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D - F Block Elements

The document discusses various properties and characteristics of transition metals, lanthanides, and actinides, including their electronic configurations, oxidation states, and stability. It highlights the unique bonding and structural features of these elements, as well as their applications in catalysis and industry. Additionally, it covers the trends in atomic and ionic radii, magnetic properties, and the behavior of these elements in different chemical environments.

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56 views13 pages

D - F Block Elements

The document discusses various properties and characteristics of transition metals, lanthanides, and actinides, including their electronic configurations, oxidation states, and stability. It highlights the unique bonding and structural features of these elements, as well as their applications in catalysis and industry. Additionally, it covers the trends in atomic and ionic radii, magnetic properties, and the behavior of these elements in different chemical environments.

Uploaded by

arabhammad3
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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I | DSF bck Ekmorts— Eleatent havmg there (nd: [| ssbitel incompletely Filed ane a-black elements, 2p, Cd Hg, Uub are exchidedt | Brom teanstion sertes - Bib also thay ave Corbet due 49 Taek io (eS, 6 eS freee Cse=21 to2=39) [ Qccusence- Gorman Chvomite -Felao4e Chesome 0x0. ~ Cords { Gsocbisite ~ Por dg Margenese— Rysdluste — Mn Copper - (ucpsite — Cued { Maladsk— (udos be) Aaurite, — 20uC05-CulOH) a. € thavadesstes = | D They have high MPSE-P values 2) Tate density Tes bom) left to ight [ Cae ohh ment dae shanks) isaction Tere ‘som [ DBricgton maa re eka) - General Properties — They ax Reckel in He? cop om Bcc 2 Toy have metallic bonds bjee thein aft, Covalent Chasecles due to Shasieg oF unpersed dedtvons.. This trey have high MP4 GP veloes - HPZ RPA Noah unpaired electrons Hy telling Bint = 234k D My and Te have low MPritue bears of. theis Complicate lattice Pe) PE(IZ) > Ni(q) | Oxidation stele — velement stabe 0-5 Se -2) any BT -2L +4 V-23 +S Ce-24 -42,13,46 Mos | FeCo,Ni 42,43 HE 0-8 Gan go upto +6 (Kn Feb4) (yajLow d+ ous (Reon, (upsous) Les)Highd-s — te (Rewaic Capa) ae oS ayeda2| Reason lower — 408 and Ru shod +3 -O-s LU -oabital’ : s 4 0804 is stable Compouncl \ ee ‘| Sea & Feth Rn, Fete strong O-A Sa eF2|5 [and Met] teemnsition. 9) Geamebry of Complex - % Atomic _and jomic_cardii— f) Tt decseascs From Sc te Ce es fos Moy (ecreerses) wemains constutt Fos Fe +o Mei Cu a then Jes. 2D) Radii aed is Constant fos ee to Cr because pycear charge Ce ontng eft balance each chee: ego flows 4imiloy Danie. weit 3 Toni vpedltt docoease. with Tocrectse in OS This 18 due to merase B in effective coucleas Charge - *% Clow FF (ind Jt Pacople CwliDd He Blue (copper suet) Coteus) tHE] A (ac al G en) ¢ doves F CDP” , C5042 , Mn (heel), GO, Ni-DG Gmpex cre g due to charge transorranstions | “4 Catelyst — 1) Mnd,_ Pow KeJ0x2> Oy Z)Ni- Hydsagenatfon of dils and fats. BVids~ Hy50y Prepastiion by Gntatt Process - 4) Ret 227 +5099 7, 42507" 8) Dieglor Natta Coalyst (Ticta) nace Gh —> Eon ond, ©) Fe withMe N243H, —> 23 D O-th- : Fisches “Fipschin process ‘th the Synthesic of gasdine 2) NO—Lh the Pooparsatfon of Hys0y by lead Chamber Prowse - 4K Magnetic Properties Fe, Co ,Ni —Ffeersomagnetic Mefe = 1nG¥2) f.-0. Gpin ovh) 9 Thtesstitial Compounds — TE; TH yaa, ZeHigr Pepesttes— ) Tats cher] Paopetfes ae stu 43 Paso melt D They ace hare ann shoo elechice| $lRRama] Gnductoiy- a)they hove high MP than the oviginal mets)- 4) density (5 ie osigina) mete: 5) Powefu| RA. 8 Mell csbidos act only ook bed as i Alloys — Bas Press—(Cu-Zn) Boonze-(Cu- sn) KE Potessium cichwomate (Ke Crdz) ~ FEB poopered Fao Comite ove Fecw,0, ov Cheame ion ose Bh irmvalves & steps Moun Fe3,V Ho.scy Aynico — Al-127, ,Ni-2a1-, Corc07| eae Concortestion 2) Roasting with and est Fe , 4. Boke Magneton (B-M) =_eh__ Arm wing 1,655 > P by using ke} 24) Conversion OF Naal.07 into Koaog. eect Ccsbaneck (NiaaC08) and lime stone Comesgion, Nagtsdy inte Nagcade 2) Ren with Hs fn Hy — Kalra tins Hs.¢4 (ats queen z , S DP) Ren wrth SO ° at SO; KnGo0p +50 — Solubility 12 Comparaed ce Noc! is Peduced eoith koCr.0R, 3) Organic Tans you know that. Propesthes — S) formation of Cwomy] Wonde 1) Eo atkaline Cond Kolasoa-Nac|—tb> (a0,Cly-rkHSag Na KaGr Oe FON 3 ky Group tino Spoudue — - ee Yalow Cr—o-Cr bond angle =126 DT neutsel Cond there is eq™. Uses — b/w seactant and Psoduct, “NO-A 2) tain ¢ af lectheos 3) En acihic mediam = 3) In dyelng ce G3) Ge C9) AManvfecticiny of pigments and inks, 4) Reo with Resog — 4g 5) koe 54 (one, HyS0y iS used to koCo.09-+FeSdy =D Fen (50H) 3 +8 Co deprence glassware. +) 2) i TED 5) As primasy standornt fosdeketng S aren KD i Hy504 — £ pr aminoniig ulphake (Molyr’ geval) a0 eo + Mn dg 24(5) > KMnOy KOH Nth Riche Medium, Mptt—> Mnt® 2 Th Basie Medium Mint Fs Myr 6 Em Nkaline oF Neutse) medium, Mnt7—s Mit we Equlvctence wemlta iMndy in axcitic emedium = 153 - 3.6 4 Cp. wolfltt of Kindy in Alkaline 99 meutee] medium 2 152 6 5UG a a Stouchie and Uses ~ | 0D Mnd5* ts goee aod Paricrnery ete hile Mme 1 pusple cand chamernette Hylbaidisaction of Mndy7 = Sp D As disinfectart- 3) O-A in jndustey and [ab . KE DBaeyest weag ent fos detecton of ansatusated Compounds: : % En Volumeble. analysis for the detection] oF Petd salts oxalic celd , Hada seke- H Oodekction of yalides M qualitative a Fblock elements diffesenhating dedson entess in FRpenultinete (alt sussbhell ot (1) + Pemaltinate Lions (Credluble H vytoonide) W Lnrys +O L233 Arln+ Nos 2N 5) Ln ho Lndlgthe Eneje2 #224 © Unto —s inloa-tis, Pydwomites axe ionic cand basic - D ints —SlmSs larthanoid Gntsaction — 1) Atomic addi chécoease gradually with exceptton of Eis (63) : a) Tonic radii Steadity decrease catthout exception in +3 Hate, 3ILn Complete Psectes ther is 12 pan decrease In atone oelié . AT -v- , thewe 1s [3pm decreasei ionic wait + % EfRds of LC 1) As atomic No. Mmeatases, bersictty of hydronides decatases »H is because ionic chasades decxeases as 2 Tes ie, LoCo), ts most basic cod Lalas 5 basic. ; “pie prepesly is accomtane with fajan’s wale. 2) due to LC, the sizes of the post lanthanoid elemunts (HE,Ta,W) her a2 Simjlaws “fo thers preyious period errs, ie and and 3°4 Freensition demehts have similvs -sadhic- DThorxe is Pachudion of "Uhennical “ms! 1) Ge He (ga-4) , Nb Ta (g5-5), Mo-W (ge-4) and 12 -Re (g3u-7) Aly of Jevrthanoid ts Wisdy mele} (Lay Fe traces of S\C,Ca and Al) ‘F is wsehto mannfaduee buts 2 shells, 6 Actinoids Theis name ig desined firm ahctinum (2229 Canjog? cd! ise They av second ‘mores 4ransifon Series, & Usexnitm (Uv) and thosum(h) accuse wetuselly. % All elements above U (2-92) ame made by us. These syithelic elements above U ave Glled Asans -usan. elernents » Position snd elecsonic (onhigusetion— IWRey bdong to thisd quoup of Rerietic Aable and 7th fosied. 2) The 6.6 of SF gerbes 6 of ed M9* 2 Ac (z=29) av Th(2=90) doesnt have £22 in f—subshell. 4) Actinods show +3 as Common 0-S- 5) last eemenh 8 La (2403) SF'4 ga! Fs & Onidlation alates ~ DAs cthomic no Tes, +3 stele. becomes mae rd yor strble- 2 Am and Th alco show +2 0.5 DTB > Pa,U np 5 Pa,Am aindcm also shaw +4 Ors. 4) TH sPe,0 Wp Pa, Am alee chao 45 0-6 DV yp, Re and Am ertibit +6 0's ©) yp and mh exhibit 4705: § Pp'3 and Nad get Onidied to Net and Put4 in qqous soln. 8) UM and niptax stable in aq. soln Q)No (2cto2) 13 stable gx +2. oF 10) BEM(2293) 1% Sethe due te OF Configueatton - 1) When 0-5 -eaches +6 ,the high Charsqe tensity Causes the formation af oxygenated ions . e4- Uo”, Npoat> 12) Thee 15 tall enesgy gap bs SF 6d , 7s subshells- That thy achnods show such high 0S. compounds aac max ® 10) 43 dends—vand 44 tend to hydeolyse ~ Group | 3 4 5 Te | 28, 9 | Of | Iz series = 3d Sc(21) | Ti(22) v(23)_|, Cr(24) Fe(26) | Co(27) | Ni(28)_| Cu(29) | Zn¢ 30)| | 4d ¥(39) )Zr(40) J Nb(41) | Mo(42) Ru(44) | Rb(45) | Pd(d6) | Ag(47) | Cd(48)) Las7) (190072) | 7073) | WA) |] Recs) Osc76) | 1e¢77) | Pu78) | Aul79) Bh(i07) Hs(108) M109) Ac(89) RFCO04) Db (105) Sg(106). Ds(i10) | Rei) Outer Number Colour Jon Outer ‘Colour Electronic | of unpaired electronic | of unpaired | | configuration] electrons configuration | electrons Sci 3d 0 Colourless | Fe** 3d 4 Palegreer} Ti* 3d! 1 Purple Fe* 3d5 5 Yellow a? | 3d 0 Colourless | Co* 30° 3 Pink vee 3d? 2 Green Nit 3d° 2 Green Crt 3d* 3 Violet cut 3a” 1 Blue Mn* | 3d° 5 Light Pink | Cu'* 3a” 0 Colourless Mn* | 3a" 4 Violet Zn? 3a” 0 Colourlese Element Outer electronics Configuration Oxidation’ statex we Mes | om Lanthanum 5% Fly 4P 5d! 632 = - x Cerium 53 4f? Sd? 632 = te 4) 48 Sd 652 — ve ne 4f 5a? 65? a a aa Af 5d° 6s? = oa af 5d 652 cag a 4f? 5a 65? a a 4 5a 65? - al 4° 5d 63? : = S| tall 4f!9 Sa 6s? = # } ee Af"! 5a° 652 = Be | _ 4f2 5a? 6s? = a 46 Sd? 632 mu cee | = Af" 5d? 6s? 2 cra | = by 4f'4 Sd!.6s* = 3+ | — Expected (idealized) Actinium § ‘Ac 89 [Rn] 5f° 6d! 7s? [Rn] Sf? 6d" 73 Thorium 30 ‘Th 90 [Rn] 5f'6d! 7s? [Rn] 5f” 6d? 7s Protactinium Pa o1 Rn] 5f? 6d! f- [Rn] 5f? 6d! 7s” Uranium: U 92 IR] 5f? 6d! 75° [Rn] 5f° 6d! 7s? Neptunium Np 93 (Rn) sf* 6a! 74 [Rn] 5t* 6d! 7. Plutonium Pu 94 [Rn Se 6d! As? [Rn] 5f° 6d° 7s? | [Americium [4s] Am 95 [Rn] 5f\ 6g 7s? IRn] Sf” 6d° 7s? Curium 9¢| Cm 96 {Ra} 5t7 Aa! 752 [Rn] 5f” 6d! 7s? Berkelium Bk 7 [Rn] 5¢* 6d\ 7" [Rn] Sf? 6d 7s? Californium — Cf 98 IRnY/Sf? 6d! 3¢? [Rn] Sf" 6d" 7s? Einsteinjum Es 99 IRy Sf" 6d! 78 [Ro] Sf"! 6d? 7s? Fermium Fm 100 in] Sf! 6d! 7s? [Ra] Sf” 60° 752 Mendelevium Md 101 {Rn} Sf! 6d! 7s? [Rn] Sf" 6a? 75? Nobelium No 102 [Rn] Sf 6d" 732 {Rn} Sf" 6d? 792 Lawrencium fjqq Lr 103 {Rn} Sf" 6d! 732 [Rn] 5f'4 6d! 752 Table 8.16 Distinction between lantahnoi Lanthanoids 1) Differentiating electron enters in 4f orbitals. 2) Belong to sixth period and form a part of the thind transition series. They constitute first inner transition seri 3) Except promethium, all elements occur in nature. 4) Binding energy of 4f orbitals are higher. and actinoids Actinoids os Differentiating electron enters in Sf orbitals. | Belong to seventh period and form a part of the fourth | transition series. They constitute second inner | transition series. Except Uranium and Thorium all other elements are synthesized in laboratory. Thorium and Uranium occur in nature. Binding cnergy of Sf orbitals are lower. 5)_Only promethium is radioactive. 6) Besides +3 oxidation state lanthanoids show +2 and +4 oxidation states in few cases. 7) Lanthanoids. show less tendency to form complexes. 8) Some of the ions of lanthanoids are fairly coloured. 9) Lanthanoids cannot form oxocations, . 0) Lanthanoids hydroxides are less basic in nature, 1) Contraction is relatively less. All the members of the s Besides +3 oxidation state, actinoids show higher oxidation states such as_+4, +5 +7 also. Actinoids show greater tendency to form Complexes. ries are radioactive Most of the ions of actinoids are deeply coloured. U* (red).U4*(green), Actinoids form oxocations such as UO? , PUO™,UO", Actinoids hydroxides are more basic in nature, Contraction is greater in this series due to pour ding of Sf electrons, ¥

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