First of all, let’s write out the vector function:
v = < 1, 2, 0 > + t < (2 – 1), (1 – 2), (3 – 0) >
= < 1, 2, 0 > + t < 1, –1, 3 >, 0≤t ≤1
and x=1+t x’ = 1
y=2–t y’ = –1
z = 3t z’ = 3
and
ds = ( x ') 2 + ( y ') 2 + ( z ') 2 dt
= (1) 2 + (−1) 2 + (3) 2 dt
= 11dt
The line integral becomes
1 ∫∫ xy ds 11 ∫ (1 − t )(2 − t ) 2 dt 2 = 0 C
11 ∫ ( t 3 − 3t 2 + 4 )dt 1 = 0
1 1 = 11 t 4 − t 3 + 4t 4 0
13 11 = 4 16-2-4
First, we have to consider the upper half of a unit circle.
We will parametrize it as
r (t ) = (cos t ,sin t )
where
dx dy − sin t = cos t = dt dt
The limit of integration over the upper half circle is from t = 0 to t = π.
Now, the line integral becomes
dx dy ∫ sin xdx + ∫ cos ydy C C = ∫ sin x dt + ∫ cos y dt dt C dt C
π π = ∫0 sin(cos t )(− sin t )dt + ∫ cos(sin t )(cos t )dt 0
π π = ∫ sin(cos t )d ( cos t ) + ∫ cos(sin t )d ( sin t ) 0 0
− [ cos(cos t ) ]0 + [sin(sin t ) ]0 π π =
=− [ (cos(−1) − cos(1) ] + [ 0 − 0]
− [ (cos(1) − cos(1) ] =
=0 16-2-10
1 1 We are given F = , , and two line-segments to integrate. xy x + y
The first line segment, (1, 1) to (3, 1):
v = < 1, 1 > + t < (3 – 1), (1 – 1) >
= < 1, 1 > + t < 2, 0 >, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
x = 1 + 2t dx/dt = 2
y=1 dy/dt = 0
The integral is t1 ∫ F ⋅ dr= ∫ C t0 F ⋅ r ' dt
t1 1 1 = ∫t0 , xy x + y ⋅ x ', y ' dt
1 2dt =∫ dt 0 (1 + 2 t)(1)
d (1 + 2t ) 1 =∫ 0 (1 + 2t )
= ln [1 + 2t ]0 1
= ln 3
The second segment, (3, 1) to (3, 6):
v = < 3, 1 > + t < (3 – 3), (6 – 1) >
= < 3, 1 > + t < 0, 5 >, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
x=3 dx/dt = 0
y = 1 + 5t dy/dt = 5
The integral is t1 ∫ F ⋅ dr= ∫ C t0 F ⋅ r ' dt
t1 1 1 = ∫t0 , xy x + y ⋅ x ', y ' dt
1 5dt =∫ dt 0 (3) + (1 + 5t )
1 d (4 + 5t ) =∫ 0 (4 + 5t )
= ln [ 4 + 5t ]0 1
= ln 9 − ln 4
= 2 ln 3 − 2 ln 2
The total integral is the sum of the two segments.
∫ F ⋅ dr= C (ln 3) + (2 ln 3 − 2 ln 2)
= 3ln 3 − 2 ln 2
16-3-6
Let’s look at the fxy:
2 3 =f x x=y f xy 3 x 2 y 2
4 =f y xy = f yx 4 xy 3 We see that f xy ≠ f yx , and we can conclude that no such f exists.
This is an exercise to test if a given vector field is conservative, which has important consequent in its line integral. We shall see this in the following exercise.
16-3-8
Let’s take a closer look at the given integral. We have
10 x 4 − 2 xy 3 fx = −6 xy 2 f xy =
−3 x 2 y 2 fy = −6 xy 2 f yx =
We see that f xy = f yx . We can conclude that the given vector field is conservative.
Therefore, it is path independent! It is the end points that count, and we can ignore the path, the given messy curve! Life is good….. We will just take the end points from (3, –2) to (3, 2).
v = < 3, –2 > + t < 0, 4 >, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
x=3 dx/dt = 0
y = –2 + 4t dy/dt = 4
The integral becomes
1 ∫= C ∇f ⋅ dr ∫ 0 f x , f y ⋅ x '(t ), y '(t ) dt
∫ ( −3(3) (−2 + 4t ) ) (4)dt
1 2 2 = 0
1 −108∫ (4t − 2) 2 dt = 0
= −144 Since we have shown that the given vector field is conservative, and, hence, the integral is path independent, we can also apply the fundamental theorem of line integrals to tackle this problem.
Given
10 x 4 − 2 xy 3 fx = −3 x 2 y 2 fy =
We can see that the original function f must be of the form:
f =2 x 5 − x 2 y 3 + C
where C is a constant. Per the fundamental theorem of line integrals, we come up with the same result.
∫ ∇f ⋅ dr C = f (b) − f (a )
(3,2) = 2 x 5 − x 2 y 3 + C (3, −2)
= −144
16-4-4
Let’s see what we have:
=P( x, y ) y= cos x Q( x, y ) y sin x
∂P ∂Q = cos = x y cos x ∂y ∂x
By virtue of the Green’s Theorem, we have
∂Q ∂P ∫ y cos xdx + y sin xdy =∫∫ ∂x − ∂y dA C D
2 π
∫∫ 2 = ( y cos x − cos x)dxdy 1 0 2 π 2 π
∫∫ y cos xdxdy − ∫ ∫ 2 2 = cos xdxdy 1 0 1 0
π 2 π 2 = [sin x ]0 2 ∫1 ydy − [sin x ]0 2 ∫ dy 1
2 1 = (1) y 2 − (1) [ y ]1 2
2 1
1 = 2
16-4-12
Let’s see what we have:
3 =P( x, y ) y= Q ( x, y ) 2 x 2
∂P ∂Q = 3=y2 6 x2 ∂y ∂x
By virtue of the Green’s Theorem, we have
∂Q ∂P ∫ y dx + 2 x dy = ∫∫ ∂x − ∂y dA 3 3
C D
= 3∫∫ ( 2 x 2 − y 2 )dA D
= 3∫∫ ( 2(r cos θ ) 2 − (r sin θ ) 2 )dA
D
= 3∫∫ ( 2r 2 cos 2 θ ) − (r 2 sin 2 θ ) )rdrdθ
D = 3 ( ∫ r dr ) ( ∫ 0 2 3 0 2π ( 2 cos θ − sin θ ) dθ ) 2 2
