SCIENCE REVIEWER Left superior lobe
Respiratory System Left inferior lobe
is responsible for taking in oxygen and
expelling carbon dioxide
Notes:
Respiration - Gas exchange in a cellular level
Cilia - hair-like structures
Breathing (Taking in and out of the body) -
Gas exchange between the lungs and - Blocks dust & others
environment Mucus - natural defense of the body
Note: Breathing is achieved through inhalation and - Is not the phlegm (Phlegm has alot of
exhalation pathogens when yellow/green)
Three Major Processes: Diaphragm - belongs to the muscular system
Breathing - the exchange of air between the - aids in inhaling & exhaling
atmosphere
Nasal Septum - divides the nostrils
Diffusion - transfer of oxygen and carbon
dioxide Pleural Cavity - Lungs
Transport of gases - oxygen is carried into the Pleural Membrane - surfactant
cells and carbon dioxide id delievered from the
- protects the lungs from tearing
cells into the lungs
Circulatory System - “Cardiovascular system”
Upper Respiratory Tract: “transport System”
Nasal Cavity
INHALATION EXHALATION
Pharynx
Larynx Movement of air into the lungs out from the
lungs
Lower Respiratory Tract:
Trachea Movement of contracts/moves relaxes, returns
diaphragm down to its original
Primary Bronchi position
Lungs
Movement of contracts/moves shrinks/moves
intercostal/ribs outward inward
Secondary Bronchi
Bronchioles Pressure decrease increase
Alveoli Note: The referred
pressure is the intra
Capillary alveolar pressure
inside the alveoli
Thoracic Cavity Chest size/volume expands reduces
Right Lungs
Lungs inflates deflates
Right superior lobe
Right inferior lobe the absorption and circulation of materials
Middle lobe throughout an organism
Note: Much more prone to infections compared to the Note: The normal heart beat per minute is 60-100
left lung
Left Lungs TYPES OF CIRCULATION:
Pulmonary Circulation OXYGENATED BLOOD - relatively high on
oxygen
movement of blood from the heart to the
lungs, and back to the heart Note: Heartbeat is stimulated by electrochemical
impulse
Coronary Circulation
- Transports of waste from cells.
movement of blood through the tissue of the
heart Note: Urea, water, carbon dioxide in the form of the
bicarbonate iron
Systemic Circulation
- Helps maintain a constant body
movement of blood from the heart to the rest
temperature
of the body
- Aids the body in fighting diseases
Note: Excluding the lungs
BLOOD FLOW:
Inferior & Superior vena cava
FUNCTIONS:
Right Atrium
Delivers food & oxygen to body cells
Tricuspid Valve
Carries Co2 & other waste products away
from cells Right Ventricle
Movement of materials into & out of cells Pulmonary Valve
occurs by diffusion Pulmonary Arteries
HIGH - LOW CONCENTRATION (BLOOD TO THE LUNGS - GAS EXCHANGE)
no energy required Pulmonary Veins
Active Transport: LOW TO HIGH Left Atrium
CONCENTRATION
Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve
Left Ventricle
HEART
Valve
Pericardium - thin, tough sac enclosing the
heart Aorta
Two Atria (Left & Right Atrium) - receiving
chambers of the heart; accepts blood from the
BLOOD VESSELS
body & from the lungs
Arteries
Two Ventricles (Left & RIght Ventricle) -
are the pumping chambers; moving blood to carries blood away from the heart
the lungs & into the body
thick walled & elastic
Cardiac Septum - Separates the right & Left
Note: Pulse is the expansion & contraction of the
chambers
artery
Valves - prevents the flow of blood backwards
Veins - carries blood towards the heart
Pulmonary Arteries - carries deoxygenated
blood - contains valve
- closer to the body surface than the arteries
Pulmonary Veins - carries oxygenated blood
Note: All except the pulmonary vein carry
Note: Carries blood from the lungs deoxygenated blood
DEOXYGENATED BLOOD - relatively low on Capillaries - carry blood toward the heart
oxygen
- contains valves
- Atrium: Artercule; Ventricle; Vercule
Note: Where the veins & arteries meet Diploid number – the number of chromosomes
in a diploid cell
Lymph Vessel - walls are cell thick
- Represented by 2N
- present around all body cells Haploid cell – a cell containing a single set of
- absence of RBC chromosomes
- chief site of material exchange between Fertilization – sperm cell from the father fuses
the tissues with a haploid egg from the mother
- contains phagocytic Zygote – fertilized egg
Gametes - cannot undergo mitosis
Note: Filters bacteria & dead cells from the lymph
Haploid gametes – produced through meiosis
Karyotype - an individual's complete set of
chromosomes
BLOOD - connective tissue made up of blood cells & Autosomes - body chromosomes
a liquid called blood plasma
- a fluid tissue helping to maintain
HOMEOSTASIS for all cells in the body
- transports needed substances to body cells
DNA – Deoxyribonucleic acid
(substances like oxygen, amino acids, glucose,
- Strand, series of genes
fatty acids, glycerol, salts. etc.)
Parts of a DNA nucleotide:
Note: 7 % of our body mass
Sugar (Deoxyribose); Deoxyribose sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogenous Base (G&C, A&T):
Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) –
Pyrimidines
Single ring structure
Thymine (T) and Cytosine(C)
Delivers: Purines
Nutrients (Oxygen, Water, and Minerals) Double ring structure
Double Helix – the twisted laded formed
Hormones & enzymes molecular structure bases pair.
Pollutants Histones – where our DNA is attached to
Picks up:
Waste - to - Kidneys Allele – two or more different forms of genes
Genotype – combination of inherited alleles of
Carbon Dioxide - lungs the organism
Heat - skin - Describes the actual set of genes
carried by an organism
- Entire hereditary constitution of an
organism (Wilhelm Ludvig
Johannsen 1875-1927)
Gene – segment of a pair of DNA contained in Heterozygous –two copies of the gene coding
threadlike chromosomes for the trait are different from each other
- Found in the mitochondria Homozygous –if the two copies of the gene for
Mitochondria DNA – a long string of genes the trait are the same
and not arranged into chromosomes Phenotype – observable characteristics
Somatic Cell – body cell
- two sets of chromosomes (23 each set)
Homologous pair – each of the 23 pair Heredity – transmission of traits from parents to
Diploid cell – a cell that contains two complete offspring
sets or homologous pair of chromosomes
Note: but what is actually inherited is the potential to
have the trait not the trait itself
The trait manifest only after interacting with and being - may be dominant or recessive
modified by the environment. - can inherit or carry without being affected
Both phenotypic expressions have both hereditary and Note: Found in sex chromosomes
environmental influences
“Genes located on the X chromosome are called X-
linked genes; Genes located on the Y chromosome are
called Y-linked genes”
Non-Mendelian Inheritance
- Type of inheritance wherein the patterns of Photosynthesis - plants capture sunlight through
phenotypes does not coincide with those that the chlorophyll in the leaves
was present in the Mendelian Law of - Derive energy from sunlight converting and
Inheritance storing it in the form of food.
TYPES OF NON-MENDELIAN INHERITANCE:
Incomplete Dominance - resulting in the
bleeding of traits; combination of the dominate
& recessive phenotype
Note: Neither of the two alleles is completely
dominant over the other.
Codominance - heterozygous condition
- both alleles are expressed equally
Note: No blending
EX. Sickle cell Anemia, Speckled Chickens, Appaloosa
horses
Multiple Alleles - more than two alleles for a
gene
EX. Blood Type ATP - Adenosine triphosphate
- energy-carrying molecule found in the cells of
Note: A & B are codominant; O is recessive all living things
- Usable form of energy
Polygenic Traits - Controlled by
multiple/accumulated genes resulting to varied NADPH - Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phenotypes phosphate
Note: May have an additive effect - product of the first level of photosynthesis.
Sex-Influenced - are expressed in both sexes but Cellular Respiration – t process of breaking down
more frequently in one sex than in the other glucose into usable energy (ATP)
Sex-limited - Traits limited to only one sex - The cell uses up glucose and oxygen,
Note: Found in the body/autosomes producing carbon dioxide, six molecules of
water and ATP
“Generally autosomal, which means that they are not
found on the X or Y chromosomes”
Sex-linked traits -Traits controlled by genes located
on the same sex chromosome
