languages And Literatures

Temel amacı insanlar arasında anlaşmayı sağlamak olan dil, bu bildirişimi sağlarken, çeşitli araçlar kullanır. Bildirişimi sağlayan her türlü araç, dildir. Dilin iki yönü vardır. Biri toplumsal (anonim), diğeri ferdî yanıdır. Toplumsal anlamda dil, “art zamanlılık” ve “eş zamanlılık” özelliklerine sahip bir tasarımdır.
Edebî metin, gerçek dünyadan (dış dünya) alınan ya da iç dünyamızda oluşturduğumuz çeşitli değerlerdeki imajları kendi hayal dünyamızda birleştirip estetik bir anlayışla yeniden kurmak ve dilin imkânlarını en iyi şekilde kullanarak, bu kurmaca (fiktif) dünyayı anlatmaktır.
Bizim Külliye, S. 12, Elazığ 2002, s. 8-11

This paper discusses the ecological case for epistemic innocence: does biased cognition have evolutionary benefits, and if so, does that exculpate human reasoners from irrationality? Proponents of ecological rationality have challenged the bleak view of human reasoning emerging from research on biases and fallacies. If we approach the human mind as an adaptive toolbox, tailored to the structure of the environment, many alleged biases and fallacies turn out to be artefacts of narrow norms and artificial set-ups. However, we argue that putative demonstrations of ecological rationality involve subtle locus shifts in attributions of rationality, conflating the adaptive rationale of heuristics with our own epistemic credentials. By contrast, other cases also involve an ecological reframing of human reason, but do not involve such problematic locus shifts. We discuss the difference between these cases, bringing clarity to the rationality debate.

”Evenisation,” borrowed from the biblical Eve, can be defined as the long-developed patriarchal hegemony describing women as inferior, sexually debased, and the patriarchate’s urge for domesticated, passive, and subdued female figures under the total control of men.
This thesis is a genealogy of women’s oppression, its causes, implementations, and emphasizing women’s evolutionary sexual ability as exposed in the earliest civilizations. The focus is on the Mesopotamian pre-patriarchal civilizations and the paradigm shift that led to male domination, creating three female archetypes: Lilith, Eve, and Virgin Mary and the sexual objectification of women.
Extensive use of nearly 400 literary compositions recorded from sources originating in Ancient Mesopotamia (today’s Iraq), dating to the late third and early second millennia BC Together with the Bible, biblical commentary sources, esoteric Jewish mysticism, and early church father teachings, the study analyses how the change of view on women transformed during these millennia and the first millennium BC, and how this influenced modern society.
Based on the present research, I argue that successful warrior tribes from Eurasia, who after domesticating the horse and developing advanced weaponry through sophisticated metallurgical processes, succeeded in altering civilization’s path from fertility worship and an equal sexual affirmation onto a road towards male supremacy and oppression of women.

The present article addresses the rich and complex morphosyntax of cleft constructions in Kirundi (Bantu, JD62) and the role they play in its information structure. Although clefts are one of the main focus marking devices in this and other Bantu languages (Demuth 1984; Demuth 1987b; Suzman 1991), especially in conversation, they have received little attention. Some Burundian grammarians took a certain interest in Kirundi clefting (Sabimana 1986: 189-222; Bukuru 2003: 295), but only in a subsidiary way, for instance as part of interrogative strategies. No systematic and thorough study on the matter exists. This study aims at filling this gap by means of a detailed analysis of Kirundi cleft constructions based on a text corpus of 196,000 oral and 2,033,000 written tokens.

In this article, a comparison is made of the expression of possibility in West Nyanza Bantu languages in order to reconstruct the origins of Luganda’s two most frequent possibility markers, viz. the near-synonymous auxiliaries -sóból- and -yînz-. Earlier Luganda diachronic corpus-driven analyses showed that -yînz- has been involved in expressing all possibility categories since the 1890s, which is when Luganda was first reduced to writing, while -sóból- acquired deontic possibility as a meaning only in the 1950s. Although this would suggest that -yînz- is the possibility marker with the greatest time depth in Luganda and across West Nyanza, with -sóból- a relative newcomer, the comparative data which is presented in this article indicates the opposite. It is shown that while -yînz- only exists in some West Nyanza languages (namely in the subgroup which includes Luganda, Lusoga and Lugwere), -sóból- is attested in all West Nyanza languages as well as in other Great Lakes Bantu langua...

Gli interventi qui raccolti analizzano la narrativa breve del primo Novecento italiano alla luce della categoria critica e storiografica di modernismo. Svevo, Pirandello, Tozzi, Palazzeschi, Stuparich, Joppolo, Delfini, Brancati, Landolfi sono gli autori attraverso i quali viene discussa la narrazione breve dal punto di vista teorico e testuale come repertorio di un’umanita minore o non memorabile, in cui «le bizzarrie e le stravaganze appaiono sotto la veste delle cose di poco conto – e sono invece la crepa nell’edificio del mondo» (Donnarumma). Il racconto modernista in Italia. Teoria e Prassi comprende i contributi di Valentino Baldi, Novella di Nunzio, Cinzia Gallo, Alberto Godioli, Stefano Guerriero, Chiara Marasco, Dario Tomasello, Katia Trifiro, Alessandro Viti.

Gli interventi qui raccolti analizzano la narrativa breve del primo Novecento italiano alla luce della categoria critica e storiografica di modernismo. Svevo, Pirandello, Tozzi, Palazzeschi, Stuparich, Joppolo, Delfini, Brancati, Landolfi sono gli autori attraverso i quali viene discussa la narrazione breve dal punto di vista teorico e testuale come repertorio di un’umanita minore o non memorabile, in cui «le bizzarrie e le stravaganze appaiono sotto la veste delle cose di poco conto – e sono invece la crepa nell’edificio del mondo» (Donnarumma). Il racconto modernista in Italia. Teoria e Prassi comprende i contributi di Valentino Baldi, Novella di Nunzio, Cinzia Gallo, Alberto Godioli, Stefano Guerriero, Chiara Marasco, Dario Tomasello, Katia Trifiro, Alessandro Viti.

ABSTRACT This paper sheds light on newspaper sub-editors, the “forgotten stepchildren of the newsroom” and considers their position within the larger organizational model of the newsroom. In order to explore the sub-editor's position in the news production chain, we take an ethnographic approach. We draw on participant observation in the newsrooms of a Belgian broadsheet and a broadsheet from the Netherlands. In our study of the sub-editor, we observe how at both newspapers the newsroom model differs from those previously described by Esser, and we propose the term “Lowlands newsroom model”. At the same time, we demonstrate how, although the same Lowlands newsroom model is applied in both newsrooms, the spatial setting, division of workload and the sub-editor's profile impact on the sub-editor's ability to intervene in the news production process. We argue that exploring this newsroom model is necessary, not only considering the general newsroom flow, but also the much debated future of the newspaper “subber”. Furthermore, we aim to open the door to future journalism studies research of the sub-editor and hope to move towards a more complete definition of the sub-editor as a—in the language of Gieber—genuine “newspaperman”.

Middle Dutch rhymed wall texts and epitaphs What is left of non-book literature from the medieval Low Countries (before ca. 1500) mainly consists of two categories: funerary inscriptions on the one hand and texts which were conceived to be posted on a wall on the other. This is at least what remains if we - as has been opted for here - exclude non-book phenomena belonging to the private sphere, such as letters of personal interest (which may very well have stylistic qualities, but are not meant for a public literary scene) and text fragments appearing in iconographic references to literary works, in which the text is subservient to the image and secondary to the literary text itself. Extant wall texts, often quite damaged, come from different environments: mainly churches and town halls, but also manors and burgher houses. On the whole, they have a morally dictating purport, sometimes, but rarely, with overtones of social criticism. For obvious reasons, texts on tombstones belong to...

This article is the introduction to the 7th volume of the Iconicity in Language and Literature Series (John Benjamins). First a brief historical outline of the concepts of naturalness and iconicity in linguistic theory is given. Both concepts are then separately dealt with in two sections, in which each concept is elaborated and an overview of seminal readings on naturalness and iconicity is presented. A thorough discussion is also provided of some unresolved issues in the iconicity and naturalness debates. The article rounds off with a summary of the papers collected in the volume.

The Bantu Expansion is the principal linguistic, cultural and demographic process in Late Holocene Africa. Different disciplines have dealt with the question of how the relatively young Bantu language family (ca. 5000 years) could spread over disproportionally large parts of Central, Eastern and Southern Africa. The prevailing synthesis is a model in which the Bantu language dispersal is conceived as resulting from a single migratory macro-event driven by agriculture. However, many questions about the movement and subsistence of ancestral Bantu speakers are still open. Through the BantuFirst project (ERC Consolidator’s Grant n° 724275), archaeologists, palaeobotanists and linguists form a cross-disciplinary team to carry out evidence-based research on the first Bantu-speaking settlements south of the rainforest. Their goal is to acquire a new transversal view on the interconnections between human migration, language spread, climate change and early farming in Late Holocene Central A...

During the last decades, reception studies of classical antiquity have been highlighting how formal and substantive aspects of classical antiquity live on in modern and extra-European cultures. However, the reception of classical myth and tragedy in the French theatre at the beginning of the 20th century has not yet been subjected to a profound investigation. In 1943, during the German occupation of Paris (1940-1944), the French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre adapted the classical theme of the revenge of Orestes in his play Les Mouches. Although the play was being performed during the occupation, and though it was not being received as such at the time, Sartre declared after the war that he was making an appeal for resistance in this play. Because Sartre acquired the image of a resistance hero shortly after 1944, this article aims to elucidate the circumstances in which Les Mouches could have played a role in this image building of its author as a war hero.

Ce volume collectif entend expliquer l’intense hybridation générique qui se produit dans la littérature européenne des années 1930 par le développement des ambitions et des esthétiques documentaires. Il se compose de trois propositions théoriques sur la notion de document et d’études précises sur les frontières entre récit documentaire, reportage, chronique et témoignage. La moitié des articles proviennent des contributions francophones du colloque Littérature as Document de décembre 2012

While over the past decade social network sites have enabled both learners and teachers to set up various forms of online collaborative learning environments, there is an ongoing discussion on how collaboration through these social media platforms can be situated with regard to the development of metacognitive awareness (Li, Pow & Cheung, 2015). This paper presents a study on the development of learners’ metacognitive awareness of first-year English majors collaborating in a closed Facebook group. The theoretical framework for the development of metacognition, proposed by Gunawardena et al. (2009), was used to analyse the students’ metacognitive strategies when working together online. The study shows that students utilise the social network site to complete given learning tasks, and extend their use of the forum by setting new learning goals and socialising with their peers. The students show that, through peer collaboration, they are able to evaluate and plan their learning proces...

This article compares three definitions of "ditransitive" with a view to determining how the differences and similarities between them can be accommodated under an overarching notion of ditransitive that takes into account the specifics of both verb valency and the category of construction. The first definition takes its starting point in "ditransitive verbs" in German, the second definition focuses on the "ditransitive construction" from a typological perspective and the third definition is developed with the aim of accounting for the form and function of the ditransitive "Double Object Construction" in English. As well as providing support for the view that the three definitions are to some extent complementary and that each can have a role to play in advancing our understanding of the formal and semantic properties of the ditransitive construction, the article emphasizes the critical importance of establishing a neat distinction between universal "denotational roles" and language-specific "semantic roles" for a coherent account of the ditransitive construction in any particular language, e. g. German

Analizando dos novelas que retratan figuras paternas implicadas en la represion, pretendo mostrar que, valiendose del formato hibrido de la autoficcion, los “hijos” y sus coetaneos abordan la ultima dictadura militar introduciendo voces que complementan las de las victimas y sus familiares. Mientras que Soy un bravo piloto de la nueva China contrapone dramaticamente la historia de un represor y su hijo a la de un “hijo”, Una misma noche esta protagonizada por un narrador que lucha por conciliarse con un acto de colaboracion de su padre. Si, en ambas obras, la cercania biografica entre autor y narrador posibilita una mayor identificacion del lector con este ultimo (Arfuch 2013), el recurso a la ficcion permite esquivar juicios sobre la verdad de lo narrado y criticas de un aduenamiento “inapropiado” (Blejmar 2014). Propongo que, de este modo, la autoficcion facilita no solo la introduccion de estas perspectivas, sino incluso su desplazamiento hacia papeles protagonicos. Remitiendo a ...

The article examines the second language acquisition of case in German prepositional phrases (PPs), more specifically the acquisition of the accusative and the dative. It is widely held that in German, the case in so-called one-way PPs is idiosyncratic, whereas it is semantically motivated in two-way PPs. We argue that the acquisition of the morphological differentiation between the accusative and dative differs according to the type of PP, the morphological differentiation being first acquired with one-way PPs and only afterwards with two-way PPs. The account provided in the article goes against a recent empirical study (Turgay 2011) which finds no difference in the acquisition of case with regard to the two types of PPs. However, when „case“ is defined in terms of developing contrasting values in the learner’s Interlanguage (instead of referencing case only to the target language’s system) and when „acquisition“ is conceived in terms of emergence (instead of using accuracy rates),...

This paper offers a formal account of the diachronic changes in the interaction between indefinites in the scope of negation and the expression of sentential negation in the history of Low German. Different types of negative concord develop at the different historical stages. Parallel to that, the language underwent Jespersen’s Cycle. In addition, I argue that, against common belief, Jespersen’s Cycle is at best indirectly related to the type of interaction between indefinites and negation. Changes in the type of indefinites used in the scope of negation arise due to changes in the lexical properties of the indefinites involved, not as a result of changes in the expression of negation. Conversely, changes in the type of indefinites do not trigger changes in the expression of negation.

With this study, we investigate whether the lexical choices of translators, subtitlers and original authors differ significantly. In order to achieve that goal, we gathered a set of linguistic variables and used a 500-million word balanced reference corpus for contemporary (1954-present) written Dutch (the SoNaR corpus; Schuurman et al. 2010). By means of a profile-based correspondence analysis (Plevoets, 2008), lexical distances between the translation and original varieties are measured and visualized in a two-dimensional plot. The results indeed reveal significant differences between interlingual and intralingual subtitles, between subtitles and written translations, and between subtitles and original texts. Influential variables explaining the variation are speakers' status and translation type.