THE DIFFERENT PARTS, FUNCTIONS, AND DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY AND

CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS

RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS - has several major parts

• Nose
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Bronchioles
• Bronchi
• Lungs
• Alveoli

RESPIRATION - how our body obtains, uses oxygen, and eliminates carbon dioxide.

(normal adult respiratory rate 12-18 breaths per minute at rest)

LOBES - lungs are divided into sections

PLEURA - the pleural cavity is lined with a transparent elastic membrane that encloses each lung

ALVEOLI - airways in the lungs end into millions of tiny air sacs

DIAPHRAGM - dome-shaped sheet of muscle and elastic tissue

CAPILLARIES – protects the Alveoli

INHALATION – act of breathing in air through the nose or mouth into the lungs

-the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, and the rib cage expands, allowing the lungs to fill with
air.

EXHALATION – act of breathing out of air from the lungs through the nose or mouth

-the diaphragm relaxes and moves upward, the rib cage contracts, pushing air out of the lungs.

GAS EXCHANGE - the delivery of oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream and the elimination of carbon
dioxide from the bloodstream to the lungs

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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM – serves as the transport system in the body

Major components:

• Blood

• Blood vessels

• Heart

BLOOD - 7 percent of body weight

- Roles: Transportation, Protection, Regulation

- Composed of plasma and several kinds of cells circulating within the fluid (37 Trillion cells)

BLOOD PLASMA - complex solution of several components dissolved in water such as proteins
Blood cells comprises of:

• ERYTHROCYTES or RED BLOOD CELL (hemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide)

• LEUKOCYTES or WHITE BLOOD CELLS (colorless/the body's defense against invading

• THROMBOCYTES or PLATELETS (important role in blood clotting)

HEART - pumps blood throughout the blood vessels

PERICADIUM - membrane sacs protects the heart

4 Chambers of heart

(divided into 2)

SEPTUM - separates left and right portions

VALVES - divides heart into upper and lower portion

UPPER CHAMBERS called ATRIA

- RIGHT ATRIUM and LEFT ATRIUM

- receives the blood that enters the heart

LOWER CHAMBERS called VENTRICLES

- RIGHT VENTRICLE and LEFT VENTRICLE

- receives the blood from atria then pumps it out of the heart

DEOXYGENATED BLOOD - low oxygen, high carbon dioxide (Co²)

- Dark Red but appears blue through skin

- found in veins, right ATRIUM, right VENTRICLE and PULMONARY ARTERIES

- carries waste products back to the lungs for removal

OXYGENATED BLOOD - high oxygen, low carbon dioxide

- Bright Red

- found in pulmonary veins, left ATRIUM, left VENTRICLE, and ARTERIES except pulmonary arteries

- delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues and organs

BLOOD VESSELS - human body's blood travels or is transported through a system of tubes

3 Types of BLOOD VESSELS:

• ARTERIES

• VEINS

• CAPILLARIES

ARTERIES - carries blood away from the heart

2 Main Artery:

• AORTA • PULMONARY ARTERY

VEINS - carries blood towards the heart

TUNICA INTIMA - innermost layer of a blood vessels that maintains smooth blood flow and vascular
health

CAPILLARIES - thin-walled blood tubes that permit the exchange of materials between the blood and the
interstitial fluid.

COMMON DISEASES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM:

• CORONARY HEART DISEASE (has a strong build-up of plaque inside the coronary arteries)

• HEART ATTACK (when the heart receives insufficient blood due to a blocked coronary artery)

• HEART FAILURE (inefficient blood pumping throughout the body)

• HYPERTENSION (high blood pressure)

• STROKE ("brain attack" and occurs when blood flow to the brain is cut off)

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THE GENETIC INFORMATION ORGANIZED IN GENES AND CHROMOSOMES

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)

- molecule that carries genetic information in all forms of life and some viruses.

- a small amount can also be found in the mitochondria.

NUCLEOTIDES - small DNA

POLYNUCLEOTIDES - long DNA

3 Components of a Nucleotide:

1. NITROGENOUS BASE

- code or letters

- C - cytosine G - guanine A- adenine T - thymine ( C-G / A-T )

2. FIVE-CARBON SUGAR MOLECULE (DEOXYRIBOSE)

- connects the nitrogenous base

3. PHOSPHATE MOLECULE

- double helix strand/ double stranded helix

GENETICS - process of delivering of traits

GENE/GENES - carries the traits

- made up of DNA, except for some viruses.

- Each chromosome is made of protein and a single molecule of DNA.

-Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes in every cell, 46 chromosomes

46 chromosomes - in total

23 chromosomes - pair

22 pairs chromosomes - Autosomes/ traits

1 pair chromosomes - sex chromosomes

BODY CHROMOSOMES or AUTOSOMES - These are the chromosomes found in both males and females

- These autosomes carry most of the genetic information about an individual/ or the traits

SEX CHROMOSOMES - carry the genetic instructions determining whether the human embryo will
develop into male or female

- XY = male XX = female

In meiosis, each egg produced by a female (XX) carries a single X chromosome. Half the sperm a male
(XY) produces contains the X chromosomes, and the other half takes the Y chromosome. When a sperm
carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes an egg cell (it always has an X chromosome), the offspring develops
into a male; when a sperm carrying an X chromosome fertilizes an egg cell, the new individual becomes a
female.

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THE DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE

GREGOR MENDEL - first scientist to develop a method for predicting the outcome of INHERITANCE
PATTERNS.

MENDEL'S LAW OF GENETICS

- Gregor Mendel, an Austrian friar who lived in Brünn, Austria

FIRST FILIAL GENERATION / F¹ - The offspring from a parental cross

HYBRID - the offspring of two parents that differ in one or more inherited traits.

MONOHYBRID CROSS - involves one pair of contrasting traits.

SECOND FILIAL GENERATION or F² - the offspring from the self-pollination of the F¹ generation.

PHENOTYPE - is the outward appearance of an organism.

GENOTYPE - is the genetic makeup of an organism.

TT - tt = genotype

tall - short = phenotype

NON-MENDELIAN INHERITANCE - is the pattern of inheritance that does not follow the Law of
segregation under Gregor Mendel's work.
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE - colors do mix

- which a hybrid has a phenotype intermediate between the Contrasting trais of the parents

CODOMINANCE - colors does not mix

- It results when one allele is not dominant over the other.

HEMOPHILIA - classic example of X-linked recessive inheritance. It is a rare disease that causes severe
bleeding from a slight njury.

MULTIPLE ALLELES - more than two alleles for a particular trait in a population.

MULTIPLE ALLELES - ABO Blood Groups Possible alleles from female

MULTIPLE GENES:

POLYGENES or MULTIPLE GENE - is a non-allelic gene group that influences a phenotypic trait.

PLEIOTROPIC - are seen as a major component of type 2 diabetes and obesity.

Polygenic Disease:

cancers, coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases (lupus), are
not regarded by genetics nor directly inherited from parents.

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CHANGES THAT AFFECT SPECIES EXTINCTION

Human activities trigger global changes:

1. Habitat loss and fragmentation (pagwala ng tahanan nila at nagiging roads at buildings ang mga wet
parts sa ating lugar)

2. Overharvesting ( sumosobra ang mag haharvest ng kanilang mga tirahan)

3. Pollution (because of different kinds of pollution)

4. Altered nutrients cycling (sa mga natural gases natin na nakakaapekto sa kanila)

5. Invasive species and interaction (paglipat ng ibang species sa mga lugar na di sila sanay)

(Aides mosquitoes)

BIODIVERSITY - describe biological diversity at various scales. Still in this context, we willflous on
describing species diversity.

EXTINCTION - is a natural part of life on Earth.

- species go extinct because of natural environmental shifts.

Some of the activities have direct effects on species and ecosystems:

1. Habitat loss or degradation

2. Overexploitation (such as overfishing)

3. Spread of non-native species or diseases

1. Climate change

2. Pollution

3. Deforestation

4. Overexploitation

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), one-third of all known species are threatened with
extinction.

GLOBAL WARMING - increase in the average temperature of the Earth's surface.

GREENHOUSE EFFECT - It is the process by which atmospheric gases' absorption and emission of
infrared radiation warm the planet's lower atmosphere and surface.

NATURAL CAUSES OF EXTINCTION

1. CLIMATIC HEATING AND COOLING

- effect of climate change on Earth becomes massive, it may cause the extinction of different
biodiversities.

- The species are not used to severe weather conditions, prolonged seasons, or a change in the chemical
makeup of their surroundings

- ICE AGES = 11,700 years ago

2. CHANGES IN SEA LEVELS AND CURRENTS

- The change in sea levels and currents results from the melting of freshwater ice. Saltier water sinks and
forms the currents that marine life depends on.

- Arctic Ocean / 1 - 7 - 14 / our sea level will change because fresh water will mix to sea water = 6.5 – 7

3. ASTEROIDS AND COSMIC RADIATION

- Asteroids hit the Earth with extreme force,

- 60 Million years ago asteroid hits the earth/because of radiation that's why animals extinct like
Dinosaurs.

4. ACID RAIN

- forms when the sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide chemicals are absorbed

Extinction of Dodo birds, Mammoth, Saber-toothed cat. ( CLIMATE HEATING AND COOLING ALSO
CHANGES IN SEA LEVELS AND CURRENTS)

PHYTOPLANKTON - tiny organism

ZOOPLANKTON - small fishes/eats phytoplankton

BIG FISHES - eats small fishes or zooplanktons

VOLCANIC ERUPTION - natural activities that causes damage in our world