Ⅰ

"
!1#$1!

01 4

02 19

03 34

04 50

05 64

06 78
 $1#$%1'(
!1#

01
1.
a n
a n (n 2 ) a xn=a a n
a a a y a
2Û`=4 2 4 (-3)Ü`=-27 -3 -27
a n
n 2 a n x
n a¾0 x x=Ñn'a
n a x x=n'a

a>0 a=0 a<0

n
n 'a >0 -n'a <0 n
'a =0
n n n
n 'a >0 'a =0 'a <0

a n xn=a
n n
y=x y=a x 'a
Ún Ûn
y y=xÇ y y=xÇ

a a y=a (a>0)
y=a (a>0)
Ç 1a
O Ç 1a x
Ç 1a O Ç 1a x

a y=a (a<0)
a y=a (a<0)

1
16 xÝ`=16 -2 2
-4'1Œ6=-2 4'1Œ6=2
8 xÜ`=8 n
2
9n 3
'8=2 ( Á3 '2 ¤ )
3 3
n

a>0 b>0
n m m n k 2 km=n

(n'a )n=a
9n mÜ`=9n
n
'a n'b=n'aŒb m
n
'a n9n=3Û
a `_n
n =® (n'a )µ``=n"aµ`
'b b n=3_kÜ` (k )
Á 'a¤=mn'a k
m n n np
"amp=n"aµ` ` ( p )
n n

(3Á3 3'2
a>0 b>0¤) = ( 3 3
nÁ3Ü`_2
2 ¤ ) =( '§54) =( '§54)
9 n 9 3kÜ`
=(3'§54)kÜ` k 3
n n n n n n n
n ( 'a 'b ) =( 'a`=81
3_3Ü ) ( 'b ) =ab
n n n n
'a >0 'b >0 'a 'b >0 81
n
'a n'b ab n n
'a n'b=n'aŒb

4
1 m n 3
'8Œ1_3'4Œ8_3®;3@;=3"Ã3m_2n m+n

5 6 7 8 9

2 2 n n-5 n f(n)
f(2)+f(3)+f(4)+y+f(k)=11 k

5 7 9 11 13

1 2-2 -2Û` 2â` p q r p+q+r

1 2 3 4 5

5
2 xÜ`=2 a xÛ`=3"Å4Û` b ab

1 2 3 4 5

2
9Û`_81-2_{;9!;}
3 27-4_9Ü`

3-;3&; 3-2 3-;3%; 3-;3$; 3-1

x+;3!; x
 01
1.
a n
a n (n 2 ) a xn=a a n
a a a y a
2Û`=4 2 4 (-3)Ü`=-27 -3 -27
a n
n 2 a n x
n
n a¾0 x x=Ñ 'a
n a x x=n'a

a>0 a=0 a<0

n n n
n 'a >0 - 'a <0 'a =0
n n n
n 'a >0 'a =0 'a <0

a n xn=a
n n
y=x y=a x 'a
Ún Ûn
y y=xÇ y y=xÇ

a a y=a (a>0)
y=a (a>0)
Ç 1a
O Ç 1a x
Ç 1a O Ç 1a x

a y=a (a<0)
a y=a (a<0)

16 xÝ`=16 -2 2
4 4
- '1Œ6=-2 '1Œ6=2
8 xÜ`=8 2
3
'8=2

a>0 b>0 m n 2
n n n
( 'a ) =a 'a n'b=n'aŒb
n
'a n a
n =® (n'a )µ``=n"aµ`
'b b
m n
Á 'a¤=mn'a np
"amp=n"aµ` ` ( p )
a>0 b>0 n 2
(n'a n'b )n=(n'a )n(n'b )n=ab
n
'a >0 n'b >0 n
'a n'b >0
n
'a n'b ab n n
'a n'b=n'aŒb

4
 1
n
9n ( Á3 '2 ¤ )
3 3
n

n m k km=n

9n mÜ`=9n m
9n=3Û`_n
n=3_kÜ` (k )
k n
n n

( Á3 '2 ¤ ) =(
3 3 3 3
Á3Ü`_2 ¤ ) =( '§54) =( '§54)
9 n 9 3kÜ`
=(3'§54)kÜ` k 3
n 3_3Ü`=81
81

1 m n 3
'8Œ1_3'4Œ8_3®;3@;=3"Ã3m_2n m+n

5 6 7 8 9

2 2 n n-5 n f(n)
f(2)+f(3)+f(4)+y+f(k)=11 k

5 7 9 11 13

5
 01
2.
0
1
a 0 n aâ`=1 a-n=
aÇ`
m n aman=am+n (a+0)
m=0 aâ`an=aâ`+n (a+0) aâ`=1
-n n -n+n 1
m=-n a a =a =aâ`=1 a-n=
aÇ`
1
aâ`=1 a-n=
aÇ`

a b 0 m n
m n m+n
a a =a amÖan=am-n (am)n=amn (ab)n=anbn

3.

m 1
a>0 m n 2 a n =n"aµ` ` a n =n'a
a>0 m n (am)n=amn
m n m _n
m 2 n (a ) =a
n n =am
m m
an am n a n =n"aµ` `
m
a n =n"aµ` `

a>0 b>0 r s
r s r+s
a a =a arÖas=ar-s (ar)s=ars (ab)r=arbr

4.

2'2
'2 '2=1.4142 y 1 1.4 1.41 1.414 1.4142 y 2Ú 21.4 21.41
21.414 21.4142 y 2'2
a>0 x ax

ax

a>0 b>0 x y
x y x+y
a a =a axÖay=ax-y (ax)y=axy (ab)x=axbx

6
 2
x y
|x|+1
14 -14 =91 14y=7
|x|

2;[};

;2!; ;4#; 1 ;4%; ;2#;

x
x¾0
14|x|+1-14|x|=14x+1-14x=14x(14-1)=14x_13=91
14x=7
14y=7 x=y x y
x<0
14|x|+1-14|x|=14-x+1-14-x=14-x(14-1)=14-x_13=91
14-x=7

14y=7 y=-x x+0 ;[};=-1

2;[};=2-1=;2!;

3 a=5'4 b=3'3 (ab)15=2x_3y x y x+y

7 9 11 13 15

4 (1-'3 )-1+(1+'3 )-1(1-'3 )Û`

5'3-11 5'3-9 9-5'3 5'3-7 11-5'3

2 2 2 2 2

7
 01
5.

a>0 a+1 N>0 ax=N x

loga`N

ax=N HjK x=loga`N

loga`N a N loga`N a N
2Ü`=8 HjK 3=logª`8

2;2!;='2 HjK ;2!;=logª`'2

loga`N a>0 a+1 N>0

a>0 a+1 M>0 N>0

loga`1=0 loga`a=1
loga`MN=loga`M+loga`N
M
loga` =loga`M-loga`N
N
loga`Mk=k`loga`M ( k )
a>0 a+1 M>0 N>0 loga`M=x loga`N=y
x y
M=a N=a
aâ`=1 aÚ`=a loga`1=0 loga`a=1
MN=axay=ax+y
loga`MN=x+y
=loga`M+loga`N
M ax
= y =ax-y
N a
M
loga` =x-y
N
=loga`M-loga`N
M =(a ) =akx
k x k

loga`Mk=kx
=k`loga`M

log;2!;`1=0 log;2!;`;2!;=1

log2`6=log2`(2_3)=log2`2+log2`3=1+log2`3

log¦`;7@;=log¦`2-log¦`7=log¦`2-1

log£`'3=log£`3;2!;=;2!;`log£`3=;2!;_1=;2!;

8
 3
f(x) x f(2x)=2x-logª`5 f(10)

;2#;+logª`5 2+logª`5 ;2%;+logª`5 3+logª`5 ;2&;+logª`5

2x=10 x 2x-log2`5

2x=10 x=log2`10
f(10)=2_log2`10-log2`5
=2(log2`2+log2`5)-log2`5
=2+2`log2`5-log2`5
=2+log2`5

5 logª`'2Œ0-logª`'5+logª`;2!;

-;2!; 0 ;2!; 1 ;2#;

6 logª`(a+1)=1-logª`(b-1) a b logª`(aÛ`+bÛ`-1)

1 ;2#; 2 ;2%; 3

9
 01
6.

a>0 a+1 b>0

logc`b
loga`b= ( c>0 c+1)
logc`a
loga`b=x logc`a=y
ax=b cy=a

b=ax=(cy)x=cxy

xy=logc`b
loga`b_logc`a=logc`b
a+1 logc`a+0 logc`a
logc`b
loga`b=
logc`a
log2`5
log3`5=
log2`3

a>0 a+1 b>0

1
loga`b= ( b+1)
logb`a
loga`c
loga`b_logb`c=loga`b_ =loga`c ( b+1 c>0)
loga`b
loga`bn n`loga`b n
logaµ```bÇ`= = = `loga`b ( m n m+0 )
loga`am m`loga`a m
c>0 c+1 a=cx x=logc`a
logc`c logc`a
logb`c logc`a logb`c logc`a_logb`c logc`a_ logb`a
a =(c ) =c =c logc`b =c log `b =c
c

logb`c logb`1 logb`a logb`a

c=1 a =a =aâ`=1 c =1 =1
logb`c logb`a
a =c
log3`3 1
log2`3= =
log3`2 log3`2
log2`5
log2`3_log3`5=log2`3_ =log2`5
log2`3

log8`32=log2Ü`2Þ`=;3%;`log2`2=;3%;
log3`5 log3`9 log3`3Û`
9 =5 =5 =5Û`=25

10
 4
1
ª
2 logaÜ``2 -log `a=9 a ( a>0 a+1)

3 5 7 9 11

logc`b logc`a 1
a =b ( a>0 b>0 c>0 c+1) loga`b= ( a>0 b>0 a+1 b+1)
logb`a

1
-log2`a=log2`aÜ`-log2`a=log2`aÛ`
logaÜ``2
1
ª ª
2 logaÜ``2 -log `a=2log `aÛ`=aÛ`=9
a>0 a=3

7 logª`7=x 7;[!;=(2'2 )a a

;3@; 1 ;3$; ;3%; 2

8 2xÛ`-6x+3=0 a b
2'6 b 2
2'6 a
loga+b`{ + } +log|a-b|`{ + }
a '6 b '6

log'£ `;;¦4£;; log'£ `;;¦4°;; log'£ `;;¦4¦;; log'£ `;;¦4»;; log'£ `;;¥4Á;;

11
 01
7.
10 log10`N (N>0) 10
log`N
log`10=log10`10=1 log`;10!0;=log10`10-2=-2 log`'1Œ0=log10`10;2!;=;2!;
0.01 1.00 9.99
log`2.34 2.3 4
3692 log`2.34=0.3692
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
ÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆð

1.0
y

2.3 ÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆð .3692

y

9.9
N
N 1Éa<10 a n N=a_10n
log`N=log`(a_10n)=n+log`a
N
log`3.12=0.4942
log`312=log`(3.12_10Û`)=log`10Û`+log`3.12=2+0.4942=2.4942
log`0.312=log`(3.12_10-1)=log`10-1+log`3.12=-1+0.4942=-0.5058
230 3'2 10
230
Ú log`230
log`2=0.3010
log`230=30`log`2=30_0.3010=9.03=9+0.03
Û
log`1.07=0.03
9+0.03=log`10á`+log`1.07=log`(1.07_10á`)
Ü
log`230=log`(1.07_10á`) 230=1.07_10á`
12
 5
aÛ` a
a : b=4 : 3 a b x xÛ`+{log` }x+log` `log`b=0
4 2
a+b

2 ;2%; 3 ;2&; 4

log`1=0

aÛ` a a 2 a a a
xÛ`+{log` }x+log` `log`b=xÛ`+[log`{ } ]x+log` `log`b=xÛ`+{2`log` }x+log` `log`b
4 2 2 2 2 2
a a
xÛ`+{2`log` }x+log` `log`b=0 D
2 2
2
a a a a
D={2`log` } -4`log` `log`b=4`log` {log` -log`b}=0
2 2 2 2
a a
log` =log`b =b a=2b a : b=2 : 1
2 2
a
log` +log`b
2
a
log` =0 a=2 a : b=4 : 3 b=;2#;
2
a+b=2+;2#;=;2&;

9 2`log`6+log`2-log`30 0 1 2 3
y

y
0.3464 0.3617 2.2 .3424 .3444 .3464 3483
0.3802 0.3820 2.3 .3617 .3636 .3655 3674
0.3856 2.4 .3802 .3820 .3838 3856
y

10 100 a b
1 2
+
loga+1`10 logb+1`100
a b (a b)

10 12 14 16 18

13
 1 2-2 -2Û` 2â` p q r p+q+r

1 2 3 4 5

2 xÜ`=2 a xÛ`=3"Å4Û` b ab

1 2 3 4 5

2
9Û`_81-2_{;9!;}
3 27-4_9Ü`

3-;3&; 3-2 3-;3%; 3-;3$; 3-1

4 x 2x+;3!;=a 16x a
aÜ` aÝ` aÛ` aÜ` aÝ`
4 4 3
"Å2Ý` 3
"Å2Ý` 3
"Å2Ý`

14
5 logx-3`(-xÛ`+11x-18) x

23 24 25 26 27

1
6 {logª`5+logª`
'5
}_log'5 `8

1 ;2#; 2 ;2%; 3

7 (2log£`7)log¦`9

1 2 3 4 5

8 1 a b

loga`b=;3!; log`ab=;3*;

;bA;

10;3$; 10;3%; 10Û` 10;3&; 10;3*;

15
 1
1 y=
xÛ`
('a 'b ) loga`;bA;+logb`;aB; ( a>0 b>0 a+1 b+1)

;2(; ;;Á2Á;; ;;Á2£;; ;;Á2°;; ;;Á2¦;;

2 1 a b c 0 x y z w
log`42
ax=by=cz=100w ;[!;+;]!;+;z!;=
2w
a+b-c

5 6 7 8 9

3 100 a logª`a log;4!;`a a

68 80 85 93 105

4 y=-2x+3 x A y B y

y=ax y=-2x+3 C B y=-2x+3 y=ax

COA BOC 1 : logª`5 COA S

S+a ( O a>0 ) C
O A x
(log`2){;4(;+2`log°`10} (logª`10){;4(;+2`log°`10}

(log`2){;4(;+log°`10} (logª`10){;4(;+log°`10}

(log`2){;2#;+2`log°`10}

16
 1
5 x=
('2+1)(4'2+1)(8'2-1)
(x-1)Ý`

1 '2 2 2'2 4

6 0<log`a<1
10 n
a n
36 =a_10
n xÁ xª x£ x¢ (xÁ<xª<x£<x¢) log`xÁ-log`xª+log`x£+log`x¢
( log`2=0.301 log`3=0.477 )

0.824 0.903 1.176 1.255 1.398

7 X={log`2 log`4 log`8 log`16} f : X ÚX g : X ÚX

f(log`2)+g-1(log`4)=7`log`2
(g-1½f )(log`2)+( f½g-1)(log`4)=log`64

f(log`16)+g(log`16)

3`log`2 4`log`2 5`log`2 6`log`2 7`log`2

8 n xÜ`+xÛ`-x+1 x-2n f(n)

f {;2!;}+ f(2)=a+'2 a

75 80 85 90 95

17
 1 2
n+1
n a n fn(a)
fn(a )+fn( fn+1(a)) fn(-a)+fn+1(a)+fn+2(|a|-a)

2 3 4 5 6

2 0 a b

2n
2 n a2n+2n-1 (-a)2n-1=0
b-a>1 a b

2
logª`{;aB;} 5 a

2;3%; 4 2;3&; 2;3*; 8

3 log`r y=rx+b n
( r>1 b>0)

b
n=0 log`r<
"Ã1+rÛ``
n=1 r=10 b>10
y=rx+b x y 5 n=1 b
r

18
02
1.
1 a x ax x ax
y=ax (a>0 a+1)
x a
x
y=a a=1 x y=1 y=ax
1

2. y=ax (a>0 a+1)

y=ax (a>0 a+1)
y=ax (a>0 a+1) a
a>1 0<a<1
y y=a y=a y

a
a
O x O x

y=ax (a>0 a+1)

a>1 x y
0<a<1 x y
(0 1) x ( y=0)
x x
y=2x y=3x y={;2!;} y={;3!;}

y y=3 y={;3!;} y
y=2
y={;2!;}

O x O x

Ú a>b>1
x>0 ax>bx x<0 ax<bx
Û 0<a<b<1
x>0 ax<bx x<0 ax>bx

19
 1
y=-3x+5 x A y B y=ax (a>0 a+1)
AB P P AB 2:3 a

;3$; ;3%; 2 ;3&; ;3*;

AB 2:3 P y=ax

y=-3x+5 x ;3%; y 5 A{;3%; 0} B(0 5)

AB 2:3 P(a b)
2_0+3_;3%;
2_5+3_0
a= =1 b= =2
2+3 2+3
y=ax P(1 2) 2=aÚ`
a=2

1
x
y=2x y={;4!;} y=k x X

X={a aÛ`} k ( a+0)

6'2 6'3 8'2 8'3 10'2

2 y=3 y=2x y=3x y

y=3
y=2
A B y=4 y=2x y=3x
C D E(0 1) F(0 3) ABE D
C y=4
CDF k k F B A y=3

E
logª`;3&; logª`3 logª`;;Á3Á;;
O x
logª`;;Á3£;; logª`5

20
02
3.

y=ax (a>0 a+1) x m y n

x-m
y=a +n
x-m
y=a +n (m n+1) y=n

y=ax (a>0 a+1) x y

x : -y=ax y=-ax
x
y : y=a-x y={;a!;}
x
: -y=a-x y=-{;a!;}

4.
{x | mÉxÉn} (m<n) y=ax (a>0 a+1)
a>1 x=m am x=n an
0<a<1 x=m am x=n an
{x | mÉxÉn} (m<n) y=ax (a>0 a+1)

a>1 0<a<1
y y=a y=a y

aÇ aǵ
1 1
aǵ aÇ
m O n x m O n x

{x | -1ÉxÉ3} y=2x
2x 2 2>1 y=2x

x=-1 2-1=;2!; x=3 2Ü`=8

x
{x | -2ÉxÉ2} y={;2!;}
x x
{;2!;} ;2!; 0<;2!;<1 y={;2!;}
-2 2
x=-2 {;2!;} =4 x=2 {;2!;} =;4!;

21
 2
a b y=-2-x-2a y=2x-2b
y=-2-x-2a y=2x-2b x k

2-k+2a=-;;£8Á;; a

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1

y=ax (a>0 a+1) y=-a-x

y=2x-2b
-y=2-x-2b y=-2-x+2b
y=-2-x-2a y=-2-x+2b a=-b
-x
y=-2 -2a y=-2a
k k k 1
2 -2b=-2a 2 +2a=-2a 2 =-4a 2-k=-
4a
1
2-k+2a=-;;£8Á;; - +2a=-;;£8Á;; 16aÛ`+31a-2=0 (16a-1)(a+2)=0
4a
a=-2 (a<0)

3 y=2x+1 x p y=2-x+p y
p

;8!; ;4!; ;8#; ;2!; ;8%;

4 {x|-1ÉxÉ2} f(x)=2x+a g(x)=3-x+b 10

a+b ( a b )

3 5 7 9 11

22
02
5.
y=ax (a>0 a+1)

y=ax HjK x=loga`y

x=loga`y x y y=ax (a>0 a+1)
y=loga`x (a>0 a+1)
a

6. y=loga`x (a>0 a+1)

y=loga`x (a>0 a+1)
y=loga`x (a>0 a+1) a
a>1 0<a<1
y y
y=a y=logΠx
y=x y=x
y=logΠx
a
1 1
a y=a

O 1 a x O 1 x
a

y=loga`x (a>0 a+1)

a>1 x y
0<a<1 x y
(1 0) y ( x=0)
y=log2`x y=log3`x y=log;2!;`x y=log;3!;`x
y y
y=log x

y=log x x
O
y=log;3!; x
O x

y=log;2!; x

Ú a>b>1
x>1 loga`x<logb`x 0<x<1 loga`x>logb`x
Û 0<a<b<1
x>1 loga`x>logb`x 0<x<1 loga`x<logb`x

23
 3
f(x)=logk`x (k>0 k+1) f(2)-f(4)

1<p<q p q f(p)(q-1)< f(q)(p-1)

| f(8)|=3

0<k<1 y=logk`x k>1 y=logk`x

1<p<q p-1>0 q-1>0

f(p) f(q)
f(p)(q-1)< f(q)(p-1) (p-1)(q-1) <
p-1 q-1
f(p)-f(1) f(q)-f(1)
f(1)=logk`1=0 <
p-1 q-1
f(p)-f(1) f(q)-f(1)
y=f(x) (1 0) (p f(p))
p-1 q-1
y=f(x) (1 0) (q f(q)) p<q 0<k<1
f(8)=logk`8=logk`2Ü`=3`logk`2=-3

logk`2=-1 k=;2!;

f(2)-f(4)=log;2!;`2-log;2!;`4=log2 `2-log2 `2Û`=-1+2=1

-1 -1 1

5 y=x A(a a) x y y=2 y=x

y=log¢`x P A y Q A
x
y=2 Q |AQÓ-APÓ| y=log x
a AQP ( a>1) P
O
x
3 4 5 6 7

6 f(x)=loga`x x A y
f(x)=logΠx
x
g(x)=a y B y=f(x) y=g(x)
B
C OACB ;3@; f {®;3@; }
C
g(x)=a
( O 0<a<1 )
O A x

;9@; ;3!; ;9$; ;9%; ;3@;

24
02
7.

y=loga`x (a>0 a+1) x m y n

y=loga`(x-m)+n
y=loga`(x-m)+n (1+m n) x=m

y=loga`x (a>0 a+1) x y y=x

x : -y=loga`x y=-loga`x
y : y=loga`(-x)
: -y=loga`(-x) y=-loga`(-x)
y=x : x=loga`y y=ax

8.
{x|mÉxÉn} (0<m<n) y=loga`x (a>0 a+1)
a>1 x=m loga`m x=n loga`n
0<a<1 x=m loga`m x=n loga`n
{x | mÉxÉn} (0<m<n) y=loga`x (a>0 a+1)

a>1 0<a<1
y y
y=logΠx O m n
logΠn 1 x
logΠm
logΠm
1 logΠn
O m n x y=logΠx

[x | ;2!;ÉxÉ4] y=log2`x

log2`x 2 2>1 y=log2`x

x=;2!; log2`;2!;=-1 x=4 log2`4=2

[x | ;2!;ÉxÉ2] y=log;2!;`x

log;2!;`x ;2!; 0<;2!;<1 y=log;2!;`x

x=;2!; log;2!;`;2!;=1 x=2 log;2!;`2=-1

25
 4
f(x)=logª`x y=f(x) x y 3
y=g(x) y=f(x) y=g(x) x
A B y=f(x) y=g(x) C ABC

;;Á4£;; ;;Á4°;; ;;Á4¦;; ;;Á4»;; ;;ª4Á;;

y=f(x) x y=-f(x) y=f(x) y

k y=f(x)+k

y=f(x) (1 0) A(1 0)
y=f(x) x y=-log2`x y
3 y=-log2`x+3
g(x)=-log2`x+3
-log2`x+3=0 log2`x=3 x=2Ü`=8
y=g(x) x B(8 0)
log2`x=-log2`x+3

2`log2`x=3 log2`x=;2#; x=2;2#;=2'2

f(2'2 )=log2`2'2 =;2#; C{2'2 ;2#;}

ABC ;2!;_(8-1)_;2#;=;;ª4Á;;

7 y=3x y=x
x m (-6 -1) m

-3 -2 -1 0 1

8 {x|4ÉxÉ30}
log°`x (4ÉxÉ25)
f(x)=g
-log°`(x-24)+2 (25<xÉ30)
M m M+m

log°`10 log°`12 2`log°`8 2`log°`10 2`log°`12

26
02
9.

y=ax (a>0 a+1)

axÁ=axª HjK xÁ=xª

a f(x)=b HjK f(x)=loga`b ( b>0)

f(x) g(x)
a =a HjK f(x)=g(x)

y=ax (a>0 a+1)

Ú a>1 axÁ<axª HjK xÁ<xª
Û 0<a<1 axÁ<axª HjK xÁ>xª

a>1 a f(x)<a g(x) HjK f(x)<g(x)

0<a<1 a f(x)<a g(x) HjK f(x)>g(x)
x-1
3Û` >3Ü` 3 3>1 2x-1>3 x>2
2x-1 5
{;2!;} >{;2!;} ;2!; 0<;2!;<1 2x-1<5 x<3

10.

y=loga`x (a>0 a+1)

loga`xÁ=loga`xª HjK xÁ=xª xÁ>0 xª>0

loga` f(x)=b HjK f(x)=ab f(x)>0

loga` f(x)=loga`g(x) HjK f(x)=g(x) f(x)>0 g(x)>0

y=loga`x (a>0 a+1)

Ú a>1 loga`xÁ<loga`xª HjK 0<xÁ<xª
Û 0<a<1 loga`xÁ<loga`xª HjK xÁ>xª>0

a>1 loga` f(x)<loga`g(x) HjK 0<f(x)<g(x)

0<a<1 loga` f(x)<loga`g(x) HjK f(x)>g(x)>0
log2`5>log2`(x-1) 2 2>1 5>x-1 x<6
x-1>0 x>1 1<x<6

log;3!;`(2x-4)>log;3!;`2 ;3!; 0<;3!;<1 2x-4<2 x<3

2x-4>0 x>2 2<x<3

27
 5

3Ú`+;[!;-4=4_3-;[!;
a a_log£`8

3Ú`+;[!;-4=4_3-;[!;

3Ú`+;[!;-4_3-;[!;-4=0

3;[!;=t (t>0)
3t-4t-1-4=0 3tÛ`-4t-4=0
(3t+2)(t-2)=0
t>0 t=2
;[!;
3 =2 ;[!;=log£`2 x=log2`3

a=log2`3

a_log£`8=log2`3_log£`8=log2`3_3`log£`2
3
=log2`3_ =3
logª`3
3

9 1 a y=ax-1 y=ax+1
xÛ`-3x+2 2x-2
a ¾a x

7 10 13 16 19

xÛ`-5x+6>0
10 g x
log`xÛ`+x`log`x-2x<4

49 61 73 85 97

28
1 a y=a_2x-1+a (3 10) y=a_2x-1+a

y=;2!; y=1 y=;2#; y=2 y=;2%;

2 -1ÉxÉ2 y=2-x+2-1

4 5 6 7 8

3 3x+3-x=;;Á3¼;;

-1 0 1 2 3

x+1 2x

4 {;2!;} <16<{;4!;} x

-9 -7 -5 -3 -1

29
 5 x=k y=log£`(x+a)+1 k 5 a

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2

6 y=log;3!;`(2xÛ`-8x+a) 2 a

7 ;;¤9¥;; ;;¦9£;; ;;ª3¤;; ;;¥9£;;

7 logª`x+log;2!;`(x-2)Û`=3

4 ;1^6%; ;;£8£;; ;1^6&; ;;Á4¦;;

8 logª`(3x+1)+logª`(x+2)<3 a<x<b b-a

;3!; ;3@; 1 ;3$; ;3%;

30
 x

1 y=2x-;2!; x y={;2!;} A B y
y=2 -

AOB ( O )
y={ }
'1Œ5-2 '1Œ7-2 '1Œ3-1
8 8 8 B

A O x
'1Œ5-1 '1Œ7-1
8 8

2 f(x) g(x)

f(x)-g(x)=-2
k f(k)+g(k)=2k+f(0)+g(0)
{g(x)}Ü`-{ f(x)}Ü`=6xÛ`-24x+26

y=logª` f(x)+1 x A y=logª`g(x) x

B y=logª` f(x)+1 y=logª`g(x) C ABC

;2#; 2 ;2%; 3 ;2&;

3 2 a y=logª`(x+a) y=logª`(-x+a) A
8'3
ABC x B C 1<BCÓ<
3
a

4 f(x)=logª`x g(x)=loga`x y

y=f(x) y=g(x) y=-x+11 A B

y=-x+11 x C ABÓ : BCÓ=1 : 2 A
y=log x

A B x H I AOH BIC B y=logΠx

O H C x
S T S : T=6 : 1 a
I
( O a>2 ) y=-x+11

;;Á5£;; ;;Á5¢;; 3

;;Á5¤;; ;;Á5¦;;

31
 5 2<a<b a : b=3 : 4 a b y=2 y=logª`x y=loga`x y=logb`x

A B C ABÓ : BCÓ=2 : 3 aÛ`+bÛ`=;pQ; p+q

( p q )

6 y=f(x) y=g(x) y
y=f(x)
1
log;2!;` f(x)Élogª`[- ]
g(-x)
x O x
( f(-7)=f(10)=0 g(5)=g(10)=0 f(0)=7 g(0)=-7) y=g(x)

2 3 4
5 6

7 y=log`x y=2-x P P y
y=-2 +1
x A(a 0) AP y=-2-x+1 Q
R
Q y=-2-x+1 y=log`x R P
y=2
R x B(b 0) O
A B x
y=log x

b>10
a+b
{;2!;} =(log`a)(1-log`b)
log`b
;aB;>
1-log`a

8 y=logª`(ax+1) y=-2 y=4 y

y=log (ax+1) l

A B A B l x P B
y=4
OPB 3 a ( O )
O
P x
1 2 3
A y=-2
4 5

32
1 t (t>1) A(t t) B(0 t) O(0 0) C(t 0) y
E A
ABOC y=logª`x AC B

D DOE=45ù AB E y=log x

f(t)=AEÓ+EDÓ f(k)-k=2 k D
ù
O C x
;2%; 3 ;2&;

4 ;2(;

2 f(x)=logª`x g(x)=-logª`x y
y=f(x)
y=f(x) y=g(x) A(1 0) a>1 a B
D
ACB y=f(x) B(a f(a)) y=g(x) H
1 O A 1 a x
C(a g(a)) x=a a-1 y=f(x) y=g(x) a a-1
E
I
D E D E y H C
y=g(x)
I HIED
'3 2'3 '3 '3 2'3
'3 2'3 2'3
23_ 2 3
_ 23_ 2 3 _;3@; 2 3
_;3@;
3 3 3

3 (1 0) l y l

y=loga`(x+1) 1 A A C
y=logΠ(x+1)
l x B B A
O x
x l C C l
B D
x D ABÓ='3 CDÓ=4'3
m n y=loga`(x+1-m)+n A C m ( a>1)

;;Á7¥8¦;; ;2^6#; ;;Á7»8Á;; ;;Á7»8£;; ;2%;

33
 03
1.

OP OX O P
OX OP XOP
XOP OX OP
OP O
O X

+ -

OX OP XOP OP aù
XOP OP
360ù_n+aù ( n )

y
O OX x
P
OP 1 2 3 4 OP
1 2 3 4
O X x

O r AB r OAB B
r
aù 1 (radian)
aù
O r A

180ù p
1( )= 1ù= ( )
p 180
180ù 180ù
2pr : r=360ù : aù aù= 1( )=
p p

r h( ) l B
l
S S
h
Ú l=rh Û S=;2!; rÛ h=;2!; rl O r A

l S h( )

Ú l : 2pr=h : 2p l=rh Û S : prÛ =h : 2p S=;2!; rÛ h=;2!; rl

34
 1
O AOB= 12p OAB B B

OA H AB BH AH

O A
H
12p-18'3 12p-16'3 12p-14'3
12p-12'3 12p-10'3

OAB r (r>0) AOB= OAB 12p

;2!;_rÛ`_ =12p rÛ`=144 r=12

'3
OHÓ=12`cos` =12_ =6'3 BHÓ=12`sin` =12_;2!;=6
2
OHB

;2!;_OHÓ_BHÓ=;2!;_6'3_6=18'3

AB BH AH
12p-18'3

1 O r 8 OAB OAB 6r
r

2 xÛ`+yÛ`=16 x=2 A B C(4 0)

AB AB

;;Á3¼;;p-'3 4p-2'3 ;;Á3¢;;p-3'3 ;;Á3¤;;p-4'3 6p-5'3

35
 03
2.
O r (r>0) y
r
P(x y) x OP y P x y
r
h h
h
y x y -r O x r x
sin`h= cos`h= tan`h= (x+0)
r r x
sin`h cos`h tan`h -r

h
y x y
OP h (x+0)
r r x
h
y x y
h 1Ú h 1Ú h 1Ú (x+0)
r r x

y x y
sin`h= cos`h= tan`h= (x+0)
r r x

1 2 3 4
(x>0 y>0) (x<0 y>0) (x<0 y<0) (x>0 y<0)
sin`h + + - -
cos`h + - - +
tan`h + - + -

tan`h h=np+ (n )

3.
sin`h
tan`h=
cos`h
sinÛ `h+cosÛ `h=1
h xÛ +yÛ =1 P(x y) y
1
y
sin`h=y cos`h=x tan`h= (x+0)
x y P x y
1
y sin`h h
tan`h= =
x cos`h -1 O x 1 x
P(x y) xÛ +yÛ =1
sinÛ `h+cosÛ `h=yÛ +xÛ =1 -1

36
 2
m<-1 m xÛ`+yÛ`=1 y=mx 2 P OP

h sin`h`cos`h=-;1£0; m

( O x )

-4 -;2&; -3 -;2%; -2

P sin`h cos`h

xÛ`+yÛ`=1 y=mx P x
1
xÛ`+mÛ`xÛ`=1 (mÛ`+1)xÛ`=1 xÛ`=
mÛ`+1
1 1
x= x=-
"ÃmÛ`+1 "ÃmÛ`+1
1
P 2 x=-
"ÃmÛ`+1
1 m
P y=mx P{- - } OPÓ=1
"ÃmÛ`+1 "ÃmÛ`+1
m 1
sin`h=- cos`h=-
"ÃmÛ`+1 "ÃmÛ`+1
m 1 m
sin`h`cos`h={- }_{- }=
"ÃmÛ`+1 "ÃmÛ`+1 mÛ`+1

sin`h`cos`h=-;1£0;

m
=-;1£0; 3mÛ`+10m+3=0 (m+3)(3m+1)=0
mÛ`+1
m=-3 m=-;3!;

m<-1 m -3

3
1 1
- =-;3$; tan`h>0 sin`h
1-cos`h 1+cos`h

'3 '2 '2 '3

- - -;2!;
2 2 2 2

4 h 4 3`sin`h+cos`h+1=0 sin`h+cos`h

-;5#; -;5@; -;5!; ;5!; ;5@;

37
 03
4.
y=sin`x
y
y=sin x
{ y | -1ÉyÉ1 }
;2'; ;2';p
p
y=sin`x p O p x
;2';p ;2';

x
sin`(2np+x)=sin`x (n ) 2p
f(x) x f(x+p)=f(x) 0 p
f(x) p f(x)
y=cos`x
y
y=cos x
{ y | -1ÉyÉ1 }
p p
y=cos`x y O ;2'; px
;2';p ;2'; ;2';p

x
cos`(2np+x)=cos`x (n ) 2p
y=tan`x
y y=tan x
x+np+ (n )

p p
y=tan`x O ;2'; x
;2';p ;2'; ;2';p
x
tan`(np+x)=tan`x (n ) p

x=np+ (n )

y=a`sin`x y=a`cos`x y=a`tan`x (a 0 )

y=a`sin`x y=a`cos`x |a| -|a|
y=a`tan`x
y=sin`ax y=cos`ax y=tan`ax (a 0 )
2p
y=sin`ax y=cos`ax
|a|
p
y=tan`ax
|a|

38
 3
p
0ÉxÉ2p y=sin`2x x a b {;2#;p<a<b<2p} A B C
12
b
D ACDB
a

;1!0!; ;2@0#; ;5^; ;4%; ;1!0#;

y=sin`2x a b

2p
y=sin`2x =p 0ÉxÉ2p y=sin`2x ACDB
2

y
y=sin 2x
B
A
p
a b
O p p x
p D
C

y=sin`2x (p 0) ACDB AD BC (p 0)

p
+a +b
=p 12 =p
2 2
a=;3%;p b=;1@2#;p

;1@2#;p
b= =;2@0#;
a
;3%;p

5 a b y=a`cos`bx+2b 6p 2 a+b

;3!; ;3@; 1 ;3$; ;3%;

6 - <x<;2#;p { 0} y=tan`x

x a b (a<b) a+2b=;;Á6£;;p sin`(2a+b)

'2 '2 '3

- -;2!; ;2!;
2 2 2

39
 03
5.
2np+h ( n )
sin`(2np+h)=sin`h cos`(2np+h)=cos`h tan`(2np+h)=tan`h
-h
sin`(-h)=-sin`h cos`(-h)=cos`h tan`(-h)=-tan`h
p+h
sin`(p+h)=-sin`h cos`(p+h)=-cos`h tan`(p+h)=tan`h

+h

sin`{ +h}=cos`h cos`{ +h}=-sin`h

Ú y=sin`x sin`(-h)=-sin`h
y=cos`x y cos`(-h)=cos`h
y=tan`x tan`(-h)=-tan`h
y y y=tan x
y
sin h y=sin x cos h y=cos x
tan h
h
O h x O h
h h x ;2'; O h ;2'; x

sin h tan h

Û h -h xÛ +yÛ =1 y
1
P(x y) P '(x ' y ') P P' x P x y
x '=x y '=-y
h
sin`(-h)=y '=-y=-sin`h -1 O h 1 x
cos`(-h)=x '=x=cos`h
y' -y P' x' y'
tan`(-h)= = =-tan`h (x+0) -1
x' x
h -h
sin`(p-h)=-sin`(-h)=sin`h
cos`(p-h)=-cos`(-h)=-cos`h
tan`(p-h)=tan`(-h)=-tan`h

sin`{ -h}=cos`(-h)=cos`h

cos`{ -h}=-sin`(-h)=sin`h

40
 4
sin`{ +h}-cos`(p-h)=;3$; sin`{ -h}_sin`(2p+h)<0 cos`{ -h}+tan`(p-h)

5'5 '5 '5 '5 '5

- - -
6 2 6 6 2

sin`{ +h}-cos`(p-h)=;3$;

cos`h+cos`h=;3$; cos`h=;3@;

sin`{ -h}_sin`(2p+h)<0

cos`h_sin`h<0

cos`h=;3@;>0 sin`h<0
2 '5
sin`h=-Á1-cosÛ``h¤=-¾Ð1-{;3@;} =-
3
'5
-
tan`h= sin`h = 3 =- '5
cos`h 2
;3@;

'5 '5 '5

cos`{ -h}+tan`(p-h)=sin`h-tan`h=- -{- }=
3 2 6

7 cos`{ +h}=;3!; tan`(p-h)<0 tan`h

'2 '2 '2 '2

- - '2
2 4 4 2

8 sin`(p+h)+cos`(2p-h)='2 sinÜ``h-cosÜ``h

'2 '2
- -;2!; 0 ;2!;
2 2

41
 03
6.

2`sin`x=1 tan`x=-1

sin`x=k (cos`x=k tan`x=k)

y=sin`x (y=cos`x y=tan`x) y=k
x
'3 y
0Éx<2p sin`x=
2 y=sin x
1
y=;;2;;
'3 1
sin`x= y=sin`x ;;2;;
2 p
O p x
'3 ; '; ;2'; ; ;p ;2';p
y= x
2

x= x=;3@; p
y
1 1
'3 P' P
xÛ +yÛ =1 y= P P' y=;;2;;
2
;3;p ;3;
'3
sin`x= OP OP ' -1 O 1 x
2
( O )
xÛ +yÛ =1
-1
x= x=;3@; p

2`sin`x<1 2`sin`x>-1

sin`x>k (sin`x¾k sin`x<k sin`xÉk)

y=sin`x y=k x
y=sin`x y=k x
'3 y
0Éx<2p sin`x<
2 y=sin x
1
y=;;2;;
'3 1
0Éx<2p sin`x= x= x=;3@; p ;;2;;
2 p
O p x
'3 ; '; ;2'; ; ;p ;2';p
sin`x< y=sin`x
2
'3
y= x
2
0Éx< ;3@; p<x<2p

sinÛ `x+cosÛ `x=1

42
 5
0<h<2p x 5xÛ`-(4`sin`h)x+cos`h+1=0 h

p ;2#;p 2p ;2%;p 3p

x 5xÛ`-(4`sin`h)x+cos`h+1=0 D D=0

D
=4`sinÛ``h-5(cos`h+1)=0
4
4(1-cosÛ``h)-5(cos`h+1)=0
4`cosÛ``h+5`cos`h+1=0
(cos`h+1)(4`cos`h+1)=0

cos`h=-1 cos`h=-;4!;

Ú cos`h=-1 h=p y
y=cos h
Û cos`h=-;4!;
O a p b h
0<h<2p y=cos`h y=-;4!; y=-; ;
; ;
;2'; ;2';p 2p
h a b (a<b) y=-1

y=cos`h y=-;4!;

h=p a+b =p a+b=2p

2
Ú Û h p+(a+b)=p+2p=3p

9 0Éx<2p 2`sinÛ``x+2'2`cos`x-3=0

;4!;pÛ` ;1°6;pÛ` ;8#;pÛ` ;1¦6;pÛ` ;2!;pÛ`

10 0Éx<2p tanÛ``x<3 sin`x`cos`x<0 x

ap<x<bp cp<x<2p a+b+c

2 ;3&; ;3*; 3 ;;Á3¼;;

43
 1 a b 315ù=ap ;9$;p=bù ab

136 140 144 148 152

2 ;4#;p 3p

6p 7p 8p 9p 10p

3 4 AB O AB C
O
C O C O CAB

A B

;2#;p ;4&;p 2p

;4(;p ;2%;p

4 sin`;4#;p_cos`;4%;p_tan`;4&;p

-;2!; -;4!; ;4!; ;2!; 1

5 5xÛ`-ax-2=0 sin`h cos`h a

1 '2 '3 2 '5

44
6 a b f(x)=a`sin`(2bx)+b 2p -1 f(x)

1 ;2#; 2 ;2%; 3

7 a b y=sin`ax x y b

y=f(x) f(x) 4p f {;3@;p}=2 f(0)

-;2!; 0 ;2!; 1 ;2#;

8 2`sinÛ`` -3`cos`;5@;p-3`cos`{2p+;5#;p}+2`sinÛ``{ +;5$;p}

-2 -1 0 1 2

9 0Éx<3p 4`sinÛ``x+4`sin`{ +x}-1=0

4p ;;Á3£;;p ;;Á3¢;;p 5p ;;Á3¤;;p

10 0Éx<2p sinÛ``x-cosÛ``x+3`sin`x-1>0 x a<x<b

b-a

;3@;p ;4#;p ;5$;p ;6%;p

45
 1 ABÓ=ACÓ ABC AB 1:2 A
Q
P A APÓ AC S
P C
Q B BPÓ BC R
T
A APQ S B R
BPR T 2S=T PQ PR 4p
B
S+T

4p 6p 8p 10p 12p

1+cos`h 1
2 2xÛ`-5x+2=0
sin`h
tan`h+
tan`h
{ <h<p}

-;1@2%; -;3%; -;4%; -;6%; -;1°2;

3 sin`h<0 3`sin`h-4`tan`h=4 sinÛ``h-cosÛ``h

'1Œ7 '1Œ7 '1Œ7 '1Œ7 '1Œ7

- -
8 9 9 8 7

4 0ÉxÉ3 y=4`sin` x y=k (0<k<4) y

y=4 sin x
A B OA OB 5
AOB ( O )
A B
y=k
;2#; 2 ;2%;
O x
3 ;2&;

46
5 -2pÉxÉ2p y=4`sin`;4{; x=p y=-2'2

2p 2'2p 4p 4'2p 8p

6 a b -;4!;<x<;4#; y=a{x-;4!;} y=tan`2px x

-;6!; b ab

4'3 6'3 8'3 12'3

2'3
5 5 5 5

3
7 (0 2) -
5p
l 0ÉxÉ2p l

y=-|tan`3x|+1

2 3 4 5 6

8 y=2x-5 y=-;2!;x P OP h

sin`{ +h}_sin`(p+h)+cos`{ -h}_cos`(p-h)

( O x )

-;5$; -;5@; 0 ;5@; ;5$;

47
 9 {x|0Éx<p}

f(x)=2`cosÛ``{x+;3@;p}-2`cos`{x+;6&;p}+a

f(x) -3 f(x) x=bp c a+b+c

( a )

;6!; ;3!; ;2!; ;3@; ;6%;

10 a b c f(x)=4`cos`a{x+ }+b y
y=4 cos a x+ +b

x=- 6 x=;6&;p -2 y=f(x) y=4

y=4 x cp a+b+c
; ;p
{ 0<c<;3@;} ; '; O cp x

;2&; 4 ;2(;

5 ;;Á2Á;;

11 0Éx<2p
cosÛ``x-sin`x`cos`x+sin`x+cos`x-1=0

2p ;2%;p 3p ;2&;p 4p

12 0Éh<2p x
xÛ`-(2`cos`h)x-3`sinÛ``h-5`cos`h¾0
h aÉhÉb tan`(b-a)

'3 '3
-'3 - 0 '3
3 3

48
1 10 a b y=a`sin`x+b (0ÉxÉ2p) y=2 y=5
m n m+n a b
(a b)

10 11 12 13 14

x
2 k f(x)=2`cos`
k
g(k)

g(k)
h(k)= f(g(k))-sin`[ +;6&;p]
9
h(k) k=a a a h(k) k=b

b b ;bA;

;9!; ;4!; 1 4 9

3 0ÉxÉp

2`sinÛ``x-3a`cos`{ -x}+a`sin`(p+x)-a+8=0

2 a

49
 04
1.
ABC R A

a b c
= = =2R c
b
sin`A sin`B sin`C
O
ABC A B C A B C R
B C
a b c a

a
ABC O =2R A
sin`A

Ú 0ù<A<90ù A
B O BA' A=A' A'

sin`A=`sin`A' 2R
O
A'BC BCA'=90ù
B a C
BCÓ a
sin`A'= =
BA'Ó 2R
a a A
sin`A= =2R
2R sin`A
Û A=90ù O
B C
sin`A=sin`90ù=1 a=2R a=2R
a 2R
= =2R
sin`A 1
Ü 90ù<A<180ù A

B O BA' A+A'=180ù B C
a
A=180ù-A' O
2R
sin`A=sin`(180ù-A')=sin`A' A'
A'BC A'CB=90ù
BCÓ a
sin`A'= =
BA'Ó 2R
a a
sin`A= =2R
2R sin`A
a
Ú Û Ü A =2R
sin`A
b c
=2R =2R
sin`B sin`C
BCÓ=4 A=30ù ABC A

ABC R ù
BCÓ
=2R
sin`A
BCÓ 4 4
R=;2!;_ =;2!;_ =;2!;_ =4
sin`A sin`30ù B C
;2!;

50
 1
ABÓ=BCÓ ADÓ=CDÓ D= ABCD B O
A
A O ACD O
P B D
P sin`( APC)=;3@; ABCD 14

ACD C

7'3 9'3
3'3 4'3 5'3
2 2

a b c
ABC R = = =2R
sin`A sin`B sin`C

AB APC

ACÓ ACÓ
=2_ABÓ ABÓ=;2!;_ ABÓ=;4#; ACÓ yy`
sin`( APC) ;3@;

ADÓ=CDÓ D= ACD

ADÓ=ACÓ yy`
ABCD

2ABÓ+2ADÓ=2_;4#; ACÓ+2ACÓ=;2&; ACÓ=14

ACÓ=4 ACD
'3
_4Û`=4'3
4

1 B= D=90ù sin`( A)=;6%; ABCD D

ABÓ=3 BCÓ=4 BD ( A>90ù) A

C
;;ª6£;; 4 ;;ª6°;; ;;Á3£;; ;2(;
B

2 B= ACÓ=4 BCÓ=2'2 ABC A

cos`(2 C)

'3 '2 '3 '2

- - -;2!; - -
2 2 4 4 B
1 C

51
 04
2.
C
ABC
aÛ =bÛ +cÛ -2bc`cos`A b a

bÛ =cÛ +aÛ -2ca`cos`B

A B
cÛ =aÛ +bÛ -2ab`cos`C c
ABC C AB H aÛ =bÛ +cÛ -2bc`cos`A
A
Ú 0ù<A<90ù C
CAH
b a
CHÓ=b`sin`A AHÓ=b`cos`A
BHÓ=ABÓ-AHÓ=c-b`cos`A
A B
H
BCH BCÓ Û =CHÓ Û +BHÓ Û c
aÛ =(b`sin`A)Û +(c-b`cos`A)Û
=bÛ `sinÛ `A+cÛ -2bc`cos`A+bÛ `cosÛ `A
=bÛ (sinÛ `A+cosÛ `A)+cÛ -2bc`cos`A
=bÛ +cÛ -2bc`cos`A
Û A=90ù C

ABC
a
cos`A=cos`90ù=0 b
aÛ =bÛ +cÛ
=bÛ +cÛ -2bc`cos`A A B
c
H
Ü 90ù<A<180ù
C
ACH
CHÓ=b`sin`(180ù-A)=b`sin`A AHÓ=b`cos`(180ù-A)=-b`cos`A a
BHÓ=ABÓ+AHÓ=c-b`cos`A b

BCH BCÓ Û =CHÓ Û +BHÓ Û B

H A c
aÛ =(b`sin`A)Û +(c-b`cos`A)Û
=bÛ `sinÛ `A+cÛ -2bc`cos`A+bÛ `cosÛ `A
=bÛ (sinÛ `A+cosÛ `A)+cÛ -2bc`cos`A
=bÛ +cÛ -2bc`cos`A
Ú Û Ü A
aÛ =bÛ +cÛ -2bc`cos`A

bÛ =cÛ +aÛ -2ca`cos`B cÛ =aÛ +bÛ -2ab`cos`C

52
 2
ABCD AB CB 1:2 P A D

Q PQD 5 ABCD P

2'1Œ5 8 2'1Œ7 6'2 2'1Œ9 B C

Q

ABC
aÛ`=bÛ`+cÛ`-2bc`cos`A bÛ`=cÛ`+aÛ`-2ca`cos`B cÛ`=aÛ`+bÛ`-2ab`cos`C

ABCD 3a (a>0) 3a
A D
APD DQC APÓ=QCÓ=a ADÓ=DCÓ=3a a h
P
DPÓ=DQÓ=ÁaÛ`+(3a)Û`¤='1Œ0a 3a
PBQ PBÓ=2a BQÓ=2a 2a
a
PQÓ=Á(2a)Û`+(2a)Û`¤=2'2a B C
2a Q
PQD PDQ=h
PQÓ Û`=DPÓ Û`+DQÓ Û`-2_DPÓ_DQÓ_cos`h
(2'2a)Û`=('1Œ0a)Û`+('1Œ0a)Û`-2_'1Œ0a_'1Œ0a_cos`h
2
12aÛ`
cos`h= =;5#; sin`h=Á1-cosÛ``h¤=¾Ð1-{;5#;} =;5$;
20aÛ`
PQÓ
PQD R =2R
sin`h
PQÓ 2'2a
R=;2!;_ =;2!;_ =;4%;'2a=5 a=2'2
sin`h
;5$;
ABCD 3_2'2=6'2

3 ACÓ=4 BCÓ=5 C= ABC C

6p ;;Á2£;;p 7p ;;Á2°;;p 8p
A B

4 ABÓ=3 ADÓ=2 BCÓ=DCÓ ABCD A

B
BCÓ`cos`B D

;2!; ;3@; ;4#; ;5$; ;6%;

C

53
 04
3.
ABC A B C a b c

ABC R A

a b c
sin`A= sin`B= sin`C= c b
2R 2R 2R
sin`A : sin`B : sin`C=a : b : c R
a b c B a C
= = =2R
sin`A sin`B sin`C
a a
=2R sin`A=
sin`A 2R
b b
=2R sin`B=
sin`B 2R
c c
=2R sin`C=
sin`C 2R
a b c
sin`A= sin`B= sin`C=
2R 2R 2R
a b c
sin`A : sin`B : sin`C= : : =a : b : c
2R 2R 2R

ABC A

bÛ`+cÛ`-aÛ`
cos`A= c b
2bc
cÛ`+aÛ`-bÛ`
cos`B= B C
2ca a
aÛ`+bÛ`-cÛ`
cos`C=
2ab
aÛ =bÛ +cÛ -2bc`cos`A 2bc`cos`A=bÛ +cÛ -aÛ
bÛ`+cÛ`-aÛ`
cos`A=
2bc
cÛ`+aÛ`-bÛ` aÛ`+bÛ`-cÛ`
cos`B= cos`C=
2ca 2ab
ABC a`cos`A=b`cos`B ABC
bÛ`+cÛ`-aÛ` cÛ`+aÛ`-bÛ`
cos`A= cos`B= a`cos`A=b`cos`B
2bc 2ca
bÛ`+cÛ`-aÛ` cÛ`+aÛ`-bÛ`
a_ =b_
2bc 2ca
aÛ _(bÛ +cÛ -aÛ )=bÛ _(cÛ +aÛ -bÛ )
(a+b)(a-b)(aÛ +bÛ -cÛ )=0
a+b+0 a=b aÛ +bÛ =cÛ
ABC a=b C=90ù

54
 3
BCÓ=2 ABC ABC

sin`C+sin`B`cos`(B+C)=0 3`sin`A=sin`B

2'3 3'2 2'6 3'3 4'2

ABC

p B+C=p-A
sin`C+sin`B`cos`(p-A)=0
sin`C-sin`B`cos`A=0 yy`
ABC R ABÓ=c BCÓ=a=2 CAÓ=b

a b c bÛ`+cÛ`-aÛ`
sin`A= sin`B= sin`C= cos`A=
2R 2R 2R 2bc
c b bÛ`+cÛ`-aÛ`
- _ =0
2R 2R 2bc
4cR 2cÛ`-(bÛ`+cÛ`-aÛ`)=0
cÛ`-bÛ`+aÛ`=0 bÛ`=aÛ`+cÛ`

ABC B= C

3`sin`A=sin`B
a b A
3_ = b=3a=3_2=6 B
2R 2R 1

ABC ABÓ=c=ÁbÛ`-aÛ`¤=Á6Û`-2Û`¤=4'2

ABC ;2!;_4'2_2=4'2

5 ABC sinÛ``B+sinÛ``C=sinÛ``A CAÓ`cos`C=ABÓ`cos`B ABÓ=4

ABC

4p 5p 6p 7p 8p

6 ABC cosÛ``B+sinÛ``C=1 ABC

BC B
p p
;2°4;p
24 12

55
 04
4.
ABC ABC S

S=;2!; bc`sin`A=;2!; ca`sin`B=;2!; ab`sin`C

ABC C AB H ABC
A
Ú C Û C Ü C

b a b a a
b

A B A H A H B H B
H c A c
c
Ú 0ù<A<90ù
CHÓ=b`sin`A
Û A=90ù
sin`A=sin`90ù=1
CHÓ=b=b`sin`A
Ü 90ù<A<180ù
CHÓ=b`sin`(180ù-A)=b`sin`A
Ú Û Ü A CHÓ=b`sin`A ABC S

S=;2!;_ABÓ_CHÓ=;2!; bc`sin`A

S=;2!; ca`sin`B S=;2!; ab`sin`C

ABCD p q A D
h ABCD S
h
p
S=;2!; pq`sin`h q

B C

BD A C P
A D
AC B D
P Q R S PQRS p h
Q h q S
ABCD PQRS ;2!; PQR B C
PQRS ;2!; ABCD PQR
R

S=;2!;_PQÓ_QRÓ_sin`h=;2!; pq`sin`h

56
 4
ADB=90ù ABD=60ù D
A
ABD BCD ABC SÁ ACD
C
Sª S Á-Sª='3 ACÓ `Û
ù
( AC BD )
B

ABC S S=;2!; bc`sin`A=;2!; ca`sin`B=;2!; ab`sin`C

BCD a
ABD ABD=60ù
BDÓ a '3
ABÓ= = =2a ADÓ=ABÓ_sin`60ù=2a_ ='3a
cos`60ù 2
;2!;
ABC ABC= ABD+ DBC=60ù+60ù=120ù ABC SÁ
'3 '3
S Á=;2!;_ABÓ_BCÓ_sin`120ù=;2!;_2a_a_ = aÛ`
2 2
ACD ADC= ADB+ BDC=90ù+60ù=150ù ACD Sª
'3
Sª=;2!;_ADÓ_DCÓ_sin`150ù=;2!;_'3a_a_;2!;= aÛ`
4
'3 '3 '3
S Á-Sª='3 aÛ`- aÛ`= aÛ`='3 aÛ`=4
2 4 4
ABC ABC=120ù
ACÓ Û`=ABÓ Û`+BCÓ Û`-2_ABÓ_BCÓ_cos`120ù

=(2a)Û`+aÛ`-2_2a_a_{-;2!;}=7aÛ`=7_4=28 28

7 ABÓ=4 ACÓ=2 A=120ù ABC A

A BC P AP
B C
P

;1!2#; ;6&; ;4%; ;3$; ;1!2&;

8 ABÓ=2 BCÓ=3 CAÓ='7 ABC BC A

3:2 P ABP 1

'3 3'3 7'3 4'3 9'3 B C

P
2 5 10 5 10

57
 '3
1 6p ABC cos`A=
3
BC

2 2'2 2'3 4 2'5

'5
2 ACÓ=6 cos`A=;3@; sin`B=
4
ABC BC

4 5 6 7 8

3 ABÓ=3 CAÓ=7 cos`A=;1!4!; ABC cos`(A+C)

-;2!; -;4!; ;8!; ;4!; ;2!;

4 O OAB AB P APÓ=3 P
1
BPÓ='2 APB=;4#;p OAB A
B
p
'3Œ0 '3Œ4
2'2
2 2
O
'3Œ8
3
2

58
5 ABC
ACÓ`cos`A+BCÓ`cos`B=ACÓ=2BCÓ
cos`A

;5$; ;6%; ;7^; ;8&; ;9*;

'5
6 ABC ABÓ=5 ACÓ=3 cos`(B+C)=
3
ABC

2'5 5 '3Œ0 '3Œ5 2'1Œ0

7 ABCD ABÓ=6 BDÓ='5Œ7 cos`( BAD)=-;3!; A

D

ABCD

8'3 10'2 10'3 1

12'2 12'3
B C

sin`A sin`B sin`C

8 15'7
5
=
6
=
4
ABC

59
 1 O ABC AB CA A

D E BCÓ=6 CAÓ=4'2 B= cos`( DOE) D E

O
'2 '7 B C
-;4#; - -
2 4
'6 '5
- -
4 4

2 BCÓ=4 A= ABC A P
A
B P PBÓ_cos`{;2!; ACB}='1Œ0
B C
100_sinÛ``( ACB)

3 ABÓ=7 BCÓ=5 CAÓ=6 ABC AC A

P
P ABP C

14 ;;ª2»;; 15

;;£2Á;; 16 B

60
4 ABÓ=BCÓ=2 CAÓ=3 ABC AC 1:2 A

P AC 2:1 Q PBQ
P
;pQ;'7 p+q ( p q )
Q
B

5 ABÓ=n+1 BCÓ=n+4 CAÓ=n+7 ABC 90ù<B<120ù

n

1 2 3 4 5

6 ABÓ=2 CAÓ=4 ABC ;1^5$;p BCÓ`cos`B

-1 -;4#; -;2!; ;4#; 1

61
 7 ABÓ=4 BCÓ=2 CDÓ=1 DAÓ=3 ABCD A

ABCD

2'5 '2Œ2 2'6

'2Œ6 2'7 B D
C

8 ABÓ=4 BCÓ='1Œ3 CAÓ=3 ABC O A

OBC ;pQ;'3 p+q

O
( p q ) C
1
B

9 CAÓ=6 ABC ABC

2`sin`B=3`sin`C
sin`A+sin`C=2`sin`B

'1Œ5 2'1Œ5 3'1Œ5 4'1Œ5 5'1Œ5

62
1 A=90ù B=60ù BCÓ=2 ABC A

P PAB= PBC= PCA APÓ Û`+BPÓ `Û

P
;1!7#; ;1!8#; ;1!9#; B C

;2!0#; ;2!1#;

2 2 AB O 1 C

AB C OB P OA
D
Q B AC D CPÓ=PQÓ CDÓ=CQÓ A B
Q O P
cos`( COD)

'2
'2-1 '2-;2!;
2

'2-;4!; '2

3 BCÓ=10 ABC cos`B`sin`B=cos`C`sin`C AB

P APC SÁ BPC Sª
16S Á=9Sª AB ( P A B )

5'5 5'6 5'7

5'2 ;;Á2°;;
2 2 2

63
 05
1.

1 3 5 7 y

aÁ aª a£ y an y

y n y 1 2 3 y n y
n n an an
{an}

2.
:

: a d {an} an
an=a+(n-1)d (n=1 2 3 y)
a d {an}
aÁ=a
aª=aÁ+d=a+d
a£=aª+d=(a+d)+d=a+2d

an
an=a+(n-1)d (n=1 2 3 y)
-3 2 {an}
an=-3+(n-1)_2=2n-5

3.
a b c b a c
b a c b-a=c-b
a+c
2b=a+c b=
2
a+c
b= b-a=c-b b a c
2
3 x 9 x 3 9
3+9
x= =6
2

64
 1
{an}
a¢-aÁ=9 a¤+a¥=12-2a¦
aÁ+aÁ¼

-6 -3 0 3 6

a d {an} an an=a+(n-1)d (n=1 2 3 y)

{an} d k m am-ak=(m-k)d

{an} d
a¢-aÁ=3d=9

d=3
a¤+a¥=2a¦ a¤+a¥=12-2a¦
2a¦=12-2a¦
a¦=3

aÁ=a¦-6d=3-6_3=-15
aÁ¼=a¦+3d=3+3_3=12

aÁ+aÁ¼=-15+12=-3

1 -2 4 a a

3 6 9 12 15

2 {an}
a»-aÁ<0 |aÁ|=|a»|=10
aÁ°

-50 -25 0 25 50

65
 05
4.
a n l {an} n Sn
n(a+l)
Sn=
2
a d {an} n Sn
n{2a+(n-1)d}
Sn=
2
Sn=a+(a+d)+(a+2d)+ y +(l-2d)+(l-d)+l yy` a l
a+d l-d
a+2d l-2d
Sn=l+(l-d)+(l-2d)+ y +(a+2d)+(a+d)+a yy`

y
n
l-2d a+2d
l-d a+d
2Sn=(a+l)+(a+l)+(a+l)+ y +(a+l)+(a+l)+(a+l) l a
(
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
{
M
M
M
M
M
M
9
=n(a+l) n
a+l
n(a+l)
S n=
2
l=a+(n-1)d
n(a+l) n{a+a+(n-1)d} n{2a+(n-1)d}
Sn= = =
2 2 2
5 10 35 10 S10
10(5+35)
S10= =200
2
3 -2 10 S10
10{2_3+(10-1)_(-2)}
S10= =-60
2
a d {an} n Sn
n{2a+(n-1)d} 2a-d
Sn = =;2D; nÛ`+ n
2 2
2a-d
;2D;=A =B Sn=AnÛ`+Bn 0 {an} n
2
Sn 0 n

5.
{an} n Sn SÁ=aÁ 2 n
Sn=aÁ+aª+y+an-1+an
Sn-1=aÁ+aª+y+an-1
Sn-Sn-1=an
aÁ=SÁ an=Sn-Sn-1 (n¾2)

66
 2
-;;Á3¼;; ;3$; {an}

{am|m am }
{bn} {bn} 10

50 100 150 200 250

a d {an} n Sn
n{2a+(n-1)d}
Sn=
2

-;;Á3¼;; ;3$; {an}

4n-14
an=-;;Á3¼;;+(n-1)_;3$;=
3
am
m=5 8 11 14 y
am
2 6 10 14 y
{bn} 2 4 {bn} 10
10{2_2+(10-1)_4}
=200
2

3 -10 d {an} 12 78 d

1 2 3 4 5

4 {an} n Sn
SÁ=-50 Sª=-94
Sn>100n n

46 48 50 52 54

67
 05
6.

a r (r+0) {an} an
an=ar n-1 (n=1 2 3 y)
a r {an}
aÁ=a
aª=aÁr=ar
a£=aªr=(ar)r=arÛ`
a¢=a£r=(arÛ`)r=arÜ`

an
n-1
an=ar (n=1 2 3 y)

3 ;2!; {an} an
n-1
an=3_{;2!;}

{an}
2 -6 18 -54 y
2 -3 {an} an
n-1
an=2_(-3)

7.
0 a b c b a c
c
b a c ;aB;=
b
bÛ`=ac

c
0 a b c bÛ`=ac ;aB;= b a c
b
3 x 6 x 3 6
xÛ`=3_6=18
x=-3'2 x=3'2

68
 3
{an}
a¦-a¤
a£=9 =3
a°-a¢
a¥

27 27'3 81 81'3 243

a r (r+0) {an} an
n-1
an=ar (n=1 2 3 y)

a¦-a¤
{an} =3 a°+a¢ r
a°-a¢
aÁ>0 r>0 r+1

a¦-a¤ aÁrß`-aÁrÞ` aÁrÞ`(r-1)

= = =rÛ`=3
a°-a¢ aÁrÝ`-aÁrÜ` aÁrÜ`(r-1)
r>0
r='3

a£=aÁrÛ`=3aÁ=9
aÁ=3
a¥=aÁrà`=3_('3 )à`=3_3;2&;=3Ý`_3;2!;=81'3

5 2-3 a 2;2%; a

'2 '2
-1 - -;2!; ;2!;
2 2

6 {an} aª=-2 a£a°=36 aÁ

5'3 4'3 2'3 '3

- - -'3 - -
3 3 3 3

69
 05
8.
a r {an} n Sn
r+1
a(1-rn) a(rn-1)
Sn= =
1-r r-1
r=1
Sn=na
r+1
Sn=a+ar+arÛ`+ y +arn-2+arn-1 yy`
r
rSn=ar+arÛ`+arÜ`+ y +arn-1+arn yy`

Sn=a+ar+arÛ`+ y +arn-2+arn-1
- >³ rS
³ n=³ ar+arÛ
³ ³ `+arÜ
³ `+³ ³ n-1³ +arn
³ +ar
y
Sn-rSn=a -arn
n
(1-r)Sn=a(1-r )
a(1-rn) a(rn-1)
Sn= =
1-r r-1
r=1
Sn=a+a+a+ y +a+a=na
(
M
M
{

M
9
M]

3 4 10 SÁ¼
10
3(4 -1)
SÁ¼= =410-1
4-1
3 -;2!; 10 SÁ¼
10
3[1-{-;2!;} ] 10
SÁ¼= =2[1-{;2!;} ]
1-{-;2!;}

a r (r+1) {an} n Sn
a(rn-1) a a
Sn= = rn-
r-1 r-1 r-1
a
=A
r-1
Sn=A(rn-1)
Sn=2(3n-1) aÁ=SÁ=2_(3-1)=4 3 {an} n

70
 4
8 -2 {an} n Sn |Sn|>400
n

7 9 11 13 15

a r (r+1) {an} n Sn
a(1-rn) a(rn-1)
Sn= =
1-r r-1

{an} 8 -2
n
8_{1-(-2) }
Sn=
1-(-2)
n

Sn=;3*;(1+2n)>0

|Sn|=Sn>400

;3*;(1+2n)>400

2n>149 yy`
2à`=128<149<2á`=512 n 9

7 1 '2 {an}
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
aÁ a£ a° a¦ a» aÁÁ

;3^2#; 2 ;3^2%; ;1#6#; ;3^2&;

8 |aÁ|+|aª| {an} n Sn {(-1)nan}

a£
n Tn SÁ¼=200 TÁ¼=40
aÁ

;9$; ;1»6; ;1!0@0!; ;;Á9¤;; ;4(;

71
 1 {an} a°=10 a¤=14 aÁÁ

32 34 36 38 40

2 ;3@; {an}

3a£+6aª£=83
a1

-1 -2 -3 -4 -5

1
3 logª`3
a log£`;2(; a

;3!; ;2!; ;3@; ;6%; 1

4 0 {an} n Sn
a£=3a¦ Sk=0 k

11 13 15 17 19

72
5 {an} n Sn
Sn=3nÛ`-n (n=1 2 3 y)
{an+2-an} 10

6 {an}
a¤
aª_a°=2 =;8!;
a£
aÁ

4 6 8 10 12

a°
7 '2 {an} logª`
a¤a¦
=3 am=;4!; m

2 4 6 8 10

8 {an} n Sn
Sª
=-1 S£=9
SÁ
S¦

73
 1 {an}
a¥=aÁ¼+6 |a¥|=|aÁ¼|+2
aÁ

13 16 19 22 25

am
2 9 {an}
am+1
=;1»00¦ ; m

aÁ+m

30 33 36 39 42

3 {an} {an+an+2} -6 4 {an}

10

4 {an} {|an|} 8

|aÁ|<10 -10<aª-a°<20

180 200 220 240 260

74
5 {an} {bn} n Sn Tn n
Tn=Sn+2n+1
aÁ=1 b°=10 bÁ+a°

12 14 16 18 20

6 {an} n Sn
p (1Én<p)
Sn= g (p q )
qn (n¾p)
am=5 m 2 p+q ( p>2)

6 7 8 9 10

7 {an} n
an+2 a
=1 n+1 +1
an an+2
aÁ+aª+a£+y+aªÁ=10 aÁ+aÁ¼+aªÁ

-20 -10 0 10 20

8 8 4 {an} {'Œan} 8

500'2 510'2 520'2 530'2 540'2

75
 9 1 r {an} {an} 10 S
S
{aªn} 5 T =5 r
T

;6!; ;5!; ;4!; ;3!; ;2!;

10 {an} n y=an y=4x y y=4

x bn {bn} 1 ;2!; y=a

{an} 7

504 508 512 x

O b
516 520

11
2k-9
A={k|k } B=[2 3 |k ]
'
A B n an {an}
50
2
n Sn Sn> n
3

76
1 2 {an} k m k+m

ak=0
aÁ+aª+a£+y+am=60
|aÁ|+|aª|+|a£|+y+|am|=84

2 m {an}

1
aÁ= am=10
m
ap_aq=100 p q (pÉq) (p q) 5

am-1

2;4!;_5;4!; 2;2!;_5;4!; 2;4!;_5;2!; 2;4#;_5;2!; 2;4!;_5;4#;

3 ABC ACD 5
ABÓ BCÓ CAÓ ADÓ CDÓ
CDÓ
=4 ABC '7 ACD S
ABÓ
CAÓ_S
D C

A B

4'7 4'1Œ4 8'7 8'1Œ4 16'7

77
 06
1. Á
{an} n Á
n
aÁ+aª+a£+ y +an= Á ak
k=1

2ÉmÉn m n {an} m n Á

n
am+am+1+am+2+ y +an= Á ak
k=m
n
Á ak n (m-1)
k=m

n n m-1
Á ak= Á ak- Á ak
k=m k=1 k=1

20+25+30+35+40+45+50
an=5n+15 aÁ=20 a¦=50
7
20+25+30+35+40+45+50= Á (5k+15)
k=1

an=5n a¢=20 a10=50

10 10 3
20+25+30+35+40+45+50= Á 5k= Á 5k- Á 5k
k=4 k=1 k=1
n
Á ak k
k=1
n n n
Á ak=Áai= Á aj
k=1 i=1 j=1

2. Á
n n n
Á (ak+bk)= Á ak+ Á bk
k=1 k=1 k=1
n n n
Á (ak-bk)= Á ak- Á bk
k=1 k=1 k=1
n n
Á cak=c Á ak ( c )
k=1 k=1
n
Á c=c+c+c+ y +c=cn ( c )
k=1
(
|
{
|
9

n
n
Á (ak+bk)=(aÁ+bÁ)+(aª+bª)+(a£+b£)+ y +(an+bn)
k=1
n n
=(aÁ+aª+a£+ y +an)+(bÁ+bª+b£+ y +bn)= Á ak+ Á bk
k=1 k=1
n n
Á cak=caÁ+caª+ca£+ y +can=c(aÁ+aª+a£+ y +an)=c Á ak
k=1 k=1

78
 1 Á

{an} {bn}
20 20 20
Á (ak+2)Û`=8 Á bk Á (ak-2bk)=-40
k=1 k=1 k=1
20
Á akÛ`
k=1

60 80 100 120 140

n n n
Á (ak+bk)= Á ak+ Á bk
k=1 k=1 k=1
n n
Á cak=c Á ak ( c )
k=1 k=1

20 20 20 20 20
Á (ak+2)Û`= Á (akÛ`+4ak+4)= Á akÛ`+ Á 4ak+ Á 4
k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1
20 20 20
= Á akÛ`+4 Á ak+4_20=8 Á bk
k=1 k=1 k=1

20 20 20 20
Á akÛ`=-80-4 Á ak+8 Á bk=-80-4 Á (ak-2bk)
k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1

=-80-4_(-40)=80

1 {an} {bn}
15 15
Á (2ak+1)=25 Á (ak+bk)=30
k=1 k=1
15
Á bk
k=1

24 25 26 27 28

2 {an}
10
aÁ=20 Á (2ak-1)=100
k=1

aÁ¼

-9 -7 -5 -3 -1

79
 06
3.
n n(n+1)
Á k=1+2+3+ y +n=
k=1 2
n n(n+1)(2n+1)
Á kÛ`=1Û`+2Û`+3Û`+ y +nÛ`=
k=1 6
n n(n+1) 2
Á kÜ`=1Ü`+2Ü`+3Ü`+ y +nÜ`=[ ]
k=1 2
n
Ák 1 1 n
k=1
n n{2_1+(n-1)_1} n(n+1)
Á k= =
k=1 2 2
k (k+1)Ü`-kÜ`=3kÛ`+3k+1 k 1 2 3 y n
k=1 2Ü`-1Ü`=3_1Û`+3_1+1
k=2 3Ü`-2Ü`=3_2Û`+3_2+1
k=3 4Ü`-3Ü`=3_3Û`+3_3+1

k=n (n+1)Ü`-nÜ`=3_nÛ`+3_n+1
n
(n+1)Ü`-1Ü`=3(1Û`+2Û`+3Û`+y+nÛ`)+3(1+2+3+y+n)+1_n
n n(n+1)
=3 Á kÛ`+3_ +n
k=1 2

n n(n+1)
3 Á kÛ`=(n+1)Ü`-3_ -(n+1)
k=1 2
n+1
= {2(n+1)Û`-3n-2}
2
(n+1)(2nÛ`+n)
=
2
n(n+1)(2n+1)
=
2
n n(n+1)(2n+1)
Á kÛ`=
k=1 6
n n(n+1) 2
k (k+1)Ý`-kÝ`=4kÜ`+6kÛ`+4k+1 Á kÜ`=[ ]
k=1 2

10 10_11 10 10
1+3+5+y+19= Á (2k-1)=2 Á k- Á 1=2_ -1_10=100
k=1 2 k=1 k=1

5 5 5 5_6 2 5_6_11
Á kÛ`(k+2)= Á kÜ`+2 Á kÛ`={ } +2_ =15Û`+110=335
k=1 k=1 k=1 2 6

80
 2
{an} n
n
an= Á (2k+n)
k=1
10
Á ak
k=1

725 750 775 800 825

n n(n+1)
Á k=1+2+3+y+n=
k=1 2
n n(n+1)(2n+1)
Á kÛ`=1Û`+2Û`+3Û`+y+nÛ`=
k=1 6
n n n
an= Á (2k+n)=2 Á k+ Á n
k=1 k=1 k=1

n(n+1)
=2_ +n_n
2
=2nÛ`+n

10 10 10 10
Á ak= Á (2kÛ`+k)=2 Á kÛ`+ Á k
k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1

10_11_21 10_11
=2_ +
6 2
=770+55=825

3
15
Á (k-5)
k=5

40 45 50 55 60

4
n n
Á (3kÛ`+k)= Á (nÛ`+15) n
k=1 k=1

7 8 9 10 11

81
 06
4.
n 1 n 1 1 1 n
Á =Á{ - }=1- =
k=1 k(k+1) k=1 k k+1 n+1 n+1
n 1 n 1 1 1 n
Á = Á ;2!; { - }=;2!; {1- }=
k=1 (2k-1)(2k+1) k=1 2k-1 2k+1 2n+1 2n+1
n 1 n
Á = Á ("Ãk+1 -"Åk )="Ãn+1 -1
k=1 'Äk+1+'§k` k=1

1 1 B-A 1 B A 1 1 1
= _ = _{ - }= { - } (A+B)
AB B-A AB B-A AB AB B-A A B

1 1 1 1 1 1
= { - }= -
k(k+1) (k+1)-k k k+1 k k+1

n 1 n 1 1
Á =Á { - }={;1!;-;2!;}+{;2!;-;3!;}+{;3!;-;4!;}+ y +{ 1 - 1 }
k(k+1) k=1 k k+1
k=1 n n+1
1 n
=1- =
n+1 n+1
1 1 1
=;2!; { - }
(2k-1)(2k+1) 2k-1 2k+1
n 1 n
Á =
k=1 (2k-1)(2k+1) 2n+1
( )

1 'Äk+1-'§k
= ='Äk+1 -'§k
'Äk+1+'§k` ('Äk+1+'§k )('Äk+1-'§k )

n 1 n
Á = Á ('Äk+1 -'§k )
k=1 'Äk+1+'§k` k=1

=('2-'1 )+('3-'2 )+('4-'3 )+ y +('n+1 -'n )

='n+1 -1
10 1 10 1 1 10 1 1
Á = Á ;2!; { - }= ;2!; Á { - }
k=1 (2k-1)(2k+1) k=1 2k-1 2k+1 k=1 2k-1 2k+1
=;2!; [{;1!;-;3!;}+{;3!;-;5!;}+{;5!;-;7!;}+ y +{;1Á9;-;2Á1;}]

=;2!; {1-;2Á1;}=;2!1);
24 1 24
Á = Á ('Äk+1 -'§k )
k=1 'Äk+1+'§k` k=1
=('2-'1 )+('3-'2 )+('4-'3 )+ y +('2Œ5-'2Œ4)
=-1+'2Œ5=4

82
 3
1 d {an}
10
1 5
Á =
k=1 ak ak+1 aÁ¼-aÁ
d ( d+0)

;1Á0; ;9!; ;8!; ;7!; ;6!;

1 1 1 1
= { - } (A+B)
AB B-A A B

{an} d
ak+1-ak=d (k=1 2 3 y)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= { - }=;d!; { - }
ak ak+1 ak+1-ak ak ak+1 ak ak+1
10
1 10
1 1 10
1 1
Á = Á ;d!; { - }=;d!; Á { - }
k=1 ak ak+1 k=1 ak ak+1 k=1 ak ak+1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
=;d!;[{ - }+{ - }+y+{ - }+{ - }]
aÁ aª aª a£ a» aÁ¼ aÁ¼ aÁÁ
1 1 1
=;d!; { - }=;d!; {1- }
aÁ aÁÁ aÁÁ
5 5 10
1 5
= Á =
aÁ¼-aÁ 9d k=1 ak ak+1 aÁ¼-aÁ
1 5 1 1
;d!; {1- }= 1- =;9%; =;9$; aÁÁ=;4(;
aÁÁ 9d aÁÁ aÁÁ

aÁÁ-aÁ=10d ;4(;-1=10d

d=;8!;

5
15
2
Á
k=1 'Äk+1 +'Äk-1
1+'1Œ5 2+'1Œ5 3+'1Œ5 4+'1Œ5 5+'1Œ5

6
10
2k+1 k+1
Á{ + }
k=1 k+1 k
;;£1¢1¼;; ;;£1°1¼;; ;;£1¤1¼;; ;;£1¦1¼;; ;;£1¥1¼;;

83
 06
5.
{an}
Ú
Û

aÁ=1 an+1=an+4 (n=1 2 3 y) {an}

1 4
aÁ=2 an+1=3an (n=1 2 3 y) {an}
2 3
aÁ=-3 aª=9 an+1Û`=anan+2 (n=1 2 3 y) {an}
an+1 an+2
=
an an+1
a2
{an} aÁ=-3 =-3
a1
an=(-3)_(-3)n-1=(-3)n

6.
{an} n 1 2 3 y

n+1
{an} aÁ=3 n an+1= an a°
n
1+1
aÁ=3 aª= _aÁ=2_3=6
1
2+1
aª=6 a£= _aª=;2#;_6=9
2
3+1
a£=9 a¢= _a£=;3$;_9=12
3
4+1
a¢=12 a°= _a¢=;4%;_12=15
4
{an} aÁ=1 n
an+1 (n )
an+1=g
2an (n )
a°
aÁ=1 aª=aÁ+1=1+1=2
aª=2 a£=2aª=2_2=4
a£=4 a¢=a£+1=4+1=5
a¢=5 a°=2a¢=2_5=10

84
 4
{an} n
( an+1 (an )
an+1= { an
+n (an )
9 2
aÁ=100 an<20 n

{an} n 1 2 3 y

aÁ 100
aÁ aª= +1= +1=51
2 2
aª a£=aª+1=51+1=52
a£
a£ a¢= +3=;;°2ª;;+3=29
2
a¢ a°=a¢+1=29+1=30
a°
a° a¤= +5=;;£2¼;;+5=20
2
a¤
a¤ a¦= +6=;;ª2¼;;+6=16
2
an<20 n 7
7

7 {an} n
an+1=an+4
aª¼=200 aÁ

8 {an} aÁ=1 n
n
an+1=n+ Á (-1)kak
k=1

an+1-an<-1 n

3 4 5 6 7

85
 06
7.
n p(n) n

Ú n=1 p(n)
Û n=k p(n) n=k+1 p(n)
p(n)
n
2+4+6+y+2n=nÛ`+n yy`

Ú n=1 ( )=2 ( )=1Û`+1=2

Û n=k
2+4+6+y+2k=kÛ`+k
2(k+1)
2+4+6+y+2k+2(k+1)=kÛ`+k+2(k+1)=kÛ`+3k+2=(kÛ`+2k+1)+(k+1)=(k+1)Û`+(k+1)
n=k+1
Ú Û n
m 2 n p(n) n¾m n

Ú n=m p(n)
Û n=k (k¾m) p(n) n=k+1 p(n)

5
n
2kÛ`-1 n 2
n Á ={ } yy`( )
k=1 kÛ`(k+1)Û` n+1

2_1Û`-1 1 2
Ú n=1 ( )= =;4!; ( )={ } =;4!; ( )
1Û`_2Û` 1+1
Û n=m ( )
n=m+1
2
m+1
2kÛ`-1 m
2kÛ`-1 (mÛ`+ _m+1)Û`
Á =Á + = ={ }
k=1 kÛ`(k+1)Û` k=1 kÛ`(k+1)Û` (m+1)Û`(m+2)Û` (m+1)Û`(m+2)Û` m+2
n=m+1 ( )
Ú Û n ( )

f(m) g(m) p p+f(9)+g(10)

86
 n p(n) n
Ú n=1 p(n)
Û n=k p(n) n=k+1 p(n)

2_1Û`-1 1 2
Ú n=1 ( )= =;4!; ( )={ } =;4!; ( )
1Û`_2Û` 1+1
m
2kÛ`-1 m 2
Û n=m ( ) Á ={ } n=m+1
k=1 kÛ`(k+1)Û` m+1
m+1
2kÛ`-1 = m 2kÛ`-1 + 2(m+1)Û`-1
Á Á
k=1 kÛ`(k+1)Û` k=1 kÛ`(k+1)Û` (m+1)Û`(m+2)Û`
2 2(m+1)Û`-1 mÛ`(m+2)Û`+2(m+1)Û`-1
={ m } + =
m+1 (m+1)Û`(m+2)Û` (m+1)Û`(m+2)Û`
mÝ`+4mÜ`+6mÛ`+4m+1 (mÛ`+ 2 _m+1)Û`
= =
(m+1)Û`(m+2)Û` (m+1)Û`(m+2)Û`
2
(m+1)Ý` m+1
= ={ }
(m+1)Û`(m+2)Û` m+2
n=m+1 ( )
Ú Û n ( )
f(m)=2(m+1)Û`-1 p=2 g(m)=m+1
p+f(9)+g(10)=2+199+11=212
212

9 {an}
aÁ=1 n
a
an+1- n =2-n-1
2
an
n+1
an= yy`( )
2n

1+1
Ú n=1 ( )=aÁ=1 ( )= =1 ( )
2Ú`
Û n=k ( )
ak 1
ak+1= +2-k-1= + = k+
2 2k+Ú` 2 Ú`
n=k+1 ( )
Ú Û n ( )

f(k) g(k) f(4)_g(30)

87
 9

1 Á 2Ú`-k
k=1

;1@2%8%; ;2%5!6!; 2 ;2%5!6#; ;1@2%8&;

n n-1

2 Á kÝ`- Á kÝ`=82
k=1 k=2
n

3 4 5 6 7

3 {an}
10 10
Á kak=55 Á (5-2k)ak=-10
k=1 k=1
10
Á ak
k=1

9 9

4 Á kÛ`+ Á (-2k+1)
k=1 k=1

n
2 n
1
5 Á
k=1
+Á
k(k+2) k=1 n(n+2)
=;;Á7¼;; n

88
6 {an} n
an+1=2an-n
aÁ=5 a°

7 {an} n
an+1Û`=an an+2
aÁ=2 a¢=-54 ak<-500 k

6 7 8 9 10

8 {an} n
2an+1

=16
2a n

12 12
Á ak+1- Á ak
k=1 k=1

9 {an} n
2n-1 (n )
an=g
an-1+1 (n )
10
Á ak
k=1

80 85 90 95 100

89
 7 5

1 {an} {bn} aÁ=bÁ=1 a¦=b¦ Á ak=98

k=1
Á bªk-1
k=1

81 100 121 144 169

2 {an} n
2n-1
Á ak=nÛ`+n
k=1

aÁ¼=5 aÁ+aÁÁ

1 3 5 7 9

3 {an} {bn}
15 15
Á (ak-bk+1)=20 Á (ak+1+bk)=30
k=1 k=1

15
aÁ=bÁ aÁ¤-bÁ¤=10 Á ak
k=1

20 25 30 35 40

4 {an} n
n n
kÛ`-k
Á (ak+1-ak)= Á
k=1 k=1 n+1
aª¼=200 aÁ

62 68 74 80 86

90
5 {an} {bn} n
1 1 n
a n= - bn= Á ak
(n+1)(n+2) (n+2)(n+3) k=1

12
Á bk=;pQ; p+q ( p q )
k=1

6 {an} n Sn aÁ=2 aª=-1 n

Sn+2='2 Sn
a¦+a¥+a»

4 6 8 10 12

7 {an} n
10-an (n )
an+1=g
an+n (n )
7
a°=0 Á ak
n=1

40 42 44 46 48

8 {an} n
'3 an (1ÉnÉ6)
an+1=g
an-3 (n¾7)
an 81 aÁ=am m ( m+1)

30 31 32 33 34

91
 9 {an} {bn} n
an+1=an-bn bn+1=an+bn
a£=-2 b¢=4 aÁ+b¤

-11 -13 -15 -17 -19

10 {an} aÁ=1 n
n
an+1= Á (2n-2k+1)ak
k=1

n¾3 an

n
n an+1= Á (2n-2k+1)ak
k=1

aª=1

n+1 n+1 n+1

an+2= Á {2(n+1)-2k+1}ak= Á (2n-2k+1)ak+2 Á ak
k=1 k=1 k=1
n n+1
= Á (2n-2k+1)ak+ _an+1+2 Á ak
k=1 k=1
n+1
=2 Á ak
k=1

2 n
n
an+1=2 Á ak yy`
k=1

n+1 n
an+2=2 Á ak=2{ Á ak+an+1}
k=1 k=1

= _an+1
3 n
an+1= _an
a£= n¾3
an=

p q r f(n)
f(p+q+r)

104 106 108 110 112

92
1 -3 0 {an} {bn} n
an+1
bn=1-
an
10
Á bk bk+1=-;2$8%; aÁ
k=1

24 26 28 30 32

2 p q r f(x)=p`sin`q(x-r) 4
f(1)=f(2)=1
r k ak
6 6
Á f(k)+ Á ak
k=1 k=1

61 62 63 64 65

3 {an} n
-4an (an<0 )
an+1=g
an-n (an¾0 )
aÁ¼=20 aÁ

93
 01 1 2 3

1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10

1 2 3 4 5 6
03
7 8

12 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8

1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10
1 2 3

1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12
02
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 36

7 8 9 10

1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8
04
1 2 3 14 4 5 313 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 7 8

94
1 2 3 4 5 6
06
7 8 30
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 124 8 95
1 2 125 3 49 5 6
7 8 25 9
1 2 3 20 4 204 5 13 6 54
7 8 48 9
1 2 3

1 2 3 4 5 41 6
7 8 9 10

1 2 3 86
05
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8

1 2 3 4 5 120 6
7 8 129

1 2 3 40 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 25

1 16 2 3

95