Modelling with differential equations – mixed exercise 8

dv 2
1 a a= = 20t e − t
dt
v = ∫ 20t e−t dt = −10e−t + c
2 2

When t = 0, v = 8 so −10 + c = 8 ⇒ c = 18
2
So v = 18 − 10e −t

b As t → ∞, e −t → 0 and v → 18
The limiting velocity of P is 18 m s −1

dv 18
2 a= = = 18(2t + 3)−3
dt (2t + 3) 3

18
v = ∫ 18(2t + 3) −3 dt = (2t + 3)−2 + c
−2 × 2
9
=c−
2(2t + 3) 2
9 1
When t = 0, v = 0 so c − =0⇒c=
2×32
2
1 9
So formula for velocity is v = −
2 2(2t + 3) 2
When v = 0.48
1 9 9
v= − = 0.48 ⇒ = 0.02
2 2(2t + 3) 2
2(2t + 3)2
9
(2t + 3)2 = = 225
2 × 0.02
As t 0, 2t + 3 = + 225 = 15
15 − 3
So t = =6
2

dv 100
3 a a= = = 100(2t + 5)−2
dt (2t + 5) 2

100
v = ∫ 100(2t + 5)−2 dt = (2t + 5)−1 + c
2 × −1
50
= c−
2t + 5
50
When t = 0, v = 0 so c − = 0 ⇒ c = 10
5
50
So v = 10 −
2t + 5

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  50 
3 b x = ∫  10 − dt = 10t − 25ln(2t + 5) + c
 2t + 5 
When t = 0, x = 0 so − 25ln 5 + c = 0 ⇒ c = 25ln 5
So formula for distance travelled is x = 10t − 25ln(2t + 5) + 25ln 5
When t = 10
25
x = 100 − 25 ln 25 + 25 ln 5 = 100 − 25 ln
5
= 100 − 25 ln 5 = 59.8 m (1 d.p.)
The distance moved by the car in the first 10 seconds of its motion is 59.8 metres.

dv 1 1
4 a a= = cos 2 t = + cos 2t using the trigonometric identity cos2t = 2cos2 t −1
dt 2 2
1 1  1 1
v = ∫  + cos 2t  dt = t + sin 2t + c
2 2  2 4
When t = 0, v = 0 ⇒ A = 0
1 1
So formula for velocity is v = t + sin 2t
2 4
π 1 π π
When t = π v = + sin 2π = + 0 =
2 4 2 2
π
The speed of P when t = π is m s −1
2

π
b The distance of P from O when t = is given by
4
π
π
1 1  1 2 1 4
x=∫ 4
 t + sin 2t  dt =  t − cos 2t 
0
2 4  4 8 0
 π2 1 π  1
=  − cos  −  0 − 
 64 8 2  8
π2 1 1 2
= + = (π + 8)
64 8 64
π 1 2
The distance of P from O when t = is (π + 8) m, as required.
4 64

dv 2t + 3 2(t +1) +1 1
5 a a= = = = 2+
dt t +1 t +1 t +1
v = 2t + ln(t + 1) + c
When t = 0, v = 0 so 0 + c = 0 ⇒ c = 0
So v = 2t + ln(t +1)

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 ∫
5 b x = 2t + ln(t + 1)dt
Using integration by parts
t
∫ ln(t + 1) dt = ∫ 1ln(t + 1)dt = t ln(t + 1) − ∫ t + 1 dt
 1 
= t ln(t + 1) − ∫  1− dt = t ln(t + 1) − t + ln(t + 1)
 t + 1
= (t + 1)ln(t + 1) − t
So x = ∫ 2t + ln(t +1)dt = t + (t + 1) ln(t +1) − t + c
2

2
The distance of P from O when t = 2 is given by x = ∫ (2t + ln(t + 1)) d t
0
2
Hence x = t − t + (t +1)ln(t +1)  = 4 − 2 + 3ln3 = 2 + 3ln3
2
0
The distance of P from O when t = 2 is (2 + 3ln 3) m.

dV dV
6 a = 2t + 3V + 5 can be rearranged as − 3V = 2t + 5
dt dt
The integrating factor is e ∫
−3dt −3t
=e
Multiplying the equation by the integrating factor
dV
e −3t − 3e −3tV = 2te −3t + 5e −3t
dt
d
⇒ (e −3tV ) = 2te −3t + 5e −3t
dt
⇒ e − 3 tV = 2 ∫ t e − 3 t d t + 5 ∫ e − 3 t d t use integration by parts for the first integral
2 2 5
⇒ e−3tV = − te −3t − e −3t − e −3t + c
3 9 3
1  17 
⇒ e−3tV = − e −3t  2t +  + c
3  3
2 17
So V = − t − + ce3t
3 9
17 26
When t = 0,V = 1 so − + ce0 = 1 ⇒ c =
9 9
2 17 26 3t
So solution is V = − t − + e
3 9 9
Which is of the required form with A = − 2 , B = − 17 , C = 26
3 9 9

2 17 26 3×2
b When t = 2 , V = − × 2 − + e = 1162.2 cm 3 (1 d.p.)
3 9 9

c Because of the exponential term, this model predicts that the bacteria will reproduce infinitely
many times and the colony will grow without limit. A decay factor could be added to make the
model more realistic.

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7 a The rate at which the contaminant enters the reservoir is constant, 4g in every litre of fluid, which
flows at the rate of 300 l/day. So 4 × 300 = 1200 g of contaminant enters the reservoir every day.
Let x be the grams of contaminant in the reservoir
x
So the proportion of contaminant in the reservoir is
10000 + 100t
The denominator is the total amount of liquid in the reservoir on day t: the initial 10 000 litres,
minus the 200 litres which leaks every day, plus the 300 litres which enters the container each day.
x
So the amount of contaminant that leaks from the reservoir each day is × 200
10000 +100t
dx 200x 2x
Thus = 1200 − = 1200 −
dt 10000 +100t 100 + t

dx 2x
b Rearrange the differential equation as + = 1200
dt 100 + t
2
e ∫ 100+t = e 2ln(100+t) = (t +100)2
dt
The integrating factor is
Multiplying the equation by the integrating factor
dx
(t + 100)2 + x = (t + 100)2 × 1200
dt
⇒
dx
dt
( )
(t + 100) 2 x = 1200t 2 + 240 000t + 12 000 000

⇒ x(t + 100)2 = 400t 3 + 120 000t 2 + 12 000 000t + c

 t 3 + 300t 2 + 30 000t + c′ 
⇒ x = 400  
 (t + 100) 2 
t = 0, x = 0 (the reservoir initially contains fresh water so 400c ′
When = 0 ⇒ c′ = 0
100
 t 3 + 300t 2 + 30 000t 
So x = 400  
 (t + 100)2 
 343 + 300 × 49 + 30 000 × 7 
When t = 7 , x = 400   = 7860 g (3 s.f.)
 107 2 

c The model assumes that the contaminant mixes uniformly and instantaneously, which is not a
realistic representation of this situation.

8 a The particle moves with simple harmonic motion.

b Given , solve the auxiliary equation

m + 49 = 0 ⇒ m = ±7i
2

So the general solution is x = Acos 7t + Bsin 7t

At time t = 0 the particle is at rest, so −7 Asin 0 + 7 Bcos0 = 0 ⇒ B = 0

At time t = 0 the particle is at point B. Suppose the distance from B to O is equal to d.
Then d = Acos 0 ⇒ A = d , so the solution is x = d cos 7t
2π
To find the period of motion, solve 7t = 2π ⇒ the period of motion is seconds
7

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9 a The particle moves with simple harmonic motion.

b Given , solve the auxiliary equation

50 50 5i 2 5i 6
m2 + =0⇒m=± − =± =±
3 3 3 3
5 6 5 6
So x = Acos t + Bsin t
3 3
5 6 5 6
At time t = 0 , x = 4 so Acos 0 + Bsin 0= 4⇒ A= 4
3 3

At time t = 0 the particle is at rest, so

Substituting for A and B gives the solution:
5 6 2 6 2 3 2
x = 4cos t or x = 4cos5 t as = =
3 3 3 3 3

5 6
To find the period of motion, solve t = 2π
3
6π 6π
So the period of motion is = = 1.54 s (3 s.f.)
5 6 5

The amplitude of motion will be described by the oscillation of the particle around the natural
length of the spring, so a = 4 − 2 .5 = 1 .5 m

d2x
10 a = −0.25x , so solving the auxiliary equation
dt 2
m2 + 0.25 = 0 ⇒ m = ±0.5i
So x = Acos0.5t + B sin 0.5t
Writing x in the form x = Rsin(0.5t + α ) = Rsin α cos0.5t + Rcos α sin0.5t
So R sin α = A an d R cos α = B
A
And hence R = A + B , tan α =
2 2 2

B
Maximum displacement occurs when sin(0.5t + α ) = ±1⇒ R = 4
It occurs when t = 2 , so 1+ α = 0.5π + kπ ⇒ α = 0.5π + kπ − 1
So tan α = tan(0.5π + kπ −1) = tan(kπ + (0.5π −1)) = tan(0.5π −1) = cot1
A
So = cot1⇒ A = Bcot1 and R2 = A2 + B 2 = 42 = 16
B
16
Thus B cot 1+ B = 16 ⇒ B = = 11.3292 ⇒ B = 3.366 (3 d.p.)
2 2 2 2

cot 2 1+1
And A = Bcot1 = 2.161 (3 d.p.)
So x = 2.161cos0.5t + 3.366 sin 0.5t

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10 b The float travels between its highest and lowest point in half of the time it takes it to complete the
oscillation (the period of the motion).
To find the period of motion, solve 0.5t = 2π , so the period of motion is 4π
So it takes the boat 2π seconds.

c This model does not account for any changes in the height of the waves, i.e. the amplitude of the
motion over time.

d2x dx
11 a 2
+ 2k + n2 x = 0
dt dt
The auxiliary equation is m2 + 2km + n2 = 0
m 2 + 2km + n 2 = 0
−2k ± 4k 2 − 4n 2
m= = −k ± k 2 − n2
2
As 0 < k < n ⇒ k 2 − n2 < 0 so m = −k ± i n2 − k 2

(
The general solution is x = e − kt Acost n 2 − k 2 + Bsint n 2 − k 2 )
− kt
The general solution can also be written in the form x = A′ e cos(ω t + ε ), where ω = (n − k )
2 2

b To find the period of motion, solve t n 2 − k 2 = 2π

2π
So the period of motion is
n − k2
2

12 a The auxiliary equation is

m2 + 2km + 2k 2 = 0
−2k ± (4k 2 − 8k 2 ) −2k ± (−4k 2 )
m= = = −k ± ki
2 2
So x = e − kt ( Acos kt + Bsin kt)
Using the initial conditions, when t = 0, x = 0 ⇒ 0 = A
As A = 0,
U
t = 0, xɺ = U so Bk = U ⇒ B =
k
U
So the general solution is x = e− kt sin kt
k
U U
xɺ = −ke− ktsin kt + e− kt k cos kt
k k
− kt
When xɺ = 0, Ue (sin kt − cos kt ) = 0
⇒ sin kt = cos kt
⇒ tan kt = 1
π
⇒ kt = + nπ
4
 1
So kt =  n +  π, n ∈ ℕ as required
 4

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  1
12 b From c, the maxima and minima occur when kt =  n +  π
 4
Multiplying sin kt by e − kt causes the amplitude to decrease as t increases.

13 a The auxiliary equation is

m2 + n2 = 0 ⇒ m = ± in
So the complementary function is x = A co s n t + B sin n t
The form of the particular integral is
d2x 2
Substituting into 2
+ n x = n 2Ut gives:
dt
n 2 ( µt + λ ) = n 2Ut
⇒ µ = U and λ = 0
The general solution is x = Acos nt + Bsin nt + Ut
Using the initial conditions when t = 0, x = 0 ⇒ A = 0

U
When t = 0, xɺ = 0 so Bn + U = 0 ⇒ B = −
n
Substituting for A and B gives the solution:
U
x = Ut − sin nt
n

b Using the result in part a, xɺ = U − U cos nt

When xɺ = 0, 1 − cos nt = 0
⇒ cos nt = 1
⇒ nt = 0, 2π, 4π,…
2π
So smallest positive value of T is
n

2π 2π U 2U π
c When t = , x =U − sin 2π =
n n n n
2U π
P has moved a distance when it first comes to rest.
n

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 d2x dx
14 a 2
+ 4 + 3x = 150cost
dt dt
Try a form of the particular integral as x = λ cost + µ sint
dx d2x
Then = − λ sint + µ cost and = − λ cost − µ sint
dt dt 2
Substituting into the equation gives
− λ cos t − µ sint − 4λ sint + 4 µ cost + 3λ cos t + 3µ sint = 150cost
⇒ (− λ + 4 µ + 3λ )cost + (3µ − µ − 4 λ )sint = 150cost
⇒ (2λ + 4 µ )cost + (2 µ − 4λ )sin t = 150cos t
Equating coefficients of cost: 2λ + 4 µ = 150 ⇒ λ = 75 − 2 µ
Equating coefficients of sint: 2 µ − 4λ = 0 ⇒ µ = 2λ
So 5λ = 75 ⇒ λ = 15
And µ = 30
So a particular solution is x = 15cost + 30 sint

b To find the general solution, solve the auxiliary equation

m 2 + 4m + 3 = 0
(m + 3)(m + 1) = 0
m = −3 or −1
So the general solution is
x = Ae −3t + Be −t + 15cost + 30sint

c Using the initial conditions to find the particular solution.

At time t = 0 , x = 0 so A + B + 15 = 0 ⇒ A = − B − 15 (1)
dx
= −3Ae −3t − Be−t −15sin t + 30cost
dt
dx
At time t = 0 , = 0 so − 3A − B + 30 = 0 ⇒ B = 30 − 3A (2)
dt
Substituting equation (2) in equation (1) gives
A = −30 + 3A − 15 ⇒ 2 A = 45 ⇒ A = 22.5
B = 30 − 3A = 30 − 67.5 = −37.5
So x = 22.5e −3t − 37.5e −t + 15cost + 30sint

When t = 10 x = 22.5e −30 − 37.5e −10 + 15cos10 + 30sin10 = −29 m (2 s.f.)

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 d2x dx
15 a First solving the corresponding homogeneous equation 2
+2 + 10x = 0
dt dt
The auxiliary equation is
m 2 + 2m + 10 = 0
−2 ± 4 − 40
m= = −1 ± 3i
2
So the complementary function is x = e − t ( A cos 3t + B sin 3t )
Try a particular integral of the form x = λ cost + µ sint
dx d2x
= − λ sint + µ cost and 2 = − λ cost − µ sint
dt dt
2
dx dx
Substituting into 2 + 2 + 10x = 27cos t − 6sin t gives:
dt dt
−λ cos t − µ sin t − 2λ sin t + 2 µ cos t + 10λ cos t + 10 µ sin t = 27 cos t − 6 sin t
⇒ (2 µ + 9λ ) cos t + (9 µ − 2λ )sin t = 27 cos t − 6sin t
Equating coefficients of cos t: 2 µ + 9λ = 27 ⇒ 18λ = 54 − 4 µ (1)
Equating coefficients of sin t: 9 µ − 2λ = −6 ⇒ 18λ = 81µ + 54 ( 2)
Substituting equation ( 2) in equation (1) gives:
85µ = 0 ⇒ µ = 0
So 18λ =54 ⇒ λ = 3
So the particular integral is 3cost
The general solution is x = e −t ( Acos3t + Bsin 3t) + 3cost

b When t = 0, x = 3 so A + 3 = 0 ⇒ A = 0

So x = 3cost + Be −t sin3t
dx
= −3sint + 3Be −t cos3t − Be −t sin3t
dt
dx
When t = 0, = 6 so 3B = 6 ⇒ B = 2
dt
Substituting for A and B gives the solution:
x = 2e− t sin3t + 3cost

c After a week t ≈ 7 days, e −t ≈ 0, so x ≈ 3cost

Therefore, the distance between highest and lowest water level is 3− (−3) = 6m

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16 a The system of equations is
dx
= 2x + y (1)
dt
dy
= −2 x + 4 y ( 2)
dt
Rearranging equation (1) and differentiating with respect to t gives:
dx
y = − 2x (3)
dt
dy d2 x dx
= 2 −2
dt dt dt
Substituting into equation (2) gives:
d2x dx dx
2
− 2 = −2x + 4 − 8x
dt dt dt
2
d x dx
2
− 6 + 10x = 0
dt dt

b Solving the auxiliary equation

m2 − 6x + 10 = 0
6 ± 36 − 40 6 ± −4
m= = = 3± i
2 2
So x = e3t ( Acos t + Bsin t) , which is of the required form with α = 3, β = 1

dx
c = 3e3t ( Acost + Bsint) + e3t (− Asin t + Bcost)
dt
dx
So substituting in y = − 2x , i.e. equation (3) from part a
dt
y = 3e 3t ( Acost + Bsint) + e3t (− Asin t + Bcost) − 2e 3t ( Acost + Bsint)
= e3t ( (3A + B − 2 A)cost + (3B − A − 2B)sint )
= e3t ( ( A + B)cost + (B − A)sint )

d At t = 0 , x = 10 and y = 20 . Thus
e 0 Acos0 + Bsin0 = 10 ⇒ A = 10
e 0 ( ( A + B)cos0 + (B − A)sin0) = 20 ⇒ A + B = 20 ⇒ B = 10
Substituting for A and B gives:
x = 10e 3t (cost + sint) and y = 20e 3t cost
π
So find t for which y = 0 , 20e 3t cost = 0 ⇒ t = ≈ 1.5
2
So, since the study began at the start of 2008, the slugs die out some time in 2009.

π 3π  π π 3π
e At t = , x = 10e 2  cos + sin  = 10e 2 = 1113 to nearest whole number
2  2 2

f The model predicts a very large number of hedgehogs when the slugs die out, and a very large
increase in only 1.5 years, so perhaps it is not a very good model.
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17 a The system of equations is
dx
= −4 x + 3 y (1)
dt
dy
= −3x + 2 y ( 2)
dt
Rearranging equation (1) and differentiating with respect to t gives:
1 dx 4
y= + x (3)
3 dt 3
dy 1 d2 x 4 dx
= +
dt 3 dt 2 3 dt
Substituting into equation (2) gives:
1 d 2 x 4 dx 2 dx 8
2
+ = −3x + + x
3 dt 3 dt 3 dt 3
d2x dx
2
+2 +x=0
dt dt
Solve the auxiliary equation
m2 + 2m + 1 = 0
(m + 1)(m +1) = 0
m = −1
So x = Ate + Be −t
−t

Differentiating with respect to t and substituting in equation (3) gives:

dx
= Ae −t − Ate −t − Be − t = − Ate −t + ( A − B )e − t
dt
1 1 4 4
y = − Ate −t + ( A − B ) e −t + Ate −t + Be − t
3 3 3 3
 1 
= Ate −t +  B + A  e − t
 3 
Using the initial conditions, at t = 0, x = 10 and y = 20 , so:
Be0 = 10 ⇒ B = 10
 1  0 1
 B + A  e = 20 ⇒ A = 20 − B = 10 ⇒ A = 30
 3  3
Substituting for A and B gives the particular solutions
x = 30te −t + 10e −t and y = 30te − t + 20e −t
Which is of the required form with A = 30, B = 10, C = 30 and D = 20

b At time t = 2.1
x = 30 × 2.1e −2.1 + 10e −2.1 = 9 to the nearest organism
y = 30 × 2.1e −2.1 + 20e −2.1 = 10 to the nearest organism

c Since both expressions are dominated by the exponential, which decays to zero as t gets large, both
organisms will eventually die out.

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18 a The system of equations is
dx 1 1
= 2+ y− x (1)
dt 3 2
dy 1 2
=1+ x − y ( 2)
dt 2 3
Rearranging equation (2) and differentiating with respect to t gives:
dy 4
x = 2 + y−2 ( 3)
dt 3
dx d 2 y 4 dy
=2 2 +
dt dt 3 dt
Substituting into equation (1) gives:
d 2 y 4 dy 1 dy 2
2 2 + = 2 + y − − y +1
dt 3 dt 3 dt 3
2
d y 7 dy 1
⇒2 2 + + y=3
dt 3 dt 3
d2 y dy
⇒6 2 +7 + y =9 as required
dt dt

b Solving the auxiliary equation

6m2 + 7m + 1 = 0
(6m + 1)(m + 1) = 0
1
m = −1 or −
6
−t − 1t
So y = Ae + Be 6
Use a particular integral in the form y = λ, so yɺ = ɺɺ
y=0
d2 y dy
Substituting into 6 2
+ 7 + y = 9 gives λ = 9
dt dt
− 1t
y = Ae−t + Be 6 + 9
Differentiating with respect to t and substituting into equation (3)
dy 1 −1t
= − Ae−t − Be 6
dt 6
1 −1t 4 4 − 1t 2 − 1t
x = −2 Ae−t − Be 6 + Ae −t + Be 6 +12 − 2 = − Ae−t + Be 6 +10
3 3 3 3
Now use the initial conditions, at time t = 0 , x = y = 8 , so:
2
− Ae 0 + Be 0 +10 = 8 ⇒ 3B − 2A = −6 ( 4)
3
Ae 0 + Be 0 + 9 = 8 ⇒ − A = B + 1 ( 5)
Substituting equation (5) into equation (1) gives:
8 3
5B + 2 = −6 ⇒ B = − and so A =
5 5
Substituting for A and B gives the particular solutions
2 8 − 1t 3 8 − 1t
x = − e − t − e 6 + 10 and y = e −t − e 6 + 9
5 5 5 5

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18 c As t becomes large e−t→0, so there will be approximately 10 litres in tank A and 9 litres in tank B.

Challenge
dX
a i From the question = − X so rearranging gives
dt
dX
= −dt
X
⇒ ln X = −t + c
⇒ X = e −t+c = Ce − t
Using the initial condition at t = 0, X = 300 so C = 300
So X = 300e −t as required.

dY
ii The amount of water in Y can be modelled as = X −Y
dt
Where X is the amount of water coming in from the tank above, and Y is the rate at which the
water escapes the tank.
dY dY
So = 300e −t − Y, which can be rearranged as + Y = 300e −t
dt dt
Multiplying by the integrating factor, e ∫ = e , gives:
1dt t

dY
et + etY = 300
dt
⇒
d t
dt
( )
e Y = 300

⇒ et Y = 300t + c
⇒ Y = 300te−t + ce −t
Using the initial condition at t = 0, Y = 200 ⇒ c = 200
When X = Y
e − t (300t + 200) = 300e − t
⇒ 300t + 200 = 300
100 1
⇒t= = = 20 minutes
300 3

iii As no water escapes tank Z, and the rate at which the water is added is equal to the rate at which it
dZ
leaves container Y. So the amount of water in tank Z can be modelled as =Y
dt
dZ
= Y = e − t (300t + 200)
dt
Z = 300 ∫ te − t dt + 200 ∫ e − t dt
The second integral can be solved directly and the first can be solved by integration by parts
Z = −300te −t − 300e −t − 200e −t + c = −300te −t − 500e −t + c
Using the initial condition at t = 0, Z = 100 so − 500e −0 + c = 100 ⇒ c = 600
So Z = −300te −t − 500e −t + 600, which can be written as Z = 600 − 100e −t (3t + 5)

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Challenge
dX
b i In this scenario = −2 X as the second tap in tank X doubles the rate of flow
dt
dX
= −2dt
X
⇒ ln X = −2t + c
⇒ X = e−2t+c = Ce−2t
Suppose initially tank X contains V gallons of water. Hence V = Ce0 ⇒ C = V and X = Ve−2t
dY
The amount of water in tank Y can be now modelled as = 2X −Y
dt
dY
= 2Ve −2t − Y
dt
dY
+ Y = 2Ve −2t
dt
Multiplying by the integrating factor, e ∫ = e , gives:
1dt t

dY
et + e t Y = 2Ve − t
dt
⇒
d t
dt
( )
e Y = 2Ve − t

⇒ e tY = −2Ve − t + c
⇒ Y = −2Ve −2t + ce − t
Initially the tank is empty, so −2V + c = 0 ⇒ c = 2V
And thus Y = 2V (−e −2t + e −t )
To find the maximum amount of water in tank Y, differentiate with respect to t and set to zero
dY
= 2V (2e −2t − e −t )
dt
dY 1
When = 0, 2V (2e −2t − e − t ) = 0 ⇒ 2e −2t = e − t ⇒ e −t =
dt 2
1
So water in tank Y is at a maximum when t = − ln = 0.6931… = 42 mins (to the nearest minute)
2

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Challenge
dZ
b ii The amount of water in tank Z can be modelled as before using =Y
dt
dZ
= 2V (−e −2t + e−t ) ⇒ Z = 2V (0.5e−2t − e −t ) + c
dt
Initially the tank is empty, so 2V (0.5e0 − e0 ) + c = 0 ⇒ c = V
So Z = 2V (0.5e −2t − e − t + 0.5)
When Y = Z
2V (−e −2t + e − t ) = 2V (0.5e −2t − e− t + 0.5)
⇒ 1.5e −2t − 2e − t + 0.5 = 0
⇒ 3e −2t − 4e− t + 1 = 0
⇒ (3e −t − 1)(e −t − 1) = 0
1
⇒ e −t = or 1
3
e −t = 1 ⇒ t = 0, which is the trivial case because initially both tanks are empty
1
e −t = ⇒ t = ln3
3
So the tanks have the same amount of water after ln 3 hours.

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