Problem 1.

20 A steady flow resulted in 3 × 1015 electrons entering a device in

0.1 ms. What is the current?

Solution:
∆Q ne e 3 × 1015 × 1.6 × 10−19
i= = = = 4.8 A.
∆t ∆t 0.1 × 10−3

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Problem 1.21 Given that the current in mA flowing through a wire is given by

0,
 for t < 0,
i(t) = 6t, for 0 ≤ t ≤ 5 s,
30e−0.6(t−5) , for t ≥ 5 s,


(a) Sketch i(t) versus t.

(b) Sketch q(t) versus t.

Solution:
(a)
i(t)
30 mA

20 mA

10 mA

t (s)
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
t
%
(b) q(t) = −! i(t) dt.
For 0 ≤ t ≤ 5 s,
)t
6t 2 ))
&' t (
q(t) = −3
6t dt × 10 = × 10−3 = 3t 2 (mC).
0 2 )0
For t ≥ 5 s,
5 ' t
*' +
−0.6(t−5)
q(t) = 6t dt + 30e dt × 10−3
0 5
, )5 -
6t 2 ))
' t
+3 −0.6t
= + 30e e dt × 10−3
2 )0 5

= [75 + 50(1 − e−0.6(t−5) )] (mC).

q (mC)

125

100

75

50

25

t (s)
2 4 6 8 10 12 14

c
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Problem 1.24 The plot in Fig. P1.24 displays the cumulative charge q(t) that has
entered a certain device up to time t. Sketch a plot of the corresponding current i(t).

20 C

0 t (s)
1 2 3 4 5

−20 C

Figure P1.24 q(t) for Problem 1.24.

Solution: Based on the slope of q(t):

⎧
⎪20 A
⎪
⎪ for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 s
⎪−20 A for 1 ≤ t ≤ 3 s
⎪
⎪
dq ⎨
i(t) = = 0 for 3 ≤ t ≤ 4 s
dt ⎪
20 A for 4 ≤ t ≤ 5 s
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩0 for t ≥ 5 s

i (A)

20

0 t (s)
1 2 3 4 5

−20

Fig. P1.24

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Problem 1.26 In the circuit of Fig. P1.26, node V1 was selected as the ground node.
(a) What is the voltage difference across R6 ?
(b) What are the voltages at nodes 1, 3, and 4 if node 2 is selected as the ground
node instead of node 1?

V3 = 6 V

R6
+ R2
10 V _
R1
R4
V1 = 0 V2 = 4 V
+
20 V _
R3
R5

V4 = 12 V

Figure P1.26 q(t) for Problem 1.26.

Solution:
(a) V3 = 6 V, relative to V1 . This includes a voltage rise of 10 V due to the voltage
source. Hence, the voltage across R6 must be −4 V.
(b)
V3 = 2 V

R6
+
10 V _
R4
V1 = −4 V V2 = 0
+
20 V _
R3
R5

V4 = 8 V

Fig. P1.26 (a)

The new voltages are:

V1 = −4 V (relative to V2 ),
V3 = 6 V − 4 V = 2 V (relative to V2 ),
V4 = 12 V − 4 V = 8 V (relative to V2 ).

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Problem 1.33 The voltage across a device and the current through it are shown
graphically in Fig. P1.33. Sketch the corresponding power delivered to the device
and calculate the energy absorbed by it.
i(t)

10 A
5A
0 t
1s 2s
υ(t)

5V

0 t
1s 2s

Figure P1.33: i(t) and ! (t) of the device in Problem 1.33.

Solution: For 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 s,

p = ! i = 5t × 10 = 50t

For 1 s ≤ t ≤ 2 s,

p = ! i = (10 − 5t) × 5 = 50 − 25t.

! 2 ! 1 ! 2
W= p dt = 50t dt + (50 − 25t) dt
0 0 1
"1 # $"2
50t 2 "" 25t 2 ""
= + 50t −
2 "0 2 "1
= 37.5 (J).

p(t)

50 W
25 W
t (s)
1s 2s

c
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 % % t
t
' 50! 2
t
'
'
"0 50! d! 0 # t # 1 '' 2 0
0 # t #1
W = " p d! = & t
=& t
' W (1) + 50 $ 25! d! 1 # t # 2 ' ) 25! 2 ,
"1 ( )
0
' ' W (1) + +* 50! $ 2 .- 1 # t # 2
( '( 1

% 25t 2 0 # t # 1 %
'' 25t 2 0 # t # 1
'
=& ) 25t 2 75 , = & 25t 2 25
' 25 + +* 50t $ 2 $ 2 .- 1 # t # 2 ' $ + 50t $ 1# t # 2
'( ( 2 2
!
'!"

&#"

&!"

%#"
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!
Problem 1.35 The voltage across a device and the current through it are shown
graphically in Fig. P1.35. Sketch the corresponding power delivered to the device
and calculate the energy absorbed by it.
i(t)

10 A

0 t
1s 3s 4s
υ(t)

5V

3s 4s
0 t
1s 2s

−5 V

Figure P1.35: i(t) and ! (t) of the device in Problem

1.35.

Solution:
For 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 s,
p(t) = ! i = 5(10t) = 50t.
For 1 s ≤ t ≤ 3 s, p = 0.
For 3 s ≤ t ≤ 4 s,

! = −5 V,
i = (−10t + 40) A,
p(t) = ! i = 50t − 200.

For t ≥ 4 s, p = 0.
p(t)

50 W

0 t (s)
1 2 3 4

−50 W

Fig. P1.35 (a)

Energy w = 0.

c
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 % t
%
'
'
" 50! d! 0 # t # 1
' 50! 2 t
0 # t #1
'
0
' 2 0
t
'
t
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W = " p d! = & W (1) + " 0 d! 1 # t # 3 =& W (1) 1 # t # 3
0 ' 1 ' t
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2
t
' W (3) + " ( 50! $ 200 ) d! 3 # t # 4 +* 2 .- 3#t # 4
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=' 25 1 # t # 3 =& 25 1 # t # 3
& '
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2 2

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