cells
- transport oxygen
- Hemoglobin (gives color)
3. White Blood Cells – Leukocytes
- less than 1% of the cells in the blood
- body defense
- fight infections and play principal role in immunity
4. Platelets – thrombocytes
- important role in blood clotting

Cardiac – related to the heart

Pulmonary – related to the lungs
Artery – moves blood away
Vein – moves blood toward
Aorta – carries blood to the systemic circulatory system
Capillary – small blood vessel that allows nutrient exchange
Atrium – upper chamber
Ventricle – lower chamber
Heart – muscle tissue; pump within the circulatory system
- divided to four chambers
- one atrium and one ventricle
 atria – receive blood
 ventricles – pump blood

The Human Circulatory System consists of several circuits:

1. the pulmonary circuit provides blood flow between the heart and lungs
2. the system circuit allows blood to flow to and from the rest of the body
3. the coronary circuit strictly provides blood to the heart
 Blood – pumped throughout the body using blood vessels
 Arteries – carry blood away and into capillaries (provides oxygen to tissue and cells)
 Once oxygen is removed, blood travels back to the lungs, getting reoxygenated and returned by veins to the
heart
 Aorta – main artery of the system circuit
- branches out into other arteries, carrying blood to different parts of the body

RS and CS problems:
1. Asthma – impaired by constriction of bronchi and bronchioles, cough, and thick mucus secretions
- fatal if not treated
2. Bronchitis – inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchi
- present with cough, fever, chest or back pain, and fatigue
3. Pneumonia – acute inflammation of the lungs
- high fever, chills, headache, cough, and chest pain
 4. Lung Cancer – invades and destroys lung tissue
- very high fatality rate
- bloody sputum, persistent cough, difficulty breathing, chest pain, and repeated attacks of bronchitis or
pneumonia

5. High Blood Pressure – hypertension

- blood pressure higher than normal
- blood pressure changes throughout the day

6. Anemia – lack enough healthy red blood cells

Different Types of Systems:

 Reproductive System
 Integumentary System
 Skeletal System
 Muscular System
 Nervous System
 Circulatory System
 Endocrine System
 Lymphatic System
 Digestive System
 Respiratory System
 Urinary System

Hemodialysis – blood filtered and cleaned in the dialyzer

Genetics
Genetics – branch of biology concern
 study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity
 field of biology
 studies how characteristics (traits) are passed from parent to child
Inheritance – genetic information is passed on from parents to child
Variation – difference between cells, individual organisms, or groups of organisms of any species
Gene – unit of heredity
 section of DNA that codes for specific trait
Genotype – a combination of 2 alleles
Phenotype – physical feature or trait
Homozygous – 2 identical alleles
Heterozygous – 2 different alleles
Punnet Square – graphical representation of the possible genotypes
Gregor Mendel – Father of Genetics
 Austrian Monk
 gardened and grew peas in the mid 1800’s
 looked at 7 different traits in pea:
 height
 pod appearance
 seed texture
 position of flowers
 flower color
 pod color
 seed color
 worked with a simple organism
 peas are genetically simple
 most traits are controlled by a single gene
 each gene has only 2 version:
 1 completely dominant (A)
 1 recessive (a)
Nonmendelian Genetics:
 Incomplete Dominance – one allele is not completely dominant over the other
 heterozygous phenotype is in-between the homozygous phenotypes

R R
R RR RR
W RW RW

 Codominance – both traits are dominant

B W
B BB BW
W BW WW

 Multiple Alleles
 Polygenic Traits
 Sex-linked
Blood type displays both Co-Dominance and Complete Dominance:
 Red Blood cells can either have a carbohydrate on their surface or not.
o The presence of a carbohydrate (I) is dominant to the absence of a carb (i)
 There are two types of carbs that may exist on the surface of RBCs called A (I^A) and B (I^B)
o Cell surface carbs A and B are codominant, means they could also show up at the same time on an RBC

Blood Type Inheritance Rules:

1. A person with the I^A allele will have A carbohydrates.
2. A person with I^B allele will have B carbohydrates.
3. A person with the recessive i allele will have no carbohydrates
4. A person with both I^A and I^B alleles will have both A and B carbohydrates
 cells genotypes blood types
I^A, I^AI^A type A blood

I^Bi, I^BI^B type B blood

I^AI^A type AB blood

ii type O blood

Biodiversity – bios = life, diversitas = variety/difference

 variety of life
 Walter G. Rosen, Thomas E. Lovejoy
Types of Biodiversity:
 Genetic Diversity – compose of DNA
 variation of genes (genetic makeup or genotype) between distinct species
 Species Diversity – number of different species
 abundance of each species that live in a particular location
 over 5 million species are still unknown
 estimated 15 million different species
 constituents of species diversity:
 species richness – number of different species present
 species evenness – abundance of individuals
 there may have a large number of different species (high species richness) but have
only a few members of each species (low species evenness)
 there may be only a few plant species (low species richness) but larger number of
each species (high species evenness)
 Ecosystem Diversity – different habitats, communities, and ecological processes
 taiga, rain forest, temperature deciduous forest, grasslands tundra, desert
Endemic Species in the Philippines:
 Philippine Eagle
 Philippine Crocodile
 Tarsier
 Tamaraw
Importance of Biodiversity:
 Scientists have offered a number of concretes, tangible reasons for preserving biodiversity directly or indirectly
that supports the long-term sustainability of human society.
 Beyond tangible benefits to humans, many people feel that there are ethical and aesthetic dimensions to
biodiversity preservation.
Valuable Ecosystem:
 Healthy forests can provide clean air and prevent against flood and drought.
 Native crops can provide against disease and drought.
 Abundant wildlife can attract tourists and boost economies in developing countries.
Biodiversity provides:
 food, fuel, fiber
 shelter and building materials
 purifies air and water
 detoxifies and decomposes wastes
 stabilizes and moderates Earth’s climate
 moderates floods, droughts, wind, and temperature extremes
 generates and renews soil fertility and cycles nutrients
 pollinates plants, including many crops
 controls pests and disease
 maintain genetic resources as key inputs to crop varieties, livestock breeds, and medicines
 provides cultural and aesthetic benefits
 provides us the means to adapt to change
Conservation Biology:
 It is a scientific discipline devoted to understanding the factors, forces, and processes that influence the loss,
protection, and restoration of biological diversity within and among ecosystems.
 This concept arose in response to increasing extinction rates.
 Conservation biologists attempt to integrate an understanding of evolution and extinction with ecology and the
dynamic nature of environmental systems. They use filed data, lab data, theory and experiments to study the impact
of humans on other organisms.
Conclusion:
 The loss of biodiversity matters, scientists agree, because biodiversity pragmatic benefits are such that human
society could not function without them. As a result, many conversation biologists and others are rising to the
challenge of conducting science aimed at saving endangered species, preserving their habitats, restoring populations,
and keeping natural ecosystems intact. The innovative strategies of these scientists hold promise to slow the erosion
of biodiversity that threatens life on Earth.