Kff7 $

Ps lrxfg
Tf/fgfy zdf
n]vssf] kl/ro
gfd M ÅborG›l;+x k|wfg -Gjf/fgsf] gfd rG›k|;fb k|wfg_
hGdldlt M lj= ;= !(&@ ;fn df3 !@ ut], d¿lx6L, sf7df8f}F
dftflktfM dftf ;"o{dfof k|wfg / lktf ;"o{k|;fb k|wfg
d[To' M Ifo/f]usf sf/0f lj= ;+= @)!^ ;fn df3 !) ut], sf7df8f}+df $# jif{sf] pd]/df lgwg ePsf],
lzIff M k|wfgn] ul/aL Pj+ bd /f]usf sf/0f cf}krfl/s lzIff cfh{g ug{ gkfP tfklg !* jif{sf] pd]/df
cIf/ lrGg yfn] . nugzLn Pj+ :jcWoogsf sf/0f ;flxTo n]Vg yfn] . :jcWoogs} qmddf 3/d} ;flxTosf]
uxg cWoog u/L ;kmn n]vs, ;Dkfbs, ;dfnf]rs aGg k'u] . pgn] g]kfnL, g]jf/L / lxGbL tLg} efiffdf
plQs} snd rnfpg ;Sy] .
;flxTo ofqf M pgn] lj= ;+= !((( ;fndf zf/bf klqsfdf e|ft[Tj zLif{ssf] klxnf] lgaGw k|sfzg u/L

ve
cf}krfl/s ¿kdf ;flxTo ofqf/fDe u/]sf lyP . pgn] cfˆgf] Gjf/fgsf] gfd w]/} hgf;Fu ldn]sfn]
ÅborG›l;+x k|wfgsf] gfdaf6 ÅborG›l;+x /rgfx¿ 5kfpg yfn] .
k]zf M cfˆgf] hLjgj[lQsf nflu @# jif{sf] pd]/b]lv logn] gf]s/L ug{ yfn] . ToxL qmddf b/af/ xfO:s'ndf

/fO6/, d'lvofh:tf kbdf ;/sf/L hflu/ vfP . Lo

;d]t cWofkg u/] / g]kfnL efiffg'jfb kl/ifbdf u|Gysf/sf] kbdf lgo'lQm eO sfo{ klg u/] . pgn] gf}l;Gbf,

ljwf M lgaGw, pkGof;, gf6s, ;dfnf]rgf cflb ;flxTosf ljljw If]qdf snd rnfPsf ax'd'vL k|ltef,
k|wfg ÅborG›l;+x k|wfgsf k|sflzt s[ltx¿ M -sl/j b'O{ bh{g k':tsx¿ k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ ._
!= lgaGw M e":ju{ -@))#_, tL; ¿lkofFsf] gf]6 -@))$_, h'Fuf -@))(_, s'/f ;fFrf] xf] -@)!!_, ckm;f]r -
ly
@)!$_
@= gf6s M s]xL g]kfnL -@))@_, 5]p nfu]/ -@))^_, uËfnfnsf] lrtf -@)!!_, pgL b]jtf x'g\ -@)!%_
ve

#= pkGof; M :jf:gL dfG5] - @)!!_, Ps lrxfg -@)!&_

$= ;dfnf]rgf M ;flxTo Ps b[li6sf]0f -@))$_, efg'eQm Ps ;dLIff -@)!#_, g]kfnL sfJo / p;sf
k|ltlglw slj -@)@!_
Lo

k'/:sf/ tyf ;Ddfg M @))$ ;fndf ;DkGg k|ltof]lutfTds ;flxTo;Dd]ngdf klg pgn] “h'Fuf'”Ù eGg]
lgaGw k|:t't u/]sf lyP . kl/0ffd:j¿k pgL To; ;Dd]ngdf k|yd 3f]lift eO{ k'/:s[t eP, g]kfn ;/sf/n]
pgsf] lrqflÍt x'nfs l6s6 k|sfzg u/L ;Ddfg u/]sf] 5 .
;flxlTos k|j[lQx¿ M
!= ;fdflhs ljifoj:t'df pkGof; n]Vg] ;fdflhs pkGof;sf/,
@= ;fdflhs lje]b, zf]if0f bdgsf] lj/f]w u/L Gofo / ;dtfd"ns ;dfh lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbg] k|ultjfbL Pj+
k|ultzLn ;flxTosf/,
#= ;fdflhs ljs[lt / lj;Ëltsf] lrq0f u/L ;dfh ;'wf/sf] rfxgf /fVg] ;'wf/jfbL pkGof;sf/,
$= ;j{xf/f ju{sf] kL8fbfoL hLjgsf] ;hLj lrq0f u/L kf7sLo dg 5'g] vfnsf oyfy{k/s ;flxTo /rgf
ug]{ oyfy{jfbL pkGof;sf/,
%= g]kfnL ;dfhsf] oyfy{tfnfO{ lrq0f u/L k/Dk/fut ;dfhk|lt cfnf]rgfTds b[li6 /fVb} kl/jt{gzLn,
cu|ufdL lj›f]xL Pj+ qmflGtsf/L ljrf/ k|s6 ug{',
^= hftLo, juL{o, cfly{s, ;fdflhs lje]bsf] lj/f]w ub}{ :jtGq Pj+ cfbz{ ;dfh lgdf{0fsf] rfxgf /fVg',
&= zf]if0f, bdg, lje]bsf] l;sf/ ag]sf ;j{xf/f ju{k|lt ;xfg'e"lt k|s6 ub}{ ;j{xf/f ju{nfO{ ju{bJbdf nfUg
k|]l/t ug{',
*= ;/n, ;/;, ;xh, ;'af]Wo efiffz}nLsf] k|of]u ug{',
(= sfNklgs dgf]hutdf eGbf oyfy{tfnfO{ hf]8 lbg'
!)= gf/Lk|lt ;xfg'e"lt k|s6 ub}{ gf/L d'lQmsf] rfxgf /fVg', cflb .
;dfnf]rsLo ljz]iftfM k|efjjfbL k/Dk/faf6 k|efljt ;dfnf]rs, g]kfnL ;dfh / ju{ cg's"n lrGtg u/L
;f}Gbo{k/s ;dfnf]rgf ug]{ ;dfnf]rs, g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgfdf juL{o lrGtg leqofpg] ;dfnf]rs, snf /
lrGtgsf] ;dLs/0f ug]{ ;dfnf]rs, ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf ;Dafxs .
Ps lrxfg -pkGof;_ – ÅborG›l;+x k|wfg
!= pkGof;sf] d"n efj M
cfbzf]{Gd'v ;fdflhs oyfy{jfbL cf}kGofl;s wf/fnfO{ cËfNg] k|ultzLn pkGof;sf/ ÅborG›l;+x k|wfgåf/f
;+/lrt “Ps lrxfg” pkGof; cfbz{jfbL, ;'wf/s Pj+ lgisk6 >dhLjLx¿sf] ;kgf xf] clg >d;fWo
hLjgsf] Oltj[QfGt xf] . k/Dk/fut ;fdflhs, cfly{s, wfld{s, Jofjxfl/s dfGotfsf lj¿4 ;dfof]lrt pbf/

ve
/ /fli6«o b[li6 cËfNg ul/Psf] cfu|xsf ;fy ;+/lrt of] pkGof; ;dfh ;'wf/sf] :j/ p/fNb} b'MvfGt aGg
k'u]sf] 5 . Jofjxfl/s ;fdflhs hLjgdf k|rlnt cGw k/Dk/f, c;fdflhs /Lltlylt / hftLo k[yQmfjfbL
k|rng Pj+ x'Fbf vfg] / x'g]vfg] ju{sf] cfly{s c;dfgtfsf] ;]/f]km]/f]df ;fdflhs ;'wf/nfO{ cËfnL gofF

Lo
;fdflhs ;DaGw :yflkt u/L ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu ul/Psf]] Jofjxfl/s qmflGtsf] gd'gf xf], “Ps
lrxfg” pkGof; . ax';Î\os ul/aLsf] lg/k]If /]vfd'lg /x]sf ;j{xf/f ljkGg ju{sf gful/lssf] cfly{s
kL8fsf] qmGbg / To;sf] kl/0fltnfO{ k[i7e"ld agfOPsf] ;fdflhs pkGof; xf], Ps lrxfg . o; pkGof;df
d'VotM ljhftLo cyjf cGthf{tLo j}jflxs ;DaGw hf]g]{, dbf{kbf{ ;+:sf/sf ¿kdf g;sLsg klg ug{'kg]{
bfg, wd{, ef]h, et]/ h:tf afWosf/L ;+:s[lt clg bfOhf] k|yf / cgd]n cg'lrt k|]d;DaGwh:tf d'Vo
ly
ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;d]l6Psf] kfOG5 . o; pkGof;df cfly{s, wfld{s, kfl/jfl/s, ;fdflhs / /fli6«o
k|ultzLntfnfO{ jsfnt ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ljhftLo Pj+ cGthf{tLo j}jflxs ;DaGwnfO{ ckgfpFb} hfFbf
ve

ax'hftLotfdf cfa4 xfd|f] g]kfnL ;+:s[lt d"No dfGotfx¿ klg qmlds ¿kdf /fli6«otftkm{ pGd'v eO{
hftLo lje]b å]if, snxsf] efj;d]t x6\b} hfg] 5 eGg] dfGotfnfO{ cËflnPsf] 5, Ps lrxfg pkGof;df .
of] pkGof; sf7df8f}Fsf] g]jf/ ;d'bfosf] Pp6f ls;fg kl/jf/df s]lG›t 5 . s[lif k];f u/L hLljsf]kfh{g
Lo

ug]{ ci6gf/fgsf] kl/jf/df pgsL kTgL ntdfof, pgsf tLg 5f]/f lzjgf/fg, k'ggf/fg / xif{gf/fg clg
5f]/L gfgLys'F 5g\ . ci6gf/fg la/fdL ePsf] cj:yfjf6 pkGof;sf] ;'¿ ePsf] 5 . To;kl5 ci6gf/fgsf]
d[To', gfgLys'F / 8fS6/ uf]bQk|;fbsf lardf ePsf] ;DaGw, ;'/dfg ;'Aafn] gfgLys'F;Fu lax] ug{sf nflu
u/]sf] if8\oGq, xif{gf/fg / k'tnL tfdfªsf lardf ePsf] ljjfx= gfgLys'F / /fdv]nfjgsf larsf] ljjfx
cflb 36gf d'Vo ?kdf o; pkGof;df cfPsf 5g\ . o; pkGof;df ;j{xf/f ju{sf ljkGg dflg;n]
ef]Ug'k/]sf kL8fsf] ;hLj lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . >dsf] dxTj af]w u/fpg' o; pkGof;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo b]lvG5
. pkGof;df sf7df8f}F pkTosf, lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{sf dflg;sf ljrdf cGt/hftLo ljjfx / cfk;L
d]nldnfksf] HjnGt pbfx/0f k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o; pkGof;sf] k|d'v Pj+ k|ultzLn, qmflGtsf/L kfq Hofk"
ci6gf/fgsf] kj{t] ntdfofl;t, ci6gf/fgsf] sfG5f] 5f]/f] xif{gf/fgsf] dflxnf tfdfÍL 5f]/L k'tnL;Fu /
ci6gf/fgsL 5f]/L gfgLys'Fsf] t/fO{jf;L /fdv]nfjg /fpt;Fu ljjfx u/L ljhftLo j}jflxs ;DaGw :yflkt
u/L hftLo ;ÍL0f{tfsf] ;fF3'/f] 3]/fnfO{ tf]8\b} ljhftLo Pj+ cGthf{tLo j}jflxs ;d:ofsf] cfbzf]{Gd'v
;dfwfg Pj+ k|ultjfbL cjwf/0ff cufl8 ;fl/Psf] 5 . ljhftLo Pj+ cGthf{tLo j}jflxs ;DaGw sfod ub}{
;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fnfO{ cufl8 a9fPdf g} qmdzM hftLo lje]b Pj+ ;fF:s[lts bf;tf x6\b} hfg] k|ultjfbL
;Gb}z k|s6 ePsf] kfOG5. ci6gf/fgsf] h]7f] 5f]/f lzjgf/fgn] wfld{s Pj+ ;fF:s[lts cGwljZjf;L k/Dk/fsf]
cfnf]rgf ub}{ cfbz{ lktfsf] dfu{ cjnDag ub}{ afa'sf] d[To'kZrft\ tLg lbgd} d[To' ;+:sf/ ;DkGg u/L bfg,
wd{, ef]h, et]/ h:tf k'/ftg k/Dk/fdf gnfuL k|ultzLntfnfO{ cËfNg'n] ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f Pj+ cfw'lgs
g]kfnL ;dfhsf] kl/sNkgf xf] . :jf:gL / b'O{ b'O{cf]6f 5f]/5f]/L;d]t ePsf] k]zfn] ;]jf g} 7'nf] wd{ xf]
eGg'kg]{ 8f= uf]bQk|;fbn] ci6gf/fogsL 5f]/L gfgLys'F;Fu u/]sf] cg'lrt cgd]n Pj+ sfdjf;gfo'Qm
gfhfoh k|]d;DaGw clg krf; jif{ s6]sf] ;fdGtL sfd's a'9f] ;'Aaf ;'/dfgsf] wgsf] t'h's Pj+ cfly{s
k|nf]egdf kf/L gfgLys'F;Fu ljjfx ug]{ cg'lrt k|:tfjnfO{ c:jLsf/ ub}{ ;fdGtjfbsf] lj/f]w u/]sf] tYon]
k|]d / ljjfxsf] ;DaGwdf pbf/ Pj+ k|ultzLntfnfO{ cËfNb} ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf] ;Gb]z k|jfx ul/Psf] 5 .
k'/ftg ¿l9jfbL, cGwljZjf;L k/Dk/faf6 d'Qm, zf]if0f, bdg, cGofo, cTofrf/d'Qm= lje]b/lxt Gofo /
;dtfd"ns, cfbz{ / ;d'Ggt cfw'lgs g]kfnL ;dfhsf] kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] 5, “Ps lrxfg'” pkGof;df .
@= pkGof;stf kfqx¿ / ltgsf] rl/qlrq0f M
!= ci6gf/fog M sf7df8f}Fsf] Hofk", kl/jf/sf] d'nL, >dhLjL ul/a s[ifs, ¿l9jfbL lj/f]wL, qmflGtsf/L Pj+
k|ultzLn, cfbz{jfbL, :jfledfgL, Jofjxfl/s, zÍfn', a[4, /f]uL, C0f ug{ 8/fpg], 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] eljiok|lt
lrGtf ug]{ t/ efUo jf lgoltaf6 7luPsf] nfrf/,

ve
@= ntdfof M ci6gf/fgsL kTgL, s[ifs, tfg a'Gg], c¿sf] s'/f ;lhn} kTofpg], klt clg 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] lrGtf
ug]{, ;'v ;DklQk|lt df]x ePsL,
#= lzjgf/fog M ci6gf/fgsf] h]7f] 5f]/f], k|d'v kfq, ldlxg]tL s[ifs, ul/j t/ :jfledfgL, k|ultzLn,

Lo
kfl/jfl/s Pj+ cleefjsLo lhDd]jf/L af]w ug]{, kl/>dL, xsL, ;TojfbL, zÍfn', cfzfjfbL, cfj]u / ljj]s
b'j} ePsf], ljrf/ Ifdtf ePsf], s'/Llt / s';+:sf/ lj/f]wL, ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] rfxgf /fVg], /fi6«k|]dL,
$= k'ggf/fog M ci6gf/fgsf] dflxnf] 5f]/f], l;sdL{, ul/a, bfh'sf] ;xof]uL, ;'GtnLsf] nf]Ug], k|ultzLn
%= xif{gf/fg M ci6gf/fgsf] sfG5f] 5f]/f], HofdL, ul/a, bfh'sf] ;xof]uL, k'tnLsf] nf]Ug], k|ultzLn
^= gfgLzs'F M ci6gf/fgsL 5f]/L, d'Vo kfq, !& jif]{ lszf]/L, ;f]emL, cNnf/], clzlIft, gf/L d"No /
ly
cl:dtfk|lt ;r]t x'g g;Sg], cb"/bzL{, lszf]/fj:yfsL, 8fS6/sL k|]ldsf, w]/} kfsf] / ljjflxt k'¿if;Fu dfof
/ lax] ug]{ rfxgf /fVg], bfh' / 8f= uf]bQk|;fbsL kTgL /~hgfn] gf/L d"No / cl:dtfsf] af/]df ;DemfPkl5
;r]t, ultzLn kfq,
ve

&= xfs'dfof M lzjgf/fgsL kTgL, v]tLls;fgL ug]{, c¿n] x]k]sf] g;xg] xsL, ;'tfxL :jefjsL, ;xfos kfq
*= ;'GtnL M k'ggf/fgsL kTgL, uf}0f kfq
(= k'tnL M xif{gf/fgsL kTgL, dflxnf tfdfÍL 5f]/L, uf}0f kfq
Lo

!)= 8f= uf]bQk|;fb M k]zfn] 8fs6/, /~hgfb]jLsf] nf]Ug], gfgLys'Fsf] k|]dL, gf/LnfO{ ef]u ljnf;sf] ;fwg
7fGg] , sfd's, lanf;L, e|i6, sk6L, lgn{Hh, u'08f= k|]dfnfksf] /x/ ePsf] eFj/f], k|]dsf] gf6s /Rg],
sfdaf;gfn] dQ, bofljxLg, ljj]sxLg, cdfgjLo :jefj ePsf], k};fd'vL, ›Golkrf;L, c;t\ Pj+ vn kfq,
;xfos kfq,
!!= /~hgfb]jL M 8f= uf]bQk|;fbsL kTgL, ;xfos kfq, gf/L d"No / cl:dtfk|lt ;r]t, af}l4s gf/L, :yL/
rl/q ePsL, cfˆgf] efUo / eljiok|lt ;r]t, rt'/ gf/L, ;t\ kfq,
!@= ;'Ajf ;'/dfgM ;'Aaf, hUuf sdfpg lbP/ cGgkft lng] tlN;ª, c¿sf 5f]/Lr]nLk|lt lu4] gh/ nufpg]
sfd's, gfgLys'FnfO{ cfˆgL agfpg vf]Hg], km6fxf, zf]ifs, ;fdGt, w"t{, c;t\ wgsf] t'h's, c;t\ Pj+ vn
kfq
!#= /fdaxfb'/ M ;'Aafsf] rfs/Lafh, bnfnL, km;fpg / kmsfpg l;kfn', km6fxf, c;t\ Pj+ vnkfq, ;xfos
kfq
!$= /fdv]njfg /fpt M s[lif cg';Gwfgstf{, t/fO{af;L, df}hfsf] lhldbf/, Dofl6«s kf;, hflu/] gfgLys'Fsf]
nf]Ug],
!%= dflxnf tfdfªM k'tnLsf] afa', el/of, kl/>dL k|ultzLn, ljkGg ju{sf] juL{o kfq, ;t\ kfq,
!^= cGo uf}0f kfqx¿ M u'efh', a}B, ufpFn]x¿, 8f= sf 5f]/f5f]/L cflb .
#= pkGof;sf] syf;f/ M
!= x'g] vfg] ;fdGtL ju{ / x'Fbf vfg] ljkGg ;j{xf/f ju{sf ul/ax¿ larsf] cfly{s c;dfgtfsf] vf8n
uDeL/ ag]sf] g]kfnL ;dfhdf lg/k]If ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf ax';Î\os g]kfnLx¿sf] k|ltlglwd"ns kfq Pj+
o; pkGof;sf] qmflGtsf/L kfq ci6gf/fg la/fdL eP/ klg cfly{s cefjs} sf/0f ;dodf g} cf}ifwL pkrf/
ug{ g;sL b'O{ dlxgfb]lv ynf kb{5d\ . cfkm"n] cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf nflu s'g} aGbf]j:t ug{ g;s]sf]df b'Mv];f]
kf]Vb} kl/jf/nfO{ C0fsf] af]em af]Sg gk/f];\ egL cfˆgf] sfhlsl/ofsf nflu @% ¿lkofF vfN8f] vgL hDdf
u/]/ /fv]sf] atfpF5g\ . cfly{s cefjs} sf/0f a}BnfO{ b]vfP klg /f]u lgsf] ge} emg\ alNemPkl5
cGToli6eGbf lhGbuL 7'nf] xf] eGg] ntdfofsf] ;'emfjcg';f/ lzjgf/fg ckzf]r dfGb} afa'sf] pkrf/sf
nflu 8f= uf]bQk|;fbnfo{ af]nfpg hfG5g\ . ;]jfd'vLeGbf klg k};fd'vL cdfgjLo :jefj ePsf] 8f= lgb{oL
jgL a]jf:tf u5{ . otf k]:sL lnP/ klg sfd ug{ hfg gkfPsf]df k'ggf/fgnfO{ ;fx' 3/d} cfP/ a]xdfgL
egL ufnL u5{ . 8fS6/nfO{ lng uPsf] lzjgf/fg gkms]{kl5 cfdfn] 8fS6/nfO{ rfF8} Nofpg egL

ve
k'ggf/fgnfO{ k7fpFl5g\ . k};f gkfpg] 7fgL ci6gf/fgsf] pkrf/sf nflu hfg grfx]sf] 8fS6/ k};f kfpg]
nf]e b]vfPkl5 aNn la/fdL x]g{ cfpF5 . of}jgn] wkSs an]sL !& jif]{ t¿gL ci6gf/fgsL 5f]/L gfgLys'FnfO{
b]v]kl5 sfd's 8fS6/ d'Uw x'G5 . To; lbgb]lv 8f= uf]bQk|;fb ci6gf/fgsf] pkrf/sf] axfgf agfO{

k|s6 u/L 3/ kms{G5 .

Lo
gfgLys'Fsf] ;f}Gbo{kfg ug{ ;dodf g} k'Ug yfN5 clg cfˆgf] lkm; klg c:jLsf/ u/L nf]eL gh/n] ;bf;otf

@= ci6gf/fgn] cfˆgf] pd]/ k'u]sf] x'gfn] C0f u/L pkrf/sf nflu cgfjZos vr{ gu/ eG5g\ . 5f]/fx¿n]
8f= n] lagfk};f pkrf/ ul/lbg] s'/f atfPkl5 8f= lgb{oL ePsf] clg p;df :jfy{ n's]sf] egL cfzÍf k|s6
ub{5g\ . sd{of]usf] dGq hKg] cigf/fgn] ;a}nfO{ cfcfˆgf] sfddf k7fpF5g\ eg] pgnfO{ kTgL ntdfofn]
ly
s'l5\5g\ . 8f= n] ci6gf/fgnfO{ hlt pkrf/ u/] klg Goyf a9\b} hfG5, 8f= sf] s]xL ;Lk rNb}g .
ci6gf/fgsf] d[To' x'G5 . bfx;+:sf/ ug{ pgLx¿;Fu k};f gePkl5 yf]/} ePsf] cGgkft a]Rg'eGbf
uf]bQk|;fb;Fu klRr; ¿lkofF ;fk6L dfUg] ;Nnfx adf]lhd xif{gf/fg / gfgLys'F c:ktfnd} uP/ cK7\of/f]
ve

dfGb} klRr; ¿lkofF lnP/ kms]{kl5 bfx;+:sf/ ub{5g\ . sfdlkkf;' 8f= uf]bQk|;fb ;fGTjgf lbg 3/d}
wfO/xG5 . dbf{kbf{ bfg blIf0ff lbg], eft et]/ v'jfpg] rng c:jLsf/ u/L glhssf gftf ;DaGwL /f]P/
larfM cfpg] k|yf g} aGb ug]{ afa'sf] qmlGtsf/L ljrf/nfO{ cËfNb} lkt[zf]ssf] t];|f] lbgaf6 g} ;a} cfcfˆgf]
Lo

sfddf nfUb5g\ . a'9f] ;'Aaf gfgLys'F;Fu c;dfg lax]sf nflu /fdaxfb'/nfO{ k|tfa /fVg ;'/dfgn]
/fdaxfb'/dfkm{t gfgLys'Fsf] c;dfg lax]sf] k|:tfj /fVb5 . 5f]/Ln] eljiodf ;'v kfpg] nf]e nfnr
b]vfPkl5 ntdfofn] 5f]/L lbg] ljrf/ u/] klg 5f]/fx¿s} sf/0f pQm k|:tfj c:jLsf/ ul/G5 . /fdaxfb'/nfO{
lzjgf/fg nufotn] a]OHht u/L ToxfFaf6 k7fpF5g\ . csf]{lt/ gfgLys'F / uf]bQk|;fblar c;dfg k|]d
;DaGwn] uf9f ¿k lnFb} hfG5 . ufpF3/df pgLx¿larsf] ;DaGwsf af/]df s'/f sf6\g yfNb5g\ . pgLx¿sf]
;DaGw lzjgf/fgnfO{ /fd|f] nfUb}g . alxgLnfO{ xsf5{ eg] 8fSs6/nfO{ pk]Iff u5{ . h;n] alxgLnfO{ g/fd|f]
agfpF5 .
#= 8f= uf]bQk|;fbsf] k|]ddf km;]sL gfgLys'F csf]{ lbg cfkm}F 8f= uf]bQsf] 3/df uO{ k|]dfnfk u5]{ t/
uf]bQsL kTgL /~hgfn] yfxf kfPkl5 k|]dsf] /Ë g} eË x'G5 . /~hgfn] uf]bQnfO{ csd{08\ o 8f= gjGg w]/}
;DemfpFl5g\ . af}l4s gf/L /~hgfn] csf]{ lbg gfgLys'FnfO{ ;d]t 3/d} af]nfP/ gf/Ld"No clg eljiosf]
af/]df ;DemfpFbf pgL /ftf] d'v nufP/ ;/f;/ 3/ hflG5g\ . uf]bQn] ;a} s'/f yfxf kfPkl5 gfgLys'FnfO{
e]6\g p;s} 3/ hfG5 . gfgLys'Fn] cfkm"n] k|]d gu/L kfk u/]sf] atfPkl5 ef]ln e]6\g] s'/f ul5{g\ .
lzjgf/fgn] cfdfsf] ;fydf alxgL /fVbf /fd|f] gx'g] 7fgL v]td} n}hfG5 . rnfv clg w't{ uf]bQ /f]kfOFdf
klg ;'kf/L afF8L ;a}sf] dg lhT5 . afa'sf] cfkm}Fn] 5fg]/ hfcf];\ eGg] ljrf/nfO{ lzjgf/fgn] dgg u/] klg
a'9f;'9f, s;}sf kf]O, afa' / af;gfsf lglDt lax] ug{ vf]Hg] a]as'kmnfO{ glbg] s'/f] u5{ . lzjgf/fg /
lzjgf/fgsL kTgL xfs'dfof v]tdf g} wfgafnL /]vb]v u/L j:g yfN5g\ eg] c¿ v]tsf] sfd ;s]kl5 3/}
kms{g] ub{5g\ . jiff{ ofddf 3/ agfpg g;Sbf lrGtf nfu]sf] 5, ;a}nfO{ . uf]bQ gfgLys'FnfO{ ;fFemdf cfP/
efuf+ eG5 t/ gfgLys'F eflUbg . xif{gf/fgn] cfkm"n] sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf e]6 eP/ dg k/fPsL dflxnf
tfdfÍL 5f]/L k'tnL;Fu lax] u5{. cGthf{tLo ljjfxn] hftLo ;b\efj sfod eO{ /fli6«o Pstf alnof] x'g]
lzjgf/fgsf] ljrf/n] b]vfpF5 . dflxnf tfdfª\n] s[lif ;fdu|Lx¿ pkxf/ lbG5 . l5d]sLn] s'/f sf6] klg
pgLx¿ lgs} v';L b]lvG5g\ . s[lif cg';Gwfgstf{ /fdv]nfjg /fpt / gfgLys'F b'j}n] Pscsf{nfO{ dg
k/fPkl5 pgLx¿sf] ljjfx x'G5 . bfOhf]sf] ¿kdf s[lif cf}hf/x¿ lbP/ k7fpF5g\ . lzjgf/fg efOalxgLsf]
Gojxf/ l;4\ofPsfn] v';L x'Fb} v]tdf g} wfgafnL :ofxfb}{ a:5g\ . tLg lbgb]lv cgj/t ¿kn] kfgL k5{ .
jf9L klx/f] rNg yfNb5 . wfgafnL ¿vx¿, hldgsf l9:sf, ;a} v8\v8fpFb} aUg yfNb5g\ . v]t hndUg
x'G5 . s}of}F 3/, sf7kft, ufO{j:t' ;a} aUg yfNb5g\ . af9Ln] lzjgf/fgsf] 5fk|f] klg 9fS5 . eoÍ/ sf]nfxn
dlRrG5 . lzjgf/fg, xfs'dfof, 5f]/f5f]/L s/fpFbf s/fpFb} 5fk|f] ;lxt} jf9Ln] aufP/ a]kQf x'G5g\ . ptf

ve
3/df k'ggf/fg, xif{gf/fg, k'tnL, ntdfof klg 3/ elTsP/ k'l/G5g\ . ljr/fÛ c¿sf] 3/ agfpg] l;sdL{,
8sdL{, HofdL cfˆg} 3/ dd{t ug{ gkfpFb} cfˆg} 3/n] lylrP/ Ps lrxfg x'G5g\ . ci6gf/fgsf] kl/jf/sf
;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox¿ k|fs[lts ljklQdf k/L Pp6} lrxfg x'g k'u]sf 5g\ .
cEof;
zAbe08f/
!= zAb / cy{sf lardf hf]8f ldnfpg'xf];\ M
zAb cy{
Lo
?h' → s'g} s'/f l7s 5 ls 5}g egL hfFRg] sfd
ly
slj/fh → cfo'j]{lbs pkrf/ ug]{ lrlsT;ssf] Ps pkflw
k]:sL → sfd k"/f x'g' klxn] lbOg] /sd
ve

tlN;ª → df]xLnfO{ hUuf sdfpg lbg] JolQm, hUufwgL

;dj]bgf → p:t} b'vsf] cg'ej
lgb{oL → bof gePsf]
Lo

csd{0o → s]xL klg sfd gug]{, lgl:qmo

d'/fb → leqL cfzo
;fGTjgf → cfZjf;g, 9f8;
xy{'8\uf → xftsf] gf8Lb]lv cf}+nfsf 6'Kkf;Ddsf] efu
bfuaQL → zjsf d'vdf /fVg] aQL
s[t1tf → c?n] u/]sf] u'gk|lt wGojfb lbg] efj
@= kf7df k|of]u ePsf lbOPsf zAbsf] cy{ klxrfg u/L n]Vg'xf];M\
zAb cy{
u'efh' → g]jf/ ;d'bfosf] tflGqs JolQm, Ps tfGqs af}4 cfrfo{ ah|frfo{
p3f8 → cf8Da/Lkg x6fpg', k|ltsf/ u/L cdfGo l;4 ug{', lgd{"n kfg{'
kmf]g] → dugLlagf cfkm} lbg vf]Hg'
dfrf5L → nf]Ug]:jf:gL / afnaRrf ePsf] Psn kl/jf/, cfdf / afnaRrf
gÍ] → slxNo} gkfPsf] jf cg'ej gePsf] s'/f k|fKt x'g'
larfM → dbf{ gftf, ;DaGwLn] lsl/ofk'qLnfO{ l;wf lbg] k|yf, >åf~hnL
8Nn]7f] → 8Nnf kmf]g]{ sf7sf] ;fwg
vk{g → g]jf/ k|rlnt dfn;fdfg af]Sg] ;fwg
Sj]gf → gbLsf] lsgf/, vf]+r jf s'gf
#= lbOPsf zAbsf] p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb klxrfg u/L n]Vg'xf];M \
pQ/ M
zAb cy{
bLIff → dGqf]kb]z
l;ltldlt → xQkQ
pkrf/ → Onfh
k]6kfnf] → u'hf/f

ve
lgwg → d[To'
af]nL → jf0fL
df}g → r'k
tTsfn → tTIf0f
zlQm → ;fjuf;
kmlhtL → d'l:sn
Lo
$= lbOPsf cg]sfy{s zAbnfO{ km/s km/s cy{ lbg] u/L jfSodf k|of]u ug{'xf];\
ly
pbfx/0f M ltdL /fd|f];Fu a; x} . of] a; sxfF hfg] xf] <
pQ/M
!= pQ/ -lbzf_ M ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyf g]kfnsf] pQ/ lbzfdf k5{ .
ve

pQ/ -hafkm_ M k/LIffdf k|Zg a'em]/ /fd|f] pQ/ n]v]df pRr c8\s k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .
@= v/L -7'nf] hftsf] ¿v_ M kmlg{r/ agfpg v/Lsf] sf7 lgs} k|of]u ul/G5 .
v/L -dfbndf nufOg] d;nf_ M dfbn v/L em/]sfn] /fd|f];Fu ah]g .
Lo

v/L -g/d hftsf] ;]tf] kTy/_ M klxn]sf dflg;n] kf6Ldf v/Ln] n]v]/ k9\y] .
#= uf]n -af6'nf]_ M k[YjL uf]n 5 .
uf]n -cFuf/_ M kmnfd ttfpg cf/gdf cFuf/sf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
uf]n -ljkIfLsf] lgwf{l/t If]qdf es'G8f] k;fpg] sfd_ M lhNnf:t/Lo km'6an v]ndf /fdn] tLg uf]n u/]5.
$= hu -3/, s6]/f] cflbsf] hldgd'lgsf] uf/f] nufpg] 7fpF_ M /fdn] 3/sf] hu /fVg] sfd ;DkGg u/]5 .
hu -nf]6fh:tf] kfgL pefpg] efF8f]_ M /fdn] ufu|Laf6 hudf kfgL vGofP/ vfof] .
hu -uf8L dd{t ubf{ e'OFdf 6]sfP/ uf8LnfO{ prfNg] oGq_M /fdn] husf] k|of]u u/L uf8Lsf] kfË|f lems]/
dd{t uof]{ .
%= tfg -sk8f a'Gg] oGq_ M ufpF3/lt/ tfgdf sk8f a'Gg] sfd ul/G5 .
tfg -;ËLtsf] cfnfk_ M /fdn] ;'/ tfg ldnfP/ uLt ufof] .
tfg -dgsf] Ps;'/_ M cfh laxfg /fd cfˆg} tfgdf uLt ufpFb} lxF8]sf] lyof] .
^= t/ -;+of]hs_ M d ufpF hfGy]+ t/ ljBfnodf k9fO e}/x]sf] 5 .
t/ -b'wsf] hfnf]_ M nf}, b'wsf] t/ t la/fnf]n] vfP5 Û
t/ -lqmofkb_ M efO Û ltdLn] Tof] vf]nf t/ .
&= kq -lr7L_ M ljb]zdf uPsf] efOn] kq k7fPg .
kq -tx_ M tLg kq ePsf] df:s ;'/Iffsf] b[li6sf]0fn] /fd|f] dflgG5 .
kq -kGgf_ M ljBfyL{n] k9\bf lstfasf kq kqsf] ofb x'g] u/L cGtb{[li6n] k9\g'k5{ .
*= j/M -b'nfxf_M :jo+j/sf] qmddf j/aw" d';'Ss d':s'/fP .
j/ -¿v_ M rf}tf/Ldf j/ / lkknsf] ¿v /f]lkG5 .
j/ -j/bfg_ M sd{lagf eujfg;Fu j/ dfu]/ dfq ;kmn x'g ;lsFb}g .
(= afnL -v]taf/Ldf pAh]sf] cGg_ M /fd|f];Fu dnhn kfPdf v]taf/Ldf afnL ;k|G5 .
afnL -df]xLn] tlN;ª jf ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfpg] lt/f]_ M d}n] o; jif{sf] d]/f] hUufsf] afnL j8f sfof{nodf
uP/ lt/]+ .
!)= /x/ -rfxgf_ M sd{ljgf dgsf] /x/ k"/f x'g} ;Sb}g .
/x/ -bfn ljz]if_ M /x/sf] bfn k|foM ;a}n] ¿rfpF5g\ .
!!= ;fFrf] -;To_ M ;fFrf] s'/f 8/fpg' x'Fb}g .
;fFrf] -tfNrf vf]Ng] ;fwg_ M cfh d}n] 9f]sfdf nufPsf] ;fFrf] x/fPsfn] tfNrf g} sfl6lbPF .

ve
!@= ;'/ -b]jtf_ M ;'/ / c;'/sf] o'4df cGttM ;'/n] g} c;'/nfO{ k/fho u/]sf syf k'/f0fdf jl0f{t 5g\ .
;'/ -clek|fo_ M ltdL s'g ;'/n] sf7df8f}F hfFb} 5f} <
;'/ -ufgfahfgfsf] :j/_ M ;'/ tfglagfsf] ;8\uLt ;'dw'/ aGg ;Sb}g .
;'/ -sf]0f jf s'gf_ M 3/sf] uf/f]df ;'/sf] 9'Ëf ldn]g eg] g/fd|f] b]lvG5 .
Lo
!#= xf/ -k/fho_ M s'g} lbg km'6an v]ndf ef/tn] g]kfnl;t xf/ a]xf]g{'kg]{ lbg cfpg ;S5 .
xf/ -dfnf_ M ;Ltf ;'gsf] xf/ nufP/ ljjfxdf ;lhPsL lyO{ .
xf/ -klª\Q, nx/_ M ltdLn] xf/ ldnfP/ n]Vof} eg] cIf/ /fd|f] b]lvG5 .
!$= hfnL -sk6L_ M hfnL s'/f u/]/ c¿nfO{ b'Mv lbg] b'i6x¿n] slxNo} ;'v zflGt kfpg ;Sb}gg\ .
ly
hfnL -;;fgf Kjfn}Kjfn k/]sf] hfn_ M afn'jf 5fGg hfnLsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
%= lbOPsf zAbsf] >'lt;dleGgfy{s zAb n]Vg'xf];\ M
pbfx/0f M s[lt – sLlt
ve

>'lt;dleGgfy{s zAb M
lbg -lbpF;f]_ → bLg -ul/a_ vfln -dfq, s]an_ → vfnL -l/Qf]_
lbzf -k"j{, klZrd===_ → lb;f -lji7f_ kfz -kf;f], hfn_ → kf; -lgs6, ;kmntf_
Lo

zj -nf;_ → ;a -;a}_ ue{ -k]6_ → uj{ -3d08_

afF; -¿vljz]if_ → af; -a:g] 7fpF_ la; -@) ;Î\of_ → ljif -lav_
Jo;g -s'g} s'/fsf] nt_ → a];g -rgfsf] lk7f]_ cflb -k|f/De_ → cfwL -cfwf_
k|bfg -lbg'_ → k|wfg -k|d'v_ kfOg\ -kfpg] sfd_ → kfOg -;fdy{\o, t'h's_
sf]; -b'O{ dfOnsf] b'/L_ → sf]z -;Ë|x_ tfk -pi0ftf, lk/_ → 6fk -3f]8fsf] v'/_
hftL -c;n_ → hflt -hft ljz]if_ b]lv -af6_ → b]vL -b]Vg'_
km]l/ -csf]{ k6s_ → km]/L -klxl/g] sfd_ ;Ltf -cfbz{ gf/L_ → l;tf -eftsf] l;tf_
^= lbOPsf zAbsf] ;d"xjfrs zAb n]Vg'xf];\
pbfx/0f M pv' – s'o]/, s]/f – 3f/L
;d"xjfrs zAb M
sldnf → tfFtL df}/L → uf]nf] afF; → 3f/L
ufO{j:t' → ayfg af¿nf → uf]nf] bfp/f → xf/, vlnof
8f]/L→ dfnf e]8f → ayfg l;kfxL] → kmf}h, kN6g,
dflg; → le8, hdft k/fn → 6f}jf ldq → u0f, au{
ds} → ;'nL, em'Qf kj{t → z[Înf, dfnf w'jfF → d':nf]
&= lzIfs;Fu ;f]w]/ lbOPsf k|tLsfTds zAbsf] cy{ n]Vg'xf];M\
pbfx/0f M cu:tL – vGr'jf, kfgL– tfut÷an
k|tLsfTds zAbsf] cy{ M
5]kf/f] → /ª abNg] h'sf] → k/hLjL dxfef/t → emu8f, o'4=
s'j]/ → wgL ;fljqL → klta|tf, ;lt n8fOF
/fd/fHo → c;n zf;s uËf → kljqtf s0f{ → bfgL
ePsf] /fHo :ofn → rt'/ e]8f] → Psf]xf]/f], d"v{
b'jf{;f → l/;fxf AjfF;f] → w"t{ s'Des0f{ → ;'tfxf
blwrL → TofuL cfsfz → ljzfn, z"Go euL/y k|oTg → sl7g k|of;

ve
;'bfdf → lgw{g, ul/a PsnJo → nugzLn] ljb'/ → gLlt1, ljj]sL
eLid → eofgs, eoÍ/ df}/L → kl/>dL o'lwli7/ → wdf{TdL
afFb/ → g cfˆgf] 3/ agfpg] nId0f /]vf → ;Ldf cyjf zs'lg → sk6L
g c¿sf] 3/ aGg lbg
;fF9] → ldrfxf
dof{bf
Lo
*= sIffdf 5nkmn u/L lbOPsf l;Ëf] zAbsf] cy{ n]Vg'xf];\ M
pbfx/0f M a]7L – /f]kfOFdf ahfOg] afhf, ysfnL – ;dfhsf] h]7f]af7f] JolQm
gf/b → s'/f}6]

pQ/ M
ly
zfsfxf/L → ;fukft, kmnkm"n, b'wbxL cflb ;flQ\js ef]hg dfq ug]{
df+;fxf/L → df;' vfg], df;' vfP/ hLjglgjf{x ug]{,
ve

k'8dfª → d'v / lk+w v'nf ePsf] b'Ë|f]h:tf] efF8f], b'j}kl§ v'nf ePsf] 9'Ë\gf]
u[x:yL → 3/af/ u/]/ a:g] GolQm, u[x:yf>ddf /x]sf] JolQm
cNnf/] → a]sfddf otfplt lxFl8/xg], cfnf]sfFrf] cj:yfsf]
Lo

k]jf → nf]Ug]sf] 3/, dfOtL jf dfjnL cflbn] lnvt u/L lbPsf] wg cyjf bfOhf]
bzs → bz bz jif{sf] ;d"x
ztfAbL → ;o jif{sf] ;do jf cjlw, zts
;x;|fAbL → s'g} ;+jTsf] Psb]lv xhf/ jif{;Ddsf] cjlw jf bz ztfAbLsf] ;d"x
zfZjt → slxNo} klg gfz gx'g], lgTo, lr/:yfoL
jfT;No → afa'cfdfsf] ;Gtfgsf k|lt x'g] :g]x jf ddtf
GjfFuL → x/]s jif{ gofF wfgafnL kfs]kl5 sfFrf] rfdn / bxLs]/f Ps} 7fpFdf ldnfP/ agfOPsf] b]jtfnfO{
r9fPkl5 vfOg] j:t' jf bxLrfdn
gfafns → P]gdf aflnu x'g lgwf{l/t pd]/ gk'u]sf] JolQm, afNofj:yf kf/ gu/]sf], afns
n}gf] → ev{/ laofPsf] ufO{j:t', ev{/ hGd]sf], gjhft, b'w] -kf8f]= af5f] kf7f] cflb_ .
as]Ggf] → b'w yfSg] a]nf e}Psf] b'x'gf] ufO{eF;L cyjf To}sf] jf5f] jf kf8f]
;Tkfq → s'g} j:t' ck{g jf ljZjf; ug{ of]Uo kfq, c;n JolQm, ;Hhg
cfBf]kfGt → ;'¿b]lv cGTo;Dd, cflbb]lv cflv/L;Dd
lIflth → rf/}lt/ k[YjL / cfsfz hf]l/Ph:tf] b]lvg] :yfg jf uf]nf] kl/lw
pkjf; → lbge/ jf cxf]/fq ef]hg gug]{ sfd, s]xL klg gvfO{ j|t a:g] sfd, lg/fxf/
;j{eIfL → ef]Ho / cef]Ho ljrf/ gu/Lsg ;a} s'/f vfg]
9l8of → gbLgfnfdf df5f ;dfTg jf yfKg k|of]u ul/g] afF;sf sK6]/fsf] ;f]nLh:tf] kf;f] jf vf]/
ce]B → 5]8\g gx'g] jf Kjfn kfg{ g;lsg], efFRg gx'g] jf g;lsg]
s6'efifL → s7f]/ jrg af]Ng], ¿vf] jrg af]Ng]
cNkefifL → yf]/} af]Ng], sd af]Ng]
d[b'efifL → ld7f] af]Ng], dw'/efifL
ax'efifL → w]/} efiff af]Ng]
ax'?kL → ljleGg ¿k wf/0f ug]{, cg]s ¿ksf], cg]s¿kL
c3f]/L → g/fd|f] jf h] kfof] pxL vfg]

ve
sfodd'sfod → s'g} kbsf] :yfoL sd{rf/L cg'kl:yt /x]df jf kb vfnL ePdf sfd rnfpgsf nflu
;f]xL kbdf sfd ug]{ GolQm, sfo{jfxs
sfo{jfxs → s'g} JolQmsf] cg'kl:yltdf lgodfg';f/ To; GolQmsf] clwsf/ lnO{ c:yfoL ¿kdf sfd ug]{

Lo
sd{rf/L jf kbflwsf/L, sfdsf] lhDdf lng], sfo{sf/L, sfodd'sfod
kd{ → cfkm" cfkm"df cfnf]kfnf] u/L Psn] csfsf] sfd ul/lbg] rng, k/]nL, kfnf]
cj0f{gLo → j0f{g ug{ g;lsg] jf gx'g], j0f{g g} ug{' gkg]{
cJoQm → JoQm jf k|s6 gePsf], c1ft, cyfxf, k|ltkfbg ug{ g;lsg]
ly
yftL → w/f}6L, lwtf], hdfgt
sn:of}nL → ljjfx cflb d8\n sfo{df ;u'gsf ¿kdf ljz]if lsl;dn] ;hfOPsf] snz af]s]/ hGtLdf
ve

a]x'nfj]x'nLsf cufl8 lxF8\g] sGof jf ;wjf :qL

cnf}lss → o; nf]sdf gx'g] jf gkfOg], cb\e"t
(= cGtl/If;fu ;DalGwt tnsf zAbnfO{ zAbsf]zLo cg'qmddf ldnfO{ n]Vg'xf];/\ ltgsf] cy{ klg ktf
nufpg'xf];\ M
Lo

pQ/ M
!= pNsf → s'g} a]nf /ftdf cfsfzaf6 v:g nfu]sf] jf Ps lbzflt/ uO/x]sf] b]lvg] t]hMk'~h, cfsl:ds
¿kdf x'g] pTkft, pk›f], cfsfzdf crfgs k|s6 x'g] Hjfnfsf] k'~h
@= pNsflk08 → cfsfzdf crfgs k|s6 x'g] pNsfsf] ;d"x
# u|x → ;"o{ / ;"o{sf jl/kl/ 3'Dg] ;f}o{ kl/jf/s} cfsfzLo lk08, ;"o{sf] kl/qmdf ug]{ tf/f
$= 1]o → hfGg'kg]{, hfGg ;lsg], hfGg nfos, l;Sg nfos
%= tf/fk'~h → cfsfzdf b]lvg] tf/fx¿sf] ;d"x, tf/fd08n
^= w"ds]t' → k'R5|]tf/f], pNsf
&= gIfq → rG›dfsf] dfu{df b]lvg], ;f}/hutb]lv cnu /x]sf ;QfO; gIfq jf tf/fx¿sf] ;d"x
*= a|Xdf08 → k[YjL, cGtl/If, u|xgIfq cflbn] o'Qm jf cgGt nf]s / e'jgx¿ ePsf] ljZj, ;+;f/
(= /flz → s'g} j:t'sf] /f; jf y'k|f], qmflGtj[Qdf /x]sf d]if, j[if, ldy'g cflb afx" tf/fx¿sf] ;d"x
!)=;f}o{d08n → ;"o{ / ;"o{sf] jl/kl/ 3'Dg] u|xx¿sf] ;d"x
af]w tyf cleJolSt
!= …Ps lrxfgÚ pkGof;sf] klxnf] kl/R5]b k9\g'xf];\ / lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ eGg'xf];\ M
-s_ ci6gf/fgn] >LdtL, 5f]/fx¿ / 5f]/LnfO{ s] eg]/ ;DemfpF5g\ <
pQ/M Gofo / ;dtfd"ns ;dfh lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbg] k|ultjfbL Pj+ ;fdflhs oyfy{jfbL pkGof;sf/
ÅborG›l;+x k|wfgåf/f ;+/lrt “Ps lrxfg” pkGof; cfbz{jfbL, ;'wf/s Pj+ lgisk6 >dhLjLx¿sf] ;kgf
xf] clg >d;fWo hLjgsf] Oltj[QfGt xf] . k/Dk/fut ;fdflhs, cfly{s, wfld{s, Jofjxfl/s dfGotfsf
lj¿4 ;dfof]lrt pbf/ / /fli6«o b[li6 cËfNg ul/Psf] cfu|xsf ;fy ;+/lrt of] pkGof; ;fdflhs
¿kfGt/0fsf nflu ul/Psf] Jofjxfl/s qmflGtsf] gd'gf xf] . o; pkGof;sf] ;xfos kfq ci6gf/fg ;j{xf/f
ju{sf] k|ltlglwd"ns kfq, sf7df8f}Fsf] Hofk"= kl/jf/sf] d'nL, >dhLjL ul/a s[ifs, ¿l9jfbL lj/f]wL,
qmflGttsf/L Pj+ k|ultzLn, cfbz{jfbL :jfledfgL, Jofjxfl/s, zÍfn', a[4, /f]uL, C0f ug{ 8/fpg],
5f]/f5f]/Lsf] eljiok|lt lrGtf ug]{ t/ efUo jf lgoltjf6 7luPsf] nfrf/ kfq xf] .
cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ ePs} sf/0f cf}ifwf]krf/ ug{ g;sL /f]un] ylnP/ d[To'nfO{ klv{/x]sf] ci6gf/fgn]
cfˆgf] clGtd cj:yf ;Dem]/ >LdtL, 5f]/fx¿ / 5f]/LnfO{ ;DemfpFb} pgLx¿sf] nflu uf;af;sf] s'g}

ve
aGbf]a:t ug{ g;s]sf] b'Mv];f] kf]V5g\ . lhGbuLe/ k"hf k|fy{gf u/fP/ eujfGn] cfˆgf] s]xL s'/f g;'g]sf],
cfdf / alxgLnfO{ cGoyf gu/L b'Mv ;x]/ klg v'jfpg', pgLx¿sf] cfFvfdf cfF;' gkfg{' egL 5f]/fx¿nfO{
;DemfpF5g\ . ;f+;fl/stfsf] af]w u/fpFb} cfˆgf] pd]/n] leQf 5f]O;s]sf] / hLjgsf] cflv/L ;do

Lo
cfO;s]sfn] ;a}n] lrQ a'emfpg'k5{, Goyf a9L cfˆgf] hLjgfj:yf ‰Gemg\ v:sFb} uPsfn] ;fIfft\ wGjGt/L
eujfg\ g} cfP/ cf}ifwL pkrf/ u/] klg cfkm"nfO{ /f]u lgsf] gx'g] ePsfn] cf}ifwLdf Goy{ vr{ gu/ egL
;DemfpF5g\ .
-v_ ci6gf/fgn] cfˆgf] sfhlsl/ofsf nflu s:tf] aGbf]a:t ldnfPsf 5g\<
pQ/ M k|ultzLn ;fdflhs oyfy{jfbL pkGof;sf/ ÅborG›l;+x k|wfgåf/f ;+/lrt “Ps lrxfg” pkGof;
ly
k/Dk/fut ;fdflhs, cfly{s, wfld{s, Aofjxfl/s dfGotfsf lj¿4 ;dfof]lrt pbf/ / /fli6«o b[li6 cËfNg
ul/Psf] cfu|xsf ;fy ;+/lrt ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu ul/Psf] Jofjxfl/s qmflGtsf] gd'gf xf] . o;
ve

pkGof;sf] ;xfos kfq ci6gf/fg ;j{xf/f ju{sf] k|ltlglwd"ns kfq, sf7df8f}Fsf] Hofk"= kl/jf/sf] d'nL,
>dhLjL ul/a s[ifs, ¿l9jfbL lj/f]wL, qmflGtsf/L Pj+ k|ultzLn, cfbz{jfbL, :jfledfgL, Jofjxfl/s, C0f
ug{ 8/fpg], 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] eljiok|lt lrGtf ug]{ t/ efUo jf lgoltaf6 7luPsf] nfrf/ kfq xf] .
ul/aLsf sf/0f cf}ifwf]krf/ ug{ g;sL /f]un] ylnP/ d[To'nfO{ kl;{/x]sf] ci6gf/fgn] cfkm" d/]/ uPkl5
Lo

kl/jf/nfO{ ;fx'sf] C0fsf] af]em af]Sg gk/f];\ eGg] lrGtfn] ;tfPsf] b]lvG5 . ci6gf/fgn] cfˆgf]
sfhlsl/ofsf nflu cfkm"n] b'O{ jif{b]lv b'O{ k};f, rf/ k};f hlt;Sof] gvfP/ s]xL k};fsf] b/n] lbgx'F hDdf
u/L klRr; ¿lkofF df]x/ l5F8Ldf l9sLg]/ pQ/ leQflt/ vfN6f] vg]/ uf8L /fv]/ aGbf]a:t u/]sf 5g\ .
hLljt /xFbf kl/jf/sf] nflu s'g} aGbf]a:t ug{ g;s]sf}df kL8f af]w u/]sf ci6gf/fgn] cfkm" d/]kl5 klg
5f]/f5f]/Ln] ;fx'sf] C0fdf b'Ag gk/f];\ egL cfˆgf] sfhlsl/ofsf nflu cfkm" hLljt} 5Fbf gvfO{ gvfO{ k};f
hDdf u/L vfN8f]df /fvL sfhlsl/ofsf nflu aGbf]a:t ldnfPsf 5g\ .
@= lbOPsf a'FbfnfO{ ;d]6]/ …Ps lrxfgÚ pkGof;sf] kl/R5]b b'O{ / tLgsf] ;f/ n]Vg'xf];M\
-s_ ci6gf/fgsf] pkrf/ ;'? x'g'
-v_ cfˆg} 6f]nsf] u'efh'af6 Ps dlxgf, c;gsf t'o' u'efh'af6 PSsfO; lbg, dflxnf slj/fhaf6 Ps xKtf
pkrf/ u/fpg'
-u_ ci6gf/fgsf] /f]u lgsf] gx'g'
-3_ 8fS6/;Fu pkrf/ u/fpg pgLx¿;Fu k};f gx'g'
-ª_ lsl/of vr{sf nflu eg]/ /fv]sf] ?lkofFn] afa'sf] pkrf/ ug]{ lg0f{o ug'{
-r_ lzjgf/fg 8fS6/ uf]bQk|;fbsxfF hfg'
-5_ uf]bQk|;fbn] lzjgf/fgsf] cfu|xnfO{ dxOEj glbg'
-h_ ci6gf/fgnfO{ ladf/n] ;fx|f] kg'{
-em_ k'ggf/fg klg 8fS6/sxfF k'Ug'
-`_ lzjgf/fg / k'ggf/fgn] cg'/f]w ubf{ klg uf]bQk|;fb cfpg tof/ gx'g'
-6_ 3/k'Ugf;fy kfFr ?lkofF kmL lbg] saf]n u/]kl5 uf]bQk|;fb ci6gf/fgsxfF hfg tof/ x'g'
pQ/ M ;j{xf/f ju{sf] k|ltlglwd"ns kfq, sf7df8f}Fsf] Hofk",= kl/jf/sf] d'nL, >dhLjL ul/a s[ifs
ci6gf/fg l;ls:t la/fdL ePkl5 5f]/fx¿n] afa'nfO{ lgsf] agfpg C0f lnP/} eP klg pkrf/ ;'¿ u/]sf
5g\ . cfˆg} 6f]nsf] u'efh'af6 Ps dlxgf;Dd pkrf/ u/fpFbf klg pgsf] s]xL hf]/ grn]kl5 pgLx¿n]
afa'nfO{ c;gsf t'o' u'efh'af6 PSsfO; lbg;Dd pkrf/ u/fpF5g\ . t'o' u'efh'af6 klg afa'sf] ladf/
g36]kl5 pgnfO{ dflxnf slj/fhaf6 Ps xKtf;Dd pkrf/ u/fpF5g\ t/ ci6gf/fgsL /f]u lgsf] x'g ;Sb}g
. pgsf] Joyf emg\ a9\b} hfG5 . 8fS6/;Fu pkrf/ u/fpgsf nflu pgLx?;Fu k};f x'Fb}g . s]xL l;k
gnfu]kl5 ntdfofsf] ;Nnfxcg';f/ afa'n] g} cfˆgf] lsl/of vr{sf nflu eg]/ /fv]sf] ¿lkofFn] afa'sf]

ve
pkrf/ ug]{ lg0f{o u5{g\ . lzjgf/fg ckzf]r dfGb} afa'sf] pkrf/sf nflu 8fS6/ uf]bQk|;fbnfO{ lng
8fS6/sf] 3/df hfG5g\ . uf]bQk|;fbn] cfkm"n] pkrf/ u/]afkt\ k};f gkfpg] 7fgL lzjgf/fgsf] cfu|xnfO{
dxTj lb+b}gg\ . ci6gf/fgnfO{ ladf/n] emg\ ;fxf] kf/]kl5 cfdf ntdfofn] k'ggf/fgnfO{ klg 8fS6/sxfF
k7fpFl5g\ . lzjgf/fg / k'ggf/fgn] cg'/f]w ubf{ klg uf]bQk|;fb ci6gf/fgsf] pkrf/ ug{sf nflu cfpg

uf]bQk|;fb ci6gf/fgsxfF hfg tof/ x'G5g\ .

Lo
tof/ x'Fb}gg\ . lzjgf/fgn] 8fS6/nfO{ 3/k'Ugf;fy kfFr ¿lkofF kmL lbg] saf]n u/]kl5 k};fd'vL 8fS6/

#= tnsf] pkGof; c+z k9L lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\M

b'lgofFdf ;a yf]s x'g ufx|f] 5 . ;do nfU5, >d nfU5, a'l4 vlr{g'k5{ t/ k|]d x'g s]xL ufx|f] 5}g . ;do
ly
nfUb}g, >d / a'l4sf] klg vr{ xF'b}g . dflg; ;lhn}l;t Ps 38L, Psl5gd} k|]d ;DaGw hf]8\gfsf lglDt
tof/ x'G5 / ufF7f] afFWgnfO{ cufl8 a9\5 . ;dfg u'0f ePsf b'O{ dflg;sf] b'O{ xfF:bf] lbn t'?Gt}, cfFvf
lemDd ubf{ub}{ Ps x'G5, Ps aG5 . p;n] hflt x]b}{g, ;+:s[lt x]b}{g, 6f9fkg x]b}{g, vfg' nfpg', ;'vb'Mv s]xL
ve

x]b}{g . oxfF;Dd ls b'O{ JolStsf] Jojxf/ / ;DaGwnfO{ rnfpg], cl3 a9fpg] k/d ;fwg efiff;d]t ldNg]
gldNg] / hfg] ghfg]sf] jf:tf ub}{g . s;}sf] lbnl;t s;}sf] lbn xfF;]kl5 pgLx¿ Ps x'gnfO{ tTk/ x'G5g\
/ cufl8 a9\5g\ .
Lo

k|Zgx¿
-s_ k|]d x'g s]xL ufx|f] 5}g eGg'sf] tfTko{ s] xf] <
pQ/ M ¿k, u'0f, :jefj, ;fdLKo cyjf sf/djf;gf cflbsf sf/0fn] :qL k'¿ifsf| dgdf k/:k/ pTkGg x'g]
cfsif{0f, cflTdotf, cg'/fu, Kof/, k|Llt g} k|]d xf] . b'lgofFdf ;a yf]s ug{ ufxf] eP klg k|]d ug{ jf x'g
lgs} ;lhnf] x'G5 . cGo sfd ug{ w]/} ;do nfU5, >d nfU5, an / a'l4 vlr{g'k5{ t/ k|]d x'g s]xL ufxf]
5}g . k|]d ug{ ;do klg nfUb}g, >d / a'l4sf] klg vr{ x'Fb}g . :qL k'¿ifn] Ps csf{nfO{ b]Vgf;fy ¿k, u'0f,
:jefj, ;fdLKo cyjf sfdjf;gf cflbsf sf/0f ;lhn}l;t Ps 38L, Psl5gd} k|]d ;DaGw hf]8\gfsf lglDt
cft'/ x'G5g\ . elgG5, "Ùk|]d cGwf] x'G5, g e"t g eljio x]l/G5 ."Ù k|]dfsif{0f lta| ePkl5 dflg; nugufF7f]
afFWgnfO{ ;d]t tTk/ x'G5 . k|]ldn dflg; bfofFafofF s]xL g;f]rL s]xL 38Ldf g} k|Lltsf] ;'gf}nf] ;+;f/df
x/fpg k'U5 eGg' g} k|]d x'g s]xL ufxf] 5}g eGg'sf] tfTko{ s] xf] .
-v_ lbOPsf] pkGof; c+zdf k|]dsf ;DaGwdf s;/L JofVof ul/Psf] 5 <
pQ/ M b'lgofFdf ;a} yf]s x'g ufxf] eP klg k|]d x'g s]xL ufxf] 5}g . k|]d 5f]6f] ;dodf g} ;lhn}l;t x'G5 .
k|]d ug{sf nflu g t w]/} >d ug{'k5{ g t a'l4sf] g} vr{ x'G5 . ;dfg u'0f ePsf b'O{ dflg;sf] b'O{ xfF:bf]
lbn t'¿Gt}, cfFvf leDd ubf{ub}{ Ps x'G5, Ps aG5 . dflg; dgdg} Pscsf{k|lt cfslif{t eO{ k|]d ;DaGw
hf]8g\ fsf lglDt tof/ x'G5 / nugufF7f] afFWg;d]t tTk/ x'G5 . k|]d ug]{ dflg;n] hflt ;+:s[lt, 6f9fkg,
vfg' nfpg', ;'vb'Mv s]xL x]b}{g . Pscsf{sf] efiff;d]t ldNg] gldNg] / hfg] ghfg]sf] jf:tf ub}{g . s;}sf]
lbnl;t s;}sf] lbn xfF;]kl5, Pscsf{k|ltsf] cfsif{0f lta| ¿kdf a9]kl5 pgLx? Pscsf{sfdf cleGg
7fG5g\ clg Ps x'gnfO{ tTk/ x'G5g\ / cufl8 a9\5g\ . o;/L k|]d :qL k'¿ifsf dgdf k/:k/ pTkGg x'g]
cfsif{0f, cflTdotf, cg'/fu xf] h'g 5f]6f] ;dodf g} a;L b'O{ lbn Ps eO{ Pscsf{sf kl/k'/s 7fgL
nugufF7f] afFWg;d]t tTk/ x'G5g\ egL pko{'Qm pkGof;sf] c+zdf k|]dsf ;DaGwdf GofVof ul/Psf] 5 .
$= ci6gf/fgn] dg]{ j]nfdf cfˆgf 5f]/fnfO{ ls;fgsf] l;4fGtsf af/]df atfPsf 5g\. pgn] atfPsf
ls;fgsf l;4fGt s] s] x'g\, pkGof;sf] 5}6f}F kl/R5]b k9L pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
pQ/ M cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;sf] If]qdf k|ultjfbL wf/fsf ;zQm kl/jt{gzLn, cu|ufdL, lj›f]xL Pj+
qmflGtsf/L ljrf/ k|s6 ug]{ pkGof;sf/ ÅborG›l;+x k|wfgåf/f ;+/lrt “Ps lrxfg” pkGof; cfbz{jfbL,
Jofjxfl/s qmflGtsf] gd'gf xf] . o; pkGof;sf] ;xfos kfq ci6gf/fg ;j{xf/f ju{sf] k|ltlglwd"ns kfq,
sf7df8f}+sf] Hofk"= >dhLjL ul/a s[ifs, ¿l9jfbL lj/f]wL, k|ultzLn, cfbz{jfbL :jfledfgL, Jofjxfl/s,
5f]/f5f]/Lsf] eljiok|lt lrGtf ug]{ kfq xf] . sd{of]usf] dGq hKg] sd{of]uL Pj+ >dhLjL ;'wf/s Pj+ lgisk6

ve
>dhLjLx¿sf] ;kgf xf] clg ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu ul/Psf] ul/a s[ifs ci6gf/fgn] dg]{ j]nfdf
cfˆgf 5f]/fnfO{ ls;fgsf] l;4fGtsf af/]df ;f/e"t l;4fGtx¿ atfPsf 5g\ . dfgf /f]k]/ d'/L kmnfpg]
s[ifssf] dxfg\ kj{ c;f/ dlxgfdf ls;fgsf] 5f]/fn] d/]sf] afa'nfO{ ;d]t ˆofFs]/ c;f/sf] k"hf ug{'k5{ .

Lo
c;f/ laUo|f] eg] ls;fgsf] Ps jif{sf] ;f}efUo lau|G5 . s[ifsn] v]tdf hlt wfO/xG5 plt g} v]tL ;k|G5. of]
g} ls;fgsf nflu dxfdGq xf] clg lbIff klg xf] egL ls;fgsf] l;åfGtsf] af/]df atfPsf 5g\ .
%= d/]kl5 ul/g] sfhlj|mof / bfgblIf0ff;DaGwL ci6gf/fgsf] ljrf/;Fu tkfO{Fsf] ;xdlt jf ljdlt s] 5,
ts{;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ .
pQ/ M cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;sf] If]qdf k|ultjfbL wf/fsf kl/jt{gzLn, cu|ufdL, lj›f]xL Pj+ qmflGtsf/L
ly
ljrf/ k|s6 ug]{ pkGof;sf/ ÅborG›l;+x k|wfgåf/f ;+/lrt “Ps lrxfg” pkGof; cfbz{jfbL, ;'wf/s Pj+
lgisk6 >dhLjLx¿sf] ;kgf xf] clg ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu ul/Psf] Jofjxfl/s qmflGtsf] gd'gf
sf7df8f}Fsf] xf] . o; pkGof;sf] ;xfos kfq ci6gf/fg ;j{xf/f ju{sf] k|ltlglwd"ns kfq, Hofk"= >dhLjL
ve

ul/a s[ifs, ¿l9jfbL lj/f]wL, qmflGtsf/L Pj+ k|ultzLn, cfbz{jfbL, :jfledfgL, Jofjxfl/s qmflGtsf gd'gf
kfq x'g\ . ;lbcfFb]lv g]kfnL ;dfhdf GofKt x'g] vfg] / x'Fbf vfg] b'O{ ju{ljrsf] cfly{s lje]bsf] vf8n
uDeL/ 5 . ;j{xf/f ljkGg ju{sf gful/sx¿n] cf8Da/L, ¿l9jfbL, cGwljZjf;L k/Dk/fut wd{ / ;+:s[ltsf
Lo

gfpFdf ;s;k"0f{ hLjg afFRg ljjz 5g\ . k|ultzLn ljrf/ /fVg] ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu Jofjxfl/s
qmflGt ug]{, juL{o lje]bsf] cGTo u/L Gofo / ;dtfd"ns ;dfh lgdf{0fsf] rfxfgf /fVg] ci6gf/fgn]
ul/ax¿n] d/]kl5 g;lssg klg ug{'kg]{ sfhlsl/of / bfgblIf0ffnfO{ cdfGo dfq} geO{ p3f8 g}
v'jfOlbPsf lyP . ci6gf/fgsf] o; ljrf/ / sfo{k|lt d k"0f{ ;xdt 5' .
;+:s[ltsf] k/Dk/fut eP klg ckl/jt{gzLn eg] x'Fb}g . ;dosf] ult;Fu} dfgjLo hLjgz}nL klg kl/jt{g
x'Fb} hfG5 . ;do, ;Gbe{ / cfjZos+tfcg';f/ ;+:s[lt klg ;dofg's"n / kl/is[t x'Fb} hfg'k5{ cGoyf
¿l9jfbL / cGwljZjf;L k/Dk/fn] u|:t ;+:s[lt ;+:s[lt geP/ s';+:sf/ xf] h'g nfdf] ;do l6Sg ;Sb}g .
s'g} klg ;+:sf/ af]lemnf] / ljkGg ju{sf gful/snfO{ ;f:tL lbg] vfnsf] eof] eg] ;+:s[ltk|lt g} ljt[i0ff
hfUb} hfG5 / sfnfGt/df kl/dflh{t ;+:s[lts} cl:tTj w/fkdf k5{ . cGwlj:jf;, lje]b, zf]if0f, pTkL8g
cflb ;+:s[lt geP/ ljs[lt x'g\ h;nfO{ cGTo u/L ;dofg';f/ lje]b/lxt ;femf ;+:s[lt lgdf{0fsf] ofqfdf
xfdL h'6\g'k5{ . ci6gf/fgn] d/]kl5 ul/g] larfM cfpg] k|yf, sfhlsl/of, bfgblIf0ff, ef]het]/ h:tf
cGwk/Dk/fnfO{ 3[0ff Pj+ cfnf]rgf ug{'sf ;fy} cdfGo l;4 u/]sf lyP . xfdLn] ul/a ju{nfO{ bf; agfpg]
cGwljZjf;L Pj+ cf8Dj/L ;+:s[lt kl/dfh{g ug{'k5{ . ;a}sf] ;femf ;+:s[lt agfpg'k5{ . ci6gf/fgsf] h:t}
k|ultzLn ljrf/ /fVg'k5{ . ;dosf] ult;Fu} lx+F8\g'kb{5 eGg] d]/f] ljrf/ 5 .
^= …Ps lrxfgÚ pkGof;df g]kfnL ;dfhsf] s:tf] cj:yfsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5, j0f{g ug'{xf];. \
pQ/ M cfbzf]{Gd'v ;fdflhs oyfy{jfbL cf}kGofl;s wf/fnfO{ cËfNg] k|ultzLn pkGof;sf/ ÅborG›l;+x
k|wfg -!(&@–@)!^_ åf/f ;+/lrt “Ps lrxfg” -@)!&_ pkGof; cfbz{jfbL, Pj+ lgisk6 >dhLjLx¿sf]
;kgf xf] clg >d;fWo hLjgsf] Oltj[QfGt xf] . k/Dk/fut ;fdflhs, cfly{s, wfld{s, Jofjxfl/s dfGotfsf
lj¿4 ;dfof]lrt pbf/ / /fli6«o b[li6 cËfNg ul/Psf] cfu|xsf ;fy ;+/lrt of] pkGof; ;dfh ;'wf/sf]
:j/ p/fNb} b'MvfGt aGg k'u]sf] 5 . Jofjxfl/s ;fdflhs hLjgdf k|rlnt cGw k/Dk/f, c;fdflhs
/Lltlylt / hftLo k[yQmfjfbL k|rng Pj+ x'Fbf vfg] / x'g]vfg] ju{sf] cfly{s c;dfgtfsf] ;]/f]km]/f]df ;+/lrt
g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ;¿kfGt/0fsf nflu ul/Psf] Jofjxfl/s qmflGtsf] gd'gf xf], “Ps lrxfg” pkGof; .
ax';Î\os ul/aLsf] lg/k]If /]vfd'lg /x]sf ;j{xf/f lakGg ju{sf gful/lssf] cfly{s kL8fsf] qmGbg / To;sf]
kl/0fltnfO{ k[i7e"ld agfOPsf] ;dfhsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5, “Ps lrxfg” pkGof;df . cyjf cGthf{tLo
j}jflxs ;DaGw hf]Gg], dbf{kbf{ ;+:sf/sf ¿kdf g;sLsg klg ug{'kg]{ bfg, wd{, ef]h, et]/ h:tf afWosf/L

ve
;+:s[lt clg bfOhf] k|yf / cgd]n cg'lrt k|]d;DaGwh:tf ultljlwx¿ /x]sf] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] lrq0f
ul/Psf] 5 .
d"ntM o; pkGof;df lj= ;+= @)!% ;fneGbf cufl8sf] sf7df8f}+ ;x/ jl/kl/sf] juL{o lje]b, hftLo

Lo
lje]b, n}8Þl\s lje]b, ax'eflifs, ax';fF:s[lts ¿l9jfbL cGwk/Dk/fn] u|:t lje]bhGo ;fdflhs cj:yfsf]
lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnL ;dfhdf x'g] vfg] ;De|fGt clehfTo ju{ / x'Fbf vfg] ;j{xf/f ljkGg ju{sf
gful/sx¿larsf] cfly{s c;dfgtf tyf juL{o lje]bo'Qm g]kfnL ;dfhsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . x'g] vfg]
pRr ju{sf ;fx', dxfhg Pj+ zf]ifs ;fdGt ju{sf] k|ltlglwTj ;'Aaf ;'/dfg / 8f= uf]bQk|;fbn] u/]sf 5g\
eg] ;j{xf/f ljkGg ju{sf zf]lift kLl8t lgDg ju{sf gful/ssf] k|ltlglwTj ci6gf/fgn] u/]sf] 5g\ . pRr
ly
ju{sf x'g] vfg]x¿n] ljleGg hfnem]n, if8\oGqsf tfgfafgf a'g]/ ul/a Pj+ lgDg ju{sf gful/sx¿dfly ug]{
zf]if0f, bdg, cGofo, cTofrf/k"0f{ ;fdGtL Gojxf/nfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . k};fd'vL cdfgjLo rl/q ePsf]
ve

8f= uf]bQn] lagfk};f pkrf/ ug{ gvf]Hg' clg k};f kfpg] nf]edf pkrf/ ug{ uPkl5 gfgLys'Fsf] hjfgLk|lt
cfslif{s eO{ p;nfO{ cfˆgL agfpg vf]Hg' clg a'9f] ;'Aaf ;'/dfgn] gfgLys}nfO{ hfnL s'/f agfO{ cfˆgL
agfpg vf]Hg'n] :jfyL{, ef]uljnf;L sfd's pRr ju{sf zf]ifs ;fdGtx¿n] ul/a ju{dflu ug]{ zf]if0f,
bdgsf] jf:tljstfnfO{ lrq0f u/]sf] 5 . lzIff / :jf:Yodf pRr ju{s} Psflwsf/ ePsf] lje]hGo
Lo

zf]if0fo'Qm ;dfhsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . ;j{xf/f ju{n] hlt x•L 3f]6]klg b'O{ 5fs 6fg{ / Ps;/f] nfpg
d'l:sn kg]{ >dzf]lift ;dfh lrq0f 5 . ci6gf/fgh:tf ;j{xf/f ul/ax¿ cxf]/fq vl6Fbf, hf]lt+bf klg /f]u,
ef]s / zf]sn] ylnP/ dg{'kg]{ ;fdGtL ;dfhsf] lrq0f 5 . ax'hflt, ax'efifL, ax';+:s[ltn] ljljwtfo'Qm
g]kfnL ;dfhsf] lrq0f 5 hxfF x'g]vfg]sf] ;dfhdf ul/ax¿ ;fF:s[lts bf; ag]/ afFRg'kg]{ afWosf/L
;dfhsf] lrq0f 5 . el/of, dhb'/, l;sdL{, 8sdL{, HofdL, s[ifsx¿n] >dsf] d"No kfpg g;s]sf], bogLo
hLjgbzf km]l/g g;s]sf] zf]if0fo'Qm ;dfhsf] lqr0f ul/Psf] 5 . k|ultzLn ljrf/ /fVg] ci6gf/fgsf]
kl/jf/sf] r]tgf hfu/0f;Fu} s';+:sf/ tf]8\b} zf]if0f / bdgsf lj¿4 hfu]sf] tYon] ;dfh ¿kfGt/0fsf]
lbzftˆkm cufl8 a9]sf] ;8\]t ub{5 .
&= …Ps lrxfgÚ pkGof;sf cfwf/df lbOPsf kfqsf] rl/q lrq0f ug'{xf];M\
-s_ lzjgf/fg M
lzjgf/fg ul/a s[ifs ci6gf/fgsf] h]7f] 5f]/f] xf] . kfl/jfl/s lhDd]jf/L af]w ug]{ st{Golgi7 kfq xf] eg]
pkGof;sf] pm k|d'v kfq xf] . k];fn] pm ldlxg]tL s[ifs xf] . pm ul/j eP klg :jfledfgL b]lvG5 . afa'sf]
k|ultzLn ljrf/nfO{ dgg ug]{ C|flGtsf/L kfq xf] . kfl/jfl/s Pj+ cleefjsLo lhDd]jf/L af]w ug]{ clg
kl/>dL s[ifs xf] . cfly{s ljkGgtfsf sf/0f afa'+sf] pkrf/ ug{ g;Sbf lxgtfaf]w ug]{ kfq xf] . afa'n]
cfˆg} clGtd ;+:sf/sf nflu klRr; ¿lkofF l5F8Ldf uf8]/ /fv]sf] yfxf kfpFbf ckzf]r u5{ eg] ToxL k};fn]
afa'sf] pkrf/ ug{'kbf{ kL8faf]w u5{ . afa'sf] d[To'kZrft\ of}jg kmqm]sL !& jif]{ alxgL gfgLys'Fsf] ;dodf
g} ljjfx ul/lbg g;Sbf kL8f af]w ub{5' . lzjgf/fgnfO{ o'usf] ult / :jtGqtfsf] /fd|f];Fu af]w 5 .
:jtGqtfsf gfddf h;n], hf];Fu h:tf] klg k|]d u/]/ lxF8\g gkfpg] ljrf/ /fVb5 . cleefjsn] kl/jf/sf
;b:ox¿ sf] / s:tf];Fu k|]d ;DaGw /fv]sf 5g\ Vofn ug{'kGg] ljrf/ /fVb5 . alxgL / 8fS6/sf] ;DaGwsf
af/]df zÍf ug]{ zÍfn' klg 5 . lzjgf/fg ;+oldt clg lj›f]xL b'a} k|s[ltsf] kfq xf] .
k};fd'vL cdfgjLo 8f= uf]bQk|;fbn] gfgLys'FnfO{ k|]d u/]sf] yfxf kfPkl5 l/;n] cfuf] ePklg ;+oldt x'G5
eg] ;fdGtL ;'Aaf ;'/dfgsf] sfl/Gbfssf] s'l6n rfnk|lt cfqmf]l;t x'Fb} cfqmfds aGb5 . pm ;xgzLn clg
lj›f]xL b'j} u'0f]n] o'Qm 5 . pm ax'hftLo g]kfnL ;dfhdf hftLo lje]b x6f];\ eGg] rfxG5 . cGthf{tLo
j}jflxs ;DaGwn] hftLo lje]b x6L hftLo ;b\efj sfod eO{ /fli6«o Pstf alnof] x'g] ljZjf; ug]{
/fi6«k|]dL xf] . To;}n] lzjgf/fgn] sfG5f] efO xif{gf/fgnfO{ dfOnf tfdfªsL 5f]/L k'tnLnfO{ ljjfx ug{
cg'dlt lbG5 clg alxgL gfgLys'FnfO{ t/fO{af;L /fdv]nfjg /fpt;Fu ljjfx u/fOlbPsf] 5 . bfOhf]sf]

ve
¿kdf /fli6«o em08f / s[lif cf}hf/x¿ lbPsfn] pm ;Rrf b]zeQm clg s[ifs xf] . o;/L x]bf{ lzjgf/fg
k|d'v kfq, ldlxg]tL s[ifs, ul/j t/ :jfledfgL, k|ultzLn, kfl/jfl/s Pj+ cleefjsLo lhDd]jf/L af]w ug]{,
c;n klt, c;n bfh', xsL, ;xgzLn, lj›f]xL, ;TojfbL, zÍfn', cfzfjfbL, cfj]u / ljj]s b'j} ePsf],
ljrf/ Ifdtf ePsf], s'/Llt / s';+:sf/ lj/f]wL, ;dtfd"ns ;dfh rfxg], /fi6«k|]dL ;t\ kfq xf] .
-v_ /~hgfb]jL M
Lo
/~hgfb]jL o; pkGof;sL ;xfos kfq x'g\ . pgL 8f= uf]bQk|;fbsL kTgL x'g\ . pgL gf/L d"No /
cl:dtfk|lt ;r]t l5g\ . pgL k9]n]v]sL af}l4s gf/L x'g\ . :yL/ rl/q ePsL, cfˆgf] efUo / eljiok|lt
;r]t rt'/ clg b"/bzL{ gf/L x'g\ . pgn] cfˆgf] klt 8f= uf]bQk|;fbn] ci6gf/fgsL 5f]/L gfgLys'F;Fusf] k|]d
ly
;DaGw a9fpFb} uPsf] rfn kfPkl5 kltnfO{ s8f zAb k|xf/ u/L ;r]t agfpg'sf ;fy} gfgLys'nfO{ cfˆg}
e/df af]nfO{ gf/L d"No / cl:dtfsf] af/]df ;DemfOa'emfO u/L cfˆgf] efUo / eljiok|lt ;r]t x'g] af}l4s /
rt'/ gf/L x'g\ . pgL af}l4s dlxnf ju{sL juL{o rl/q klg x'g\ . pgL kl/kSj Pj+ :yL/ rl/q ePsL ;t\
ve

kfq x'g\ . pgn] cfˆgf] kl/kSj Gojxf/ / lqmofsnfkn] cfkm"n] ;f}tf a]xf]g{'kg]{ cj:yfnfO{ 6f/]sL l5g\ . pgL
rnfv clg b"/bzL{ rl/qsL b]lvlG5g\ . pgn] cfˆgf] clg gfgLys'Fsf] eljio a/afb x'gaf6 hf]ufPsL l5g\
clg kltnfO{ ktLt x'gaf6 hf]ufPsL l5g\ . o;/L x]bf{ 8fS6/sL kTgL /~hgfb]jL pkGof;sL ;xfos kfq,
Lo

gf/L d"No / cl:dtfk|lt ;r]t, af}l4s, rt'/ clg b"/bzL{ gf/L, efUo / eljiok|lt ;r]t, juL{o rl/q,
kl/kSj= ;t\ kfq, :yL/ rl/q, b"/bzL{ gf/L rl/q x'g\ .
-u_ gfgLys'F M
gfgLys'F o; pkGof;sL k|d'v gf/L kfq, gflosf Pj+ s]G›Lo kfq xf] . ci6gf/fgsL 5f]/L gfgLys'F ;f]emL,
cNnf/], clzlIft !& jif]{ lszf]/L xf] . v]tLls;fgL Pj+ cfdfnfO{ tfg a'Gg ;3fpFg] clg 3/sf] sfdsfh ug]{
cgk9 gf/L xf] . p;df cfˆgf] eljiok|lt ;xL lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf b]lvFb}g . pm gf/L d"No / cl:dtfk|lt ;r]t
x'g ;s]sL 5}g . w]/} kfsf] pd]/sf], ljjflxt k'¿if clg 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] afa' 8fS6/ uf]bQk|;fb;Fu cg'lrt k|]d
u5]{ / lax] ug]{ rfxgf /fV5] . lszf]/fj:yfsL gfgLys'F cb"/bzL{, ckl/kSj cNnf/] rl/qsf] ¿kdf b]lvG5] .
afa'sf] cfbz{nfO{ dgg ug]{, bfh'nfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ kfq xf] . bfh' lzjgf/fgn] xkfb}{ :jtGqtf / k|]dsf] af/]df
;hu / ;r]t u/fPkl5 clg 8f= uf]bQk|;fbsL kTgL /~hgfn] gf/L d"No / cl:dtfsf] af/]df ;DemfPkl5
gf/L r]tgf hfuL ;r]t ag]sL 5] clg 8fS6/n] ;fFemkv cfP/ eufpg vf]Hbf efu]sL 5}g . ;'¿df 8fS6/sL
k|]ldsf agL axlsP klg cGttM k|]dsf] nx8df kmF;]/ cfˆgf] efUo / eljio a/afb ug{ gx'g] lg0f{odf k'uL
;hu / ;r]t ag]sL 5] . gfgLys'Fn] /fdv]nfjg /fpt;Fu k|]d ljjfx u/]sL 5] . o;/L x]bf{ pm ultzLn
rl/qsf] ¿kdf b]lvG5] . o;/L x]bf{ gfgLys'F ci6gf/fgsL 5f]/L, k|d'v gf/L kfq, gflosf Pj+ s]G›Lo kfq, !&
 jif]{ lszf]/L, ;f]emL, cNnf/], clzlIft, gf/L d"No / cl:dtfk|lt ;r]t x'g g;Sg], ;xL lg0f{o Ifdtf gePsL,
;:tf] k|]d ug]{, cb"/bzL{, lszf]/fj:yfsL, 8fS6/sL k|]ldsf, w]/} kfsf] / ljjflxt k'¿if;Fu dfof / lax] ug]{
rfxgf /fVg], bfh' / 8f= uf]bQk|;fbsL kTgL /~hgfn] gf/L d"No / cl:dtfsf] af/]df ;DemfPkl5 ;r]t
ag]sL ultzLn rl/q xf] .
*= 8fS6/ uf]bQk|;fb / ;'/dfg ;'Aafsf rl/qdf kfOg] ;dfgtf s] s] x'g, \ …Ps lrxfgÚ pkGof;sf cfwf/df
n]Vg'xf];\ .
pQ/ M Ps lrxfg pkGof;df k|o'Qm 8fS6/ uf]bQk|;fb / ;'/dfg ;'Aaf b'j}sf rfl/lqs u'0fx¿df w]/}
;dfgtf kfOG5 . oL b'j} x'g] vfg] ;DkGg pRr ju{sf juL{o rl/q x'g\ . oL b'j} pkGof;df ;xfos Pj+
gsf/fTds rl/qsf sn'lift efjgf ePsf vnkfqsf ¿kdf b]lvPsf 5g\ . uf]bQk|;fb k]zfn] 8fS6/ t/ pm
;]jfd'vL eGbf klg k};fd'vL cdfgjLo rl/q xf] . lagfk};f s;}sf] klg pkrf/ gug]{ dfgjtfxLg rl/q xf]
eg] ;'/dfg klg ul/ax¿nfO{ zf]if0f, bdg ug]{ ;fdGtL tlN;ª xf] . k};f kfpg] kSsf ePkl5 ci6gf/fgsf]
pkrf/ ug{ uPsf] 8fS6/ ;q jif]{ o'jtL gfgLys'Fsf] hjfgL b]Vbf lu4] gh/ nufpF5 / k|]dsf] hfn /rL
cfˆgL agfpg] k|of; u5{ eg] krf; jif]{ a'9f] ;'Aaf ;'/dfg klg cfˆgf] sfl/Gbf /fdaxfb'/dfkm{t ci6gf/fgn]

ve
5f]/L lbg] jrg lbPsf] hfnL s'/f agfO{ cfly{s k|nf]egdf kf/L ev{/} of}jg kmqm]sL ;q jif]{ gfgLys'FnfO{
cfˆgL agfpg] b':k|of; u5{ . oL b'a}sf] Pp6} :jfy{ gfgLys'Fsf] hjfgL g} b]lvG5 . oL b'j}n] gfgLys'FnfO{
kfpgsf nflu wg vr{ ug{ kl5 k/]sf 5}gg\ . oL b'j} zf]ifs, ;fdGt, hfnL, n'6\g' km6fxf, c¿sf l;wf;f]emf
5f]/Lr]nLdfly lub\a]gh/ nufpg] sfd's, :qLnDk6, of}glkkf;' x'g\ . oL b'j} wg;DklQ g} ;a}yf]s 7fGg]
Lo
›Golkzfr x'g\ . wgsf] /jfkm b]vfpg], nf]eL= kfkL, hfnL, km6fxf, sk6L, e|i6, ktLt, c;t\ , sfd's, b'i6,
gf/LnfO{ of}g ljnfl;tfsf] ;fwg 7fGg], ls;fgk|lt ;xfg'e"ltsf] gf}68ÞL /rL lgxLt :jfy{sf] v]n v]Ng] b'i6
dgf]j[lQsf w"t{ Ajf;fx¿ x'g\ . oL b'j} pRr ju{sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ juL{o rl/q x'g\ .
(= …Ps lrxfgÚ pkGof;df xif{gf/fg / k'tnL tyf gfgLys'F / /fdv]nfjg /fptsf larsf] ljjfxaf6
ly
pkGof;n] s] ;Gb]z lbg vf]h]sf] 5, :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ .
pQ/ M cfbzf]{Gd'v ;fdflhs oyfy{jfbL cf}kGofl;s wf/fnfO{ cËfNg] k|ultzLn pkGof;sf/ ÅborG›l;+x
k|wfgåf/f ;+/lrt “Ps lrxfg” ;fdflhs oyfy{ ljifoj:t'nfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] ;fdflhs pkGof; xf] . o;
ve

pkGof;df k/Dk/fut ;fdflhs, cfly{s, wfld{s, Jofjxfl/s dfGotfsf lj¿4 ;dfof]lrt pbf/ / /fli6«o
b[li6 cËfNg cfu|x ub}{ ;dfh ;'wf/sf] rfxgf k|s6 ul/Psf] 5 . o; pkGof;df d'VotM ljhftLo cyjf
cGthf{tLo j}jflxs ;DaGw hf]/g], dbf{kbf{ ;+:sf/sf ¿kdf g;sLsg klg ug{'kg]{ bfg, wd{, ef]h, et]/
Lo

h:tf jfWosf/L ;+:s[lt clg bfOhf] k|yf / cgd]n cg'lrt k|]d;DaGwh:tf d'Vo ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;d]l6Psf]
kfOG5 . ljhftLo Pj+ cGthf{tLo j}jflxs ;DaGwnfO{ ckgfpFb} hfFbf ax'hftLotfdf cfa4 xfd|f] g]kfnL
;+:s[lt d"No dfGotfx¿ klg qmlds ¿kdf /fli6«otftkm{ pGd'v eO{ hftLo lje]b, å]if, snxsf] efj;d]t
x6\b} hfg] 5 eGg] ;Gb]z lbg vf]lhPsf] 5, Ps lrxfg pkGof;df .
+02Ps lrxfg pkGof;df xif{gf/fg / k'tnL tyf gfgLys'F / /fdv]nfjg /fptsf larsf] ljjfxaf6
pkGof;n] k/Dk/fut k'/ftgjfbL dfGotf, hfteft, ef]het]/, bfgblIf0f, bfOhf], sf];]nLkft, t8se8ssf]
j}jflxs ;+:sf/nfO{ tf]8\b} g]jf/ ;d'bfosf xif{gf/fg / tfdfª hftsL k'tnLsf] j}jflxs ;DaGw :yflkt
u/fPsf 5g\ clg sf7df8f}Fsf] g]jf/ ;d'bfosL gfgLys'F / dw];L /fdv]nfjg /fptsf] j}jflxs ;DaGw hf]8]/
ljhftLo Pj+ cGthf{tLo ljjfx u/fP/ g]kfnL ;dfhsf] hfltjfbL k|yfnfO{ g} r'gf}lt lbPsf 5g\ . b'nxL
leTof{pFbf cyjf b'nxL cGdfpFbf g t k/Dk/fut 9/f{ ckgfOPsf] 5 g t bfOhf] sf];]nLkftsf] cf8Dj/nfO{
g} cËflnPsf] 5 . lzjgf/fgn] gfgLys'F / /fdv]nfjg /fptsf] ljjfxdf k|ultzLn z}nLnfO{ ckgfpFb} kmh'n
vr{ / bfOhf] k|yfsf] lj/f]w ub}{ s[lif cf}hf/sf ;fydf Pp6f v's'/L, efbufpFn] 6f]kL, g]kfnsf] gS;f lbP/
k7fpF5g\ eg] dflxnf tfdfª\n] 5f]/L k'tnL / xif{gf/fgsf] ljjfxdf 8f]sf], gfDnf] / xFl;ofsf ;fydf g]kfn
xF;fpg] sf]l;; u/ egL k7fpF5 . oL b'j} hf]8Lsf] ljjfxdf bfOhf] k|yf, bfgblIf0ff, ef]het]/, t8se8s,
cf8Da/LkgnfO{ alx:sf/ u/L ;fF:s[lts k|ultzLntfsf] ;Gb]z lbOPsf] 5 . ljhftLo Pj+ cGthf{tLo
j}jflxs ;DaGwnfO{ ckgfpFb} hfFbf ax'hftLotfdf cfa4 xfd|f] g]kfnL ;+:s[lt d"No dfGotfx¿ klg qmlds
¿kdf /fli6«otftkm{ pGd'v eO{ hftLo lje]b, å]if, snxsf] efj;d]t x6\b} hfg] 5 eGg] ;Gb]z lbg vf]lhPsf]
5 . lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO, dw]; ;a} xfdL g]kfnL Ps eP/ /fli6«o Pstf / ;d[l4sf] dfu{ ckgfpg'kg]{ ;Gb]z
lbg vf]lhPsf] 5. g;sLsg klg ug{'kg]{ bfg, wd{, ef]h, et]/ h:tf afWosf/L ;+:s[lt clg bfOhf] k|yfsf]
lj/f]w u/L ;dfof]lrt ;Eo / ;';+:s[t ;dfh lgdf{0f ug{'kg]{ ;Gb]z lbg vf]lhPsf] 5 . s[lifk|wfg b]z
g]kfnsf xfdL g]kfnLx¿n] s[lif k]zfnfO{ ;Ddfg ug{'k5{, ljhftLo j}jflxs ;DaGwn] hftLo ;b\efj clg
;fF:s[lts d]nn] /fli6o Pstf dha't x'g] ;Gb]z lbg vf]h]sf] 5 . k'/ftg Pj+ cf8Dj/L ;+:sf/nfO{ TofuL
Jofjxfl/s Pj+ k|ultzLn ljrf/nfO{ ckgfO{ Gofo, ;dtfd"ns, lje]b/xLt ;Eo / ;';+:s[t ;d[4 ;dfh
lgdf{0fdf xfdL ;a} h'6\g'kg]{ ;Gb]z lbg vf]lhPsf] 5, o; pkGof;df .
!)= …Ps lrxfgÚ pkGof;sf] cGTo tkfO{FnfO{ l7s jf a]l7s s:tf] nfUof] < olb tkfO{F To;sf] n]vs
x'g'ePsf] eP o;nfO{ s;/L cGTo ug'{x'GYof], cfˆgf] ljrf/ n]Vg'xf];.\

ve
pQ/ M cfbzf]{Gd'v ;fdflhs oyfy{jfbL cf}kGofl;s wf/fnfO{ cËfNg] k|ultzLn pkGof;sf/ ÅborG›l;+x
k|wfgåf/f ;+/lrt 'ÙPs lrxfg'Ù pkGof; cfbz{jfbL, ;'wf/s Pj+ lgisk6 >dhLjLx¿sf] ;kgf xf] clg
>d;fWo hLjgsf] Oltj[QfGt xf] . k/Dk/fut ;fdflhs, cfly{s, wfld{s, Jofjxfl/s dfGotfsf lj¿4
;dfof]lrt pbf/ / /fli6«o b[li6 cËfNg ul/Psf] cfu|xsf ;fy ;+/lrt of] pkGof; ;dfh ;'wf/sf] :j/
Lo
p/fNb} b'MvfGt aGg k'u]sf] 5 . Ps lrxfg pkGof;sf] cGTo dnfO{ l7s} g} nfUof] lsgls ljifoj:t' /
zLif{scg';f/ cf}kGol;s syfj:t'sf] ;dfkg ug{'kg]{ x'G5 g} . ul/a ;j{xf/f ju{sf] kL8fbfoL hLjgsf] b'vb\
sxfgL Pj+ >d;fWo hLjgsf] Oltj[QfGt xf], of] pkGof; To;}n] pkGof;sf] cGTo s;/L ;'vb\ x'g ;S5 / <
olb ;kl/jf/sf] b'Mvb\ cGTo gx'Fbf] xf] t Ps lrxfg zLif{s klg ;fy{s x'g] s'/} ePg . tyflk olb d n]vs
ly
x'Gy]+ eg] qmflGttsf/L ;fdflhs cleoGtf v8f u/L ;j{xf/f ju{sf] d'lQmbftf agfO{ lj›f]xsf] Hjfnf 3GsfpFb}
;j{xf/f ju{nfO{ Ps l9Ssf agfO{ hgo'4 u/L ;fdlGt ;dfh / ;Qf 9fnL Gofo / ;dtfd"ns ;dfh lgdf{0f
eP/ b]z ;d[l4sf] lbzftkm{ nDs]sf] clg hgtfsf] hLjg ablnPsf] cj:yfdf pkGof; klg ;'vfGt aGYof]
ve

eg] ;fdGtsf] k/fho / ;j{xf/fsf] ljho g} kl/0flt x'GYof] . g ci6gf/fgsf ;Gtltsf] d[To' x'GYof] g Ps
lrxfg zLif{s g} x'GYof] a¿ gofF o'u zLif{s x'g ;SYof] .
!!= lbOPsf] pkGof; c+zaf6 d'Vo d'Vo 36gf l6Kg'xf];\M
Lo

cfh lzjgf/fgsf] v]tdf /f]kfOF eO/x]sf] 5 . cfh cfˆgf] v]tsf] /f]kfOFsf] lbg x'gfn] k'ggf/fg / xif{gf/fg
klg cfˆgf] l;sdL{ / HofdLsf] sfddf guO{ v]tdf /f]kfOF ug{ h'l6/x]sf 5g\ . ntdfof / gfgLys'F klg
/f]kfOFdf nflu/x]sf 5g\ . cfh lzjgf/fgsf] kl/jf/sf ;f/f ;b:o /f]kfOFsf] sfddf dUgd:t 5g\ . ;a v';L,
bª\u eP/, gfr]/ /f]kfOF ul//x]sf 5g\ . gfgLys'Fpk/ lxhf] a]n'sf Toqf] cfklQ vlgPsf] lyof], cfh klg
pgsf] dgdf cGtå{Gå rln g} /x]sf] 5, pgsf] hLjgdf ;d:of clNem/x]sf] 5, t/ klg cfh cfˆgf
kl/jf/sf c¿ v';L ;b:o;/x gfgLys'F klg v';L l5g\, bª\u l5g\, cfgGbdf d:t l5g\ . pgL klg c¿;/x
gfRb} ufpFb} d:tfgfdf s'lb/x]sL l5g\ lsgeg] gfgLys'FnfO{ /fd|/L yfxf 5, pgsf afa' ci6gf/fgnfO{
/f]kfOFsf] lbgdf h:tf] ;'v, cfgGb, dHhf / v';L s'g} lbgdf klg x'Fb}gYof] . clg pgnfO{ Tolt xif{ afnL
sf6]sf] lbgdf klg x'Fb}gYof] / ljjfxsf] lbgdf klg . /f]kfOFsf] lbgnfO{ pgL hLjgsf] k|lti7f / cfTdcfx\jfg
u/]sf] lbg ;DemGy] . o; sf/0f cfˆgf] hLjgdf h:t} kL8f, Joyf, b'Mv, bb{ / hng eP tfklg …cfh
/f]kfOFsf] lbg v';LofnL k|s6 gug'{ cfˆgf lktfHo"sf] cfTdfnfO{ cf3ft k'ofpg' xf]Ú eGg] ;Dem]/ gfgLys'F
b'Mvdf klg ;'vsf] cg'ej, cge"lt u/L xif{ dgfO/x]sL x'g\ .
pQ/ M d'Vo d'Vo 36gfx¿ M
!= lzjgf/fgsf] v]tdf /f]kfOF x'g',
@= lzjgf/fgsf] kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:ox¿ cGo sfd 5f8L /f]kfOFsf] sfddf dUgd:t x'g',
#= gfgLys'F lxhf] a]n'sfsf] Toqf] cfklQ / dgdf rn]sf] cGtb{\jGåsf lardf klg cfh cfˆgf kl/jf/sf c¿
;b:o;/x v';L, bË / cfglGbt x'Fb} /f]kfOFdf h'6\g',
$= ci6gf/fgn] /f]kfOFsf] lbgnfO{ hLjgsf] k|lti7f / cfTdcfXjfg u/]sf] lbg ;Demg] ePsfn] lktfsf]
cfTdfnfO{ cf3ft gk'uf];\ egL gfgLys'F b'Mvdf klg ;'vsf] cg'ej, cg'e"lt u/L xif{ dgfpg' .
!@= lbOPsf] pkGof; c+zdf cfPsf kfqsf] rl/qlrq0f ug'{xf];M\
lzjgf/fg ;Eotfsf] dof{bf /fVg v'a hfGby] . cfˆgf] 3/df cfpg] a:g] dflg;nfO{ :jfut;Tsf/ ug]{ afgL
klg ePsf] x'gfn] lzjgf/fgn] /fdaxfb'/nfO{ v'a ;Tsf/ u/] . /fdaxfb'/nfO{ a;fO;s]kl5 lzjgf/fgn]
pgLl;t cfpgfsf] sf/0f a8f] gd|tfsf ;fy ;f]w] . /fdaxfb'/ klxnf] bhf{sf w"t{ dflg; lyP . pgn] cfˆgf]
cfpgfsf] vf; sf/0f gatfO{sg cs}{ sf/0f atfpg] rnfvL ub}{ eg], æ/f]kfOFsf] j]nf ePsf] x'gfn]
;'Aaf;fx]an] k7fpg'ePsf] xf] . pxfFx¿nfO{ ls;fgsf] dsf{ v'a yfxf 5 . /f]kfOFsf] j]nf ?lkofF k};f geP/ jf
gk'u]/ ls;fgnfO{ xfxfsf/ kg]{ cj:yf pxfFnfO{ hfx]/ 5 . To;}n] …Psrf]l6 x]//] cfpmÚ egL pxfFn] dnfO{
k7fpg'ePsf] xf] . eg, sbflrt\ ltdLnfO{ s'g} s'/fsf] dbt rflxPdf pxfF lbg tof/ x'g'x'G5 .Æ

ve
pQ/ M pkGof;sf] pko{'Qm c+zdf lzjgf/fg, /fdaxfb'/ / ;'Aaf;fx]a u/L tLghgf kfqx¿ cfPsf 5g\ .
lzjgf/fg, /fdaxfb'/ / ;'Aaf;fx]asf]] rl/qlrq0f lgDgfg';f/ ug{ ;lsG5
!= lzjgf/fg M
lzjgf/fg ul/a s[ifs ci6gf/fgsf] h]7f] 5f]/f] xf] . kfl/jfl/s lhDd]jf/L af]w ug]{ st{Golgi7 kfq xf] eg]
Lo
pkGof;sf] pm k|d'v kfq xf] . k];fn] ppm ldlxg]tL s[ifs xf] . pm ul/j eP klg :jfledfgL b]lvG5 . afa'sf]
k|ultzLn ljrf/nfO{ dgg ug]{ C|flGtsf/L kfq xf] . kfl/jfl/s Pj+ cleefjsLo lhDd]jf/L af]w ug]{ clg
kl/>dL s[ifs xf] . cfly{s ljkGgtfsf sf/0f afa'sf] pkrf/ ug{ g;Sbf lxgtfaf]w ug]{ kfq xf] . afa'n]
cfˆg} clGtd ;+:sf/sf nflu klRr; ¿lkofF l5F8Ldf uf8]/ /fv]sf] yfxf kfpFbf ckzf]r u5{ eg] ToxL k};fn]
ly
jfa'sf] pkrf/ ug{'kbf{ kL8faf]w u5{ . jfa'sf] d[To'kZrft\ of}jg kmqm]sL !& jif]{ alxgL gfgLys'Fsf] ;dodf
g} ljjfx ul/lbg g;Sbf kL8f af]w ub{5 . lzjgf/fgnfO{ o'usf] ult / :jtGqtfsf] /fd|f];Fu af]w 5 .
:jtGqtfsf gfddf h;n], hf];Fu h:tf] klg k|]d u/]/ lxF8\g gkfpg] ljrf/ /fVb5 . cleefjsn] kl/jf/sf
ve

;b:ox¿ sf] / s:tf];Fu k|]d ;DaGw /fv]sf 5g\ Vofn ug{'kGg] ljrf/ /fVb5 . alxgL / 8fS6/sf] ;DaGwsf
af/]df zÍf ug]{ zÍfn' klg 5 . lzjgf/fg ;+oldt clg lj›f]xL b'j} k|s[ltsf] kfq xf] . k};fd'vL cdfgjf}o
8f= uf]bQk|;fbn] gfgLys'FnfO{ k|]d u/]sf] yfxf kfPkl5 l/;n] cfuf] ePklg ;+oldt x'G5 eg] ;fdGtL ;'Aaf
Lo

;'/dfgsf] sfl/Gbfssf] s'l6n rfnk|lt cfqmf]l;t x'Fb} cfqmfds aGb5 . pm ;xgzLn clg lj›f]xL b'j} u'0fn]
o'Qm 5 . pm ax'hftLo g]kfnL ;dfhdf hftLo lje]b x6f];\ eGg] rfxG5 . cGthf{tLo j}jflxs ;DaGwn]
hftLo lje]b x6L hftLo ;b\efj sfod eO{ /fli6«o Pstf alnof] x'g] ljZjf; ug]{ /fi6«k|]dL xf] . To;}n]
lzjgf/fgn] sfG5f] efO xif{gf/fgnfO{ dfOnf tfdfªsL 5f]/L k'tnLnfO{ ljjfx ug{ cg'dlt lbG5 clg alxgL
gfgLys'FnfO{ t/fO{af;L /fdv]nfjg /fpt;Fu ljjfx u/fOlbPsf] 5 . bfxhf]sf] ¿kdf /fli6«o em08f / s[lif
cf}hf/x¿ lbPsfn] pm ;Rrf b]zeQm clg s[ifs xf] . o;/L x]bf{ lzjgf/fg k|d'v kfq, ldlxg]tL s[ifs, ul/j
t/ :jfledfgL, k|ultzLn, kfl/jfl/s Pj+ cleefjsLo lhDd]jf/L af]w ug]{, c;n klt, c;n bfh', xsL=
;xgzLn, lj›f]xL= ;TojfbL, zÍfn', cfzfjfbL cfj]u / ljj]s b'j} ePsf], ljrf/ Ifdtf ePsf]= s'/Llt /
s';+:sf/ lj/f]wL= ;dtfd"ns ;dfh rfxg], /fi6«k|]dL ;t\ kfq xf] .
@= /fdaxfb'/ M
/fdaxfb'/ “Ps lrxfg” pkGof;sf] ;xfos kfq xf] . gsf/fTds rl/qsf] sn'lift efjgf ePsf] vnkfq .
pm ;'Aaf ;'/dfgsf] sfl/Gbf xf] . cfˆgf] dflns ;'Aaf ;'/dfgnfO{ v';L agfP/ hLljsf]kfh{g ug]{ rfs/Lafh
xf] . /fdaxfb'/ dflnssf] rfs/L u/]/ hLjg lgjf{x ug]{ rfs/Lafhx¿sf] k|ltlglwd"ns juL{o rl/q xf] .
p;n] dflnsnfO{ v';L agfpg h:tf];'s} hfne]n / s'l6n rfn rfNg kl5 kb]{g . zf]ifs ;fdGtL dflnssf]
ul/adf/f sfo{sf] ;xof]uL kfq xf] hf] if8\oGqsf] tfgfafgf a'Gg l;kfn' 5 . of}glkkf;', sfd's a'9f] ;'Aaf
;'/dfgnfO{ ci6gf/fgsL ;q jif]{ 5f]/L gfgLys'FnfO{ ljjfx u/fOlbg] w[i6tf af]sL s'6Ln rfn rfNg] bnfn xf]
. dflnssf] cf8df ul/ax¿nfO{ kmsfpg, axsfpg clg wDSofpg kl5 gkg]{ ;fdGtLx¿sf] k[i7kf]ifs,
x'ltxf/f, ldlxg]t Pj+ kf}/v u/]/ afFRg g;Sg] nfrf/ clg lgl/x kfq xf] . >d / ;dosf]/] dxTj ga'‰g]
;fdGtLx¿sf] kIfkftL xf] . o;/L x]bf{ /fdaxfb'/ pkGof;sf] ;xfos kfq, ;'Aafsf] rfs/Lafh, bnfnL,
km;fpg / kmsfpg l;kfn', km6fxf, c;t\ Pj+ vnkfq, nfrf/, lgl/x, s'l6n, x'ltxf/f, ;fdGtLsf] kIfkftL,
juL{o rl/q xf] .
#=;'Aaf ;'/dfg M
;'Aaf ;'/dfg o; pkGof;sf] ;xfos Pj+ gsf/fTds rl/qsf] sn'lift efjgf ePsf] vnkfq xf] . x'g] vfg]
;DkGg pRr ju{sf] juL{o rl/q xf] . ;'/dfg ul/ax¿nfO{ zf]if0f, bdg ug]{ ;fdGtL tlN;ª xf] . krf; jif]{
a'9f] ;'Aaf ;'/dfg cfˆgf] sfl/Gbf /fdaxfb'/dfkm{t ci6gf/fgn] 5f]/L lbg] jrg lbPsf] hfnL s'/f agfO{
cfly{s k|nf]egdf kf/L ev{/} of}jg kmqm]sL ;q jif]{ gfgLys'FnfO{ cfˆgL agfpg] b':k|of; u5{ . gfgLys'Fsf]

ve
hjfgL n'6\g p4t e|i6 rl/q ePsf] kfq xf] . zf]ifs, ;fdGt, hfnL, km6fxf, c¿sf l;wf;f]emf
5f]/Lr]nLdfly luå]gh/ nufpg] sfd's, :qLnDk6= of}glkkf;' xf] . wg;DklQ g} ;a}yf]s 7fGg] d}dQf
›Jolkzfr ;fdGtL xf] . wgsf] /afkmdf h] klg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] n"6]/f xf] . wgsf] /jfkm b]vfpg], nf]eL,
kfkL, hfnL, km6fxf, sk6L, e|i6, ktLt, c;t\, sfd's, b'i6, gf/LnfO{ of}g ljnfl;tfsf] ;fwg 7fGg],
Lo
ls;fgk|lt ;xfg'e"ltsf] gf}68ÞL /rL lgxLt :jfy{sf]] v]n v]Ng] b'i6 dgf]j[lQsf] w"t{ Ajf;f] xf] . pRr ju{sf]
k|ltlglwTj ug]{ juL{o rl/q xf] . o;/L x]bf{ ;'Aaf ;fdGtL ;/sf/L sd{rf/L, hUuf sdfpg lbP/ cGgkft
lng] tlN;ª, c¿sf 5f]/Lr]nLk|lt lu4] gh/ nufpg] sfd's, gfgLys'FnfO{ cfˆgL agfpg vf]Hg], km6fxf,
zf]ifs, ;fdGt, w"t{, c;T= wgsf] t[h's, c;t\ Pj+ vn kfq, juL{o rl/q xf] .
ly
!#= kl/j]z eg]sf] 7fpF, ;do / jftfj/0f xf] . pkGof;df kl/j]z dxOEjk"0f{ / clgjfo{ tOEj xf] . lbOPsf]
pkGof; c+z k9\g'xf];\ / To;af6 lrq0f ul/Psf] kl/j]znfO{ a'Fbfut ¿kdf n]Vg'xf];\ M
cfh ev{/ h]7sf] !% ut] t/ o;kfln a;f{t v'a eO/x]sfn] h]7 !% ut]leq} klg w]/}sf] c;f/ l;l4;s]sf] 5
ve

. o;kfln c;f/ /fd|f] x'g] b]v]/ ls;fg la£g} v';L 5g\ . lzjgf/fgsf] v]tdf t emg\ Ps xKtfcufl8b]lv g}
/f]kfOF l;l4;s]sfn] pgsf] kl/jf/ t emg\ ljh]tf em}F k|km'Nn eP/ km'ln/x]sf] 5 . t/ /f]kfOFsf] ;dflKtn] ;'v
k|fKt eP klg pgLx¿nfO{ s'g} s'/fn] b'Mv klg eO/x]sf] 5 . jiff{ cToGt lk|o eP/ klg To;b]lv pgLx¿nfO{
Lo

8/ eO/x]sf] 5 . o;sf] sf/0f xf] pgLx¿sf] 3/ yf]qf] 5 elTsxfNnf, vl;xfNnfsf] cj:yfdf k'lu;s]sf] 5 .
clnslt kfgL k¥of] ls t b'O{ tnf;Dd r'x'g] eO;s]sf] 5 . cln a9\tf atf; cfof] ls Sof/{s'/{ cfjfh
cfpg yfln;s]sf] 5 . o; sf/0f kfgL k/]sf], atf; cfPsf] lbg lzjgf/fgsf] kl/jf/sf k|To]s ;b:o 8/n]
qflxdfd\ x'Gy] .
pQ/ M k|:t't pkGof; c+zdf lgDgfg';f/sf] kl/j]znfO{ lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 M
!= s[ifsn] dfgf] /f]k]/ d'/L kmnfpg] h]7 c;f/ dlxgfsf] ;douft kl/j]znfO{ lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 .
@= v]tdf wfg /f]kfOFsf] k|;Ën] u|fdL0f e"efusf] :yfgut kl/j]znfO{ lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 .
#= jiff{sf sf/0f s[ifsx¿ /dfO/x]sf], xfjfx'/L rNg], kfgL kg]{ u/]sf] jftfj/0fLo kl/j]znfO{ lrq0f ul/Psf]
5.
$= cfly{s b"/fj:yfsf sf/0f lgDgjuL{o lzjgf/fgsf] ul/a kl/jf/df af;sf] pko'Qm gJoj:yf ug{ g;s]sf]
clg kfgL kbf{ r'lxg] 3/ xfjf rNbf Sof/{s'/{ ubf{ eTs]/ dl/g] kf] xf] ls eGg] qf;bLsf] cfGtl/s kl/j]zsf]
lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 .
!$= lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\M
sf]6]Zj/, sf7df8f}F . s]xL jif{cl3;Dd oxfF p:t/L a:tL lyPg . ltt]kftLsf 3f/L / v/Lsf ;;fgf ?v dfq
kfOGy] . ;D;fFem} :ofn s/fpFy] . e6\6/fO{ aGw'x¿sf bzafx| 3/, s];L kl/jf/sf rf/kfFr 3/ / g]jf/sf]
Hofk" ;d'bfosf kGw|;f]/ 3/afx]s uf}r/g / emf]/emf8L dfq} lyof] . hDdfhDdL lt;k}Flt; 3/ dfqsf]
sf]6]Zj/ t/ /ftf/ft afSnf] a:tLdf ablnO;s]sf] lyof] . clxn] t xhf/f}Fsf] ;ª\Vofdf cfw'lgs / ;xl/of
lalN8ª g} lgdf{0f eO;s]sf lyP . jiff{ofddf g]kfns} Ps dfq cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynaf6 au]/ cfpg]
e]naf9L ca t nfkQ} lyof] . g :ofn s/fpFYof], g t ltt]kftL 3f/L g} kfOGYof] . dfgj ;'vsf] cltj|md0f
tLj| ultdf al9/x]sf] lyof] . o;} jif{ emG8} b'O{ ;o lalN8ª lgdf{0f eP . sf]6]Zj/ ca dflg;sf 3f/L /
7]nd7]n, l;ª\ud/d/sf leQf / lnpg ;fy} lah'nLsf kf]n / tf/n] cfw'lgs hª\undf km]l/;s]sf] lyof] .
sf]6]Zj/ ca y'k|} g]tf tyf sfo{stf{, ;]gf tyf k'ln;, jlsn tyf GofofwLz, ;fx' tyf dxfhg, pBf]uL tyf
Jofkf/L, rf]/ tyf km6fxf ;a}sf] a;f]af; ug]{ If]q x'Fb} lyof] lg/Gt/ lg/Gt/ .
/fhg d'sf?ª
k|Zgx¿
-s_ æp:t/L a:tL lyPgÆ eGg'sf] tfTko{ s] xf] <

ve
pQ/M a:tL 3gf cyjf afSnf] ge} kftnf] lyof] eGg' g} “p:t/L a:tL lyPg” eGg'sf] tfTko{ xf] .
-v_ ;D;fFemd} :ofn s/fpgsf nflu s'g s'/fn] ;xof]u u/]sf] lyof] <
pQ/M ;D;fFemd} :ofn s/fpgsf nflu ltt]kftLsf 3f/L / v/Lsf ;;fgf ¿v h:tf s'/fn] ;xof]u u/]sf]
lyof] .
-u_ s;/L sf]6]Zj/ cfw'lgs hª\undf ablnof] <
Lo
pQ/M dflg;sf 3f/L / 7]nd7]n, l;Ëd/d/sf leQf / lnpg ;fy} lah'nLsf kf]n / tf/n] ubf{ sf]6]Zj/
cfw'lgs hËndf ablnof] .
-3_ clxn]sf] sf]6]Zj/df s:tf dflg; a:5g\ <
ly
pQ/M clxn]sf] sf]6]Zj/df y'k|} g]tf tyf sfo{stf{, ;]gf tyf k'ln;, jlsn tyf GofofwLz, dxfhg, pBf]uL
tyf Gofkf/L, rf]/ tyf km6fxf h:tf dflg; a:5g\ .
eifftTj
ve

sfn÷kIf e"tsfn jt{dfg sfn eljiot\sfn

;fdfGo kIf ;"qM wft'±PF=of}=of}=O{=of]=Og\ ;"qM wft'±5,5' 5f}=5f}=5;\ 5];\ ;"qM wft'±g]5, g]5' g]5f}+,
O:=P= g'eof] 5\of},l5g\ 5g\ 5]= g]5f} g]5], g]l5g\, g]5;\, g]5g\
Lo

h:t} M d ljb]z uPF . xfdL h:t} M d ljb]z hfG5' . xfdL h:t} M d ljb]z hfg] 5' . pm
kf]v/f cfof}F . kf]v/f cfpF5f}+ . kf]v/f cfpg] 5 .
/fd e|d0f uof] . alxgLn] /fd e|d0f hfG5 . alxgLn] /fd e|d0f hfg] 5 . alxgLn]
efOnfO{ k9fO{ . efOnfO{ k9fpF5] . efOnfO{ k9fp g]5] .
ck"0f{ kIf ;"qM wft'± b} lyPF, b} lyof}F, b} ;"qM wft'± b} 5 b} 5', b} 5], b} ;"qM wft'± b} x'g] 5'b} x'g]
lyof}, b} lyP, b] lyO{ b} lyof],b} 5f}+, b} 5f}+, b} 5;\ b} 5];\ b} 5f}+,b] x'g] 5f} ,b} x'g] 5, b} x'g]
lyOg\, b} ly;\, b} x'g'x'GYof] 5\of}+, b} 5g\, b} l5g\, b} 5] b} x'g] 5g\, b} x'g] 5;\, b}
h:t} M /fd e|d0f hfFb} lyof] . x'g'x'G5, x'g] l5g\,
pgLx¿ la¿jf /f]Kb} lyP . h:t} M /fd e|d0f hfFb} 5 . h:t} M /fd e|d0f hfFb} x'g] 5
pgLx¿ la¿jf /f]Kb} 5g\ . . pgLx¿ la¿jf /f]Kb} x'g]
5g\ .
k"0f{ kIf ;"qM wft'±Psf] lyPF Psf ;"qM wft'±Psf] 5', Psf 5f}+ ;"qM wft'±Psf] x'g] 5', Psf
lyof}+,Psf lyof}, PsL lyO{=Psf] =Psf 5f}, PsL 5\of}, PsL 5], x'g] 5f}+ ,Psf x'g] 5f}, | PsL
lyof],PsL lyOg\, Psf lyP, Psf] 5, PsL l5g\, Psf 5g\, x'g] 5\of}, PsL x'g] 5], Psf]
Psf] lyO;\, g'ePsf] lyof], Psf] 5;\, PsL 5];\, g'ePsf] x'g] 5, PsL x'g] l5g\, Psf
h:t} M /fd e|d0f uPsf] lyof] 5, x'g] 5g\, Psf] x'g] 5;\,
 . h:t} M /fd e|d0f uPsf] 5 . g'ePsf] x'g] 5,
h:t} M /fd e|d0f uPsf] x'g]
5.
c1ft kIf ;"qM wft'±P5\', P5f}+, P5f},
P5;\, O5;\, g'eP5, P5,
P5g\, g'eP5
h:t} M /fd e|d0f uP5 . kIf
xfdL k/LIffdf ;kmn eP5f}+ .
cEo:t kIf ;"qM wft' ±y], Yof}+, Yof}, ly;\,
yL, Yof], y]= lyg\, g'x'GYof
h:t} M /fd e|d0f hfGYof] .
xfdL km'6an v]NYof}+ .
!= lbOPsf] tflnsfnfO{ cg'R5]bdf ¿kfGt/0f u/L n]Vg'xf];\ M

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pQ/M lqmof jf sfo{Gofkf/sf] 36gf, cj:yf jf ;donfO{ g} sfn elgG5 . k/Dk/fut ¿kdf g]kfnL efiffdf
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efifftQ\jcGtu{t e"tsfn, jt{dfg sfn / eljiot\ sfn u/L sfn tLg k|sf/sf 5g\ tyflk syg ;dosf
cfwf/df sfn e"tsfn / ce"tsfn u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . lat]sf] ;dosf] sfd / cj:yfnfO{ e"t sfn
elgG5 . h:t} M pm uof] . pm hfFb} lyof] . pm uPsf] lyof] . pm uP5 . pm hfGYof] .
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s'g} klg sfo{Gofkf/ syg ;doeGbf kblx x'g] cyjf clxn] x'Fb} u/]sf] ;donfO{ ce"tsfn elgG5 . ce"t
sfncGtu{t jt{dfg sfn / eljiot\ sfn u/L b'O{ k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ . jt{dfg sfn eg]sf] clxn]sf] ;do xf]
. o;n] clxn]sf] sfd jf cj:yfnfO{ hgfpF5Ù h:t} M pm hfG5 . pm hfFb} 5 . pm uPsf] 5 .
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eljiot\ sfnn] kl5 cfpg] ;dosf] sfd / cj:yfnfO{ hgfpF5Ù h:t} M pm hfg] 5 . pm hfFb} x'g] 5 . pm
uPsf] x'g] 5 .
@= …v]n,\ lxF8\, vf, a;\, 3'd,\ gfr\Ú h:tf wft'af6 ag]sf e"tsflns lj|mofkbsf] k|of]u u/L z}lIfs e|d0faf/]
Ps cg'R5]b n]Vg'xf];\ .
pQ/ M lj= ;+= @)&* ;fn sflQs @@ ut] xfdL dx]G› sn]h kf]v/fsf] sIff !@ df cWoog/t !%) hgf
ljBfyL{ ;fyLx¿ z}lIfs e|d0fsf] nflu kf]v/faf6 l;Sn]; lxF8\ofF . af6f]df sf]xL ;fyLx¿ cGtfIf/L v]Nb} lyP
clg sf]xL ;fyLx¿ gfRb} lyP . xfdL sl/a afx ah]lt/ l;Sn]; k'uL vfgf vfPsf lyofF . vfgf vfPkl5
xfdL l;Sn]; Eo' 6fj/ x'Fb} ljleGg /d0fLo 7fpFx¿ 3'DofF . xfdL l;Sn]; ufpF k"/} 3'd]5f}+ . Tof] lbgsf] af;
xfdL l;Sn];d} a:of}+ . a]n'sfsf] vfgf klg l;Sn];d} vfof}+ . xfdL a]n'sf uLt ufpFb} gfr]sf lyofF . ef]lnkN6
eg] laxfg} ;ft ah] xfdL lrof / gf:tf vfP/ kf]v/f lxF8]sf lyofF . af6f]df xfdL uLt ufP/ v'a gfRYof}+ .
#= e"t sfnsf cEo:t kIfsf lj|mofkbsf] k|of]u u/L cfˆgf] afNosfnsf af/]df j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
pQ/ M d afNosfndf ;fyLx¿;Fu v'a v]No]F . d k|foM 3'Dg hfGo]+ . d hËndf s6'; l6Ko]+, bdf}/f l6Ko}+,
lnrL l6Ky]+, cfFk l6Ky]+, sfkmn l6Ko]+, lth' l6io]+ clg ;fyLx¿;Fu} /efpFb} vfGy]+ . dnfO{ kf}8L v]Ng c;fWo}
dg kYYof] . d xk{g vf]nfdf v'a kf}8L v]No]+ . dnfO{ k'naf6 tn vf]nfdf xfd kmfNg v'a dHhf cfpFYof] .
sf]xL ;fyLx¿ 8'a]sf] v08df d}n] g} lgsfNo]+. d sflnsf df= lj= df k9\y]+ . d slxn]sfxL+ sZok tfndf klg
kf}8L v]Ng hfGy]+ . d lta| ultdf kf}8L v]Ng ;So]+ . dnfO{ kf}8L v]ndf s;}n] lhNg ;Sb}gYof] . d
cg'zfl;t, ldlxg]tL ljBfyL{ eg]/ lrlgGy] . d k/LIffdf k|foM k|yd g} x'Gy] . d sZok tfn k"/} Ps kmGsf
xfGy]+ .
$= eljiot\ sfnsf ck"0f{ tyf k"0f{ kIfsf] k|of]u u/L cfˆgf] eljiosf] of]hgfaf/] n]Vg'xf];.\
pQ/ M d eljiodf c;n lzIfs ag]sf] x'g] 5' . d pRr lzIff cWoogsf nflu lqe'jg ljZj ljBfnodf
egf{ ePsf] x'g] 5' . d w]/} ldlxg]t u/L k9\b} x'g] 5' . /fd|f] k|ltzt NofP/ :gftsf]Q/ tx pQL0f{ u/]sf] x'g]
5' . lzIfs ;]jf cfof]usf] tof/L ub}{ x'g] 5' . cfof]usf] k/LIff lbFb} x'g] 5' . d}n] k/LIffdf /fd|f];Fu n]v]sf] x'g]
5' . cfof]usf] k/LIffdf gfd lgsfn]sf] x'g] 5' . b'u{d ufpFdf lzIffsf] Hof]lt 5b}{ x'g] 5' . d c;n Pj+
st{Golgi7 lzIfs ag]sf] x'g] 5' .
%= lbOPsf] cg'R5]bnfO{ jt{dfg sfnsf] ck"0f{ kIfdf kl/jt{g u/L n]Vg'xf];M\
lzjgf/fg cfh ;flas em}F ;dod} v]tdf uP . cfh}b]lv pgn] gfgLys'FnfO{ klg v]tdf n}hfg ;'? u/] .
/f]kfOF ;lsPsfn] v]tsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu cfhb]lv v]tdf vfg] / ;'Tg] cyf{t\ /ftlbg v]t}df a:g] aGbf]a:t

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klg lzjgf/fgn] u/] . vf; u/]/ lzjgf/fgsf] sf]7fsf] Ps kl/jf/ v]t}df a:g yfNof] . gfgLys'F /
k'ggf/fgsL :jf:gL clg pgsf b'O{ s]6fs]6L;lxt lbgel/ v]tdf sfd u/L ;fFemdf kmls{Gy] .
pQ/ M lzjgf/fg cfh ;flas em ;dod} v]tdf hfFb} 5g\ . cfh}b]lv pgn] gfgLys'FnfO{ klg v]tdf n}hfg
;'¿ ub}{ 5g\ . /f]kfOF ;lsPsfn] v]tsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu cfhb]lv v]tdf vfg] / ;'Ng] cyf{t\ /ftlbg v]t}df
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a:g] aGbLa:t klg lzjgf/fgn] ub}{ 5g\ . vf; u/]/ lzjgf/fgsf] sf]7fsf] Ps kl/jf/ v]t}df a:g yfNb} 5 .
gfgLys'F / k'ggf/fgsL :jf:gL clg pgsf b'O{ s]6fs]6L;lxt lbgel/ v]tdf sfd u/L ;fFemdf kms}{b} 5g\ .
^= lbOPsf] cg'R5]bnfO{ e"t sfnsf] c1ft kIfdf kl/jt{g u/L n]Vg'xf];M\
8fS6/ uf]bQk|;fbn] cfkm" ljjflxt / 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] afa' x'F eGg] klg lal;{P . pgL gfgLys'Fsf 3/df wfpg
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yfn] . pgLx¿ PsfGtdf e]6\g] / s'/fsfgL ug{ yfn] . Tof] s'/f yfxf kfP/ lzjgf/fgn] gfgLys'FnfO{ ;DemfP .
8fS6/ uf]bQk|;fbsL kTgL /~hgfb]jLn] klg ;DemfOg\ . cGTodf gfgLys'Fn] klg s'/f a'lemg\ . gfgLys'F /
uf]bQk|;fbsf lardf ;DaGw 6'6\of] . Ps lbg gfgLys'Fsf] /fdv]nfjg /fpt;Fu e]6 eof] . /fdv]nfjg /
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gfgLys'Fsf lardf k|]d eof] . Tof] s'/f lzjgf/fgn] ljrf/ ul//fv]sf lyP . pgn] gfgLys'Fsf] lax]
/fdv]nfjg;Fu u/fOlbP . cfkm"n] /f]hsf] dfG5];Fu lax] ug{ kfP/ b'j} hgf v';L eP .
pQ/ M 8fS6/ uf]bQk|;fbn] cfkm" ljjflxt / 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] afa' x'F eGg] klg lal;{P5g\ . pgL gfgLys'Fsf 3/df
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wfpg yfn]5g\ . pgLx¿ PsfGtdf e]6\g] / s'/fsfgL ug{ yfn]5g\ . Tof] s'/f yfxf kfP/ lzjgf/fgn]
gfgLys'FnfO{ ;DemfP5g\ . 8fS6/ uf]bQk|;fbsL kTgL /~hgfb]jLn] klg ;DemfO5g\. cGTodf gfgLys'n] klg
s'/f a'lem5g\ . gfgLys'F / uf]bQk|;fbsf ljrdf ;DaGw 6'6]5 . Ps lbg gfgLys'Fsf] /fdv]nfjg /fpt;Fu
e]6 eP5 . /fdv]nfjg / gfgLys'Fsf lardf k|]d eP5 . Tof] s'/f lzjgf/fgn] ljrf/ ul//fv]5g\ . pgn]
gfgLys'Fsf] lax] /fdv]nfjg;Fu u/fOlbP5g\ . cfkm"n] /f]h]sf] dfG5];Fu lax] ug{ kfP/ b'j} hgf v';L eP5g\ .
&= lz/laGb' tyf rGb|laGb'sf] k|of]u ePsf tnsf zAbnfO{ j0ff{g'j|mdcg';f/ n]Vg'xf];M\
;+od, ;Fu, ;+/If0f, cFWof/f], ;+nUg, eof}F, ;+jfb, j+z, ;+zo, ;+;f/, ;+xf/, c+z, cFuf/
pQ/M cFuf/, cFWof/f], c+z, eofF, j+z, ;Fu, ;+od, ;+/If0f, ;+nUg, ;+jfb, ;+zo, ;+;f/, ;+xf/,
*= lbOPsf zAbnfO{ tflnsfdf b]vfpg'xf];\ M
aGwg, leGg, cª\s, ;+zo, ;+;f/, ;+xf/, zª\s/, zª\v, dª\un, aª\u'/, k~r, k'~h, nf~5gf, Jo~hg,
em~emf, d~h'n, ;+/If0f, ;+nUg, ;+jfb, j+z, s07, s'07f, b08, v08, uª\uf, rª\uf, ;ª\3, v08g, kl08t,
dGtJo, k/Gt', kGy, aGbL, lvGg, sDk, kDkmf, ;Gt, ;+1f, ;+1fg, cDaf, nDa, :tDe, hDdf, ;+od, ;+jfb,
;+jt\, kª\vf, 9ª\u
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s, v, u, 3 cl3 …ª\Ú cª\s, zª\s/, zª\v, kª\vf, 9ª\u, dª\un, aª\u'/,
uª\uf, rª\uf, ;ª\3,
r, 5, h, em cl3 -tT;d zAbdf dfq_ …`\Ú -~_ c0rn, k~r, k'~h, nf~5gf, Jo~hg, em~emf,
d~h'n,
6, 7, 8, 9 cl3 -tT;d zAbdf dfq_ …0f\Ú -0_ kl08t, s07, s'07f, b08, v08, v08g,
t, y, b, w cl3 …g\Ú -G_ ;Gt, aGwg, leGg, dGtJo, k/Gt', kGy, aGbL, lvGg,
k, km, a, e cl3 …d\Ú -D_ sDk, kDkmf, cDaf, nDa, :tDe, hDdf,
o, /, n, j, z, if, ;, x, 1 cl3 -tT;d zAb_ ;+od, ;+zo, ;+;f/, ;+xf/, ;+/If0f, ;+nUg, ;+jfb,
lz/laGb' j+z, ;+1f, ;+1fg, ;+jfb, ;+jt\,

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