Web 3.0

In this paper we argue that the use of the communicative theory of Jürgen Habermas in planning theory is problematic because it hampers an understanding of how power shapes planning. We posit an alternative approach based on the power analytics of Michel Foucault which focuses on ‘what is actually done’, as opposed to Habermas’s focus on ‘what should be done’. We discuss how the Foucauldian stance problematises planning, asking difficult questions about the treatment of legitimacy, rationality, knowledge and spatiality. We conclude that Foucault offers a type of analytic planning theory which offers better prospects than does Habermas for those interested in understanding and bringing about democratic social change through planning.

At the same time that case studies are widely used and have produced canonical texts, it may be observed that the case study as a methodology is generally held in low regard, or is simply ignored, within the academy. For example, only 2 of the 30 top-ranked U.S. graduate programs in political science require a dedicated graduate course in case study or qualitative methods, and a full third of these programs do not even offer such a course. In contrast, all of the top 30 programs offer courses in quantitative methods and almost all of them require training in such methods, often several courses. In identifying this paradox of the case study’s wide use and low regard, Gerring rightly remarks that the case study survives in a “curious methodological limbo,” and that the reason is that the method is poorly understood. In what follows, we will try to resolve Gerring’s paradox and help case study research gain wider use and acceptance.

When you see it coming... but nobody listens: this paper was given at a conference in in 1995 and published in 1996. Twenty years later, unfortunately I was right.
Luciano Floridi, (1996) "Brave.Net.World: the Internet as a disinformation superhighway?", The Electronic Library, Vol. 14 Issue: 6, pp.509-514, https://doi.org/10.1108/eb045517

Back cover text: If the new fin de siècle marks a recurrence of the real, Bent Flyvbjerg’s Rationality and Power epitomizes that development and sets new standards for social and political inquiry. The Danish town of Aalborg is to Flyvbjerg what Florence was to Machiavelli: a laboratory for understanding the real workings of power, and for grasping what they mean to our more general concerns of social and political organization. Politics, administration, and planning are examined in ways that allow  a rare, in-depth understanding. The reader witnesses, firsthand, the classic and endless drama which defines what modernity and democracy are and can be.

Taken together, the works of Jurgen Habermas and Michel Foucault highlight an essential tension in modernity. This is the tension between the normative and the real, between what should be done and what is actually done. Understanding this tension is crucial to understanding modern democracy, what it is and what it could be. It has been argued that an effective way of making democracy stronger is to strengthen civil society. This article contains a comparative analysis of the central ideas of Habermas and Foucault as they pertain to the question of democracy and civil society. More specifically, the discourse ethics of Habermas is contrasted with the power analytics and ethics of Foucault evaluating their usefulness for those interested in understanding, and bringing about, democratic social change.

The new potential offered by the Information and Communication Technologies and widespread use of the Internet is encouraging governments around the world to introduce ICT tools to transform bureaucracy, reduce cost, improve governance, increase effectiveness, efficiency, reach and to fast-track economic and social progress. It has been suggested in public administration literature that the introduction of e-Governance and ICT led automation of government departments may lead to organisational changes in the way public services are delivered.

This research investigates the impact of e-Governance projects from a practical context, and aims to identify whether the implementation of e-Governance projects leads to a transformation of bureaucracy, administrative structures and how departments function.

After conducting an empirical research and analysing its findings, the researcher has concluded that implementation of e-governance projects indeed lead to changes in government organisations. Also, evidence is obtained for the transformational potential of ICT tools and the requirement to have necessary reforms prior to the implementation of e-Governance. However, available evidence does not suggest a complete transformation of bureaucracy, administrative structure and departmental functions. They instead confirm that transformational effects vary across a spectrum of areas.

Yapay zekâ genel bir tanımı ile bir bilgisayar bilimidir. Bu bilim içerisinde, bilgisayarlar belirli algoritma yapılarının da yardımı ile, sistematik ve dinamik yapılar oluşturarak yeni veri ve yeni işlemler üretebilmektedir. Bu sebeple yapay zekâ, insan zekasının işlevselliğine benzetilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bunun nedeni, bilgisayarların da insan zekâsı gibi, hatırlamayı, düşünmeyi, işlemeyi, değerlendirmeyi ve karar vermeyi yapabiliyor olmasının hedeflenmesidir.  Bütün bu bilgiler ışığında, yapay zekanın asıl görev ve amacı, insan beyni gibi düşünebilme ve karar verebilme olaylarının sistematik bir yöntem ile gerçekleştiriliyor olmasıdır.

Vaclav Havel observed that a strong civil society is a crucial condition of strong democracy. Empowering civil society is a central concern for the project of democracy, just as the question of how best to think about such empowerment is important to social and political theory. But what is ‘civil society’? A search for clear definitions in the relevant literature is in vain. Not because the concept lacks definitions; rather the definitions are too multiple and varied to bring clarity. Most writers on civil society agree, however, that civil society has an institutional core constituted by voluntary associations outside the sphere of the state and the economy. Such associations range from, for example, churches, cultural associations, sport clubs and debating societies to independent media, academies, groups of concerned citizens, grass-roots initiatives and organizations of gender, race and sexuality, all the way to occupational associations, political parties and labour unions (Habermas 1992a: 453).

Actualmente se manejan diversas versiones de la World Wide Web (Web 1.0, Web 2.0, Web 3.0). Parece confuso, pero son simplemente términos que se le han dado de acuerdo a su evolución, en un afán de marcar una diferencia entre el antes y el después.

Archives are a discipline, a profession, and a philosophy; and archives are a story—a way of telling the future about the past from an ever-changing present, a tool for remembering. The practice of archives is not inherent to human society. Archival practice has a history, a dramatic history with dynamic and diverse characters, power struggles, and disparate intentions.

My story, this critique, is an evaluation of the deterministic principles upon which archival practices are built. “Writing Archives / Crafting Order” traces the development and implementation in Western archival practice of the underlying theories of provenance, respect des fonds, and original order. By evaluating the narratives of these theories, I explore the discourses of naturalness and authenticity that shape and bolster longstanding archival practices of arrangement and description—the lenses through which users of the archive view its contents.

Archives today—as agents, sites, and contents—are the protectors and revealers of history and the prime locations from where history is written. My critique demands transparency in archival practice. It evaluates the power of the archivist and advocates for the illumination, recognition, and responsible use of that power. Archives, as institutions and collections, are also sites of power, where users see the contents as the ultimate, authentic evidence of the past. Recognition of the incompleteness of the archive and of the always already mediated quality of archival contents lessens the imperialistic power of the archive and simultaneously enriches the evidential and interpretive power of archival contents. Electronic communication revolutionizes the contents of the archive. This new information paradigm undermines many assumptions on which archival practice is built. My critique loosens the hold of longstanding principles, allowing archives the flexibility to adapt and respond to the advancing reality of digital creation and communication.

This article examines five common misunderstandings about case-study research: (a) theoretical knowledge is more valuable than practical knowledge; (b) one cannot generalize from a single case, therefore, the single-case study cannot contribute to scientific development; (c) the case study is most useful for generating hypotheses, whereas other methods are more suitable for hypotheses testing and theory building; (d) the case study contains a bias toward verification; and (e) it is often difficult to summarize specific case studies. This article explains and corrects these misunderstandings one by one and concludes with the Kuhnian insight that a scientific discipline without a large number of thoroughly executed case studies is a discipline without systematic production of exemplars, and a discipline without exemplars is an ineffective one. Social science may be strengthened by the execution of a greater number of good case studies.

This document is intended to provide an overview of the potential application of internet-connected sensor devices and a blockchain-based alternative ownership model in the context of a rural agricultural community. The proposal builds upon the existing business model known as Community-Supported Agriculture (CSA), which aims to create mutually beneficial relationships between farmers and local communities by involving CSA members/subscribers in the production and decision-making processes.The FarmShare application serves as a platform for facilitating collaboration between farmers and shareholders, which has generally proved difficult for CSA organizations relying on traditional modes of planning and communication.

This article provides an answer to what has been called the biggest problem in theorizing and understanding planning: the ambivalence about power found among planning researchers, theorists, and students. The author narrates how he came to work with issues of power and gives an example of how the methodology he developed for power studies—phronetic planning research—may be employed in practice. Phronetic planning research follows the tradition of power studies running from Machiavelli and Nietzsche to Michel Foucault and Pierre Bourdieu. It focuses on four value-rational questions: (1) Where are we going with planning? (2) Who gains and who loses, and by which mechanisms of power? (3) Is this development desirable? (4) What should be done? These questions are exemplified for a specific instance of Scandinavian urban planning. The author finds that the questions, and their answers, make a difference to planning in practice. They make planning research matter.

The term Big Data is being used widely by companies and researchers who consider your relevant functionalities or applications to create value and business innovation. However, some questions arise about what is this phenomenon and, more precisely, how it occurs and under what conditions it can create value and innovation in business. In our view, the lack of depth related to the principles involved in Big Data and the very absence of a conceptual definition, made it difficult to answer these questions that have been the basis for our research. To answer these questions we did a bibliometric study and extensive literature review. The bibliometric studies were realized based in articles and citation of Web of Knowledge database. The main result of our research is the providing a conceptual definition for the term Big Data. Also, we propose which principles discovered can contribute with other researches that intend value creation by Big Data. Finally we propose see the value creation through Big Data using the Resource Based View as the main theory used for discuss that theme.

There is ferment in the social sciences. After years of sustained effort to build a science of society modelled on the natural sciences, that project, long treated with suspicion by some, is now openly being rethought. A critical intervention in this period of reflection was Making Social Science Matter (MSSM) by Bent Flyvbjerg, published in 2001. In that book Flyvbjerg challenged the very idea of social science as a science modelled on the natural sciences. Flyvbjerg argued that, as the social sciences study human interactions that involve human consciousness, volition, power and reflexivity, attempts to build generalizable, predictive models such as those for the natural world are misplaced and even futile.

Back cover text: Making Social Science Matter presents an exciting new approach to social science, including theoretical argument, methodological guidelines, and examples of practical application. Why has social science failed in attempts to emulate natural science and produce normal theory? Bent Flyvbjerg argues that the strength of social science is in its rich, reflexive analysis of values and power, essential to the social and economic development of any society. Richly informed, powerfully argued, and clearly written, this book provides essential reading for all those in the social and behavioral sciences.

La tesi si concentra sul processo di descrizione dei beni culturali, con particolare riferimento al materiale archivistico e storico artistico, e sulla restituzione di queste informazioni attraverso le tecnologie dell’informazione. Nel primo capitolo viene introdotto il concetto di descrizione dei beni culturali, ossia il processo con il quale le caratteristiche distintive di un bene vengono reperite, confluendo all’interno degli strumenti di ricerca – siano essi degli inventari o delle schede di catalogo. Successivamente si elencano i principali strumenti attraverso i quali, queste informazioni, vengono registrate e restituite all’utente, focalizzando la trattazione principalmente sull’ambiente digitale. Nella tesi si propongono degli esempi di alcuni strumenti di ricerca che risultano poco efficaci in fase di restituzione e che quindi necessitano di essere migliorati, anche nel rispetto dei dettami della valorizzazione, che impongono l’utilizzo di tutte quelle tecniche che facilitino l’incontro tra utente e bene culturale. Nel terzo ed ultimo capitolo si propongono delle riflessioni sulle nuove tecnologie, come il web 3.0. Queste possono essere utili non solo per migliorare quegli strumenti che ad oggi non funzionano come dovrebbero, ma anche per pensare standard e modelli nuovi per i processi di descrizione dei beni. Un ottimo punto di partenza sono le nuove linee guida Resource Description and Access, per le loro caratteristiche duttili ed adattabili all’ambiente digitale. Questi spunti teorici potranno essere, in futuro, davvero costruttivi solo se gli ambiti disciplinari che ruotano attorno ai beni culturali seguiranno strade parallele ma con un’unica destinazione: migliorare la comunicazione tra i professionisti del settore, gli istituti culturali e gli utenti, attraverso forme narrative nuove, senza abbandonare quei principi scientifici che rendono le informazioni culturali valide al momento della restituzione. Inoltre, nella trattazione vengono inserite delle riflessioni sugli utenti e su come l’organizzazione della conoscenza sia fondamentale per renderli partecipi del processo di descrizione, nonché agevolare la loro esperienza d’uso degli strumenti di ricerca.

For over fifty years, successive waves of critique have underscored that the apolitical character of much of Political Science research betrays the founding mission of the discipline to have science serve democracy. The Caucus for a New Political Science was originally based on such a critique, and the Perestroika movement in the discipline included a call for more problem-driven as opposed to theory- or method-driven work that would better connect Political Science research to ongoing political struggles. In recent years, movements for a public Sociology and public Anthropology as well as dissonant movements in Economics and related fields have added to the insistence that social science research was too often disconnected from the real world. Phronetic Social Science has emerged out of the ferment for change in the social sciences, starting with the much-debated book by Bent Flyvbjerg, Making Social Science Matter (Cambridge 2001). Flyvbjerg critiqued the social sciences for mimicking the natural sciences while proposing an alternative approach that focuses research on helping people address the problems they are facing in the context they are facing them. Today, Phronetic Social Science goes beyond the call for an alternative approach to social inquiry and its growing adherents are providing evidence that this alternative approach to doing research can enrich the social sciences by more effectively connecting research to efforts to address real world problems as people experience them. This essay provides a genealogy of efforts to connect Political Science to politics, a review of the major critiques of mainstream research, an explication of the rationale for more problem-driven, mixed methods research, a specification of the key principles of the phronetic approach, and examples of its application in the public realm. The essay concludes with implications for realizing a more political Political Science by way of taking a phronetic approach.

The simple sites of the past web environment (termed as web 1.0) have given way to complex sites with confusing content in today’s Web 2.0 environment. Usability issues surrounding Web 2.0 emphasize simplifying content on the GUIs, which need to be presented as infotainment – a combination of information and entertainment. Web 3.0 is already emerging on the horizon. The massive amount of user-generated content on Web 3.0 needs to be continuously and dynamically organized. Designers are still using heuristics of Web 1.0 to cope with the requirements of complex Web 3.0 environments. Questions arise as to whether Nielsen’s original set of heuristics continue to be valid for Web 2.0 environments. Web 2.0 category sites like YouTube are found to obey only two of the ten Nielsen heuristics but yet continue to be one of the most popular websites in the world today. What possibly can explain this is the starting point of this paper’s posit. This paper makes an attempt to examine the relevance of Web 1.0 heuristics in the Web 2.0 environment, in the context of Indian users of music sharing sites. The bottom of the pyramid paradigm can be used to explain the user behavior of the large mass of Indian users. This paper also attempts to project what kind of heuristics are likely to evolve for Web 3.0 environment based on the analysis of qualitative user behavior data collected on a music website.

The Aalborg Project may be interpreted as a metaphor of modern politics, modern administration and planning, and of modernity itself. The basic idea of the project was comprehensive, coherent, and innovative, and it was based on rational and democratic argument. During implementation, however, when idea met reality, the play of Machiavellian princes, Nietzschean will to power, and Foucauldian rationality-as-rationalization resulted in the fragmentation of the project.

If we want to empower and re-enchant organization research, we need to do three things. First, we must drop all pretence, however indirect, at emulating the success of the natural sciences in producing cumulative and predictive theory, for their approach simply  does not work in organization research or any of  the social sciences (for the full argument, see Flyvbjerg 2001). Second, we must address problems that matter to groups in the local, national, and global communities in which we live, and we must do it in ways that matter; we must focus on issues of context, values, and power, as advocated by great social scientists from Aristotle and Machiavelli  to Max Weber and Pierre Bourdieu. Finally, we must effectively and dialogically communicate the results of our research to our fellow citizens and carefully listen to their feedback. If we do this – focus on specific values and interests in the context of particular power relations – we may successfully transform organization research into an activity performed in public for organizational publics, sometimes to clarify, sometimes to intervene, sometimes to generate new perspectives, and always to serve as eyes and ears in ongoing efforts to understand the present and to deliberate about the future. We may, in short, arrive at organization research that matters.

Phronetic organizational research is an approach to the study of management and organizations focusing on ethics and power. It is based on a contemporary interpretation of the Aristotelian concept phronesis, usually as ‘prudence’. Phronesis is the ability to think and act in relation to values, to deliberate about ‘things that are good or bad for humans’ in the words of Aristotle (1976:1140a24–b12). Phronetic organizational research effectively provides answers to the following four value-rational questions, for specific problematics in management and organization studies: 1. Where are we going with this specific management problematic? 2. Who gains and who loses, and by which mechanisms of power? 3. Is this development desirable? 4. What, if anything, should we do about it?

In this paper, we outline our work on developing a disk-based infrastructure for efficient visualization and graph exploration operations over very large graphs. The proposed platform, called graphVizdb, is based on a novel technique for indexing and storing the graph. Particularly, the graph layout is indexed with a spatial data structure, i.e., an R-tree, and stored in a database. In runtime, user operations are translated into efficient spatial operations (i.e., window queries) in the backend.

This article asks how planning scholarship may effectively gain impact in planning practice through media exposure. In liberal democracies, the public sphere is dominated by mass media. Therefore, working with such media is a prerequisite for effective public impact of planning research. Using the example of megaproject planning, it is illustrated how so-called “phronetic planning research,” which explicitly incorporates in its methodology active and strategic collaboration with media, may be helpful in generating change in planning practice via the public sphere. Main lessons learned are as follows: (1) working with mass media is an extremely cost-effective way to increase the impact of planning scholarship on practice; (2) recent developments in information technology and social media have made impact via mass media even more effective; (3) research on “tension points,” that is, points of potential conflict, are particularly interesting to media and the public, and are especially likely to generate change in practice; and (4) tension points bite back; planning researchers should be prepared for, but not afraid of, this.

The World Wide Web as the largest information construct has had much progress since its advent. This paper provides a background of the evolution of the web from web 1.0 to web 4.0. Web 1.0 as a web of information connections, Web 2.0 as a web of people connections, Web 3.0 as a web of knowledge
connections and web 4.0 as a web of intelligence connections are described as four generations of the web in the paper.

The term ‘phronetic social science’ was coined in Making Social Science Matter (Flyvbjerg 2001). However, as pointed out in that volume and by Schram (2006), phronetic social science existed well before this particular articulation of the concept, but it was just not organized, recognized or named as such. Rather, it occurred here and there as scholars had adopted phronesis-like methods for their own purposes. The present title is the first organized volume of empirical–practical work in phronetic social science. Before Making Social Science Matter, phronesis, as a critical term of Aristotelian philosophy, had been theorized and its continuing importance as a key concept in Western thought had been convincingly argued by distinguished philosophers like Hans Georg Gadamer, Hannah Arendt, Alasdair MacIntyre and Richard J. Bernstein, among others. But no one had developed the theory and philosophy of phronesis into a practical methodology that could be applied by researchers interested in actually practising a phronetic social science. Making Social Science Matter developed such a methodology. Its implications were discussed and developed further in Making Political Science Matter (Schram and Caterino 2006). After these two theoretical–methodological contributions, it was evident that an important next step in demonstrating the usefulness of phronetic social science would be to illustrate, with concrete examples, how applied phronesis works in practical, empirical social science research. The contributions on applied phronesis contained in the present volume make clear that this next step has now been taken.

The emergence of Web 2.0 has marked a change in how the Internet users benefit from a number of tools that allow them to browse for information, exchange data, collaborate and interact with others. Web 2.0 has been a turning point in human interaction via computers, fostering social networks and even more personal environments for educational purposes such as PLEs or VLEs. Now, a leap forward is represented by Web 3.0, which should provide computers with the possibility to extract meaningful information from the Internet so that the inordinate number of data obtained after one search will be filtered, contrasted, and collated to better suit users’ needs. The advancement will consist in the fact that the search for information will not be just a sheer display of websites, chosen based on the key words entered, but meaningful information tagged with descriptors like mailing addresses. The implication for users are numerous as the new web search could function as a personal learning assistant and may help one reduce the amount of time spent looking for relevant data, be it educational or otherwise. Thus, the users interested in learning will be assisted by an agent, which will select the required information, and tailor it according to the individual learning needs. In this paper, the concept of Web 3.0 will be examined to find its possible educational uses and benefits. Moreover, the author will look into the impact of Web 3.0 on course design, on the one hand, and on the learners’ ability to identify and attend several courses provided by institutions, on the other hand.

The preservation of complex materials and associated environments presents the Digital Preservation (DP) community in general and the JISC community in particular with considerable intellectual and logistical challenges. While many of the techniques that have been developed within the context of migration-based DP approaches are of continuing value, others cannot be applied so well given the extra complexity presented by, for example, interactive videogames. Recent work undertaken in the Planets and KEEP projects has shown that the problems involved in preserving such materials and
their associated environments, while substantial, are by no means intractable, but in order to continue to make progress in this area it is important to engage and energize the wider
DP community.

A vital aspect of this process comprises articulating the state of the art in
1. Simulations and Visualisations;
2. Software Based Art
3. Gaming Environments and Virtual Worlds.

This encompasses exploring with international experts the research results achieved so far across each of these domains; presenting coherent pathfinder solutions; and clearly signposting areas where work remains to be done. A further step is
to synthesize key findings across all three areas and emphasize synergies that can be built upon, and to disseminate these to the various stakeholder communities.

These are the principal objectives that POCOS addresses and POCOS partners are well placed to tackle the problem space, with the University of Portsmouth as overall coordinator bringing research and technical input from KEEP; the British Library
supplying project management and research expertise from Planets, King’s Visualisation Lab bringing their specialist visualisation and simulation knowledge and experience; The
Humanities Advanced Technology & Information Institute giving their specialist Software Based Art expertise from Planets.

With a point of departure in the concept "uncomfortable knowledge," this article presents a case study of how the American Planning Association (APA) deals with such knowledge. APA was found to actively suppress publicity of malpractice concerns and bad planning in order to sustain a boosterish image of planning. In the process, APA appeared to disregard and violate APA's own Code of Ethics. APA justified its actions with a need to protect APA members' interests, seen as preventing planning and planners from being presented in public in a bad light. The current article argues that it is in members' interest to have malpractice critiqued and reduced, and that this best happens by exposing malpractice, not by denying or diverting attention from it as APA did in this case. Professions, organizations, and societies that stifle critique tend to degenerate and become socially and politically irrelevant "zombie institutions." The article asks whether such degeneration has set in for APA and planning. Finally, it is concluded that more debate about APA's ethics and actions is needed for improving planning practice. Nine key questions are presented to constructively stimulate such debate.

Archaeological digital data, like archaeological artifacts, are non-renewable resources that, once lost, are gone forever. Because digital data are so new in comparison to paper records, archaeologists lose data frighteningly often. First, this thesis
summarizes my experience interning with Digital Antiquity, an organization specializing in preserving digital data. Second, this thesis details considerations in preparing, storing, and disseminating digital archaeological information. Finally, this thesis describes potential cultural, professional and educational concerns for users of digital archaeological repositories. As archaeologists create greater amounts of digital data, the
digital curation crisis will grow. While a perfect solution has not yet been implemented, pioneering archaeologists have identified steps every archaeologist can follow to ensure that the fruits of their intellectual labors are not lost, while at the same time taking
advantage of the unique properties of digital data to improve data and information sharing and use in archaeology.

Digital data are useful in ways that data on paper are not and cannot be. Digital data allow archaeologists to collaborate on large projects, communicate more effectively, and even reconstruct entire excavations. However, digital data are also far less stable than paper records. While a paper record may last well over a thousand years if kept in the right conditions, digital data are often unreadable in less than ten years, even when
traditional preservation methods are used.

Digital storage is becoming the norm for archaeological publication, even though most archaeologists probably do not consider the downsides of digital publication. Moreover, many specialized archaeological data only exist in digital formats (e.g., laser scans, digital photographs, extensive databases) and archaeologists will (and have) lost these datasets because of faults in digital preservation. Digital data often represent the
only record left after archaeologists excavate a site, and the loss of such valuable data is akin to bulldozing a site.

This thesis details my experiences during my internship at Digital Antiquity (an organization which specializes in data archiving), provides examples of other projects working on the digital curation crisis and gray literature problems, and finally discusses
the needs that these organizations may not be considering fully in their plans. This information will provide a primer for archaeologists about what and who to consider when creating, publishing, and storing data and information in digital formats.

"Web 2.0 brought a new way to people to use the web through User Generated Content. The ease to edit content gives rise to content in perpetual movement, result of a collective intelligence. Virtual communities through their different exchanges lead to new social interactions on the web, the final result of this trend is the creation and emergence of micro blogging, social media and social networks.

Integration of social media into population has been facilitated by the omniscience of the web that went mobile with Smartphones, tablets and useful specific tools associated to them, such as Geolocation and Augmented Reality. Nowadays, Facebook, Google+, LinkedIn and twitter are among the tools most used on a daily basis.

Marketers react by creating new ways to evaluate Return on Investment, new Web Analytical tools to gather and interpret all the data now available as a result of information collected from users browsing. This is still challenged by the emergence of Web3.0. Another effect of the socialisation and exchange is that the classic Word of Mouth Marketing access a new dimension because of the myriad of connections each user has on social networks to become Viral Marketing.

On a sociological perspective, Social Networks are a great opportunity to leverage Social Capital even if this usage is not the most popular and is mainly employed by students, managers and executives. It gives also opportunity to individuals to brand themselves by being proactive trough pertinent communication on specific topics.

The real success of social networks is due to the ease given to the population to maintain their connections and sustain their group affiliation. Digital natives‟ generation are also natural users of these tools. There are some psychological factors that affect people and reassure them by seeing that others have similar life and make them feel well integrated into society. The result of this search for conformity is that people will broadcast more spontaneously communications with consensual topic, universal value or moral attached to their message or post."

The aim of this research is to provide detailed information about Web technologies and their educational implications with a comparative review of these technologies. In this context, the document analysis method applied with a variety of sources using Web 1.0, Web 2.0, Web 3.0, Web 4.0 and 5.0 technologies are examined. In accordance with the results obtained, a comparison of the Web technologies has been conducted. According of the results, Web 2.0 and Web 3.0 technologies are used predominantly today, while Web 4.0 and Web 5.0 are technologies that will be encountered in the coming years. Educational materials have also changed due to improvements in web technologies. In addition, the technological process that started with Web 1.0 and that users are passive-consumer is among the other results that will be delivered to emotionally loaded robots in the coming years.

Since the advents of emerging technologies such as social media and web 2.0 tools, learning environments are getting more interactive, productive, and contextual than ever before. This is because not only have the technologies such as Internet, mobile, cloud computing, and learning circumstances been incredibly improved in the past decade but also individuals’ consciousness of utilizing these technologies in their educational experiences has been dramatically changed. However, the notion of integrating web 2.0 social technologies into educational environments may not be developed by individual educators and learners as compared to the speed of the development and change of social technologies and learning environments. This paper explores the trends of technology in education and related literature, and presents the fundamentals of Web 2.0 social technologies and how they connect with learning theories with the purpose of facilitating educational experiences.

Social media are often regarded as a set of new communication practices which are likely, if deployed effectively, to make public sector organisations more responsive to the various stakeholders with whom they interact. In this context, responsiveness is usually approached as an administrative function of establishing additional channels of information and responding faster to citizen queries. Notwithstanding the importance of these objectives, this study aims to reconceptualise the relationship between social media and government responsiveness. Drawing on current literature and the case of the Food Standards Agency in the UK, the study identifies new dimensions of social media responsiveness. The findings of this study can provide useful insights both for researchers in the area and those in the process of developing social media strategies in government.

Twentieth century’s visual convention have been deeply transformed. As first, according to the “remediation” paradigm (Bolter & Grusin, 1998), then following the grassroots authorship paradigm (Jenkins, 2006). The paper outlines a new step in this transformation, where Twentieth century’s media are involved in a counterattack, based on the spectacular gifts of digital 3D and a new emphasis on technologies: elements of a neo-baroque aesthetics.

Le convenzioni visuali del Novecento si sono riconfigurate, prima all'insegna della "rimediazione", poi del protagonismo della produzione audiovisiva grassroots (Jenkins 2006). L'articolo delinea una nuova fase di riscossa dei media novecenteschi, fondata sulla spettacolarità del 3D e su una nuova enfasi sulle tecnologie, elementi di una estetica neobarocca.

This article presents the theoretical and methodological considerations behind a research method which the author calls ‘phronetic planning research’. Such research sets out to answer four questions of power and values for specific instances of planning: (1) Where are we going with planning? (2) Who gains and who loses, and by which mechanisms of power? (3) Is this development desirable? (4) What, if anything, should we do about it? A central task of phronetic planning research is to provide concrete examples and detailed narratives of the ways in which power and values work in planning and with what consequences to whom, and to suggest how relations of power and values could be changed to work with other consequences. Insofar as planning situations become clear, they are clarified by detailed stories of who is doing what to whom. Clarifications of that kind are a principal concern for phronetic planning research and provide the main link to praxis.

Abstract In this article, a research project on mobile safe
food consumption system (FoodWiki) is discussed that performs
its own inferencing rules in its own knowledge base.
Currently, the developed rules examines the side effects that
are causing some health risks: heart disease, diabetes, allergy,
and asthma as initial. There are thousands compounds added
to the processed food by food producers with numerous effects
on the food: to add color, stabilize, texturize, preserve,
sweeten, thicken, add flavor, soften, emulsify, and so forth.
Those commonly used ingredients or compounds in
manufactured foods may have many side effects that cause
several health risks such as heart disease, hypertension, cholesterol,
asthma, diabetes, allergies, alzheimer etc. according
to World Health Organization. Safety in food consumption,
especially by patients in these risk groups, has become crucial,
given that such health problems are ranked in the top ten
health risks around the world. It is needed personal e-health
knowledge base systems to help patients take control of their
safe food consumption. The systems with advanced semantic
knowledge base can provide recommendations of appropriate
foods before consumption by individuals. The proposed
FoodWiki system is using a concept based search mechanism
that performs on thousands food compounds to provide more
relevant information.

"Taking stock of an area of study and determining potential venues for further contributions by asking challenging big questions have been popular in the discipline of public administration for the last two decades. This has been done through asking “big questions”, which aim to encourage thinking “out of the box”, without attempting to provide a corresponding set of definitive “big answers”. Examples abound, such as articles published on the big questions of public management, public administration education, and public network management research.”

This article argues for the necessity of “a big question approach” in e-government research. The big questions being posed here originate from a review of the e-government research; and they benefit from several reviews of the e-government literature and by other developments in and around the public administration discipline as they pertain to e-government. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the emergent topics and issues in e-government research and practice; as well as an evaluation of the relevance of the proposed big questions for the deepening and widening of e-government research in the years to come."

The purpose of the present chapter is to demonstrate how social scientists may engage with mass media to have their research impact public deliberation, policy and practice. Communicating research to practice is part and parcel of applied phronesis and not something external to it. Even in Aristotle's original definition of phronesis, laid down more than two millennia ago, the knowledge–action relationship is clear. A defining characteristic of phronesis is, in Aristotle's words, that it is ‘reason capable of action’ (The Nicomachean Ethics, 1976: Bk VI, 1140a24–1140b12). Phronetic research results (‘reason’) are therefore results only to the extent they have an impact on practice (‘action’). In public affairs, reason is made capable of action by effectively having reason enter the public sphere and public deliberation. It is reason times exposure in the public sphere that matters, not reason alone. Today, mass media dominate the public sphere in liberal democracies. The relationship of research with media therefore needs to be reflected. However, to my knowledge no study exists that describes in detail this aspect of phronetic research. Even in social science as a whole, studies of how scholars work with mass media to secure public impact of their research seem rare (Bagdikian 2004; McCombs 2004; Bryant and Oliver 2009). This, then, is the purpose of the present chapter: to begin to close this gap in our knowledge of social science and phronesis. Because the field is underexplored, it was found to be prudent to start with a phenomenological case study. The study shows how a group of phronetic social scientists, including the author, engaged with media, including world-leading titles such as The New York Times, in order to place their research results on the public agenda and initiate change in their chosen field of interest: megaproject policy and management.