Midterm Exam Calculus 2

18 March 2021, 9:00-11:00

The midterm exam consists of 4 problems. You have 120 minutes to answer
the questions. In addition you have 15 minutes to scan and upload your
solutions to Nestor. Upload your solutions in a single file. For the filename,
use the format Lastname Studentnumber Midterm. You can achieve 100 points
which includes a bonus of 10 points.

1. [5+5+10=20 Points]
Let f : R2 → R be defined as
x3 −y 3

x2 +y 2
if (x, y) 6= (0, 0)
f (x, y) = .
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0)

(a) Is f continuous at (x, y) = (0, 0)? Justify your answer.

(b) Let u = v i + w j ∈ R2 be a unit vector, i.e. v 2 + w2 = 1. Determine the
directional derivative Du f (0, 0).
(c) Use the definition of differentiability to determine whether f is differentiable at
(0, 0).
2. [10+5+10=25 Points]
Consider the curve parametrized by r : [0, π/2] → R3 with

r(t) = cos3 t i + sin3 t j + (cos2 t − sin2 t) k.

(a) Determine the parametrization by arc length. You may use that d
dt
sin2 t =
d
− dt cos2 t = 2 sin t cos t.
(b) For each point on the curve, determine a unit tangent vector.
(c) At each point on the curve, determine the curvature of the curve.

— please turn over —

3. [5+10+10=25 Points]
Let S be the ellipsoid in R3 defined by x2 + 2y 2 + 3z 2 = 6.
(a) Compute the tangent plane of S at the point (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = (1, 1, 1).
(b) Use the Implicit Function Theorem to show that near the point (x0 , y0 , z0 ) =
(1, 1, 1), the ellipsoid S can be considered to be the graph of a function f of x
and y. Compute the partial derivatives of f with respect to x and y and show
that the tangent plane found in (a) coincides with the graph of the linearization
of f at (x0 , y0 ) = (1, 1).
(c) Use the method of Lagrange multipliers to determine the points on S where
g(x, y, z) = xy 2 z 3 has maxima and minima, respectively.
4. [20 Points]
Let D = {(x, y) ∈ R2 |x2 + y 2 ≤ 4, y ≥ 0} and ∂D be the boundary of D oriented
in the counterclockwise direction. For the vector field F : R2 → R2 , (x, y) 7→
P (x, y) i + Q(x, y) j with P (x, y) = 2y and Q(x, y) = x, verify
ˆ ¨  
∂Q ∂P
P dx + Qdy = − dA
∂D D ∂x ∂y
´
by computing ´both sides of the equality. You may use that cos2 t dt = 21 (t +
sin t cos t) and sin2 t dt = 21 (t − sin t cos t).
 Solutions

1. (a) Using polar coordiantes (x, y) = (r cos θ, r sin θ) we get for r > 0,
r3 cos3 θ − r3 sin3 θ
f (r cos θ, r sin θ) = 2 2 2 2 = r(cos3 θ − sin3 θ)
r cos θ + r sin θ
which goes to 0 = f (0, 0) for r → 0. Hence f is continuous at (0, 0).
(b) By definition
f (tv, tw) − f (0, 0)
Du f (0, 0) = lim
t→0 t
t3 v 3 −t3 w3
2 2 2 2 − 0
= lim t v +t w
t→0 t
= lim v 3 − w3
t→0
= v − w3 .
3

(c) Choosing u = (1, 0) in part (b) we get fx (0, 0) = 1 and similarly choosing
u = (0, 1) we get fy (0, 0) = −1. The linearization of f at (0, 0) hence is
L(x, y) = f (0, 0) + fx (0, 0)(x − 0) + fy (0, 0)(y − 0) = x − y.
For the differentiability of f at (0, 0) we need to study the limit of
f (x, y) − L(x, y)
k(x, y)k
for (x, y) → (0, 0). For (x, y) 6= (0, 0) we have
x −y 3 3
f (x, y) − L(x, y) x2 +y 2
−(x − y) x3 − y 3 − (x − y)(x2 + y 2 )
= = .
k(x, y)k (x2 + y 2 )1/2 (x2 + y 2 )3/2
Using polar coordinates we get for r > 0,
x3 − y 3 − (x − y)(x2 + y 2 ) r3 cos3 θ − r3 sin3 θ − (r cos θ − r sin θ)(r2 cos2 θ + r2 sin2 θ)
=
(x2 + y 2 )1/2 (r2 cos2 θ + r2 sin2 θ)3/2
= cos3 θ − sin3 θ − (cos θ − sin θ)
 3  3  
which for θ = π/4 gives √12 − √12 − √12 − √12 = 0 and for θ = −π/4
 3  3  
gives √12 + √12 − √12 + √12 = − √12 and hence has no limit for r → 0.
We conclude that f is not differentiable at (0, 0).
2. (a) The tangent vector
r0 (t) = −3 cos2 t sin t i + 3 sin2 t cos t j + (−2 cos t sin t − 2 sin t cos t) k
= −3 cos2 t sin t i + 3 sin2 t cos t j − 4 cos t sin t k
has length

1/2
kr0 (t)k = 9 cos4 t sin2 t + 9 sin4 t cos2 t + 16 cos2 t sin2 t

1/2
= cos2 t sin2 t 9(cos2 t + sin2 t) + 16

1/2
= cos t sin t 25 = 5 cos t sin t,
 where we used that cos t and sin t are non-negative for t ∈ [0, π/2]. The arc
length is hence
ˆ t ˆ t
0 5 τ =t 5 5
s(t) = kr (τ )k dτ = 5 cos τ sin τ dτ = sin2 (τ )τ =0 = sin2 t = (1−cos2 t).
0 0 2 2 2
So sin2 t = 25 s and cos2 = 1 − 25 s. The parametrization by arc length is thus
given by
2 2 4
r̃(s) = r(t(s)) = ((1 − s)3/2 i + ( s)3/2 j + (1 − s) k
5 5 5
with s ∈ [s(0), s(π/2)] = [0, 5/2].
(b) The unit tangent vector at the point r̃(s), s ∈ [0, 5/2], is given by
 1/2  1/2
dr̃(s) 3 2 3 2 4
T(s) = =− 1− s i+ s j− k
ds 5 5 5 5 5
which agrees with
1 0 1 2 2


r (t) = −3 cos t sin t i + 3 sin t cos t j − 4 cos t sin t k
kr0 (t)k 5 cos t sin t
3 3 4
= − cos t i + sin t j − k (1)
5 5 5
when substituting sin2 t = 52 s and cos2 = 1 − 52 s.
(c) The curvature at the point r̃(s), s ∈ [0, 5/2], is given by
 1/2  1/2 !
dT(s) d 3 2 3 2 4
κ(s) = = − 1 − s i + s j − k

ds ds 5 5 5 5 5


−1/2  −1/2
3  2 1  2 321 2
= − − 1− s i+ s j + 0 k

5 5 2 5 552 5
 1/2
3 2
−1 2
−1
= 1− s + s
25 5 5
= ...
 1/2
3 1
= .
5 10s − 4s2
Differentiating (1) with respect to t and dividing by kr0 (t)k which by the chain
rule corresponds to differentiating with s gives
 1/2
1 9 2 9 2 3
sin t + cos t =
5 cos t sin t 25 25 25 cos t sin t
which agrees with the κ above when substituting sin2 t = 25 s and cos2 = 1 − 25 s.
3. (a) Let F (x, y, z) = x2 + 2y 2 + 3z 2 . Then the ellipsoid S is given by the equation
F (x, y, z) = 6. The gradient of F is ∇F (x, y, z) = 2x i + 4y j + 6z k and is
normal to S at (x, y, z) ∈ S. The tangent plane at (x0 , y0 , z0 ) ∈ S is given by
the equation
∇F (x0 , y0 , z0 ) · ((x − x0 ) i + (y − y0 ) j + (z − z0 ) k) = 0
 i.e.
2x0 (x − x0 ) + 4y0 (y − y0 ) + 6z0 (z − z0 ) = 0.
For (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = (1, 1, 1) this gives
x + 2y + 3z = 6. (2)

(b) For F in part (a), we have

∂F
(x0 , y0 , z0 ) = 6z0 = 6 6= 0 .
∂z
By the Implicit Function Theorem S is near (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = (1, 1, 1) locally the
graph of a function f : (x, y) 7→ z = f (x, y). The implicit function f has partial
derivatives at (x0 , y0 ) = (1, 1) given by
∂F
∂f ∂x
(x0 , y0 , z0 ) 2x0 1
(x0 , y0 ) = − ∂F =− =−
∂x ∂z
(x0 , y0 , z0 ) 6z0 3
and
∂F
∂f ∂y
(x0 , y0 , z0 ) 4y0 2
(x0 , y0 ) = − ∂F =− =− .
∂y ∂z
(x0 , y0 , z0 ) 6z0 3
The linearization of f at (x0 , y0 ) = (1, 1) is given by
L(x, y) = f (1, 1) + fx (1, 1)(x − 1) + fy (1, 1)(y − 1)
1 2
= 1 − (x − 1) − (y − 1)
3 3
1 2
= 2 − x − y.
3 3
The graph of L is given by the equation L(x, y) = z which agrees with (2).
(c) Let F (x, y, z) = x2 + 2y 2 + 3z 2 and g(x, y, z) = xy 2 z 3 . A point (x, y, z) being a
critical point of g restricted to the ellipsoid F (x, y, z) = 6 is equivalent to the
existence of a Lagrange multiplier λ ∈ R such that λ∇F (x, y, z) = ∇g(x, y, z).
Together with the constraint F (x, y, z) = 6 this gives the following four scalar
equations:
λFx (x, y, z) = gx (x, y, z),
λFy (x, y, z) = gy (x, y, z),
λFz (x, y, z) = gz (x, y, z),
x2 + 2y 2 + 3z 2 = 6
i.e.
2λx = y2z3,
4λy = 2xyz 3 ,
(3)
6λz = 3xy 2 z 2 ,
x + 2y + 3z 2
2 2
= 6.
For x = 0, y = 0 or z = 0, we have g(x, y, z) = 0. On the other hand g(1, 1, 1) =
1 > 0 and g(−1, 1, 1) = −1 < 0. So the maxima and minima cannot have x = 0,
y = 0 or z = 0 and we can exclude such points from the solutions of (3). Then
the first three equations of (3) yield
y2z3
= xz 3 = xy 2 z.
x
 Hence y = x2 and z 2 = y 2 = x2 . Filling this into F (x, y, z) = 6 gives x2 + 2x2 +
3x2 = 6x2 = 6, i.e. x2 = 1 and similarly y 2 = z 2 = 1. For (x, y, z) = (1, ±1, 1)
and (x, y, z) = (−1, ±1, −1), g(x, y, z) = 1 and for (x, y, z) = (−1, ±1, 1) and
(x, y, z) = (1, ±1, −1), g(x, y, z) = −1. By the Weierstrass Extreme Value The-
orem these points are thus maxima and minima, respectively.
4. We first evaluate the left side of the equation. The boundary ∂D is piecewise smooth
and consists of the smooth pieces parametrized by
r(t) = (2 cos t, 2 sin t) =: (x(t), y(t)), t ∈ [0, π]
and
r̃(t) = (t, 0) =: (x̃(t), ỹ(t)), t ∈ [−2, 2],
respectively. Hence
˛ ˆ π ˆ 2
0
P dx + Q dy = F (r(t)) · r (t) dt + F (r̃(t)) · r̃0 (t) dt
∂D
ˆ0 π −2

= (P (r(t))x0 (t) + Q(r(t))y 0 (t)) dt

0
ˆ 2
+ (P (r̃(t))x̃0 (t) + Q(r̃(t))ỹ 0 (t)) dt
ˆ π −2
= (2 · 2 sin t · (−2 sin t) + 2 cos t 2 cos t) dt
0
ˆ 2
+ (0 · 1 + t · 0) dt
ˆ π −2

−8 sin2 t + 4 cos2 t dt


=
ˆ0 π
−8 + 8 cos2 t + 4 cos2 t dt


=
ˆ0 π
12 cos2 t − 8 dt


=
0
t=π
12 
= (cos t sin t + t) − 8t
2 t=0
= −2t|t=π
t=0
= −2π.

For the right side of the equality we have

¨   ¨
∂Q ∂P
− dA = (1 − 2) dA
D ∂x ∂y D
= −area of D
1
= − π22
2
= −2π
which agrees with the left side of the equality.