gf}nf] hgpef/ ;fKtflxs

jif{ !@, c+s @#, @)^& a}zfv !@ ut] cfOtaf/ NauloJanaUbhar Weekly 25
Apr 2010 k[i7 ;+Vof M * d"No ?= % .–

d'Vo ;dfrf/
d'7e]8 lgDTofpb}5 ;/sf/
sf7df8f}+÷;/sf/ / ;Qfwf/L kf6L{x¿n] dfcf]jfbLn] cfufdL !* ut] ug{ nfu]sf] ljzfn hgk|
bz{gnfO{ …;Qf sAhf ug{ nfu]sf]Ú elg u/]sf k|rf/nfO{ PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n]
zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ngdf bdg ug]{ if8\oGq eg]sf] 5 . ;/sf/ / ;Qfwf/L kf6L{x¿ dfcf]jfbL
cfGbf]ngnfO{ bafP/ u[xo'4 lgDTofpg] if8\oGqdf nfu]sf] p;sf] 7x/ 5 .
olb zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ngdf ;/sf/n] bdg ul/xfn] hgtf r'k nfu]/ ga:g] klg dfcf]jfbLn] k|i6
kf/]sf] 5 . h;sf] cy{ xf] hgtfn] bdgsf] k|lt/f]w ug]{5g\ . zlgaf/ laxfg kf6L{ cWoIf k|r08 lgjf;
gofFahf/df a;]sf] kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] a}7sn] ;/sf/ d'7e]8 lgDTofpg] if8\oGqdf nfu]sf]
lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] xf] . z'qmaf/ k|d'v k|ltkIf kf6L{sf] k|ltlglwsf] pkl:ytlagf ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\n]
ljleGg ;+j}wflgs cª\ux¿df u/]sf] lgo'lQm l;kmfl/;nfO{ klg dfcf]jfbLn] d'7e]8 lgDTofpg]
if8\oGq eg]sf] 5 .
…xfdLn] zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ngsf] tof/L ul//x]sf 5f}+ . t/ ;/sf/ To;nfO{ lx+;fTds eGb}
xNnf lkmhfO/x]sf] 5, Tof] cfGbf]ng bafpg] if8\oGq xf],Ú a}7ssf] lgisif{af/] pkfWoIf
gf/fo0fsfhL >]i7 …k|sfzÚn] ;~rf/sdL{;Fu eGg'eof], …olb ;/sf/ zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ngdf bdg
ug]{ b':;fx; u5{ eg] hgtfn] To;sf] k|lt/f]w ug]{5g\ .Ú
cGt/f{li6«o dhb'/ lbj; dO{ ! sf] cj;/ kf/]/ j}zfv !* ut] dfcf]jfbLn] ug{ nfu]sf]
zflGtk"0f{ k|bz{gnfO{ ;/sf/n] lx+;fTds x'g] eGg] xNnf lkmhfP/ bdg ug]{ tof/L ul//x]sf]
5 . p;n] ;a} ;'/Iff lgsfox¿nfO{ bdgsf]  nflu tof/L /xg lgb]{zg lbO;s]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] dfcf]jfbL
cfGbf]ng lx+;fTds x'g] eGg] cgfjZos k|rf/ u/]/ g]kfnL gful/snfO{ qf;df kf/]sf] 5 .
dfcf]jfbLn] zflGtk"0f{ ¿kdf x'g] cfGbf]ngnfO{ Jojl:yt kfg{ o'jfx¿nfO{ lbOPsf] ef]n]lG6P/
tflndnfO{ ;}Go tflnd eg]/ ;/sf/ / ;Qfwf/Lx¿n] cgfjZos k|rf/ u/]sf] atfPsf] 5 . ;/sf/n]
dfcf]jfbLsf sfo{stf{x¿n] :jod;]js;DalGw lnPsf] k|lzIf0fnfO{ …o'4sf] nflu tflnd u/]sf]Ú
eg]/ k|rf/ ul//x]sf] 5 .
…dO{ ! df cfGbf]ng ug]{ elg/x]sf 5f}+, Tof] zflGtk"0f{ x'g] elg/x]sf 5f}+,Ú zlgaf/
nlntk'/sf] y}jl:yt km'Nrf]sL pRr dfWolds ljBfnosf] :j0f{ dxf]T;jsf] pb\3f6g ug'{x'Fb}
dfcf]jfbL cWoIf k|r08n] ;/sf/n] cgfjZos xNnf lehfP/ le8Gt lgDTofpg vf]lh/x]sf]
atfpg'eof] . pxfFn] s]xLnfO{ ef]lnPG6/sf] ;fdfGo tflnd lbPsf] k|i6 kfg'{eof] . cWoIf k|
r08n] k|d'v k|ltkIfsf] pkl:ylt / ;xdltlagf ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\n] u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{ tTsfn ;Rofpg
cfu|x ug'{eof] . pxfFn] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\n] u/]sf] lgo'lQmsf] l;kmfl/;nfO{ b]zdf u[xo'4
lgDTofpg] if8\oGq ePsf] atfpg'eof] . …;/sf/ ;xdlt rfxFb}g, lxhf] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] a}7s
a;]/ a8f] gf6sLo 9ª\un] lgo'lQm l;kmfl/; u¥of], k|ltkIfsf] cg'dlt / ;xdltlagfÚ, pxfFn]
eGg'eof], …o;n] s] b]vfpF5 eg] ;/sf/ d'7e]8 / u[xo'4 rflx/x]sf] 5 .Ú
cWoIf k|r08n] lgo'lQmsf sfd ;+oGqsf] a}7skl5 u/f}+nf eg]/ cfkm"n] s'/f /fVbf/fVb}
cfkm\gf] ;xefuLtf gePsf] a]nf n'lsl5kL lgo'lQmsf] lg0f{o u/]sf] k|i6 kfg'{eof] . …of]
lg0f{o lkmtf{ lng'k5{ / csf]{ ;xdlt ug'{k5{Ú, pxfFn] lg0f{o lkmtf{ lng'kg]{ atfpg'eof] .
cWoIf k|r08n] pRr:t/Lo /fhgLlts ;+oGqdf dfcf]jfbLn] clxn];Dd ePsf ;xdltsf] sfo{Gjog /
jt{dfg ;/sf/ lj36g u/L gofF /fli6«o ;/sf/ lgdf{0fsf] k|:tfj nu]sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'x'Fb} tL
k|:tfjdf ;xdlt eP h]7 !$ d} ;+ljwfg aGg] atfpg'eof] . …tL k|:tfjdf 5nkmn eP/ ;xdlt eof] eg]
h]7 !$ d} ;+ljwfg aG5,Ú pxfFn] eGg'eof], …o:t} cj:yf /lx/xg] xf] eg] b'O{ jif{df klg ;
+ljwfg aGb}g .Ú

dO{ lbj;sf] eJo tof/L

b]zJofkL a[xt\ hgk|bz{g ul/g]
bfª÷;+;f/sf dhb"/x?sf] cf:yf / uf}/jsf] lbg d] ! cyf{t\ a};fv !* nfO{ PsLs[t g]skf
dfcf]jfbLn] b]zJofkL cfGbf]ngs} ?kdf dgfpg] tof/L ul//x]sf] 5 .
gful/s ;jf]{Rrtf, /fli6«o :jfwLgtf, zflGt / hg;+ljwfgsf kIfdf cfGbf]ngdf plqPsf]
dfcf]jfbLn] ;+3if{s} aLraf6 dO{ lbj; dgfpg] lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] . dO{ lbj;sf] cj;/df b]z}el/sf
k|To]s lhNnf ;b/d'sfdx?df xhf/f}+sf] k|bz{g tyf hg;ef ug]{ dfcf]jfbLn] hgfPsf] 5 .
o;}aLr dO{ lbj;sf] cj;/df a};fv !* ut] 3f]/fxLdf bzf}+ xhf/sf] k|bz{g tyf hg;ef ul/g]
PsLs[t g]skf dfcf]jfbL bfªsf ;]qm]6/L ;'jf;n] atfpg' eof] . ;f]xL lbg g]kfnu~hdf yf?jfg
/fHo:t/Lo cfd;ef tyf k|bz{gsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnu~hsf] /fHo:t/Lo ;efdf bfªaf6 bzf}+
xhf/sf] ;xefuLtf u/fOg] klg ;]qm]6/L ;'jf;n] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . Ps}lbg b]z}el/sf lhNnf
;b/d'sfd / If]qLo s]Gb|x? wgu9L, g]kfnu~h, a'6jn, kf]v/f, lj/f6gu/ / sf7df08f}+df ;d]t ljzfn
k|bz{g;lxtsf ;efx? ul/g] ePsf] 5 . tf]lsPs} ;do;Ldfleq hgkIfLo ;+ljwfg hf/L ug{ / zflGt k|
lqmofnfO{ tfls{s lgisif{df k'¥ofpg bafa lbg] p2]Zon] zflGtk"0f{ k|bz{gsf] tof/L ul/Psf]
dfcf]jfbLn] hgfPsf] 5 .
dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ng lx+;fTds x'g] eGb} ;/sf/n] cgu{n k|rf/ u/L ;'/Iff ;
+oGqnfO{ xfO{Pn6{ x'g / dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ngnfO{ pQ]lht kf/L bdg ug{ yfn]sf] if8\oGqk|
lt dfcf]jfbLn] cfklQ hgfpFb} cfk\mgf] cfGbf]ng zflGtk"0f{ / dof{lbt x'g] :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 .
zlgaf/ a;]sf] kbflwsf/L a}7sn] zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ngdfly bdg ul/Pdf To;sf] k|lt/f]w ug]{ /
To;af6 pTkGg x'g] l:yltsf] ;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L ;/sf/n] lng'kg]{;d]t atfO;s]sf] 5 .

bfªsf gofF k'/fgf jfdg]tfx? Ps}

ynf]df
uf]ljGb v8\sf÷bfª
xftdf df]afOn ;dfPsf cfw'lgs hdfgfsf o'jf g]tfb]lv n¶Lsf] ;xf/fdf sfo{qmd:yn k'u]sf a[4
g]tf;Dd d~rdf nx/} nflu a;]sf 5g\ . sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] lahf/f]k0f ug]{ ;+:yfks,
k~rfotsfnsf] sl7g cj:yfdf cfGbf]ngnfO{ hf]ufP/ /fVg]b]lv clxn] cf–cfkm\gf] kf6L{
/fhgLltnfO{ xf“ls/x]sf ljleGg jfd bnsf g]tf Ps} ynf]df 5g\ . afd ;xsfo{sf] gf/f;lxt leQfdf
6f“luPsf] Aofg/ / cufl8 /flvPsf] n]lggsf] tl:j/nfO{ ;fIfL /fVb} pgLx?n] eg]– …
d'n'snfO{ cl3 a9fpg / sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] 3f]lift nIo k"/f ug{ jfd ;xsfo{sf] ljsNk 5}g .Ú
g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] :yfkgf lbj; tyf n]lgg holGtsf] cj;/df afd ;xsfo{sf nflu ;femf d~r
bfªn] zlgaf/ 3f]/fxLdf u/]sf] sfo{qmddf gof“ k'/fgf afd g]tfx?sf] o:tf] hd36 b]lvPsf] xf] .
afd z'elrGtsx?n] 6gf6g el/Psf] xnaf6 pT;flxt sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf k'/fgf gof“ g]tfx?n] kf6L{sf]
:yfkgfsfnsf] nIo k"/f ug{ ljleGg v]dfdf ljeQm afdk+yL bnx? Ps 7fp“df cfpg'sf] ljsNk
gePsf] pb\3f]if u/]sf x'g\ . ;+:yfks tyf k'/fgf sDo'lgi6 g]tfx?n] cfkm"x?n] >dhLjL ju{sf]
/fHo;Qf :yfkgf ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy sDo'lgi6 /fhgLltsf] lahf/f]k0f / dnhn u/]sf] atfp“b} pgLx?
n] ;f] nIo k"/f ug{ ;a} v]dfdf ljeQm afdbnx? Ps 7fp“df cfpg'kg]{ atfP . clxn] afd ;xsfo{sf]
cfwf/df hgkIfLo ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{df afd bnx?aLr g} d'7e]8sf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g'
b'Mvb ePsf] eGb} pgLx?n] tTsfn To:tf] l:ylt cGTo ug{ klg dfu u/]sf 5g\ .
afd ;xsfo{sf nflu ;femf d~rsf cWoIf ;'zLn uf}tdsf] cWoIftfdf ePsf] sfo{qmdsf k|d'v
cltly bfªsf] sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf ;+:yfks ;b:o Pj+ jof]j[4 sDo'lgi6 g]tf dfl0fsnfn uf}tdn] afd
;xsfo{sf nflu g}lts an / ;fx;sf] vf“rf] cf}+Nofpg'eof] .
sfo{qmddf af]Nb} PsLs[t g]skf dfcf]jfbL bfªsf O{Grfh{ lgd{n cfrfo{n] zflGt / gofF ;
+ljwfgsf] kIfdf x'g] ;a} jfdbn;Fu ;xsfo{ ug{ tof/ /x]sf] eGb} pxfFn] juL{o /fhgLlt u/L
;j{xf/f ju{k|lt k|ltj4 ePdf jfd ;xsfo{df cfkm"x? afws gaGg] :ki6 kfg'{eof] . jfd ;xsfo{ x'g
;s] /fhg}lts ufF7f] km'sfP/ ;xdltsf] cfwf/df h]i7 !$ d} hgkIfLo ;+ljwfg aGg] cfrfo{sf]
egfO{ lyof] .
sfo{qmddf k'/fgf sDo'lgi6 g]tfx? 6Lsf/fd lwtfn, jf;'b]j uf}td, afdb]j zdf{, >Lw/ r§fg,
t'n;L/fd kGyL, b]jdl0f b]jsf]6f, 6Lsf/fd /]UdL, uf]kfn/fh zdf{, e/t/fh zdf{, lul//fh zdf{,
l8NnL/fh vgfn, nf]sdl0f cfrfo{n] afd ;xsfo{df hf]8 lbg'ePsf] lyof] . To;}u/L ;f] cj;/df g]skf
Pdfn]sf sfo{jfxs cWoIf czf]s rf}w/L, g]skf dfn]sf cWoIf dx]Gb| zfxnufotn] klg
af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .
d~rsf ;b:o k'?iff]Qd vgfnsf] :jfut dGtJoaf6 z'? ePsf] ;f] cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng ;ljg
lk|of;gn] ug'{ePsf] lyof] eg] ;xefuLx? ;a}nfO{ kbd j}lbsn] wGojfb 1fkg ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

u}/LufpFdf nfu]sf] cfuf] rf/ lbgkl5

lgoGq0fdf
/fxt pknAw u/fpg /f]Nkfsf ;ef;b\åf/f
dfu
bfª÷a'waf/b]lv /f]Nkfsf] u}/LufpF uflj;df nfu]sf] cfuf] lgoGq0fdf cfPsf] 5 . aRrf
kfOnf ;fd'bflos agaf6 z'? ePsf] cfuf] :yfgLoaf;L, k|x/L, hgd'lQm ;]gf, g]kfnL ;]gf nufotsf]
kxndf zlgaf/ lgoGq0fdf cfPsf] xf] .
o;}aLr /f]Nkfsf] u}/LufpFdf ePsf] cfunfuLkLl8tsf nflu /fxt pknAw u/fpg /f]Nkfsf
;ef;b\x?n] dfu u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx?n] ;fd"lxs?kdf u[x dGqfnodf 1fkgkq a'emfpFb} ;f] dfu
u/]sf x'g\ . lhNnf, :yfgLo k|zf;g, cGo ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 s]xL /fxt ljt/0f ul/Psf]
ePklg To;n] Ps b'O{ lbgdfq} k'Ug] ePsfn] tfTsflns / bL3{sflns b[li6n] cfjZos /fxt pknAw
u/fpg pgLx?n] ;/sf/;Fu dfu u/]sf 5g\ . ;ef;b\x?n] tTsfn !) xhf/ lSjG6n rfdn, ! xhf/ lSjG6n
bfn, @% ;o lSjG6n vfg]t]n, ! xhf/ lSjG6n g"g, @ xhf/ yfg sDan, ! ;o ;]6 ef8fjt{g, k|lt3/
8]9 nfvsf b/n] 3/ lgdf{0f vr{, cf}iflw / d[tssf kl/jf/nfO{ lqmofvr{ Pj+ /fxt :j?k % nfv ?
k}of tTsfn k|bfg ug{ ;/sf/;Fu dfu u/]sf 5g\ . /f]Nkfsf ;ef;b\x? hok'/L 3tL{, ;Gtf]if a'9fdu/,
Hff]vaxfb'/ dx/f, cf]g;/L 3tL{du/, tf/fs'df/L 3tL{du/, ;Gtf]ifL lj=s=, v'df ;'a]bL / /Ldf
g]kfnLn] ;fd"lxs?kdf To:tf] dfu u/]sf x'g\ . ;fy} pgLx?n] ;fd"lxs k|]; lj1lKt hf/L u/L
cfunfuL kLl8tx?nfO{ /fxt k|bfg ug{ ;a}nfO{ cfXjfg u/]sf 5g\ .
h+unaf6 ufpF g} ;vfk kfg]{ u/L km}lnPsf] cfuf] lgefpg] qmddf u}/LufpF uflj;–(
;fNdfhf lgjf;L #% jifL{o km;{axfb'/ s];Lsf] d[To' ePsf] 5 eg] xfn;Dd #& 3/, !( uf]7 hn]/
Wj:t eO;s]sf 5g\ . To:t} cGgkft, nQfsk8fnufot v]taf/Lsf] uxF', hf}+ / e]8f, afv|f,
ufO{uf]?;d]t hn]/ gi6 ePsf] :yfgLoaf;Ln] atfPsf 5g\ . cfuf] lgefpg] qmddf ;'lgn :d[lt la|u]8
rf}Fyf] a6flnogdf sfo{/t lab|f]xL pkgfdsf hg;]gf uDeL/ 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ .
pgnfO{ SofDkd} ;fdfGo pkrf/ u/L yk pkrf/sf] nflu bfªsf] 3f]/fxL NofOPsf] kfFrf} l8lehg
d'Vofnon] hgfPsf] 5 .
cfunfuLaf6 u}/LufpF uflj; gfufufpFsf 3gZofd a:g]tsf] # j6f, ?ksaxfb'/ 8fFuLsf @ j6f,
odk|;fb 8fFuLsf @ j6f, xs{/fd k'gsf @ j6f, uf]kfn 8fFuLsf @ j6f, s[i0faxfb'/sf ! j6f, ljdnf
k'gsf] ! j6f, lrqaxfb'/ 8fFuLsf] ! j6f, dgs'df/L jnLsf] ! j6f, leds'/L yfkfsf] ! j6f, k'0f{axfb'/
a'9fsf] ! j6f, sfnL/fd k'gsf] ! j6fnufot #& j6f 3/ / !( j6f uf]7 hn]/ gi6 ePsf 5g\ . lhNnf k|x/L
sfof{no /f]Nkfsf k|x/L gfoj pkl/Ifs s[i0fKof/f v/]nsf cg';f/ ! j6f uf]?, ! j6f a+u'/ / !@ j6f afv|
fx? hn]/ d/]sf 5g\ .
cfunfuL kLl8tnfO{ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L xl/k|;fb af:tf]nfsf] g]t[Tjdf uPsf] k|x/L, /fhg}lts
bn, ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx? ;lDdlnt 6f]nLn] ;Lldt /fxt ljt/0f u/]sf] lyof] .
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no /f]Nkf / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt /f]Nkfn] k|lt 3/kl/jf/ & xhf/, g]kfn /]8qm;
lhNnf zfvf /f]Nkfn] u}/vfB ;fdfgx? sk8f, efF8fs'8f lqkfn, lhljsf]kfh{gsf] nflu jg
sfo{qmd /f]Nkfn] !% ;o / Ps xhf/sf b/n] /fxt lbPsf] 5 .

dxfo1af6 @) nfv a9L cfDbfgL

lbks s'dfn, bfª÷pdflj ;~rfngsf nflu z'? ul/Psf] dxfo1jf6 @) nfv a9L cfDbfgL ePsf] 5 . pdflj
sfnfvf]nfdf ut d+unaf/b]lv z'? ul/Psf] dxfo1sf] kfFrf}+ lbg zlgaf/;Dd @) nfv a9L cfDbfgL
ePsf] xf] .
dxfo1df ;a}eGbf a9L e/t Gof}kfg]n] @ nfv %! xhf/ a/fa/sf] hUufbfg ug'{ePsf] 5 eg]
pQds'df/ >]i7 / piff >]i7n] ! nfv ! xhf/ ! ;o !! ?k}ofF gubbfg tyf cIfosf]if v8f ug'{ ePsf] 5 .
To;}u/L uf]df s];Ln] !% xhf/ a/fa/sf] t'nfbfg ug'{ePsf] 5 . dxfo1af6 ! s/f]8 /sd p7fpg]
of]hgf agfPklg %) nfv;Dd /sd p7\g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] cfly{s ;ldltsf ;b:o 6f]kaxfb'/ s];Ln]
hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . dflj;Dd ;~rfngdf /x]sf] sfnfvf]nfdf pdflj ;~rfng ug{sf nflu nufOPsf]
dxfo1df ;Nofg, /f]Nkf, g]kfnu~haf6 ;d]t bfgsf nflu bz{sx? ;xefuL ePsf 5g\ .

;DkfbsLo
zflGt / ;+ljwfgsf nflu lg0ff{os
cfGbf]ng
gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L ug{ tf]lsPsf] h]7 !$ cfpg ca 7Ls ## lbg dfq afFsL 5 . t/, ;Qf?9 bnx? ;
+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] sfdnfO{ Psflt/ kG5fP/ ;+ljwfg ;ef / ;+3Lo u0ftGqsf] Ph]08f Nofpg]
dfcf]jfbLnfO{ g} bdg ug]{ /0fgLlt agfpgd} Jo:t /x]sf 5g\ . ;Qfl;g bnx?sf] o:tf] xs{tn] ;
+ljwfg ;ef, u0ftGq / zflGt k|lqmof g} w/fkdf kg]{ vt/f a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5 . h]7 !$ df ;+ljwfg
hf/L ug{ g;lsg] eGb} ;Qfwf/L bnx? ;xdlt ePdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] Dofb yKg],
b]znfO{ oyfl:yltd} /flv/fVg] / 3'dfp/f] kf/fn] )$& ;fns} ;+ljwfg hf/L ug]{ kIfdf nfu]sf 5g\ .
olb ;xdlt x'g g;s] ;+ljwfg ;ef lj36g ug]{, /fi6«klt zf;gsf] gfddf ;}Go tfgfzfxL yf]kg]{ /
dfcf]jfbLnfO{ bdg u/]/} tx nufpg] of]hgfsf ;fy ;Qfwf/L bnx? / k|ltufdL, oyfl:yltjfbL
s'tTjx? uDeL/ if8\oGqdf nfu]sf 5g\ .
;Qfwf/L bnx?, jt{dfg dfs'g] g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/ / wd{, hfltnufot ljljw gfddf b]vf k/]sf 3f]/
blIf0fkGyL k|ltufdL tTjx?sf] u7hf]8;Fu} kl5Nnf] r/0fdf v'ndv'Nnf b]lvPsf hglj/f]wL
lqmofsnfkn] b]znfO{ d'7e]8lt/ ws]Ng nflu/x]sf] :ki6} b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . /fHosf] afu8f]/
;Dxfn]sf bnx?af6} zflGt / ;+ljwfglj/f]wL xs{t z'? x'g yfn]kl5 jiff}{+b]lvsf] g]kfnL hgtfsf]
zflGt / hg;+ljwfgsf] rfxgf km]l/ klg uDeL/ ;+s6df k/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfg hf/L ug'{kg]{ lbg hlt
glhlsb}5, if8\oGq, 9fF6 / 5nsk6sf] /fhgLlt emg} pbfËf] x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 . zflGt
;Demf}tfsf] 3f]/ pNn+3g ub}{ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] elt{ z'? ug'{, ;xdlt / ;xsfo{nfO{ nTofpFb}
hgtfsf] Dof08]6sf] 7f8} ckdfg ug'{, ;Qf / zlQmsf] cf8df k|ltkIfLnfO{ bdg u/]/} cl3 a9\g
vf]Hg', e|i6frf/ / kmh'n vr{n] /fHosf] 9's'6L l/Tofpg', ;xdtLo cfwf/df ug'{kg]{ lg0f{ox?
nfO{ ;/sf/ PSn} ub}{ lx8\g', ;'lgof]lht ?kdf dfcf]jfbLlj?4 cgu{n k|rf/afhL ub}{ u[xo'4
dRrfpg] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ vf]Hg' jt{dfg ;/sf/sf lg:s[i6 / 3f]/ k|ltufdL sbdsf s]xL gd"gfx?
dfq x'g\ . ;/sf/sf] lhDd]jf/ kbdf /x]sf JolQmx?af6} cfPsf zflGt ;Demf}tfljkl/tsf cfklQhgs
cleJolQmx?sf] t oxfF n]vfhf]vf g} 5}g .
;+ljwfg ;ef / u0ftGqsf] Ph]08f dfcf]jfbLn] NofPsf] xf], cfkm"nfO{ ;+;b\jfbL eGg ?
rfpg] clxn]sf ;Qfwf/L bnx?n] NofPsf xf]Ogg\ . bz jif]{ ;z:q hgo'4sf] a]nf tTsflng ljb|f]xL
dfcf]jfbLn] ;+ljwfg ;ef / u0ftGqsf] s'/f p7fpFbf oL Ph]08fnfO{ 7f8} c:jLsf/ u/L
b'O{÷b'O{k6s jftf{ k|lqmof eË ub}{ b]znfO{ åGådf ws]Ng] log} bnx? x'g\ . cGttM ha
tTsflng /fhf 1fg]Gb|n] bnx?sf] slyt\ k|hftGqdfly wfjf af]n] clg dfq logLx?sf] r]t v'n]sf]
oyfy{tf xfd|f ;fd" lbghlQs} 5n{Ë 5 . log} bnx? clxn] ;+ljwfg ;ef / u0ftGqsf ;a}eGbf glhssf
cleefjs sxnfPsf 5g\ / xl/of] 3fF;df n's]sf] ;k{n] h:t} u/L ;+ljwfg ;ef, u0ftGq / zflGt k|
lqmofnfO{ 8:b}5g\ . cfd g]kfnLsf] d'lQm, kl/jt{g / ljsf;sf] rfxgfdfly s'7f/f3ft ub}{5g\ . ;
+ljwfg / zflGts} ehgd08nL ub}{ zflGt k|lqmofs} unf /]6\b}5g\ . of] w'|j;TonfO{ e'n]/
g]kfnL hgtfn] km]l/ klg log} bnx?sf] ljZjf;df gofF hgkIfLo ;+ljwfg / zflGtsf] cfzf
ug'{ 7"nf] lj8Djgf x'g]5 . logsf] c;nL cg'xf/ b]Vg ca Tolt w]/} s'g'{kg]{ klg 5}g .
clxn]sf] of] s6' oyfy{tfnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{, g]kfnL hgtfn] ;lbof}+b]lv ub}{ cfPsf
cfGbf]ngsf] ;kmntfkl5 ePsf wf]sf, if8\oGq / ;Qf k|flKtsf] e¥ofª agfOPsf jf:tljstfx?af6 kf7
l;Sb} km]l/ Psk6s g]kfnL hgtf p7\g}kg]{ ePsf] 5 . ha;Dd xfdL cfkm} hfUb}gf}+, ta;Dd
sf]xL s;}n] xfd|f lglDt s]xL ul/lbg] 5}g . To;}n] zflGt, hg;+ljwfg /;+3Lo u0ftGqsf nflu
Psk6s cfGbf]lnt x'g'kg]{ a]nf cfPsf] 5 . 3'dfp/f] kf/fn] km]l/ klg )$& ;fns} ;+ljwfg hf/L
ug]{, ;+;bLo Joj:yfsf] kmf]x/L lxnf]d} /dfpg] / Oltxf;sf] s'8fss{6 eO;s]sf] /fhtGqnfO{ ;d]t
kmsf{pg] if8\oGq eO/x]sf] l:yltdf g]kfnL hgtf r'k nfu]/ a:g] xf] eg] of] b]zdf zflGt /
hgtfsf] ;+ljwfg klg Oltxf;sf] ljifo aGg ;S5 .
bnx?df ;xdlt, ;xsfo{ / cu|ufdL ;f]+r gePs} sf/0f b'O{ jif{ nfdf] ;do eP/ klg ;+ljwfg aGg
g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . clxn] ;Qfdf a;]sf 7"nf bnsf 7"nf g]tfx?n] g} tf]lsPsf] ;do;Ldfleq ;+ljwfg
agfpg g;lsg] eGb} ;do yk ug'{kg]{ dfu ul//x]sf 5g\ . b'O{ jif{;Dd cfk;L ljjfb / cf–cfk\mg}
c8fgdf /x]sf bnx?n] cem}+ $ jif{ Dofb yk]klg ;+ljwfg agfpg ;Sg] 5}gg\ . ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0fsf] s'/f clxn] juL{o cl:tTjsf] n8fO{;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . To;}n] h;n] kxnsbdL lnG5
p;}n] cfk\mgf] ju{sf] kIfdf ;+ljwfg agfO{ 5f8\5 . ctM of] a]nf g]kfnL hgtfn] cfk\mgf]
kIfdf ;+ljwfg agfpg] xf] eg] Jofks hgbafa ;[li6 ug'{kb{5 . pTkLl8t, pk]lIft ju{, hflt, If]q /
lnËsf ;d'bfon] casf] ;+ljwfgdf cfk\mgf xsclwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ xf] eg] Jofks bafasf nflu ;Dej
ePhlt cfGbf]ngsf ;a} ?kx?sf] k|of]u u/L cfk\mgf] kIfdf ;+ljwfg hf/L u/fpg afWosf/L
l:yltsf] l;h{gf ug'{sf] ljsNk 5}g . To;}n] b]zdf :yfoL zflGt, ;fFrf] cy{df g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;
+ljwfg agfpg] xf] eg] cfh}b]lv hgbafasf nflu ;8sdf hfcf}+, va/bf/L u/f}+, h]7 !$ leq} ;
+ljwfg hf/L u/fpg lg0ff{os t/ zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ngsf] cfFlwa]x/L l;h{gf u/f}+ . olb xfdL
cfkm} hfu]gf}+ eg] km]l/ klg g]kfnL hgtfsf] rfxgfdfly 7"nf] ah|kft x'g]5 .

;fdlosL
;Gbe{ M n]lgg hoGtL / kf6L{
:yfkgf lbj;
g]kfnL /fhgLltsf] cu|ufdL lgsf;
g/axfb'/ clwsf/L
of] ;ftf ljZj ;j{xf/f ju{sf dxfg\ u'? n]lggsf] hGdhoGtL Pjd\ g]]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf]
:yfkgf lbj; g]kfnel/ ljljw tl/sfn] dgfOof] . sltko sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ elgg]x?n] cf]7] elQm /
cf}krfl/stfdf oL b'O{ dxfg\ Pjd\ o'ufGtsf/L ;Gbe{nfO{ lnP eg] ljZje/sf / g]kfnsf sDo'lgi6
qmflGtsf/Lx?n] o; ;Gbe{nfO{ ;j{xf/f ju{sf] k"0f{ d'lQmsf vflt/ Oltxf;n] ;'Dk]sf] lhDd]jf/L
k"/f ug{ cu|hx?n] b]vfPsf] dfu{df cljrlnt cufl8 a9\g jt{dfgsf r'gf}ltx?nfO{ l5rf]Nb}
dfn]dfjfbnfO{ k|of]u Pjd\ ljsf; ub}{ lg/Gt/ qmflGtsf] l;4fGtnfO{ bx|f];Fu cfTd;ft ug]
{ k|]/0ff / phf{sf] ?kdf :d/0f u/] .
afdkGy / blIf0fkGysf aLrsf] leif0f 6s/fjsf sf/0fn] /fhg}lts cGof}ntf 5fPsf] clxn]sf]
cj:yfdf zflGt k|lqmof / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ub}{ /fHosf] cu|ufdL k'gM;+/rgfdfkm{t\ gofF
g]kfn lgdf{0fsf lglDt ?k kIf / ;f/ kIfsf ;a} oyfl:yltjfbL, k|ltufdL zlQmx? cu|ufdL dfu{df
cj/f]w alg/x]sf] cj:yfdf sDo'lgi6 qmflGtsf/Lx?sf nflu olta]nf dxfg\ n]lggn] :yflkt
ug{'ePsf] ;j{xf/fjfbL ljZj b[li6sf]0f / ;dsflng kl/l:yltsf g]kfnL pTkLl8t ju{sf dxfg\
qmflGtsf/L cu|hx?n] ;dtfd"ns gofF hgjfbL Pjd\ ;dfhjfbL /fHoJoj:yf lgdf{0fsf vflt/ tTsflng
ljifd kl/l:yltsf afah"b cbDo ;fx;sf ;fy :yfkgf u/]sf] g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] p2]Zo olta]nf
leGg b'O{ ju{sf aLrsf] 6s/fjdf :ki6 b]Vg ;lsG5 .
…/fHo;Qf Ps ju{n] csf]{ ju{nfO{ bafpg] xltof/ xf]Ú eGg] k|l;4 dfS;{jfbL dfGotfcg'?k
pTkL8s Pjd\ k|ltufdL ju{n] pTkLl8t Pjd\ cu|ufdL ju{nfO{ bafpg] of pTkLl8t Pjd\ cu|ufdL
ju{n] pTkL8s Pjd\ k|ltufdL ju{nfO{ bafpg] lsl;dsf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/L /fHo;Qf ;~rfng ug]
{ eGg] g} olta]nfsf] g]kfnL /fhg}lts 6s/fj xf] . of] juL{o n8fO{df s;n] s;nfO{ k/f:t kfg{
;S5 ef]lnsf] g]kfnsf] :j?k To;}cg';f/ lgwf{/0f x'g]5 .
olta]nf g]kfnL /fhg}lts If]qsf ?k / ;f/sf ;a} k|ltufdLx? cu|ufdL /fhg}lts
zlQmnfO{ 3]/faGbL u/]/ cfk\mgf] ktgd'vL clei6 k"/f ug]{ bfpdf 5g\ . hglgjf{lrt
;/sf/nfO{ if8\oGqd'ns 9+un] ckb:t ug]{, ;]gf ;dfof]hg ug{ glbg], wd{ lg/k]Iftf / ;+3Lotfsf
lj?4 if8\oGq ug]{, lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfcg'?k qmflGtsf/L e"ld;'wf/, g]kfnL ;]gfsf]
nf]stflGqs/0f cflb xF'b} /fHonfO{ cu|ufdL Pjd\ hgd'vL ?kfGt/0f ug]{eGbf @)$& ;fnsf] ;
+ljwfg Jo"FtfP/ ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq kmsf{pg]df pgLx?sf] s;/t z'? ePsf] 5 . slyt\ @@ bnLo
u7aGwgsf gfddf pgLx? ;+ljwfg ;ef lj36g u/L /fi6«klt zf;gsf gfddf ;]gfsf] andf g]kfnL
hgtfdfly k|ltufdL zf;g Joj:yf nfb\g pBt 5g\ . sdn yfkfb]lv lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfkl5sf Ps gDa/
g]tf dflgPsf s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{ k|j[lQsf sfFu|];L g]tfsf aa{/fx6 t hgtfn] a'em]s} s'/f eof] t/
lj8Dagf Û df]xgljqmdb]lv s]=kL= cf]nL;Ddsf slyt\ sDo'lgi6 g]tfx?sf xs{t b]Vbf nfU5,
;fdGtL PsfTds /fHoJoj:yf sfod ug{sf vflt/ sDo'lgi6sf gfddf pgLx? emg\ cAan bhf{sf k|
ltufdL ;fljt ePsf 5g\ . ?kdf ;j{xf/fjfbL sDo'lgi6 t/ ;f/df sdn yfkf jt{dfgn] b]vfPsf] pgLx?
sf] ;SsnL ?k oxL xf] .
h]i7 !$ ut]leq ;+ljwfg gaGg] lglZrt ePkl5 PsLs[t g]skf dfcf]jfbL ;8s / ;+;bsf]
cfGbf]ngnfO{ s]lGb|t u/]/ k|ltufdL /fHoJoj:yfdfly x:tIf]k u/L hg;+ljwfg lgdf{0f / ;+3Lo
nf]stflGqs hgu0ftGq ;+:yfut ug{ cfGbf]ngdf h'6]sf] 5 . dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ngsf] 3lge"t
tof/Ln] k|ltufdL /fhg}lts zlQmx? olta]nf cft+lst aGg k'u]sf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbLnfO{ abgfd ug]
{ / cft+lst kfg]{b]lv lnP/ pgLx? k'ln; Pjd\ ;]gfnfO{ e8\sfpg];Ddsf] xs{tdf pq]sf] k|i6}
b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . :j]lR5s rGbf, ;xof]u / o'jf ;zlQms/0f k|lzIf0fnfO{ olta]nf pgLx? ;z:q o'4sf]
tof/L eg]/ k|rf/ u/L /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o k|ltufdL ju{;Fu xf/u'xf/ ul//x]sf 5g\ . cd]l/sL
/fhb't;Fu x?jf k|wfgdGqL dfwj g]kfnsf] /f]Os/fO{ / ;}lgs hg/nx?;Fu Pdfn] o'jf g]tfx?sf]
uf]Ko a}7s o;sf kl5Nnf HjnGt pbfx/0f x'g\ . ha ls dfcf]jfbLn] 3f]lift?kd} elg/x]sf] 5 p;sf]
cfGbf]ng ljz'4 zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ng xf] . Jofks hg;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t bafjd'ns cfGbf]ng xf] t/
zflGtk"0f{ hgx:tIf]ksf] pRrtd ?kn] hg;+ljwfg lgdf{0f / ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs hgu0ftGqsf] k|
flKt Pjd\ Uof/]06Lljgf of] s'g} klg xfntdf :ylut x'g] 5}g .
o; ;Gbe{df dxfg\ n]lggn] eg]em}+ pTkL8s ju{dfly pTkLl8t ju{n] cfk\mgf] ckf/ zlQm,
Uofª Pjd\ ;f}o{åf/f x:tIf]k ug{ ;S5, cfk\mgf] ju{sf] /fHoJoj:yfsf] Uof/]06L ug{ ;S5 . ;r]t
hgtfsf] of]hgfa4 ju{ ljb|f]xdf pTkL8s ju{n] ;a} yfxf kfP/ klg s]xL ug{ ;Sb}g, ;r]t
qmflGtsf/L hgtfsf] ce]B lsNnfsf] cufl8 pTkL8s ju{sf s'6Ln xs{tx? lg:sfd ;fljt x'G5g\ .
hgtfsf] ce]B lsNnfsf] g]t[Tj ub}{ ktgd'vL ju{sf] lsNnf eTsfpg] ;fx; ug{' g} ;fFrf] cy{df
qmflGtsf/L aGg' xf] / tTsflns ;Gbe{df af]N;]ljs x'g' xf] eg]/ h] k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5
To;nfO{ g]kfnL wtL{df k|of]u ug]{ a]nf cfPsf] 5 . ;a}vfn] k|ltufdL zlQmsf xf]xNnfsf]
kbf{kmf; ub}{ hgtfsf] ;r]t x:tIf]kåf/f ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs hgu0ftGq lgdf{0f ug{ ;s]df g}
dxfg\ n]lgg / g]kfnL sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] :yfkgfdf cbDo ;fx; b]vfpg] xfd|f cu|hx?sf] ;Ddfg
u/]sf] 7xg]{5 . pxfFn] kyk|bz{g u/]sf] dfu{df cljrlnt /x]sf] ;fljt x'g]5 . 

s] ;dod} ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f x'G5 <

;'dg ;fg'
;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgdf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] bnsf] ?kdf hgtfaf6 cg'df]lbt ePsf] x}l;otn] PsLs[t
g]skf dfcf]jfbL sfFwdf cGo /fhg}lts bnx?sf] t'ngfdf yk lhDd]jf/L cfPsf] 5 . zxLbx?sf]
;kgfnfO{ ;fsf/ kfb}{ g]kfnL hgtfsf] hgcfsf+IffnfO{ k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L hgkIfLo ;+ljwfg
h]i7 !$ d} 3f]if0ff ug'{ /fHo;dIf klxnf] ;t{sf] ?kdf cufl8 cfPsf] 5 . ;d:of d'VotM ;+ljwfg
;efleqsf] ul0ftLo /fhgLlts v]nd} c8\s]sf] kfOG5 . PsLs[t dfcf]jfbL g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/nfO{ k|
ltufdL Pjd\ blIf0fkGyL ;f]+raf6 lbzflglb{i6 x'g]x?sf] ckljq rnv]nsf sf/0f ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs
u0ftGqpGd'v g]kfnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ ;DkGg k|wfgdGqLn] k|wfg;]gfklt;Fu ;fdfGo
:ki6Ls/0f;d]t ;f]Wg gkfpg] sn+lst glh/ :yfkgf ug]{x?åf/f g} ;/sf/ agfpg] / 9fNg] /fhg}lts
v]nsf] b'irqmdf ;+ljwfg cNem]sf] 5 .
))& ;fnsf] cfGbf]ngaf6 g} d'n'sdf hgkIfLo ;+ljwfgsf] 68\sf/f] cfjZostf b]lvb} cfPsf]
lyof] . Tof] a]nf klg ;+ljwfg ;efdfkm{t\ ;+ljwfg agfpg] ;f]+r / lrGtg tTsflng aLkL g]t[Tjsf]
;/sf/n] g/fv]sf] xf]Og . t/, To;sf] kfFrbzskl5 dfq g]kfnL hgtfn] hgkIfLo ;+ljwfgsf] ;kgf ;fsf/
x'g] ;+3f/df dfq s] k'u]sf lyP, ;f] ljk/Lt b]zLljb]zL k|ltlqmofjfbLx?sf] cfk;L u7hf]8n]
g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;kgf 6fl9b} hfg] vt/f a9\b} uPsf] 5 . g]kfn e"–kl/j]li7t d'n's xf] . ljZjdf o;sf]
5'§} / ljlzi6 klxrfg /x]sf] 5 . oxfFsf] df}lns jftfj/0fdf /fhgLlts ;+:sf/sf] hg:t/df ljsf; Pjd\
;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf] dxfg k|lqmofnfO{ cgj/t ?kdf lg/Gt/tf k|bfg ug{ PsLs[t dfcf]jfbLn] u/]sf]
/fhgLlts k|If]k0fsf] ;sf/fTds kl/0ffdaf6 cfzfjfbL ag]sf] /fHo k'gM h]i7 !$ kl5sf] l:ylt lrGtg,
dgg\d} clNemg k'u]sf] 5 .
zflGt ;Demf}tfkl5 /fhgLlts d'nwf/df ;dflji6 ePsf] tTsflng g]skf dfcf]jfbLn] ;+ljwfg;efsf]
lgjf{rgaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] ce"tk"0f{ ;kmntf / j}wflgstf dd{ Pjd\ k|hftGqsf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGt
;Dk"0f{ k\mo"hgsf] cfwf/df ;a}eGbf 7"nf] bnn] d'n'ssf] g]t[Tj ub}{ zflGt
;Demf}tfnfO{ tfls{s lgisif{df k'¥ofpg', ;]gf ;dfof]hg;lxt hgkIfLo ;+ljwfgsf] ;dod} 3f]if0ff
ug]{, gLltut g]t[Tj PsLs[t dfcf]jfbLn] ug{'kg]{ lgjf{rgsf] hgfb]zaf6 ;d]t ;'–:ki6 x'g cfPsf]
a]nf ul0ftLo ;dLs/0fsf] cfwf/df lgld{t s[lqd l:ylt g} ;+ljwfg ;dodf 3f]if0ff x'g g;s]sf]
cj:yfdf lhDd]jf/L Pjd\ hjfkmb]xLtfsf] lgjf{x ug{'k5{ . PsLs[t dfcf]jfbLn] ;/sf/ g]t[Tjsf]
bfjL gug]{ cleJolQm kf6L{ pkfWoIf gf/fo0fsfhL >]i7af6 ;fj{hlgs x'g'eGbf k"j{ /fhgLlts
g]t[Tj kl/jt{g ug]{ cleJolQm Pdfn]af6 cfpg'n] h'g ;/sf/sf] nflu bnx?aLr dl/xQ] x'GYof],
h;/L–h;/L h]i7 !$ glhlsb}5 To;/L–To;/L g} ;/sf/k|ltsf] df]x /fhgLlts bnx?aLrdf 36\g'sf] cy{
xf], hjfkmb]lxtf . hgtfnfO{ s;n] lbg] t hjfkm <
pRr:t/Lo /fhgLlts ;+oGqsf] :yfkgfsf] d"NodfGotf Jojxfl/s ?kdf ;fj{hlgs xF'bf gxF'b} ;
+oGq ;+of]hssf] lgwgn] /fhgLlts hl6ntfnfO{ yk a[l4 u/]sf] 5 . jf:tjdf ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf
d'VotM /fli6«o ;/sf/ u7gsf] lglDt /fhgLlts bnx?aLr jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf ug{'/x]sf] b]lvGYof] .
jt{dfg d'n'ssf] /fhgLlts ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfaf6 pGd'lQmsf] lglDt b]vfk/]sf] Psdfq j}slNks
af6f] xf]– bnLo ;xdlt, Pstf / ;xsfo{ . s]Gb|df ;+ljwfg, zflGt k|lqmof / ;]gf ;dfof]hgnfO{
;dflji6 ul/ bnx?aLrsf] ;xsfo{ jt{dfg cj:yfdf clgjfo{ ;t{ ag]sf] ePklg ;f]k|lt /fhgLlts bnx?
uDeL/ gePsf] kfOG5 .
d'VotM ;/sf/ d'Vo ljifo jf kIf xf]Og . ;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g ;dodf ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0fsf nflu
ePsf] xf] . Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] x}l;otdf pQm ;efn] ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lglZrt bfloTjeGbf klg d'Vo
cleef/f a'emL /fhgLlts bnx?n] vlr{Psf] ;do / v]n]sf] e"ldsfs} kl/0ffd cfh ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ffsf]
ljifo zflGt / ;]gf ;dfof]hgsf] d'Vo d'2f cf]em]ndf k/]sf] ;To :jLsfg}{kg]{ x'G5 .
;/sf/n] ;]gf ;dfof]hgsf] ljifonfO{ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] k|:yfg u/]sf] ljGb'sf] ?kdf
:jLsfg{ h?/L 5 . hgo'4 n8]sf hg;]gfn] d'n'snfO{ ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] ;+3f/df k'¥ofpg
lbPsf of]ubfg / v]n]sf] e"ldsfnfO{ gsfg{ ;lsGg . /fhf 1fg]Gb|åf/f zfxL zf;gsfnsf] a'6 d'n'sdf
ahfl//x]sf] a]nf ePsf] cf7 bnLo ;xdltsf] ;dodf ePsf] ;xdltsf] ckJofVof o;sf] d'Vo afws tTj
xf] . ;ft /fhgLlts bn;Fu ;]gf gePklg hf]l8Psf] cf7f}+ /fhgLlts bnsf] ?kdf dfcf]jfbLsf n8fs'x?
s} cfwf/df lqmofzLn ag]sf] tfTsfnLg hgcfGbf]ng efu–@ n] ck]Iffs[t cToGt 5f]6f] ;dodf
lg/+s'ztfaf6 lg:;fl;Psf] g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ :jtGqtfsf] Zjf; km]g]{ jftfj/0f pknAw u/fPsf]
a]OdfgLsf] ;'qkft x'G5, To; 7fpFdf ;xdltsf] /fhgLltsf] cj;fg x'G5 . oyfy{df xfd|f] d'n'sdf
ePsf] oxL g} xf] .
/fhgLlts OdfGbfl/tfnfO{ csf]{ zAbdf /fhgLlts k|ltj4tf elgG5 . b]z / hgtfk|lt k|ltj4
eO{ lqmofzLn ag] ;d:of pTkGg xF'bf klg xF'b}g, eOxfn] eg] klg To;sf] ;dfwfg ;/n x'G5 .
gLlteGbf lgot ;kmf x'g h?/L 5 . lgotsf] ;'–:ki6tfsf nflu hgcfsf+Iffk|lt k|lta4tf h?/L 5 . 

ljrf/ /fhgLlt
n]lgg hoGtL, kf6L{:yfkgf lbj; /
g]kfnL qmflGt
df]xg j}B ls/0f
g]kfnL sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf;df @@ clk|nsf] ljz]if dxŒj 5 . lsgeg] of] lbg Ps} ;fy
n]lgghoGtL ƒ kf6L{ ‚yfkgf lbj; xf]„ @@ clk|n !*&) df ljZj sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngsf Ps dxfg†
lzIfs tyf g]tf n]lggsf] hGd ePsf] lyof]„ To;}uƒL @@ clk|n !($( df g]kfnL ;j{xfƒf ju{sf] cu|
b‚tf g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf] ‚yfkgf ePsf] lyof]„ cfh g]kfnL sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngn] ^!
jif{ kfƒ uƒ]ƒ ^@ jif{df k|j]z uƒ]sf] 5 ƒ xfdL ;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t\ gof“ ;+ljwfg cyf{t† hgtfsf]
;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ k|lqmofdf 5f}+„ of] a]nf xfdLn] g]kfnL qmflGtnfO{ n]lggjfbsf
dxfg† P]ltxfl;s lzIff ƒ g]kfnL sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf] ‚yfkgfsfnsf] gof“ hgjfb x'“b} ;dfhjfb
Pjd† ;fDojfbdf hfg] dxfg† cfbz{;Fu hf]8]ƒ x]g{ h?ƒL 5„
xfd|f] kf6L{ PsLs[t g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{-dfcf]jfbL_sf] kyk|bz{s l;4fGt dfS;{jfb–
n]lggjfb–dfcf]jfb÷ljrfƒ xf]„ n]lggjfb Tof] s8L xf], h;n] dfS;{jfb ƒ dfcf]jfbnfO{ hf]8†g]
ub{5„ n]lggjfbsf] ;jf{lws dxŒjk"0f{ kIf eg]sf] bz{g, ƒfhgLlts cy{zf‚q ƒ j}1flgs
;dfhjfbnfO{ gof“ prfOdf 9fNb} u'0ffTds ¿kdf ljsl;t t'Nofpg' xf]„ of] sfd n]lggn] Psfltƒ
ju{;ª\3if{sf] If]qdf ;fd|fHojfbnfO{ 7Ls;Fu klxrfg ub}{ To;sf lj?4 ;ª\3if{ rnfPƒ ƒ csf]{ltƒ
cGt/;ª\3if{sf] If]qdf ;+zf]wgjfbnfO{ ƒfd|f];Fu 7Dofp“b} To;sf lj?4 s8f j}rflƒs ;ª\3if{ 5]8]ƒ
Ps};fy b[9tfk"j{s cl3 a9fpg'eof]„
bz{gsf] km“f6df n]lggn] ;a}vfn] cfbz{jfb tyf clwe"tjfb ƒ ljz]iftM k|ToIfjfbsf ¿kdf k|‚t't
gof“ k|sfƒsf] cg'ejjfb cyf{t† JolQmlgi7 cfbz{jfbsf lj?4 ;ª\3if{ ub}{ åGåfTds tyf P]ltxfl;s
ef}ltsjfbnfO{ gof“ pFrfO{ k|bfg ug'{eof]„ o; ;Gbe{df pxf“sf] ef}ltsjfb tyf cg'ejl;4 cfnf]rgf
zLif{s s[lt ljz]if pNn]vgLo 5„ of] s[lt jt{dfg ;Gbe{df klg Jojxfƒjfb, gjk|ToIfjfb, cg'ejjfb ƒ
pQƒcfw'lgstfjfbsf lj?4sf] j}rflƒs ;ª\3if{df ljz]if ¿kdf k7gLo ƒx]sf] 5„
ƒfhgLlts cy{zf‚qsf] If]qdf ?;L ;dfh ƒ tTsfnLg ljZjsf] ju{ljZn]if0f;lxt Psflwsfƒ tyf
dƒ0ff;Gg k'“hLjfbsf ¿kdf ;fd|fHojfbsf] cWoog ljz]if pNn]vgLo ƒx]sf] 5„ n]lggsf] ljrfƒdf
;fd|fHojfb dƒ0ff;Gg k'“hLjfbsf] Ps o‚tf] cj‚yf xf], hf] o'4, ;+zf]wgjfb tyf ;dfhjfbL
qmflGt ;a};Fu clgjfo{ ¿kdf hf]l8Psf] 5 ƒ Tof] ;dfhjfbL qmflGtsf] k"j{a]nf aGg uPsf] 5„ o;
;Gbe{df n]lggsf] …;fd|fHojfb k'“hLjfbLsf] rƒd cj‚yfÚ zLif{s s[lt ljz]if k7gLo ƒx]sf] 5„
j}1flgs ;dfhjfbsf] If]qdf n]lggn] ;fdflhs qmflGtsf] ƒy xf“Sg of]Uo gof“ 9ª\\usf]
sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf] lgdf{0f, k'“hLjfbL tyf ;dfhjfbL qmflGtsf sfo{gLlt tyf ƒ0fgLltx¿sf] ljsf;
tyf ;d'lrt ljGof; ƒ ;j{xfƒf clwgfosTjsf] l;4fGtnfO{ ljsl;t t'Nofpg] sfd ug'{ePsf] 5„ o;
;Gbe{df pxf“sf b'O{ sfo{gLlt, ƒfHo;Qf ƒ qmflGt, ;dfhjfb ƒ o'4, dfS;{jfb ƒ ljb|f]xh‚tf
s[ltx¿ pNn]vgLo ƒx]sf 5g†„ ?;df ;+ljwfg ;efsf nflu r'gfj ulƒof]„ kƒGt', Toxf“ ljlrq s'ƒf s]
eof] eg] ;+ljwfg ;efeGbf qmflGt cufl8 a9]ƒ uof] ƒ qmflGtn] ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ a9flƒlbof]
„ ?;sf] of] P]ltxfl;s klƒ36gfaf6 xfdL ;a}n] cfjZos lzIff lng h?ƒL 5„ 
g]kfnL sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf; Pstf, ;ª\3if{ ƒ km'6 x'“b} km]lƒ gof“ cfwfƒdf gof“
Pstfsf] åGåjfbcg';fƒ cg]sf}+ 3'DtLx¿ kfƒ ub}{ jt{dfg cj‚yfdf ljsl;t ePsf] 5„ g]kfnL
sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf; d'VotM blIf0fkGyL ;+zf]wgjfbsf lj?4sf] ;ª\3if{sf] Oltxf; xf]
„ g]kfndf @)@* ;fndf ljsl;t ;z‚q emfkf ljb|f]x ƒ g]skf
-dfcf]jfbL_åfƒf @)%@ ;fndf ;~rfng ulƒPsf dxfg† hgo'4 blIf0fkGyL ;+zf]wgjfbsf lj?4sf]
nfdf] b'O{nfOg ;ª\3if{sf k|ltkmn x'g†„ cfh g]kfnL sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngdf d"ntM tLg k|sfƒsf
k|j[lQx¿ ljBdfg ƒx]sf 5g†„ tL x'g†– blIf0fkGyL ;+zf]wgjfb, h8;"qLo ;+zf]wgjfb ƒ
qmflGtsfƒL dfS;{jfb„ blIf0fkGyL ;+zf]wgjfbsf] d"nwfƒ Pdfn] g]t[Tjd08nL xf]„ g]kfnL
qmflGtsf ju{b'Zdgx¿;Fu sf“w ldnfp“b} g]kfnL hgtf ƒ dfcf]jfbLsf lj?4 n8†g' o;sf] Ps;"qLo
gLlt, of]hgf ƒ sfo{qmd ƒlxcfPsf] 5„ Pdfn]sf] hgtfsf] ax'bnLo hgjfb ;fƒtM qmflGt xf]Og,
k|ltqmflGtsf] l;4fGt xf]„ g]kfnL h8;"qLo ;+zf]wgjfbsf] d"n ljz]iftf eg]sf] qmflGtsf] gfd
hk]ƒ qmflGtsf] unf ƒ]6†g' ƒ qmflGtsfƒL sDo'lg:6x¿sf lj?4 n8†b} k|ltqmflGtsf] ;]jf
ug'{ xf]„ of] k|j[lQsf] g]t[Tj df]xg ljqmdl;+xsf] d;fn ;d"xåfƒf x'“b}cfPsf] 5„ clxn] g]kfnL
sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngdf qmflGtsfƒL dfS;{jfbL wfƒfsf] g]t[Tj PsLs[t g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{
-dfcf]jfbL_n] ub{5„
;fy}, oxf“g]ƒ s] s'ƒf Wofg lbg of]Uo 5 eg] tdfd k|sfƒsf cj;ƒjfbL jf ;+zf]wgjfbL lsQfleq
Toxf“sf ;Rrf qmflGtsfƒL sDo'lg:6x¿n] lgƒGtƒ j}rflƒs ;ª\3if{ rnfp“b} cfPsf 5g† ƒ
pgLx¿ Pstfsf] dxfg† P]ltxfl;s cleofgdf nfda4 x'“b}5g†„ of] xfd|f nflu uf}ƒjsf] s'ƒf xf]„
clxn] xfdL ;+ljwfg ;efdfkm{t† gof“ ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofdf 5f}+„ ;+ljwfg;efdf
jfdkGyLx¿sf] pkl‚ylt ^@ k|ltzt 5„ jfdkGyLx¿ Ps l9Ssf ePdf b'O{ltxfO{ ax'dt xfl;n uƒL
hgtfsf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f x'g;Sg] lglZrtk|foM g} b]lvG5„ kƒGt', lj8Dagf s] 5 eg] h;n]
cfkm"nfO{ jfd b]vfpg] s;ƒt ulƒƒx]sf 5g† tL c;nL cy{df blIf0fkGyL ƒ Tof] dfq geO{ k|
ltlqmofjfbsf ;]js aGg uPsf 5g†„ 7Ls, To;}sfƒ0f cfh blIf0fkGyLx¿sf] u9df e'O“rfnf] hfg
yfn]sf] 5 ƒ Toxf“ ljleGg 9¨sf ljb|f]xx¿ ;ª\ul7t x'“b} uOƒx]sf 5g† „ 
xfdL zflGt rfxG5f+}, tƒ k|ltlqmofjfb;Fu cfTd;dk{0f xf]Og„ xfdL ;+ljwfg agfpg
rfxG5f}+ tƒ oyfl‚yltjfbdf cfwflƒt ctLtd'vL ;+ljwfg xf]Og„ jf‚tljs cy{df xfdL hgtfsf] ;
+ljwfg agfpg rfxG5f}+„ xfdL To‚tf] ;+ljwfg agfpg rfxG5f}+, h;df ƒfli6«otf, hgtGq ƒ
hghLljsfsf cfwfƒe"t ;d‚ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg x'g ;sf];† ƒ dhb'ƒ, ls;fg, dlxnf, blnt, hghflt, lk5l8Psf
If]q;lxt cfd g]kfnL hgtfsf xs, lxt tyf clwsfƒsf] jf‚tljs cy{df ;Daf]wg ePsf] xf];†„ k'ƒfg} ;
+;bLo Joj‚yfdf cfwflƒt ;+ljwfgn] xf]Og, cfhsf] PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf hgtfsf] ;ª\3Lo
u0ftGqdf cfwflƒt gof“ ;+ljwfgn] dfq hgtfsf xs, lxt ƒ clwsfƒsf] k|ltlglwTj ug{;S5„ cfh b]z ƒ
hgtfsf nflu zflGt ƒ hgtfsf] ;+ljwfg rflxG5„ To;sf nflu PsLs[t g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{
-dfcf]jfbL_sf] g]t[Tjdf ƒfli6«o ;+o'Qm ;ƒsfƒsf] lgdf{0f clgjfo{ ¿kdf cfjZos 5„
xfd|f] p2]Zo g]kfndf gof“ hgjfbL qmflGt ;DkGg uƒL ;dfhjfb ƒ ;fDojfbsf] lbzfdf cufl8
a9†g' xf]„ of] dxfg† sfo{efƒ k"ƒf ug{sf nflu ;fdGtjfb, ;fd|fHojfb,÷lj‚tfƒjfbsf lj?4sf]
;ª\3if{nfO{ k|efjsfƒL 9¨n] cufl8  a9fpg h?ƒL 5„ ƒfli6«o ‚jfwLgtfsf] ƒIff ƒ hgtfsf] ;ª\3Lo
u0ftGqsf] ‚yfkgf Pscsf{;Fu cleGg ¿kn] uf“l;Psf 5g†„ ƒfli6«o ‚jfwLgtf ƒ hgjfbnfO{ kƒ‚kƒ
cnUofPƒ sbflk x]g{ ;lsFb}g„ l;¨f] g]kfnL hgjfbL qmflGtnfO{ ;xL 9¨n] cufl8 a9fpgsf nflu
of] a]nf g]kfnL sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngdf blIf0fkGyL ;+zf]wgjfbsf ¿kdf ljBdfg ƒfli6«o
cfTd;dk0f{jfb ƒ ;+;bjfbsf lj?4 s8f j}rflƒs ;ª\3if{ rnfpg h?ƒL 5„
g]kfnL qmflGt ;ƒn xf]Og aqmƒ]vfdf cufl8 al9ƒx]sf] 5„ clxn] xfdL Oltxf;sf] ;jf{lws
hl6n, uDeLƒ ƒ ;+j]bgzLn df]8df v8f eO{ cfGbf]ngnfO{ lgƒGtƒ cufl8 a9fpg uOƒx]sf 5f}+
„ o;} cfGbf]ngsf aLrdf xfdLn] n]lgghoGtL ƒ kf6L{‚yfkgf lbj; dgfp“b} 5f}+„ xfdL s] cfzf
ƒ ck]Iff ub{5f}+ eg] of] jif{sf] afO; clk|n cfGbf]ngnfO{ lgƒGtƒtf, pTsif{ ƒ ljhosf] lbzfdf
cufl8 a9fpgsf nflu Ps dxfg† P]ltxfl;s pTk]|ƒs aGg ;sf];†„
;fef/ M hglbzf

/fhgLlts kl/l:ylt / xfd|f] lg0f{o

gj/fh ;'j]bL
b]zsf] /fli6«o /fhgLltdf b]vfk/]sf] cGof]ntf oyfjt\ 5 . !@ a'Fb] ;dembf/Lb]lv o'4lj/fd
lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf / ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgåf/f u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf x'Fbf;Dd h;/L Pp6f
;xdlt;fy b]zsf k|d'v /fhgLlts efuLbf/x¿aLr ;xdlt sfod x'g ;s]sf] lyof], ax'dtLo k|0ffnLsf]
:yfkgf;Fu} Tof] ;xdltsf] 8f]/L 6'6\g k'Uof] . PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/nfO{
lj:yfkgsf nflu s6jfn k|s/0f / /fi6«kltsf] c;+j}wflgs sbdsf] ;xf/f lnP/ slyt @@ bnLo
u7aGwgsf] ;Qf/f]x0fkl5 t ;xdlt gfdsf] lrh emg\ 6f9fsf] ljifo aGg k'Uof] . o;aLr dfwjs'df/
g]kfn g]t[Tjsf] u7aGwgn] bz dlxgfsf] cjlw kf/ t u¥of] t/ b]zdf gofF ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f,
zflGt :yfkgf / cu|ufdL ;fdflhs, cfly{s ¿kfGt/0fsf ljifodf l;Gsf] efFRg ;s]g . a? /fli6«o
:jfwLgtfdfly lg/Gt/ x:tIf]k eP . b]zdf c/fhstf a9\of], zflGt ;'/Iffsf] l:ylt emg\ sdhf]/
aGof] . ;/sf/ lgsDdf dfq geO{ kmh'n vrL{ / e|i6;d]t ;fljt x'g k'Uof] . zflGt :yfkgf /
;xdltsf] /fhgLlts jftfj/0f lgdf{0fsf nflu ljutdf dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf zLif{dWo]sf
JolQmTj lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] lgwgn] ;xdltaf/] yk clglZrttf k}bf u¥of] / ul//x]sf] 5 .
zflGt :yfkgf, gofF ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f / /fli6«o :jfwLgtfsf] /Iff b]zsf dxŒjk"0f{
/fhgLlts ;jfnx¿ x'g\ . oL ;jfnx¿sf] ;xL xn ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] bn PsLs[t g]skf
dfcf]jfbLsf] g]t[Tjlagf ;Dej} 5}g . t/ klg of] oyfy{tfnfO{ clxn] ;Qf;Lg s7k'tnL u7aGwgn]
cfTd;ft ul//x]sf] kfOFb}g . ;xdltsf] cfwf/nfO{ cfkm}+n] eTsfpFb} klg hfg] t/ ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0f x'g g;s]sf] bf]if xfd|f] kf6L{ PsLs[t -dfcf]jfbL_tkm{ vGofOlbg] b':;fx;;d]t s7k'ntL
u7aGwgn] ul//x]sf] 5 . t/, cfd hgtfnfO{ s] s'/f yfxf 5 eg] u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf, gofF ;+ljwfgsf]
lgdf{0f, ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL;lxt b]zdf ;'zf;g jxfnL / zflGt lgdf{0fdf xfd|f] kf6L{sf] cxd\
e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 / /xg] 5 .
cfh b]zdf cu|udg / k|ltudg, :jfwLgtf / k/fwLgtf clg bf;Tj / d'lQmaLr lg/Gt/sf] åGå
rln/x]sf] 5 . oyfl:yltjfbLx¿n] slxNo} sNkgf g} gu/]sf] ;j{xf/f >dhLjL ju{sf] cnu wf/fn]
/fhtGqsf] cGTo, ;ª\3Lo u0ftGq :yfkgf x'Fb} gofF hgtGqtkm{ ;zQm 9ª\un] cufl8 a9\g
yfn]kl5 b]zLljb]zL k|ltlqmofjfbL zlQmx¿ Psl9Ssf x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . blIf0fkGyL tŒjx¿
;Nanfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . d;fg3f6df k'u]sf] /fhtGq;d]t k|]tsf ¿kdf lapFltg / lxGb"wd{sf] cf8df
km]l/ n'6sf] :ju{ kmsf{pg] b':jKg;lxt a9\g] r]i6f u/]sf] 5 . Tolt dfq xf]Og, lxhf] u0ftflGqs
cfGbf]ngdf s]xL ;sf/fTds e"ldsf v]n]sf bnx¿leq;d]t tL 3f]/ blIf0fkGyLx¿n] ks8 hdfpFb}
hfg yfn]sf] cfef;;d]t b]vfkb}{5 . jf:tjdf o; k|sf/sf] cj:yfn] cu|ufdL / k|ltufdL k|j[lQaLr km]l/
eLif0f ;ª\3if{ x'g] l:yltnfO{ g} ;ª\s]t ub{5 . cfZro{nfUbf] s'/f s] 5 eg] sfª\u|]; Pdfn]h:tf
qmdzM a'h'{jf / ;'wf/jfbL bnx¿;d]t s]xL ckjfb 5f8]/ of] åGåsf] k|lqmofdf 3f]/
blIf0fkGyLlt/ a9L e'msfj /fVg'n] pgLx¿ vf; /fhgLlts Ph]G8f jf Go"gtd /fli6«o lxtsf k|Zgk|
lt km]l/ klg l:y/ / :ki6 5}gg\ eGg] g} ;fljt ub{5 . …/fi6«x¿ :jfwLgtf rfxG5g\, hgtf d'lQm
rfxG5g\ . of] Oltxf;df /f]Sg} g;lsg] k|jfx xf]Ú egL s= dfcf]n] eg]sf] s'/f o; ;Gbe{df k|f;ª\lus
x'g cfpF5 . lsgeg] s'g} a]nf s'g} vf; /fhgLlts zlQm k|ultzLnh:tf] t b]lvg;S5 t/ oyfy{df ha
To;sf] k/LIf0f x'g] ;do cfpF5, To;n] cfºgf] Tof] u'0f -of b'u'{0f <_ b]vfpg yfNb5 . t/,
Oltxf;sf] /f]Sg} g;Sg] k|jfxn] oyfl:yltjfbL jf ;'wf/jfbLx¿nfO{ klg lsgf/f gnufO{ 5f8\b}g .
cfh oxL l:ylt sfª\u|];, Pdfn]sf af/]df b]lvFb}5 . b]z / hgtfn] u0ftflGqs cfGbf]ngdfkm{t\
kl/jt{g vf]h], ;a} k'/fgf ljs[lt, ljsf/af6 dfly p7\g rfx] . t/ sfª\\u|]; / Pdfn] @)%@–@)%#
;fnsf] lqzª\s' ;+;bdf k|blz{th:tf] tNnf] xTs08f / kmf]xf]/L v]ntkm{ dfq k|j[Q 5g\ . #)! sf]
kNnf cfkm"kl§ ef/L ePsf] WjfF; lbFb}5g\ . ;fdfGo / ;fIf/ g]kfnLn] klg a'‰g] s'/f s] xf] eg]
ljBdfg ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfd gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug'{ xf] / Tof] b'O{ltxfO{n] kfl/t gu/L
x'Fb}g . o; lsl;dsf] cj:yfdf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] bn PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_nfO{ kG5fpg vf]Hg' ;
+ljwfg gag] gagf];\ t/ xfdL zf;g ug{] 7fpF 5f8\b}gf}+ eGg' xf] . jf:tjdf r}t @*, @)^$ df
;DkGg ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{;do b'O{jif{sf] xf] . ToxL eg]/ g} hgtfn] dtbfg u/]sf x'g\ . t/
To;sf] clGtd ;do;Ldf h]7 !$ xf] . t/ oltv]/ h]7 !$ leq} gofF ;+ljwfg gaGg] k|foM kSsf ePsf]
5 . Tof] l:yltdf ;+ljwfg, lgwf{l/t ;dodf aGg glbg lhDd]jf/ eg]sf] Pdfn]–sfª\u|];;lxtsf] ljBdfg
u7aGwg g} xf] . To;}n] d'n'sdf ca x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf clgi6 ;DefJo /fhgLlts b'3{6gfx¿sf]
lhDd]jf/ klg logLx¿ g} x'g'kg]{5 .
g lgwf{l/t ;dodf ;+ljwfg agfpg ;Sg] g zflGt :yfkgf / /fli6«o ;fj{ef}ldstfsf] /Iff ug{ ;Sg]
o;k|sf/sf] lgsDdf / s7k'tnL ;/sf/ ca /fi6« / hgtfsf nflu af]emdfq ePsfn] s'g} klg ;sf/fTds k|
lqmofsf nflu klg dfwj g]kfn g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/sf] /fhLgfdf clgjfo{ ;t{ xf] . xfn} cWoIf s= k|
r08sf] cWoIftfdf a;]sf] xfd|f] kf6L{sf] kf]ln6Jo'/f]sf] j}7sn] cj?4 ;a} /fhgLlts k|lqmofsf] ;'?
cftsf] klxnf] ;t{ ljBdfg s7k'tnL ;/sf/sf] lj36g xf] eGg] ;j{;Ddt 7x/ u/]sf] 5 . j}7sn] of] jf pm
9ª\un] gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f, zflGt :yfkgf / /fli6«o :jfwLgtfsf d'2fx¿nfO{ kG5fP/ cljZjf;
k|:tfjsf] cª\s ul0ftLo v]nlt/ ghfg] a? /fi6« / hgtfsf d'2fnfO{ Jofks hgtfsf] dfemdf ;Dk|]if0f
u/L hgtfnfO{ ljb|f]xfTds cfGbf]ngdf ptf/]/ ;8s cfGbf]ngaf6} ;a} l5gfkmfgf] nufpg]
dxŒjk"0f{ lg0f{o;d]t u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} tb\cg'¿k ;+zf]lwt sfo{of]hgf to u/]sf] 5 . a}7sn]
kf6L{sf] cfGtl/s j}rfl/s ;jfnnfO{ pko'Qm ljlwaf6 rnfpFb} hfg] / Ps ¿k ;dembf/L;lxt clxn]
;ª\3if{sf] df]rf{df 86\g] ;ª\sNk;d]t u/]sf] 5 . ;ª\3if{sf of]hgf d'tfljs sfdx¿ a9\b} hfFbf ;/sf/lj?
4sf wSsfnfO{ s'g :j¿k / rl/qdf 9fNg] s'/f 7f]; kl/l:yltsf] 7f]; ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df pko'Qm
lgsf;af6 to ug]{ lg0f{o;d]t u/]sf] 5 . t/ kLaLsf] j}7sn] cfjZos ePdf jftf{ ;+jfbsf] 9f]sf aGb
eg] u/]sf] 5}g .
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/ plrt ;+of]hg u/]sf] 5 . 7f]; kl/l:yltsf] 7f]; ljZn]if0f dfS;{jfbsf] cfTdf xf] eGg] n]lggjfbL
l:kl/6nfO{ kqm]/ To;cg';f/sf] ;+zf]wg sfo{of]hgf to ub}{ a}7s ;lsPsf] 5 . jf:tjdf cfd
dflg; / :jtGq a'l4hLjLx¿n] klg /fhgLlts kl/l:yltsf] 7f]; / j}1flgs ljZn]if0f u/]/ rNg] xfd|f]
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dxTjk"0f{ s'/f x'g\ . zf]lift, pTkLl8t g]kfnL ;j{xf/f >dhLjL ju{sf] g]t[Tj ug]{ xfd|f]
kf6L{ /fi6« / hgtfsf] lxtnfO{ km]l/Psf] kl/l:ylt / ;Gbe{df 7Ls 9ª\un] ;dfof]hg u/]/ lx8\g ;S5
eGg] ;Gb]z kLaLsf] a}7sn] lbPsf] 5 . sltko dflg;nfO{ gofF 9ª\un] ;j{xf/fjuL{o lxtk|lt
;dlk{t kf6L{sf] sfo{z}nL klg sxLF k'/fgfx¿sf] h:t} t x'Gg eGg] klg efg kl//x]sf] a]nf
;ª\3if{ s]lGb|t sfo{of]hgf / sfo{qmdx¿n] yk pmhf{ lbg] klg lglZrt 5 . To;}n] kLaLsf]
;d;fdlos lg0f{ox¿nfO{ 7f]; agfO{ To;sf] lqmofGjogdf klg ;Dk"0f{ kf6L{kª\lQmsf] Wofg
hfg'plQs} h?/L x'g]5 . 

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leGg ljrf/x? k|jflxt eO/x]sf 5g\ . g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] cl:tTj xfdL g]kfnLs} xftdf /x]sf] 5 .
xfdLn] xfd|f] lhDd]jf/L OdfGbf/Ltfsf ;fy lgefpg' k/]sf] 5 . xfd|f] cd's kf6L{sf]
sfo{of]hgfn] b]znfO{ lglb{i6 lbzflt/ pGd'v u/fpg ;S5 / of] g} clxn]sf] cfjZostf xf] elg csf]{
cd's kf6L{nfO{ / p;n] u/]sf s[ofsnfknfO{ b]z ef8\g] ;+1f lbO/x]sf 5g\ . /fhgLltdf
:jfy{ n'Sg' s'g} gf}nf] s'/f gx'g;S5 t/ /fli6«o ljsf;df nfluk/]sf k|To]s g]kfnLsf]
lrGtgnfO{ s'Nrg] dgf]j[lQ xfjL xF'b} uof] eg] To;n] g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] cl:tTj w/f;foL u/fpg
;Snf ls g;Snf < of] lrGtfsf] ljifo xf] ls xf]Og < d / d]/f] kf6L{sf] p2]Zo hgtfsf ljrf/ x'g\ elg
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;Sg]tkm{ ;r]t /xg'kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og < …h;sf nf7L p;}sf e};LÚ agfpg] dfgl;stfn] k|>o kfof]
eg] k|hftGqsf] dd{dfly k|xf/ u/]sf] dfGg] jf gdfGg] < cfk\mgf] z/L/df e};L lx8]sf] gb]Vg]
c?sf] z/L/df h'd|f lx8]sf] b]Vg] b[li6 sxfF;Dd plrt x'G5 < :jfy{k/s /fhg}lts b[li6sf]0f /fvL
ljrf/df ;+s'rg Nofpg], hgtfsf dd{ / efjgfnfO{ s'lNr Ifl0fs a;Gtsf] jLp /f]kL lzlz/sf]
t'iff/f]em}+ s7fª\u|Lg] ljrf/ k|jfx ug]{ JolQm cfk"mnfO{ /fhg]tf sxnfpg] u/]sf]
b':;fx;k"0f{ sfo{nfO{ s] elg ;Daf]wg ug]{ < c?n] k|z+;f u?g\ jf gu?g\ d}n] g} /fd|f] sfd
ug{ lx8]sf] 5' elg lx8\g] 5b\de]ifL /fhg}lts g]t[Tjk|lt hgtfn] s] cfz ug]{ <
g]kfn clxn] ;+qmd0f cj:yfdf u'lh|/x]sf] 5 . oxfF clxn] g t sfg'g 5 g t sfg'gsf] zf;g ePsf]
cg'e"lt ul/Psf] 5 . htftt} xf]xNnf / czfGt jftfj/0f 5 . zflGtlk|o g]kfnLsf] dg ljrng eO/x]sf] 5 .
afFr / afFRg b]p cfk"m klg :jtGq?kn] lhp / c? klg :jtGq ?kn] lhpg kfpg\ eGg] zf:jt ;To s]jn
lstfaL kfgfdf sfnf] d;Ln] sf]l/Psf] lrqem} d'sbz{s ag]sf] 5 . JolQmjfbL rl/qn]
cfbz{ lrGtgsf] JofVof ul/ /fli6«o lrGtg u/]sf] slt ;'xfpF5 < hgtfsf] OR5f / rfxgfsf] k|lts"n
x'g] u/L /fli6«o /fhgLltdf b]vfk/]sf] ljrngnfO{ ;+qmd0f elg ;+1f lbg] xf] eg] of] cj:yf
Nofpg s;n] >[hgf u/]sf] xf] < pm hgtfsf] cbfntdf s;'/bf/ 7xl/g ;S5 jf ;Sb}g < g]kfn ;w} ;
+qmd0f cj:yfdf u'lh|/x]sf] 5 . t;y{ xfd|f ljrf/ / efjgfnfO{ ;xdtLo /fhg}lts w/ftnaf6 x]/L Tof]
cj:yfaf6 5'6sf/f kfpg'k5{ elg ljrf/nfO{ cfk\mgf] 9+un] JofVof ug]{ k|j[lQ /fhg}lts j[Qlrqdf
b]vf kl//xg] xf] eg] hgtfsf] cledt s'l07t s;n] u/]sf] dfGg] < h'g pT;fx / xf};nfsf ;fy hgtfn]
cfk\mgf] cledt JoQm u/]sf lyP, To;sf] d"NofÍg g} gu/L cfk"m v';L hgtfsf] dt s'Nrg] b':k|
of; u/] To;sf] k|ltkmn s:tf] x'G5 < /fhg}lts JolQmTjn] ;f]Rg'kg]{ xf] xf]Og < ;+qmd0f
cj:yf 5 elg ;w}+ hgtf e'mSofpg] v]n v]Nb} hfg] xf] eg] k|ltudgsf/LnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg
vf]lhPsf] 7xb}{g / < ;w} ljb]zL :ofpnfO{ xfd|f] c;n le6fldg xf] elg jt{dfg / eljiok|lt O+lut
ug]{ kl/kf6L /fhg}lts w/ftndf b]vf kb}{ hfg] xf] eg] xfd|f] b]zsf] cl:tTj sxfFaf6 ;~rflnt
/x]sf] 5 < of] elg/xg'kg]{ ljifo lsg agfOb}5 < s] hgtfsf] cledt pg}lt/ nlIft u/]/ k|ltlglwTj
u/fPsf] xf] < ls cfk\mgf] /fli6«otf g} geP/ c?lt/ cfslif{t ePsf] xf] < ls xfd|f] ;;'/fnL xf] elg
>LdtLnfO{ v';L kfg{ cfk\mgf] cl:tTjnfO{ lal;{P/ rfs8L k|bz{g ug{ vf]lhPsf] xf] < rfs8Ls}
efiffnfO{ cfk\mgf] sd{If]q dfgL ;+qmd0f cj:yfnfO{ 5f]6\ofpg'sf] abnf ;+qmd0f ;+qmd0f
elg s/fpFb} lx8\g] / cGtTjuTjf ;;'/fnLdf d]hdfgL vfg a:g] k|j[lQ 5/kli6b} hfg] xf] eg] g]kfn
/ g]kfnLsf] klxrfg vf]Hg lbpF;} nfn6Lg afNg'kg]{ cj:yf t cfpFb}g < of] uDeL/ ljifo
/fhg}lts ;'ema'em ljifo lsg aGg ;s]sf] 5}g < dlxnf caf]w x'G5 p;n] s]xL a'e\mb}g p;sf] ljrf/
klg xF'b}g elg k'/ftgjfbL ;f]rfO{ eO/x]sf] xf] eg] cfwf cfsfz 9fs]sf dlxnfsf] cfbz{ klxrfg
sxfF k'Ug] xf] < k|s[ltsf] lgodleq x}sdjfbL rl/qn] /fh ub}{ hfg] xf] eg] a;Gt Ct'df nfUg]
kfn'jf x]dGt Ct'df nfU5 eGg'h:t} xF'b}g / < kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0fleq x'ls{Psf] ;xdtLo Jojxf/ /
sfo{of]hgfnfO{ ;Lldt bfo/fleq JofVof ug{ vf]lhof] eg] To;sf] b"/ufdL c;/ s] kg{ ;S5 a]n}df
;f]Rg'kg]{ xf]Og / <
g]kfn PsLs/0fk"j{ 6'lqmP/ /x]sf] ljleGg /fHosf] ;fdGtL / Psflwsf/jfbL lrGtgn] /fh u/]sf]
Oltxf; s/La $))) jif{ k'/fgf] /x]sf] 5 . dfgl;s ;f]r / ljrf/eGbf zf/Ll/s an a'l4af6 klg g]t[Tj rog
ug]{ P]ltxfl;s clen]v oxfF gePsf] xf]Og . o;}leq Gofo …gkfP uf]vf{ hfg'Ú eGg] o'lQm klg
oxL Oltxf;sf] Ps kfgfdf gn]lvPsf] xf]Og tyfkL Oltxf;sf] ;du| cWoogaf6 Psflwsf/ /
;fdGtL ;f]rsf] k6fIf]k ePsf] kfOG5 . -Democracy is the people, for the people, by the
people, of the people_ sf] gf/fnfO{ sfuhL b:tfj]h agfO{ ;fdGtL / Psflwsf/jfbL lrGtgsf]
dfWodaf6 b]znfO{ :j]R5frf/L 9+un] zf;g ;~rfng ul/Psf] Oltxf; xfd|f];fd" 5n{Ë 5 . tyfkL
;f]xL lrGtgnfO{ k'gM bf]xf]¥ofpg] s'r]i6f u/] b]zsf] cj:yf sxfF k'Unf < c?n] sf]7f ;kmf u/L
la5\of}gf tof/ u/]sf] cj:yfnfO{ k|of]u u/L of] xfd|f] k|of; / hgtfsf] cledt xf] elg hgcledt
a+Uofpg] s'r]i6f u/] hgtfn] ;xg ;Snfg\ jf g;Snfg\ < la5\of}gfdf ;'Tg' d]/f] clwsf/ xf] elg
st{JokynfO{ lal;{P/ c?n] l7s agfPsf] lj5\of}gf k|of]u ug'{ ;fdGtL lrGtg xf] jf xf]Og < c?n]
cf]9fO{ lbPsf] 5ftfsf] lztntfleq a;]/ k|r08 udL{sf] JofVof ug{', k|zj a]bgfdf 56kl6Psf]
>LdtLsf] k|;j j]yfnfO{ efjgfTds pb\j]usf ;fy JofVof ug{'h:t} xF'b}g / < s] oxL k|hftGq xf]
s] oxL JofVofleq nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] JofVof n's]sf] 5 <
;xdlt, ;xsfo{sf] /fhgLltnfO{ k|d'v d'2f agfpg v'jL /fVg] cl:tTjn] jt{dfg ;dodf ;'uf
/6fO{ u/L c?nfO{ cl:tTjljxLg agfpg] r]i6f ug{' ;'xfpFbf] s'/f xf], xf]Og <
cfk"mnfO{ nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf lxdfolt eGg gyfSg] ;fdGtL ;f]rsf dltof/x? k|hftflGqs
cEof;af6 /fhg}lts kbf{ p3fl/;s]kl5 g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s ;+ljwfgdf ;xdlt / ;xsfo{sf] dfWoodaf6
zf;g ;~rfng u/L hgtfdf cdorog sfod ug{ lsg lxrlsrfP < Tof] Oltxf;sf] kfgf ls km]/abn
eof] / < ;xdtLo /fhg}lts p2]Zo cfk\mgf] kf]N6fdf gkg{ ;S5 elg cfFsng ug]{ v'jL ePsf
/fhg}lts g]t[Tjn] Tof] Oltxf; lsg /Rg pTk|]l/t eP . ul0ftLo v]ndf ;/sf/ /fVg'k5{ eGg] cGtl/d ;
+ljwfgsf] wf/fnfO{ km]/abn ug{ / ;f]xL ljwfgnfO{ s'lNrP/ zf;g;Qf sAhf u/]sf /fhg}lts
JolQmTjn] lxhf]sf] cfk\mgf s'sd{ lal;{P/ km]l/ csf]{ s'g rqmJo"x ug{ vf]hsf 5g\ < zf;g
afu8f]/ kIf / k|ltkIfsf] e"ldsf /fVg rfxg]n] cfk\mgf] kIfnfO{ k|ltkIfn] nknkL rf6f];\ elg s'g
rl/qn] eGg vf]lhPsf] xf] < cfk"mn] unt ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; u/L lx8\g] / km]l/ cfkm} 7"nf] cfjfhn]
;xdlt ;xsfo{ cd's kf6L{n] ug{ lbPg elg s'n{g] ;+:sf/ s'g /fhg}lts kl/b[iodf k/]sf] 5 < cfk"m
pbfx/0f alg gofF lk+9Lsf] nflu ;';+:sf/sf] lrGtg lbg s'g kl/l:yltn] 5]s]sf] 5 < Psflt/ ;xdltsf]
s'/f ub}{ hfg] csf]{tkm{ ul0ftLo v]nnfO{ cufl8 t];f{pg] / 3'sL{ / wDsLn] 8/fpFb}gf}+
eGb} lx8\g] of] sxfFsf] /fhg}lts rl/q xf] < ;QflnK;fsf] of] eGbf a9L gd'gf s] x'g ;S5 < oxfF
cd's kf6L{sf] cd's JolQmsf] g]t[TjnfO{ :jLsf/L /fhg}lts w/ftndf hgtfsf] cledt cg';f/ ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0f klxnf] st{Jo xf] ls xf]Og < ;xdltaf6 b]znfO{ lgsf; lbg] lhDd]jf/L g]t[Tj ju{sf] xf]
xf]Og < @ jif{;Dd ;+ljwfgsf] s'/f ug{ grfxg] s';L{ bf}8sf lxdfoltx?n] k'gM
nDAofpg'k5{ eGg] cleJolQm lbP/ hgtfsf] dtnfO{ lstfaL kfgfleq lsg JofVof ug{ vf]lhb}5 <
;+ljwfg agfpg Dofb ykafx]s cGo ljsNk 5}g ls r'gfj u/fP/ km]l/ hgtfnfO{ em'Sofpg]
/fhgLlts rl/q k|bz{g ug{ vf]lhb}5 < ;xdlt / ;xsfo{ x'g s'g kxf8n] 5]s]sf] 5 < /fhg}lts g]t[Tj
ju{sf] c;Ifdtfn] b]z emg\ ;+qmd0ftkm{ pGd'v eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f hgtfn] dfGg] jf
gdfGg] < zflGt ;'/Iff / cdgrog hgtf;Fu k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf hf]l8Psf] tTsflng ;d:of ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0faf6 ;Dej 5 elg /fli6«o cl:dtfnfO{ arfO{/fVg cfk\mgf] JolQmjfbL lrGtgnfO{ cfx'lt
lbg lsg kl5 kg]{ <
o;}n] /fhg}lts ;'ema'em OdfGbf/ kx/]bf/x?nfO{ hgtfsf] cfXjfg 5 ;dembf/L sfod u/L
;xdtLo /fhg}lts lrGtgaf6 Tofu / ;dk{0fsf] dfWodaf6 b]znfO{ 8'Agaf6 arfpg', ;dod} ;
+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/L lglZrt uf]/]6f] lgdf{0f u/ of] g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] cl:tTjleq ul/Psf] ;a}eGbf
dxTjk"0f{ s8L xf] .
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g]kfnL ;dfhdf /x]sf] zf]if0f, bdg, cGofo, cTofrf/sf] lj?4 cfk\mgf] u'd]sf] clwsf/ k|fKt
ug{sf] nflu ;fdGtL /fhtGqsf] cGTo u/L gofF g]kfn lgdf{0fsf nflu d'lQmofqfdf d[To'sf] s;d
vfP/ @)%@ ;fn kmfu'g ! ut] xfd|f] uf}/jzfnL kf6L{ g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{
-dfcf]jfbL_n] dxfg\ hgo'4sf] z'?jft u¥of] . ;fdfGo 3/]n' xltof/åf/f z'? ul/Psf] hgo'4 u'0ffTds
5nfª dfb}{ uof] / ;fgf] n8fs' bn xF'b} hgd'lQm ;]gf lgdf{0f eof] . /, d klg @)%@ ;fndf
dxfg\ hgo'4df b]z / hgtfsf] nflu d'lQm of d[To'sf] s;d vfP/ k"0f{sfnLg sfo{stf{ eP/ sfd
ug{ yfn] . s]xL dlxgf /fhg}lts, ;fFu7lgs sfd u/L kf6L{nfO{ cl3 a9fpFb} uof}+ .
@)%& ;fnsf] cGTolt/ kf6L{n] dnfO{ hgd'lQm ;]gfdf elt{ u¥of] . hgd'lQm ;]gfdf
elt{ eO;s]kl5 ;a}eGbf klxnf] n8fO{sf] cg'ej bfªsf] k~rs'n] k|x/L rf}sLdf eof] . To;kl5
ljleGg cf/f]x cj/f]x kf/ ub}{ kf6L{ jftf{sf] 6]a'n;Dd cfOk'Uof] . ha ls /fhgLltdf w]/}
kl/jt{g eO;s]sf] lyof] . ;/sf/n] ;]gf kl/rfngsf] tof/L ul//x]sf] lyof] . ToxL ;do @)%* ;fn d+l;/
* ut] hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] klxnf] lg;fgf aGg k'Uof] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] alnof] lsNnf bfª
lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd 3f]/fxLsf] Jof/]s . /, 3f]/fxLl:yt eujtLk|;fb u'Nddf ;kmn sfjf{xL eof] .
To;kl5 csf]{ ljho xfl;n ub}{ hfg] k|s[ofdf ;Nofgsf] sk'/sf]6 /ftfdf6f xF'b} xfd|f] kf6L{n]
c5fd lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd d+un;]g Jof/]s sAhf ug{] of]hgf agfof] .
df3sf] dlxgf lyof] l;/l;/ atf; rln/x]sf] lyof] . ta xfd|f] ofqf ;'? eof] . s7\oflª\u|bf] hf8f]
ToxL ;dodf l;dl;d kfgL kl//x]sf] lyof] . ToxL a]nfdf sdf08/n] eGb} x'g'x'GYof] sd/]8x?
xfdL cfh dxfg\ nIo / p2]Zodf k'Ugsf] nflu ofqf z'? ul//x]sf 5f}+ . Tof] ;dodf o:tf] nflu/x]sf]
lyof] ls xfdL Pp6f dxfg\ P]ltxfl;s sfdsf] nflu hfFb}5f}+ . stf–stf v';Ln] dg xfFl;/x]sf]
lyof] / uj{n] 5ftL k'mn]sf] h:tf] cg'ej ePsf] lyof] . xfd|f] kmd]{zg cufl8 a9\5 b'O{tLg
lbgsf] ofqfkl5 xfdL bfª / ;'v]{tsf] ;Ldfgfdf k'U5f}+ . ToxL a]nf tTsflng zfxL ;]gfn]
gfsfaGbL u/]sf] /x]5 . ;]gf;Fu le8Gt eof] . s]xL 306fsf] n8fO{kl5 zfxL ;]gf efUof]
ToxfFaf6 xfd|f] ofqfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbof}+, bfªsf] e"ldnfO{ ljbfO{ klg u¥of}+ / ;'v]{tsf
/dfOnf ufpFa:tL, psfnL cf]/fnL, le/kfvf / h+undf ;ft cf7 lbgsf] s7Lg t/ /dfOnf] ofqfkl5
sfnLsf]6 k|j]z u¥of}+ . sfnLsf]6sf] ljs6 kxf8L e"–efudf lxpFn] 9flsPsf /dfO{nf 8fF8fsfF8f,
psfnL cf]/fnL ofqf ubf{ o:tf] nfUof] ls xfdL bfªsf] dfG5] slxNo} lxpF gb]v]sf]n] xf]nf
xfdLnfO{ ;fx|} v';L nflu/x]sf] lyof] . ;ftlbg lxpFdf lx8\bflx8\b} w]/} ysfO{ nflu;s]sf]
lyof] . lxpFdf nls{b}, lrlKnb} xfdL sfnLsf]6sf] Pp6f /dfOnf] ufpFdf k'Uof}+ . /, ToxL
ufpFdf cln w]/} lbg a:g] sfd eof] . ToxL a]nf /fhg}lts / kmf}hL k|lzIf0f ;DkGg eof] .
sfjf{xLsf] nflu ljz]if tof/L ;f]xL 7fpFdf g} ;DkGg eof] . ha sdf08/n] c5fdsf] ;b/d'sfd
d+un;]gsf] gS;f b]vfpFb} oxL xf] xfdLn] /]8 ug]{ Jof/]s eg]/ ;a}lt/sf] cWoog u/fO;s]kl5
xfdL km]l/ ToxfFaf6 ljz]if tof/Lsf ;fy xfd|f] ofqf z'? x'G5 . ha xfd|f] ofqf z'? x'G5 ta
hgtfsf] nfOg clj/dfnf lnP/ af6f]df plePsf] b]Vbf Tolta]nf g} cg'ej ePsf] lyof] kSs} klg
xfdL ljhosf] nfnem08f kmx/fpF5f}+ eGg] ljZjf; k}bf eof] . xfdL cufl8 a9\b} uof}+ hgtfn]
clj/dfnf nufP/ gf:tfsf] kf]sf lbb} n lht]/ cfpg' x} n8fO{ eGg] cflzjf{b lbO/xFbf o:tf]
nfUYof] ls slta]nf Jof/]s k'uf}+nf / kmfo/ u/f}nf h:tf] dgdf cg]syl/sf s'/fx? v]ln/x]sf lyP .
st} b]z / hgtfsf] nflu ;lxb eOg] t xf]Og, st} 3fOt] eOg] t xf]Og, ;se/ ;a}eGbf klxnf] ;lxb
aGg kfP x'GYof] h:tf] nfUYof] . ofqfdf ;fyLx?;Fu xfF;f] ub}{ tkfO{ t :6]«r/df t xf]nf lg
eg]/ /dfOnf] ub}{ uof}+ . ;a}sf] cg'xf/ xFl;nf] / ;fx;n] el/k"0f{ b]lvGYof] .
b'O{ lbgsf] ofqfkl5 xfdL @)%* ;fn kmfu'g $ ut] c5fdsf] ;b/d'sfd d+un;]g glhs} k'Uof}
+ . /ftLsf] !! ah]sf] lyof] xf]nf ToxL a]nf aln/x]sf] alQnfO{ sdf08/n] Ozf/f ub}{ ToxL xf]
Jof/]s, xfdL n8\g] 7fpF eg]/ eGg' eof] . Psbd} v';L nflu/x]sf] lyof] . xfdL cufl8 a9\of}+ .
s]xL l5gkl5 xfdL glhs} k'Uof} . ;a} ;fyLx? cf–cfk\mgf] cfs{lt/ nfUg'eof] xfdL klg cf–
cfk\mgf] cfs{lt/ nfUof}+ Pn6 kf]lhzgdf cufl8 al9/fv]sf lyof}+ . /ftsf] !@ ah]sf] lyof]
ToxLa]nf Pn=Pd=hL= n] kmfo/ v'Nof] 3d;fg n8fO{ z'? eof] . ToxLa]nf sdf08/n] sf;g
ug'{eof]– …cfb/0fLo ;]gfsf bfh'efO{x? tkfO{x?l;t ePsf] xltof/ a'emfO{lbg';\ xfd|f]
n8fO{ tkfO{x?;Fu xf]Og n8fO{ t /fHo;Qf;Fu xf] eg]/ sf;g ul//xg'ePsf] lyof] t/
xTof/f] ;]gfn] To;sf] s'g} jf:tf gu/L emg} cGwfw'Gw kmfo/ ug{ yfn], nueu cfwf 306f
n8fO{ eO;s]sf] lyof] . ToxLa]nf ;]gfn] kmfo/ u/]sf] uf]nL PSsf;L d]/f] v'§fdf nfUof] .
Rjf:; laem]sf] h:tf] cg'ej eof] . p7]/ cem} cufl8 a9\g vf]h] t/ ;lsg g;s]kl5 dnfO{ uf]nL
nfu]sf] /x]5 eGg] s'/f yfxf kfP . / ;fyLx?nfO{ hfgsf/L lbP To;kl5 dnfO{ ;fyLx?n]
Pr=kL=df lnP/ cfpg'eof] .
Pr=kL ePsf] 7fpFdf cfOk'u]kl5 dh:t} 3fOt] ;fyLx? w]/} NofPsf lyP . ToxfF o:tf] jftfj/0f
lyof] ls Psbd bb{gfs s;}n] P]of oxfF b'Vof] eg]/ lrRofO/x]sf lyP . sf]xL ;fyLx?n] ;xfbt k|
fKt ul/;Sg'ePsf] lyof] . dnfO{ 8fS6/n] Vj} sxfF nfUof] eg]/ ;f]Wbf d}n] v'§flt/ O;f/f u/] /
3fp l;nfpbf l;nfpFb} a]xf]; eP5' / ef]ln laxfgdfq yfxf kfP ls ;fyLx?n] dnufot w]/} ;fyLx?
nfO{ :6]«r/df af]s]/ NofO/xg'ePsf] lyof] . d}n] ;fyLx?nfO{ ;f]w] xfd|f] n8fO{ ;kmn eof]
ls ePg ;f]Wbf ;kmn ePsf] hfgsf/L u/fpFbf b'lv/x]sf] 3fp klg gb'v]sf] h:tf] cg'ej eof] . dgleq
v]ln/x]sf cg]syl/sf s'/f klg la;]{/ uof] hgtfsf] nflu z/L/sf] cfwf c+u alnbfg ug{ kfPsf]df
uj{sf] cg'e"lt ub}{ pkrf/sf] nflu ef/tlt/ nfluof] . / pkrf/kl5 ;fdfGo lx88'n ug{ ;Sg] ePsf] 5' /
kf6L{sf] ;f+u7lgs sfd ul//x]sf] 5' clxn] .

;ftfsf] sljtf
;r]t o'u
lul//fh zdf{
clnslt xfF;f]
xfF:g vf]Hbf
clnslt v';L
afF8\g vf]Hbf
;Qfsf dQf ;fF9]x?
eTsfO{ lbG5g\
;'vsf cg'e"ltx? .
;ft ;fndf
:jtGqtfsf] laxfgL tfKg vf]Hbf
afbn nfu]/ cfof]
5]lslbof] ls/0fx?
t/ klg
lrQ ga'em]sf s'/fx?
p7fpFb} lyof}+
ufF;, af; / skf; eg]/
h'n'; ub}{ lyof}+
;q ;fnsf] lg7'/ cfFwLn]
9f]sfdf r's'n nufOlbof]
cf]7df tfnf e'm08fOlbof]
nf; p7fPsf] cfFugem}+
xft}af6 vf]l;lbof] aGb'sn]
xfd|f /fli6«o cleJolQmx?
lg/Gt/ dQfsf] ;Qfn]
lgs} v]Kof}+ kL8fsf h~hL/x?
lg;fl;b} lat]
xfd|f pT;fxsf laxfgLx?
cem}+ a}; 9n]sf] 5}g
of] dQfsf] ;Qf
/ klg
s;}n] yf]/} pFrfO{ yKof] eg]
p;sf] cj;fgdf
b]z ?Fbf]/x]5
b]z k5'tf] dfGbf]/x]5
olt s'/f yfxf xF'bfxF'b} klg
dQfsf] ;Qf
cem} r]t v'Nb}g eg]
;r]t o'u pHofnf] t vf];]/} NofpF5 .

s]xL k|Zgx?
o1axfb'/ 8fFuL
P Û b]zelQmx? eg
slt afn'jf 5 ca gbLdf <
slt 9'ª\uf 5g\ ca vf]nfdf <
;fnsf 7"nf–7"nf ?v ca
slt 5g\ h+undf <

eg, g]kfndf
;gftgsf] cfwf/df
slt kf6L{ 5g\ <
/, slt g]tf 5g\ ca
lasfpdf <

eg, ljhfltsf] efiffdf ;ky u|x0f ug]{

slt ljhflt 5g\ ;+;bdf <

eg, slt prfO{ /flvPsf] 5 ca

;u/dfyfdf <

eg, slt gbL 5g\ ca g]kfndf

slt ;Ldf :tDe 5g\ ca ;Ldfdf <

oL ;Dk"0f{ k|Zgx?
slt dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ ca
xfd|f] nflu <
k|i6 eg . @)^& a}zfv #

o;k6s
n]lgg hoGtL / g]kfnL qmflGt
lx/fdl0f b'MvL
xfdL oltv]/ n]lggsf] !$!cf}F hGd hoGtL dgfpFb} 5f}F . ?;sf] 7"nf] gbL ef]Nufsf]
lsgf/df /x]sf] l;DaL:s{ ;x/df ;g\ !*&) clk|n @@df hlGdPsf Enflbld/ ONoLr pNofgf]j g}
ljZj ;j{xf/f ju{sf dxfg\ g]tf n]lgg x'g\ . pgn] ?;df sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf] u7g u/]/ ?;nfO{
;f]leot ?;df abNg] ;dfhjfbL qmflGtsf] z'?jft u/], To;sf] g]t[Tj u/] / ljho k|fKt u/]/ ;f]leot ;ª\3
lgdf{0f u/L ;f]leot ?;sf /fi6«lktf ag]sf lyP . ?;L e"bf;sf] ¿kdf /x]sf n]lggsf afh]
lgsf]nfO{ pNofgf]e k'/fgf] 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf a;fO ;/]/ dWod juL{o kl/jf/df ablnPsf
lyP . hf/zfxL lg/ª\s'z /fhtGqfTds d'n'sdf hlGdP/ x's]{sf n]lgg kl/jf/n] cToGt} s7Lg hLjg
ljtfPsf] lyof] . ul/aL cj:yfd} n]lggsf afa' d/]sf lyP, hlta]nf n]lgg ;fg} pd]/sf lyP . kl5 cfˆgf
h]7f] bfh'sf] ;xfotf / cfˆgf] s8f kl/>daf6 n]lggn] pRr lzIff k|fKt u/]sf lyP .
n]lgg ;fg} pd]/b]lv g} cToGt} axfb'/, ;fx;L / 76\of}nf] ldhf;sf ldng;f/ JolQm lyP .
To;}n] pgsf ;fyLx¿ k|;:t} aGb} uP . nlggn] eg]kl5 pgsf bf}Ft/Lx¿n] s'/f sf6\g ;St}gy] . h;n]
ubf{ ?;df sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf] u7g ug{ n]lggnfO{ ;lhnf] ePsf] lyof] . n]lgg lstfj k9\gdf
cToGt} ?lr /fVby] . pgn] /fhgLlts hLjgdf lgjf{l;t x'Fbf, h]n a:bf / kf6L{ sfddf /xFbf cToGt
w]/} cWoog n]vg u/]sf lyP . ?;df dfS;{jfbnfO{ nfu" ug]{ / To;nfO{ ;d[4 ug]{ sfddf pgn]
hLjgsf] cToGt w]/} phf{ vlr{Psf lyP . To;}n] dfS;{jfbnfO{ ;d[4 ug]{ qmddf n]lggjfbsf]
;d]t k|ltkfbg ug{ k'u] .
ljBfyL{sfnd} hf/zfxL ;Qfsf lj?4 o'jfx¿nfO{ ;ª\ul7t u/]sf] cf/f]kdf n]lggnfO{ kmfl;:6
;Qfn] lgjf{zgdf k7fof] . ToxL lgjf{;gsfndf pgn] dfS;{jfbsf] cWoog u/] . ;fy} cfˆgf] rf/jif]
{ sn]hsf] lzIff 8]9 jif{d} k"/f u/]/ k/LIff lbPsf n]lggn] k|yd >]0fLdf kf; u/] . o;/L sfg'g ljifo
cWoog u/]sf n]lggn] ;fdf/fsf] lhNnf cbfntdf ;d]t jsfnt u/]sf lyP . ToxfF pgn] ul/a ls;fgx¿sf]
kIfdf jsfnt ub{y] . ToxLqmddf pgn] ;g\ !*(@df klxnf]k6s dfS;{jfbL cWoogd08nL u7g
u/] . kl5 uP/ Tof] sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf] ¿kdf ablnof] . To;kl5 pgn] dfS;{jfbnfO{ ?;df k|rf/ ug]
{ sfo{nfO{ tLj| kf/] . k|l;4 ?;L cvaf/ O:qmfsf] ;Dkfbs ag]/ pgn] bz{g, /fhgLlt / ;dfhjfb
ljifosf cfn]v tof/ ub{} ToxL klqsfsf] dfWodaf6 k|rf/ sfo{nfO{ ljsl;t u/] . o;qmddf pgn]
dfS;{jfbsf k':tsx¿nfO{ ?;L efiffdf cg'jfb u/]/ Jokfs hgtfdf k|rf/ u/] . h'g sfo{df pgsL ;xof]4f
Pjd\ k|]ldsf gfb]Hbf qm'K;sfofn] klg lgs} 7"nf] d2t ul/g\ . kl5 ltg} qm'K;sfof;Fu n]lggn]
ljjfx u/]sf lyP . n]lggn] g} hd{g efiffsf] sDo'lg:6 3f]if0ff–kqnfO{ ?;L efiffdf cg'jfbL u/L
5kfPsf lyP . o;/L sDo'lg:6 ljrf/nfO{ ljlwjt¿kdf ?;df leq\ofPsf n]lggn] ?;L ;dfhjfbL
kf6L{ u7g u/]/ Jofks ¿kdf ls;fg dhb"/x¿nfO{ cfˆgf] ;ª\3df cfj4 ub}{ nu] . /, ToxL ;ª\u7gsf]
g]t[Tjdf ;g\ !()% df hf/zfxL ;Qfsf lj?4 ljb|f]xsf] 3f]if0ff u/] . Tolta]nf hf/n] lgs} 7"nf] bdg
cleofg rnfof] / Tof] ljb|f]x bafOof] . To;kl5 ;g\ !(!& df n]lggsf] g]t[Tjdf km]a'|c/L qmflGt
eof] . oxL qmflGt a9\b} uP/ kl5 cS6'j/ qmflGtdf ablnof] . cS6'j/ qmflGtn] hf/sf] ;Qf ;bfsf
nflu 9fNof] / ?;df ;dfhjfbL qmflGt ;DkGg eof] .
n]lggsf] hLjgdf lgs} 7"N7"nf hf]lvdk"0f{ df]8x¿ cfP . hf/zfxL ;Qf;Fusf] n8fOF t 5Fb}
lyof], pgn] ljZj sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf klg lgs} 7"nf] / k]lrnf] 9ª\uaf6 j}rfl/s
;ª\3if{ ug'{ k¥of] . hd{g g]t[ /f]hf nUh]Da/;Fu ;Qf ;~rfngsf ljifodf pgsf] j}rfl/s
cGt/;ª\3if{ lgs} uxg ¿kn] ePsf] lyof] . oBlk /f]hf cfkm}df qmflGtsf/L lyOg\ /
n]lggnfO{ cToGt} xflb{stfk"j{s g]tf dfGblyg\ . n]lggn] klg /f]hfsf ljifodf
rrf{ ubf{ pgnfO{ rLnsf] ;+1f lbPsf lyP . o;}u/L cfˆgf] kf6L{ jf]N;]les / ;+;f]wgjfbL kf6L{
d]G;]lesaLrsf] j}rfl/s n8fOFdf n]lggn] lgs} w]/} ;ª\3if{ ug'{k¥of] . oxL qmddf pgn] dfS;
{jfbsf] ljsf; ub{} n]lggjfbsf] k|ltkfbg u/] . dfS;{jfbsf tLg ;ª\36s cª\u bz{gzf:q, /fhgLlts
cy{zf:q / j}1flgs ;dfhjfbnfO{ ljsl;t u/] . ;fy} ;j{xf/f ju{sf] P]ltxfl;s e"ldsf, ls;fgx¿ / cGo
>lds ju{sf hgtf;Fu ;j{xf/f ju{sf] ;DaGw, ;j{xf/f clwgfosjfb / o;sf ¿kx¿, ;j{xf/f /fHosf] k|
hftflGqs ;f/tTj, e"ld ;d:of / hftLo d'lQmsf] k|Zg cflb ljifodf dfS;{jfbnfO{ gofF / ljsl;t
l;4fGtsf] ¿kdf ;d[4 u/] . o;k|sf/n] n]lggjfb ;fd|fHojfb / ;j{xf/f qmflGtsf] o'usf], k'FhLjfbsf]
ktg, cf}klgj]lzs Joj:yfsf] pGd'ng tyf /fli6«o d'lQm cfGbf]ngsf] ljhosf] o'usf] gofF bz{gsf]
¿kdf ljsl;t eof] .
xfdL olta]nf g]kfnL qmflGtnfO{ lg0ff{os df]8df k'¥ofpg] cj:yfsf] ;ª\3f/df plePsf 5f}F .
oBlk of] qmflGt olta]nf g} hgjfbL qmflGtdf ljhoL x'g] cj:yf 5}g . lsgls ljZje/ ;fd|fHojfbsf]
Ps5q /fOFbfOF rn]sf] / ;j{xf/f Pjd\ /fli6«o d'lQm cfGbf]ngx¿nfO{ ;d]t ;fd|fHojfbL
cd]l/sfn] cftª\sjfbsf] ljNnf le/fP/ ljZsf] Wofg cfkm}lt/ lvr]sf] cj:yfdf ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj
ePsf] hgjfbL /fHoJoj:yf Ps}rf]6L :yfkgf ug'{ sl7g sfo{ x'g uPsf] 5 . To;}n] xfdL clxn]
hgtfsf] ;ª\3Lo u0ftGqsf] sfo{lbzf cg'¿k g]kfndf hgu0ftGq :yfkgf ug]{ n8fOFdf 5f}F . of]
a]nf xfdLn] n]lggnfO{ ;D´g' / pgsf] ;Ddfgdf >4f~hnL JoQm ug'{ eg]sf] b;jif]{ dxfg\ hgo'4
/ ;f7Ljif{b]lv rNb} cfPsf ljleGg ;dosf hgcfGbf]ngx¿sf] nIo p2]Zo k"/f ug'{ xf] . ;fy} ;
+ljwfg;efåf/f gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ubf{ g]kfnsf ;a} lk5l8Psf ju{, hflt, hghflt, lnª\u / If]qsf
hg;d'bfosf] k"0f{ d'lQm / ;dfg clwsf/ k|fKt ug]{ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ 5 . ta dfq
b]zdf :yfoL zflGt :yfkgf x'g ;S5 . clxn]sf] d"n d'2f eg]sf] hg;+ljwfg lgdf{0f, ;]gf
;dfof]hg, /fli6«o :jfwLgtfsf] /Iff, tfls{s lgisif{;lxtsf] zflGt :yfkgf, gful/s ;jf]{Rtfsf] jxfnL,
hdLgdf jf:tljs hf]tfxf / e"ldxLg ls;fgx¿sf] :jfldTjsf] :yfkgf, /fli6«o cfTdlge{/ cy{tGqsf]
:yfkgf cflb ljifox¿ x'g\ . oL s'/fx¿ k|fKt ug{sf nflu xfdL kZrudgtkm{sf] af6f] lx+8]/ jf
ljb]zL …k|e'Úx¿sf] Ozf/fdf bnfn tyf gf]s/zfxL ju{sf] lxtdf x'g] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/]/
x'Fb}g . To;}n] ca Psk6s hgtfn] lg0ff{os cfGbf]ngsf] cfFwLj]x/L ;[li6 ug'{kg]{ a]nf
cfPsf] 5 .
oltv]/ ;+;bjfbL kZrufdL kf6L{x¿n] km]l/ hgtfsf] /utdf kf}l8 v]Ngsf lglDt if8\oGq ub}
{ 5g\ . b;jif{;Dd hgtfsf] v'g lkP/ kmfl;jfbL ;Qfsf] cEof; u/]sf sfª\u|];, Pdfn] / k~rkf6L{x¿n]
oltv]/ dfcf]jfbLn] ;+ljwfg aGg glbPsf] eg]/ ´'7sf] v]tL ub}{ ;+ljwfg;ef g} eª\u u/]/
lg/ª\s'z ;Qf kmsf{pg] ;kgf b]v]/ u'ˆtu' ub}{ 5g\ . ef/tLo /fhb"t /fs]z ;'bn] kf;kf]6{ 5fKg] k|
s[ofdfkm{t\ g]kfnsf] ;'/Iff ;+oGqnfO{ cfˆgf] sAhfdf lng rfx]sf] s'/f k"/f x'g gkfPsf] ´f]+sdf
ca ;+ljwfg;ef g} eª\u u/L ;+s6sfn nfu" u/]/ dfcf]jfbLnfO{ bdg ug{ cfˆgf bnfnx¿ dfwj g]kfn,
s]kL cf]nL, ;'hftf, /fdrGb|x¿nfO{ pS;fpFb} lx+8]sf 5g\ . ;'bs} cflzjf{b / s[kfdf k|wfgdGqL
ag]sf hgtfaf6 lt/l:s[t dfwj g]kfnn] ef/tsf] pQm l8hfOg k"/f ug{ s]kL cf]nL, tyf sfª\u|];
g]tfx¿sf]df wfpFb} 5g\ / eGb}5g\ ls ca ;+ljwfg gaGg] s'/fn] pTkGg kl/l:yltsf] ;fdgf d}n]
g} a]xf]g'{kg]{ ePsfn] d ca /flhgfdf klg lbGg / hgcfGbf]ngnfO{ h]h;/L eP klg s'Nr]/} l7s
u5'{, dnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{k¥of] eGb} xf/ u'xf/ ub}{ 5g\ . o;/L b]z cToGt} uDeL/ df]8lt/
hfFb} 5 . c/fhstf, b08xLgtf, u'08fubL{, 8s}tL, xTof, ckx0f, lkm/f}tLsf08 h:tf cfk/flws
s[ofsnfkx¿ ;/sf/s} ;+/If0fdf eO/x]sf 5g\ . dxª\uL / sfnfahfl/of wGbf lgs} a9]sf] 5 .
e"dflkmofx¿, t:s/x¿, lghL If]qsf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿n] b]zsf] cy{tGq 6f6 kN6fpFb} 5g\ .
ar]v'r]sf /fli6«o pBf]u k|lti7fgx¿nfO{ 6f6 kN6fP/ ljb]zL bnfnx¿nfO{ kf]:g] sfddf ;/sf/
lbnf]Hofg lbP/ nfluk/]sf] 5 . olt c:tJo:t eO;s]sf] 5 ls ca dfcf]jfbLn] hgljb|f]dfkm{t\ ;Qf
sAhf gug]{ xf] eg] of] b]z ljvl08t x'g] / ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbsf] d'l7df ;bfsf nflu s}b x'g] vt/f
a9]sf] 5 . t;y{ o;jif{sf] n]lgg hoGtL;Fu} ca g]kfnL hgtfn] cS6'j/ qmflGtsf] dfu{bz{g
cg'¿k ;ª\3if{df xf]ldg' h?/L ePsf] 5 . ta dfq xfdLn] n]lgg hoGtL tyf g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf]
hGdlbg dgfpg'sf] ;fy{stf /xg] 5 . )^&÷)!÷)* sf7df08f}

;dfrf/ tyf l/kf]6{

ufpF–ufpFdf dfcf]jfbL hghfu/0f
cleofg
k|sfz rf}w/L÷bfª
PsLs[t dfcf]jfbLn] ufpF–ufpFdf hghfu/0f cleofgnfO{ Jofks agfPsf] 5 . gful/s ;jf]
{Rrtf, /fli6«o :jfwLgtf, zflGt / hg;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] nflu bjfj lbg dfcf]jfbLn] bfªdf pQm
cleofg hf/L /fv]sf] xf] .
gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] nflu hgtfnfO{ hfu?s agfpg / hgr]tgf km}nfpg dfcf]jfbLn] k|
To]s uflj;df cleofg 6f]nL u7g u/L ufpF6f]n;Dd ;ef, hg;ef, e]63f6;Fu} hgtf;Fu hf]l8Psf k|
ToIf ;/f]sf/sf ljifonfO{ lnP/ 3/b}nf] sfo{qmd, ;+u7g ;'b[9, lj:tf/, ;b:otf ljt/0fnufot sfdx?
;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . bfªdf dfcf]jfbLn] /fHo ;ldlt ;b:ox?sf] g]t[Tjdf @^ j6f cleofg 6f]nL u7g u/L
cleofgnfO{ tLj| ultdf cufl8 a9fPsf] 5 . cleofgdf ljleGg hgjuL{o ;+u7gx?, lzIfs, ljBfyL{,
ls;fg, dlxnf, blnt, hflt hghfltx?, sfo{stf{, g]tfx? ;xefuL /x]sf 5g\ . zflGtk"0f{ ?kdf ;dod}
hgtfsf] gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f geP hgtfsf] andf ;zQm hgcfGbf]ngsf] tof/L :j?k klg cleofg
rnfPsf] dfcf]jfbLn] hgfPsf] 5 . h]7 !$ d} ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f geP ;8saf6} hgtfsf] ;+ljwfg
3f]if0ff ug]{ tof/L klg dfcf]jfbLn] ul//x]sf] 5 . k|To]s uflj;df %) b]lv ! ;o hgfsf] pkl:yltdf
cleofg ;~rfng ul//x]sf] dfcf]jfbL bfªn] hgfPsf] 5 . cleofg 6f]nLn] ufpF–ufpFdf cfkm\gf
;efdfkm{t\ hgtfsf] ;+ljwfgsf] nflu clGtd ljb|f]xdf h'6\g clkn ub}{ ;8s cfGbf]ngsf] nflu
cfXjfg ub}{ lx8]sf] 5 . ljxfgb]lv ;fFem;Ddsf] of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L ;ef, hge]nf, 3/b}nf]
sfo{qmd, ;+u7g ;'b[9 lj:tf/sf sfdx? tLj| ultdf cufl8 a9]sf] Yff?jfg /fHo ;ldlt ;b:o tyf
>LufpF–wgf}/L !* g+= Pl/of OGrfh{ h]x]Gbf/ yf?n] atfpg'eof] . cleofgn] hgtfdf gofF
pT;fx pdª\u;Fu} gofF cfzfx? knfPsf] pxfFn] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . o;}u/L x]s'nL, uf]N6fs'/L,
6l/ufpF, ljhf}/Lnufot uflj;x?df klg hghfu/0f cleofg tLj| ultdf cufl8 a9]sf] Pl/of
OGrfh{ slnefg /f]sfn] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .
otf t'n;Lk'/ gu/kflnsfdf klg o'jf hfu/0f cleofg 3lge"t?kdf rln/x]sf] atfOPsf] 5 .
gu/kflnsfsf !! j6} j8f / k|To]s 6f]ndf hg;ef, hge]nf / e]63f6 hf/L /x]sf] Pl/of ;]qm]6/L k|bLk
cf]nLn] atfpg'eof] . ;fy} o'jf v]ns"b tyf k|lzIf0f tflnddf o'jfx?sf] pT;fxhgs ;xefuLtf /x]sf]
klg pxfFn] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . ut ;ftf g} t'n;Lk'/df Pg]skf dfcf]jfbLsf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o ckf/n]
^ ;o a9L jfOl;Pn sfo{stf{nfO{ k|lzIf0f lbg'ePsf] lyof] .
o;}u/L b]pv'/Lsf] !! j6} uflj;x?df hghfu/0f cleofg rn]sf] ! g+= Pl/of OGrfh{ cd[t
;fOnfn] hfgsf/L lbg'ePsf] 5 . cleofg 6f]nL lbpF;f]sf] ;dodf ljs]lGb|t eO{ 3/b}nf]
sfo{qmd;Fu} hgr]tgf hufpg] / ;fFemsf] ;dodf hg;efx? ug]{nufot sfd ub}{ cfPsf] pxfFn]
hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .
v]ns'b tyf PsLs[t o'jf tflnd
o;}u/L hghfu/0f cleofg;Fu} jfOl;Pn bfªn] v]ns"bsf nflu PsLs[t o'jf tflnd ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 .
zflGt, hg;+ljwfg / /fli6«o :jfwLgtf eGg] d'n gf/fsf ;fy o'jfx?nfO{ kl/rfng ug{ PsLs[t o'jf
tflnd lbg yflnPsf] atfOPsf] 5 . ;dod} ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{sf] nflu bafj lbg] p2]Zon] / hgtfsf]
cfGbf]ngdf :jod\;]jssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/fpg tflnd lbg yfn]sf] jfOl;Pn bfªsf OGrfh{ d'nwg
/f]sfn] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . jfOl;Pnn] clxn] bfªsf k|To]s uflj;x?df @÷@ ;osf b/n] u/L !) xhf/
o'jfx?nfO{ cfwf/e"t k|lzIf0f tflnd lbg yfn]sf] 5 . tflnddf ;fdfGo zf/Ll/s Jofofd, /lgª /
s]xL ;}4flGts 1fg lbO/x]sf] 3f]/fxL–@ Sjf8Ldf cfof]lht tflndsf k|lzIfs lemNsf]n] hfgsf/L
lbg'eof] .
cleofgdf lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo lzlj/
bfª÷clvn g]kfn k|ultlzn hg:jf:YosdL{ ;+3 bfªn] ufpFufpFdf lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo lzlj/ ;+rfng
u/]sf] 5 . dfcf]jfbLn] yfn]sf] hghfu/0f cleofgsf] qmddf ;+3n] hgtfnfO{ :jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfg
ug{sf] nflu lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo lzlj/ ;+rfng u/]sf] xf] .
zflGt, hg;+ljwfg, gful/s ;jf]{Rrtf / /fli6«o :jfwLgtfsf nflu u|fdL0f e]ssf hgtfnfO{ ;r]tgf
km}nfpg :jf:Yo lzlj/ ;~rfng u/]sf] ;+3n] hgfPsf] 5 . lhNnfsf ljleGGf :yfgdf :jf:YosdL{x?sf]
6f]nL jgfO{ 3'DtL lzlj/ ;~rfng u/]sf] ;+3sf cWoIf lzj l3ld/]n] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . pxfFsf
cg';f/ bfªsf] b]pv'/L, 3f]/fxL / t'N;Lk'/ If]qu/L # sdf08df /x]/ :jf:Yo ;]jf lbOPsf] 5 . lzlj/df
bd, vf]sL, jfy, Uof:6«Ls, ;fdfGo rf]6k6s, cfFvf, sfgsf ;d:of, 9f8 b'v]sf, Hj/f] cfPsf lj/fdLx?
nfO{ ;]jf lbO/x]sf] cWoIf l3ld/]n] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . cf}ifwL sDkgL / hg:jf:Yo sfof{nojf6
s]xL cf}ifwLx? ;xof]u dfu]/ / @% xhf/ a/fa/sf] ;+3n] g} cf}ifwL vl/b u/]/ lzlj/ rnfPsf]
pxfFn] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . cleofgsf] qmddf 3f]/fxL If]qdf sl/j ! xhf/ JolQmnfO{ ;]jf lbPsf]
3f]/fxL If]q cleofg 6f]nL tyf ;+3sf Yff?jfg /fHo ;ldlt ;b:o /f]zgL zfxLn] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .
o;}u/L b]pv'/L If]qsf ;+of]hs k|sfz lji6n] o'jf tflnddf ;xefuLx?nfO{ rf]6k6s nfu]sf] v08df /
lj/fdL ePsf] v08df cf}ifwL pkrf/ ul//x]sf] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . o;}u/L t'n;Lk'/ ljhf}/L If]qdf
k|]d v8\sfsf] ;+of]hsTjdf ufpFufpFdf :jf:Yo lzjL/ ;+rfng ePsf] ljhf}/L uflj; OGrfh{ k'ikn]
hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .

sf+u|]; ;+ljwfg ;ef lj36g ug]

{ if8\oGqdf M k|efs/
lj/axfb'/ dNn, ?s'd÷PsLs[t g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf kf]ln6Jo"/f] ;b:o tyf k"j{zflGtdGqL hgfb{g
zdf{ …k|efs/Ún] g]kfnL sfFu|];n] cfd r'gfj ug]{ s'/f lemSg' ;+ljwfg ;ef lj36g ug]{ lgot ePsf]
atfpg'ePsf] 5 .
zflGt tyf k"gMlgdf{0f dGqfno / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt ?s'dsf] cfly{s ;xof]udf lgdf{0f ul/Psf] ;/:jtL
dfWolds ljBfno cdf{sf] !) sf]7] kSsL ejgsf] laxLaf/ pb\3f6g ub}{ g]tf k|efs/n] o:tf] atfpg'ePsf] xf] .
sf+u|]; ;+ljwfg ;ef lj36g u/L gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] k|s[of w/fkdf kfg]{ if8\Gqdf nfu]sf] eGb} g]tf
k|efs/n] lxDdt eP cfd r'gfjsf] 3f]if0ff ug{ r'gf}lt;d]t lbg'eof] . hgtfsf] ;xof]u lagf ljsf; ck'/f] x'g]
eGb} pxfFn] PsLs[t g]skf dfcf]jfbLn] NofPsf] gofF ?s'dsf nflu PsLs[t ?s'd ljsf; cleofgdf ljleGg
If]qaf6 ;a}nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ cfu|x ug'{eof] .
;f] cj;/df PsLs[t g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf kf]ln6\Jo"/f] ;b:o tyf ;ef;b\ nf]s]Gb| lji6du/n] gofF ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0f k|s[ofnfO{ ljyf]Ng] if8\oGq eO/x]sf] eGb} ;+ljwfg aGg glbg] if8\oGqsf lj?4 hgtfn] csf]{ ;
+3if{ ug]{ / To;nfO{ ;+ljwfglj/f]wL tTjx?nfO{ a9f/]/ n}hfg] atfpg'eof] . cfˆgf] kf6L{ s'g} klg
xfntdf hg;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ kIfdf /x]sf] eGb} pxfFn] s]Gb|df /x]sf] clwsf/ ljs]Gb|Lt u/L
hgtfnfO{ clwsf/ ;DkGg u/fpg /fHo k'g{;+/rgf;lxtsf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ nfu]sf] atfpg'eof] .
sfo{qmddf ;ef;b\ ljdnf s];Ln] gofF ;+ljwfgdf dlxnfsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ cfˆgf] kf6L{ k|ltj4
/x]sf] jtfpg'eof] . sfo{qmddf :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L s]bf/gfy zdf{n] lhNnfsf] cfjZostfcg';f/ ljsf;sf] sfd
cufl8 a9fpg] k|lta4tf JoQm ug'{eof] . lhNnf lzIff sfof{no ?s'dsf >f]tJolQm k"0f{jxfb'/ v8\sfn]
b]zsf] ljsf; ug{sf nflu lzIff If]qdf ljsf; ub}{ hfg'kg]{ wf/0ff /fVg'ePsf] lyof] . ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldltsf cWoIf l6sf/fd v8\sfsf] cWoIftf / lzIfs nfnl;+x v8\sfsf] ;~rfngdf ePsf] sfo{qmddf ljBfnosf
ljBfyL{x?n] ljljw uLt g[To k|:t't u/]sf lyP .

hgcfGbf]ngaf6 hg;+ljwfg M cys

bfª÷PsLs[t dfcf]jfbL bfªn] n]lgg hoGtL tyf sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] :yfkgf lbj;sf cj;/df laxLaf/
3f]/fxLdf cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd u/]sf] 5 .
PsLs[t dfcf]jfbL bfªsf ;]qm]6/L ;'jf; k'gsf] cWoIftfdf ePsf] sfo{qmddf k|d'v cltlysf]
cf;gaf6 af]Nb} PsLs[t dfcf]jfbLsf s]lGb|o ;b:o dx]Zj/ uxt/fh …cysÚ n] hgtfn] rfx]sf] jf:tljs
hg;+ljwfg casf] t];|f] hgcfGbf]ngaf6 k'/f x'g] atfpg'eof] . ;a} bn ;xdt eP/ nfu]df tf]lsPs}
;dodf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f x'g] eGb} pxfFn] ;Qfl;g bnx? hgkIfLo ;+ljwfg agfpg tof/ g/x]sf]
:ki6 kfg'{eof] .
sfo{qmddf PsLs[t dfcf]jfbLsf yf?jfg /fHo ;ldlt ;b:o 8fod08, PsLs[t dfcf]jfbL bfªsf
OGrfh{ lgd{n cfrfo{, gful/s ;dfh bfªsf ;+of]hs l6sf/fd /]UdL, jfd ;xsfo{sf nflu ;femf d~rsf
cWoIf ;'zLn uf}td, dfgjclwsf/ ;+/If0f d~rsf kbd j}lbs, pBf]u Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf g/axfb'/
clwsf/L, g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3sf cWoIf k|tfk /]UdL, dx]Gb| ax'd'vL SofDk;sf k|d'v /fh]Gb|
>]i7, :jljo' ;efklt k|lj0f zdf{, k|ultlzn n]vs ;+3sf cWoIf /fdk|;fb h};Lnufotn] af]Ng'ePsf]
lyof] .
PsLs[t dfcf]jfbL yf?jfg /fHo;ldlt ;b:o ljKnjsf] ;~rfngdf ePsf] sfo{qmddf ;xefuLx?
nfO{ yf?jfg /fHo;ldlt ;b:o ljZj/fh Gof}kfg]n] ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
;8sjf6 ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff x'G5 M zdf{
bfª÷PsLs[t dfcf]jfbLsf ;ef;b\ bfdf zdf{n] h]7 !$ df ;bgjf6 ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff geP ;8saf6
3f]if0ff x'g] atfpg'ePsf] 5 . n]lgg hoGtL tyf sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ :yfkgf lbj;sf] ;Gbe{df PsLs[t
dfcf]jfbL ( g+ Pl/ofn] laxLaf/ bfªsf] l;dntf/fdf cfof]hgf u/]sf] hg;efdf pxfFn] o:tf]
atfpg'ePsf] xf] . nIdLk'/ uflj; OGrfh{ hd'gf /f]sfsf] cWoIftfdf ;DkGg sfo{qmddf k|d'v
cltlysf] cf;gjf6 jf]Nb} ;ef;b\ zdf{n] hg;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf ljleGg if8\oGq e}/x]sf] eGb} ;8s
cfGbf]ng dxTjk"0f{ ePsf] jtfpg'eof] . pxfFn] /fi6«kltn] ;}lgs ;jf]{Rrtf nfu' u/L
hgtfnfO{ clwsf/ ljlxg jgfP/ km]/L zf;g ug{ vf]h]sf] cf/f]k nufpg'eof] . ;efdf ( g+ Pl/of
OGrfh{ ;'wf /]UdL, jfOl;onsf ;f]d/fh yf?, cd/ kf]v|]n, nufotn] dGtJo /fVg'ePsf] lyof] .
ljgf]b zdf{sf] :jfut dGtJojf6 z'? ePsf] sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng /fdk'/ uflj; OGrfh{ ;+lut yf?n]
ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

k/Dk/fut 3§af6 lhljsf

hgs g]kfnL, lahf}/L÷k/Dk/fut pBf]usf] ?kdf /x]sf] 3§ ;~rfng u/L lahf}/L–@ aflx/L ;
+qmfdsf Ps pBdLn] lhljsf rnfO/x]sf 5g\ . kfgLaf6 rNg] 3§af6 :yfgLo 6]saxfb'/ vqLn]
cfk\mgf] 3/–kl/jf/ kfNb} cfPsf x'g\ . :yfgLo g/axfb'/ s];Lsf] 3§ clwofsf] ?kdf rnfpFb}
cfPsf pgn] 3§s} cfDbfgLaf6 clxn] ;fgf] ls/fgf k;n Pjd\ s'v'/f / s]/fsf] vl/b ljqmL ub}{ cfPsf
5g\ .
@@ jif{cl3 3/df cfunfuL ePkl5 c?s} 3/df a:b} cfPsf 6]saxfb'/n] 3§s} ;xf/fdf 3/–kl/jf/
rnfPsf 5g\ . 3§df lahf}/L uflj;sf j8f g+= @, #, $ / ( sf em08} kGw| ;o 3/– kl/jf/ cGg lk;fpg
cfpg] u5{g\ . ufpFsf] glhsdf ldnx? gePsf]n] 3§df 3'FO{rf] nfUg] u/]sf] 3§ dflns g/axfb'/
s];Ln] atfpg'eof] . pxfFsf cg';f/ 3§af6 jflif{s %÷^ d'/L lk7f] ;+sng x'g] u/]sf] 5 . 3§af6 k|
fKt ePsf] cGgn] @ 3/–kl/jf/sf !) hgfsf] nfngkfngdf ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 . 3§df sf]bf], kmfk/,
hf}, a];f/nufotsf cGg lk:g] u/]sf] / lk;]jfkt Ps kfyLsf] Ps dfgf Hofnf lng] u/]sf] 3§ ;~rfns
vqLn] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . p;f] t ljB't / l8h]naf6 rNg] ldnn] lk;]sf] lk7f]eGbf 3§df lk;sf] lk7f]
dl;gf] / /l;nf] x'g] ePsf]n] ufpFn]x? 3§d} cfpg] u5{g\ .

;fF:s[lts 5nfª cleofg hf/L

k'/g yf?, bfª÷zflGt / gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf nflu ;fF:s[lts 5nfª gfds /QmaLh ;fF:s[lts kl/jf/sf] cleofg bfªdf
3lge"t ?kdf ;~rfng eO/x]sf] 5 . a}zfv @ ut] /fdk'/af6 z'? u/]sf] cleofg 6f]nLn] zlgaf/ kjggu/df ;f:s[lts sfo{qmd
u/]sf] 5 . sfo{qmddf clvn g]kfn PsLs[t hg;fF:s[lts dxf;+3sf yf?jfg /fHo ;ldlt ;b:o /flwsf kl/of/ / PsLs[t g]skf
dfcf]jfbL !* g+= Pl/of OGrfh{ ;f}/en] af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .
kl/jf/sf lhNnf cWoIf cd/ 3tL{sf] cWoIfsf] ;~rfng /x]sf] sfo{qmddf vu]Zj/ e08f/Ln] sljtf jfrg ug'{ePsf]
lyof] eg] snfsf/n] aLr–aLrdf uLt / g[To k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] . cleofg l6d k|To]s uflj;df sDtLdf Ps 7fpF ;fF:s[lts
sfo{qmd u/]/ xhf/f}+ hgtfdf k'lu;s]sf] 5 . yf?jfg /fHo ;ldltsf] cfof]hgfdf ;~rflnt cleofg gofF ;+ljwfg gaGbf;Dd
rln/xg] /QmjLh ;fF:s[lts kl/jf/ bfªsf cWoIf cd/ 3tL{n] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .

cgf}7f] ;+;f/
/fDr]sf tfdfª kfFr k':tfb]lv cf]9f/df
/;'jfsf] /fDr] uflj; !, u'Dr]tsf] cf]9f/df tfdfª ;d'bfosf ;ft kl/jf/sf] hLjg kfFr k':tfb]lv cf]9f/df ljTb}
cfPsf] 5 . ljjfx d/0f h:tf ;+:sf/sf sd{klg pgLx? cf]9f/d} u5{g\ . /fDr]af6 cfPsf] klx/f]sf sf/0f u'Dr]tsf
;Dk"0f{ v]tLof]Uo hldg / 3/ gi6 ePkl5 Ps;o %) jif{cl3 pgLx?sf] k':tf h+un k;]sf] lyof] . hfg] 7fpF
slx gePkl5 pgLx?sf] ;ft kl/jf/sf] ;d"x kfFr k':tfb]lv cf]9f/df hLjg ljtfpFb} cfPsf] 5 .
nfª6fª /fli6«o lgs'Ghsf] k'5f/df /x]sf] u'Dr]t cf]9f/df /x]sf ;ft kl/jf/df clxn] %* hgf tfdfªx? /x]sf
5g\ . …xfd|f] eGg' g} s]xL 5}g, of] 7fpF 5f8]/ sxfF hfg' <Ú cf]9f/d} lelqP/ &) a;Gt kf/ub} u/]sL
/fddfof tfdfªn] k|Zg ub} elgg\ xfdLnfO{ cf]9f/af6 ;g]{ hUuf hldg s;n] kf] lbG5 / < pgLx?n]
cf]9f/d} 3/ agfpg] sfd z'? u/]sf 5g\ .
cf]9f/sf] pgLx?sf] ;dfh klg b'O{ 7fpFdf ljeflht 5 . dflyNnf] cf]9f/nfO{ dflyNnf] ufpFF tNnf]
cf]9f/nfO{ tNnf] ufpF dfGg] pgLx? dflyNnf] ufpFdf tLg / tNnf] ufpFdf rf/ kl/jf/ eP/ a:b} cfO/x]sf
5g\ . b'a} cf]9f/df u/L xfn ljBfno hfg] pd]/sf @* hgf afnaflnsf /x] klg pgLx?sf] n]vk9 x'g ;s]sf]
5}g .

ljljw 1fg–lj1fg
!= dflg;sf] lbdfu @ s/f]8 tGt' ldn]/ ag]sf] x'G5 .
@= dflg;sf cfFvfdf !& xhf/ /ªx?nfO{ cnu–cnu u/L lrGg ;Sg] Ifdtf /x]sf] x'G5 .
#= g]kfnsf] t/fO{df @) lhNNff kb{5g\ eg] kxf8L If]qdf #( lhNnf kb{5g\ . To:t} !^ j6f lhNnf
lxdfnL If]qdf kb{5g\ .
$= lnlvt ;+ljwfg gePsf] b]z a]nfot xf] eg] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;+ljwfg ePsf] b]z ef/t xf] .
%= v'§f eP/ klg lx8\g g;Sg] kIfL eFu]/f xf] eg] rf/ v'§f eP/ klg b'O{ v'§fn] dfq} lx8\g] k|f0fL
v/fof] xf] .
^= km"6an v]Ng] 7fpFnfO{ u|fpG8 elgG5 eg] elnan v]Ng] 7fpFnfO{ sf]6{ elgG5 .
&= ;ft kxf8n] 3]l/Psf] ;x/ /f]d xf] eg] ;ft 6fk'x?sf] ;x/ eg]/ d'DaO{nfO{ lrlgG5 .
*= ljho k|fKt ug]{ / zltm cfkm\gf] xftdf lng] s'/f ltg} dflg;sf] nflu ;Dej 5,hf] hgtfsf] l;h{gfTds k|
ltefdf ljZjf; u5{g\ / hf] hgtfsf] l;h{gfTds k|ltefdf ljZjf; /fv]/ km8\sf] dfg{sf nflu tof/ x'G5g\ . –
n]lgg
(= dflg; :jf:Yosf] nflu x[bob]lv xfF:g' cTolws lxts/ x'G5 . – :j]6 df8]{g

k|sfzs M lgd{n cfrfo{

;Dkfbs M chobLk zdf{
sfo{sf/L ;Dkfbs M x'dk|;fb a:ofn
;x–;Dkfbs M l8NnL dNn pk–;Dkfbs M k|sfz rf}w/L
Joj:yfks M uf]ljGb v8\sf sDKo'6/ ;]l6ª M nIdL rf}w/L
sfof{no M 3f]/fxL–!! sf7]sf]xn, bfª
d'b|0f M ‘k|ltef ckm;]6 k|];’ 3f]/fxL, bfª
E-mail : naulojanaubhar@gmail.com
kmf]g÷k\mofS; M )*@–%^!&@%