Stadium Architecture

The design of a modern stadium is a complex process in which a vast number of, often conflicting, design requirements are negotiated and compromised.  The wide variety of different professional disciplines involved and the large size of each discipline’s team adds to this complexity.  However for a design to be successful it needs to take into account this variety and ensure the final product is greater than the sum of its parts.
In this paper the author makes the case for taking a Parametric Modelling approach to stadium design, and demonstrates how the use of a single Parametric Model shared across the design team is particularly appropriate to tackling the challenges outlined above.
Drawing on the author’s first-hand experience of designing realised stadium projects, including the Emirates Stadium and the Aviva Stadium, the suitability of Parametric Modelling, to address design issues such as geometry, structure, construction and spectator sightlines, will be demonstrated.  The fast-changing nature of such technology will also be discussed, highlighting further opportunities to develop and improve stadium design in the future.

RESUMEN Arica es una ciudad puerto que se emplaza en el territorio fronterizo del norte de Chile, un espacio caracterizado por su convergencia e intercambio cultural, en el cual convergen valles, desierto y océano, y que si bien tiene importantes antecedentes precolombinos y coloniales, fue la producción arquitectónica realizada a partir de la mitad del siglo XX, la que definió un laboratorio de modernidad que singularizó su espacio urbano. Ese laboratorio de la modernidad surgió desde la creación del Puerto Libre en 1953, los que motivó el desarrollo de un plan de inversiones que incluyó muchas arquitecturas significativas. Las primeras fueron realizadas por la Sociedad Modernizadora de Arica (SMA) y luego por la Junta de Adelanto de Arica (JAA) una institución creada en 1958 que gestionó, financió y realizó muchísimas obras hasta 1976, cuando fue disuelta. Entre las variadas obras motivadas por el Puerto Libre, algunas fueron diseñadas y construidas bajo una expresiva estética del...

Stimulé par le renouvellement des techniques, le XIXe siècle se plaît à rêver de halls pour de grandes assemblées, en réalise quelques-uns, mais n’imagine guère encore qu’ils puissent être dédiés à des manifestations sportives : la création d’une telle architecture est pour ainsi dire l’œuvre du siècle suivant. Dans quelle mesure la restauration des Jeux olympiques procure-t-elle des opportunités comparables à celles des expositions universelles pour conduire les concepteurs à se dépasser ? Feuilleter les sagas et les classiques de la modernité architecturale pourrait laisser croire que l’histoire des prouesses constructives ne rencontre qu’épisodiquement celle des équipements sportifs avant la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle. Pour autant, examinée rétrospectivement loin de toute perspective héroïque, cette catégorie d’édifices illustre bien souvent les enjeux touchant la production de structures capables d’abriter ou d’enclore de grands espaces. Il s’agit même volontiers pour les architectes, les ingénieurs et les constructeurs d’un terrain de démonstration, bénéficiant en outre de la valeur spectaculaire et médiatique désormais acquise par le sport. Si la veille de la Seconde guerre mondiale voit culminer l’affirmation d’un fonctionnalisme déterminé par les attendus des programmes et/ou par la mise en scène des matériaux, les réalisations acquièrent ensuite progressivement une part d’autonomie qui en fait primer le signe et la force évocatrice. Jusqu’à quel point ces structures reflètent-elles un imaginaire propre, où par exemple la conception plastique des ouvrages voire la rhétorique de la performance technique font écho à une idée de l’effort physique et du corps en tension ?

Il recente ‘caso’ sollevato dalla proposta di demolizione dello Stadio di Firenze, dedicato ad “Artemio Franchi”, e il cosiddetto emendamento ‘sbloccastadi’ indirizzato ad accelerare gli interventi di adeguamento degli impianti sportivi, ha riportato alla memoria vicende già vissute, nel corso degli ultimi decenni, da alcune strutture realiz-zate in occasione dei Mondiali di calcio svoltisi in Italia nell’estate del 1990, peraltro proprio su candidatura del dirigente sportivo fiorentino. Il contributo analizza, infatti, le vicende di una mostra organizzata nell’ambito del Congresso dell’Unione Internazionale degli Architetti svoltosi a Montréal (Ca¬nada) nel maggio 1990 (Mostra degli stadi 1991); l’articolo analizza le numerose debolez¬ze degli stadi costruiti in quell’occasione, mettendo in evidenza l’‘invecchiamento’ precoce che ha colpito tali edifici specialistici.

This book provides with the most comprehensive collection of new urban stadia built or renovated in the last 30 years.
It displays the success of the new urban pattern in designing and building stadia as part of an urban context. A unique collection of plans all presented at the same scale will help understanding the key role played by new urban stadia in shaping and re-generating existing urban neighborhoods.
The book allows academics and students to have access to the largest collection available today of new urban stadia.
Indice
Foreword (Xavier Jacobelli)
New Urbanism Vs Sub-Urbanism (Lèon Krier)
The New Generation of Urban Stadia
Urban Stadia in The Us
Urban Stadia in France
Urban Stadia in UK
Urban Stadia in Spain
Urban Stadia in Italy
Atlas of Urban Stadia
References

Australians watch live sport in large numbers and traditionally consume high quantities of meat pies, chips and beer within stadiums. However, the food and beverage preferences of stadium-attending Australian sports fans are not well understood, particularly in comparison to their North American and European peers. This paper utilized a survey-based approach to understand the satisfaction of fans of Australia’s national Rugby Union team with stadiums in Australia. While food and beverage offerings were found to be a particular point of dissatisfaction, the price and service quality were found to be of greater concern than the healthiness of these. The study also drew on the researchers’ observations and knowledge of recent Australian stadium redevelopments to examine how the traditional offerings may be changing. We conclude that in order to attract greater attendances from a wider market, stadiums in Australia need to provide more varied, higher quality, healthy food and beverage offerings that are both affordable and easy to eat.

La sfera economica legata al mondo del calcio tocca punti salienti dell'imprenditorialità al punto da trasformare una semplice passione sportiva in un vero e proprio business con differenti stakeholders.
L'esempio della Juventus F. C. nel calcio italiano mostra come determinate scelte di investimento influiscano sui risultati di bilancio e sulle performance tecnico-sportive.

In August 1988, Scunthorpe United became the first League football club in England for thirty-three years to move to a new, purpose-built stadium. In the thirty years since, thirty-four of the ninety-two clubs that comprise the 2018-19 Premier League and Football League have relocated. This thesis explores the context that has led to this scenario in English football; the theoretical constructs around place and identity that contribute to the depth of feeling about both the old and the new environments; the ways in which clubs have attempted to transfer a sense of home; and to what extent these processes have been effective.

The development of football and the places in which it is played in England is outlined, in particular the chain of events that led to a rapid transformation of football’s geographic landscape in the post-1988 period. Utilising theories around place, supporter identity, heritage and nostalgia, a new model is proposed to better understand the relationship between fans and stadiums. The usefulness of inserting both tangible and intangible elements of heritage and nostalgia into the communications around a transition to a new stadium is examined via a close analysis of the spread of and motivations driving prevalent commemorative trends, and the presentation and content of both programme advertising and ceremonies on the occasion of a stadium’s last or first match.

The thesis concludes by considering the physical environment of the new stadium, with in-depth case studies of three English football clubs – Arsenal, Brighton and Hove Albion and Doncaster Rovers – that have attempted to overcome potentially placeless surroundings by placing club-specific artworks in spectator concourses. The success of these projects suggests a potential way forward for future stadium moves that maintains the sense of identity, connection and engagement between a club, its fans, and its community.

This paper discusses the role of football stadia in the built environment in Britain, focusing on how stadia have been used as an architectural device to facilitate certain emotional, social, economic and cultural needs. Four themes of: identity, class, technology and economy have also been identified as major
factors that have shaped stadia’s role in the built environment during this period up until today and these will be focused on throughout. Firstly the paper discusses the history of the sport outlining its influence on society and how football culture has grown. This will be used as a platform to explain the reasoning
of certain architectural methods that have been applied to stadia design in the UK and how stadia’s role has developed over time linking back to the identified themes. Following this, the paper looks how emotions exhibited in and around stadia have facilitated a ‘love of place’ creating strong links with
identity. Next, a discussion of significant stadium disasters, a result of prioritising economic motives, outlines how change in the stadia’s role has lead to physical change and subsequent reform showing how technology was at fault, but is now allowing technical innovations that positively impact stadia’s on the built environment. Finally, the paper looks at the financial incentives surrounding stadia, analysing the impact this can have on its surrounding community and local economy, looking at the influence of iconic design, housing prices and spending in the economy. The paper concludes, warning that in observation
of financial motives beginning to take precedence, resulting in a change in class demographic, cultural identity attached to stadia is at risk of being lost and that above all, safety should remain a top priority to avoid a repetition of past tragedies.
Key Words: Architecture, role, identity, class, technology, economy, environment, society, safety, topophilia, emotion, community

This paper will try to review the near past of the mega-event stadium construction, and the recent approaches in stadium-building in terms of sustainable urban development and
architecture. The research will cover the period of 1990-2012, from the start of sustainability discussions and their revealing implications on stadium-construction up to the
forthcoming London 2012 Olympic Games and its stadium. The focus will be on the notions of flexibility in stadium design and post-event maintenance of stadiums for sustainable urban environment.

Every five years from 1955 to 1985, mass Czechoslovak gymnastic demonstrations and sporting parades called Spartakiads were held to mark the 1945 liberation of Czechoslovakia. Featuring hundreds of thousands of male and female performers of all ages and held in the world’s largest stadium—a space built expressly for this purpose—the synchronized and unified movements of the Czech citizenry embodied, quite literally, the idealized Socialist people: a powerful yet pliant force directed by the regime.

In this book, Petr Roubal explores the political, social, and aesthetical dimensions of these mass physical demonstrations, with a particular focus on their roots in the völkisch nationalism of the German Turner movement and the Czech Sokol gymnastic tradition. Roubal draws on extensive interviews and archival research to investigate the many facets of this sporting tradition, from the reactions of ordinary, non-political gymnasts who appropriated and challenged official rituals to the organizational demands of the Spartakiads, such as the incredible finances involved and the knowledge and skills required from hundreds of former Sokol officials. Featuring an abundance of archival photographs, Spartakiad takes a new approach to Communist history by opening a window onto the mentality and mundanity behind the Iron Curtain.

Membran adalah suatu struktur permukaan fleksibel tipis yang memikul beban terutama melalui proses tegangan tarik. Struktur membran cenderung dapat menyesuaikan diri dengan cara struktur tersebut dibebani. Struktur membran merupakan salah satu alternatif yang banyak digunakan dalam bangunan bentang lebar, terutama berfungsi sebagai penutup atap. Struktur membran sangat peka terhadap efek aerodinamika dari angin. Efek angin menyebabkan terjadinya getaran. Dengan demikian, membran yang digunakan pada gedung harus distabilkan dengan cara tertentu, hingga bentuknya dapat tetap dipertahankan pada saat memikul berbagai kondisi pembebanan. Akibat dari karakteristiknya yang tidak kaku dan kepekaannya terhadap angin, maka struktur membran biasanya tidak dapat berdiri sendiri. Pada praktiknya dalam bangunan bentang lebar, membran banyak digunakan berdampingan dengan struktur kabel dan space frame sehingga menjadi lebih kuat terhadap guncangan. Struktur membran memiliki berbagai jenis dilihat dari tipe kelengkungan permukaan dan sistem pengakunya. Jenis-jenis tersebut berpengaruh terhadap bangunan yang akan dibentuk sehingga perlu diperhatikan bentuk dan sistem pengaku apa yang seharusnya dipilih dalam pengaplikasiannya pada bangunan bentang lebar. Material membran yang digunakan untuk membentuk struktur membran pun bermacam-macam, semua memiliki ciri khasnya masing-masing yang harus disesuaikan dengan fungsi. Perkembangan teknologi pun mengakibatkan material membran menjadi kian beragam dan semakin kuat digunakan sebagai struktur bangunan.

Köseoğlu, E. ve Arslan, N., 2015, Spor Etkinliklerinin Mekânın Kullanımını Değiştirme Gücü: Beşiktaş İnönü Stadyumu ve Çevresi, Mimar.ist Dergisi, Kış 2015, Sayı 52, s.74-80.

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Özet
Dünya üzerindeki sporlar incelendiğinde futbolun, anlaşılabilirliği, bilgiye ulaşım kanallarının çeşitliliği ve kolaylığı sebebiyle geniş bir seyirci kitlesine sahip olduğu görülür. Tüm dünyada kabul gören, tüm yaş gruplarına hitap edebilen futbol, kendi ekonomisini yaratabilmiştir. En çok takip edilen spor dalı olması ve sosyal bir olguya dönüşmesi futbolun birleştirici bir güç olduğu göstermektedir. Günümüzde seyirci, yani taraftar ile futbol takımları birbirinden ayrı düşünülemeyecek kadar bütünleşmiş iki unsurdur. Bu bağlamda futbol karşılaşmalarının gerçekleştiği stadyumların, yakın çevresini belli zaman dilimlerinde ve belli bir süreçte değiştirebilme gücü olduğu söylenebilir. Bu çalışmada, taraftar hareketlerinin mekânsal düzenleme ve değişimlere etkileri incelenmiş; sistematik gözlem ve anket yoluyla söz konusu değişimler saptanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında, Beşiktaş İnönü Stadyumu çevresi temel alınarak belirli zaman dilimlerinde seyirci davranışlarına ilişkin gözlemler yapılarak söz konusu davranışların mekân kullanımlarına yansıma biçimleri incelenmiştir. Ek olarak, maça aktif olarak katılım gösteren taraftarlar ile anket yapılmış ve mekân tercihleri sorgulanmıştır.

Anahtar kelimeler: Stadyum, futbol, taraftarı, kentsel mekan, insan davranışı, kentsel imaj öğeleri.

Football stadium has become intensively stage-managed and regulated as modes of consumption in contemporary society. In the field of sport tourism, sport tourists participate in spectating and venerating attractions related with football heritage somatically. Not only evoked by tangible sites of former sporting glory such as sports stadia, nostalgia can also be awaken by a group of sport tourists who share resembling cultural capital performing together in a particular experience. The scope of stadium tour as a type of sports tourism is far from a recent phenomenon but current research pays little attention on how sports and tourism synergise together and package sporting experience for spectators. Anfield Experience exemplifies a creative product of sport tourism in a guided-tour setting concomitant with the performance from attendees, guides and stadium. Liverpool Football Club players as tour guides enact deeper roles to fit in the institutional settings and embed authenticity in the experience. The 'scheduled' interaction between participants and players reproduces and embodies the essence of football culture explicitly and outwardly. Instilling diversified bodies of discourse and allegiance, the itinerary-scripted stadium tour conduce from the re-appropriation of varied performance and avoid ineluctable fixity in the stereotyped 'guided tours' by capitalising fan performativity, and resurrecting the representation of primal appeal about football, the unpredictable excitement. Through field research, interviews, the discourse analysis on media networks, attendees and stadium personnel, staging/representation and historical analysis on the making of Anfield Experience, the article targets on illustrating how stadium becomes a place where football fans converse with and anchor their ardent passion. Also, by delving into the experience, it is worth noting that how fan capital is enmeshed in the staged authenticity and employs Anfield Experience become a source of collecting tangible and intangible forms of cultural capital to obtain a holistic picture of how creative tourism is exhibited via fan performativity and 'prosumption' by host and guest that moulds Anfield Experience into a unique mode of football consumption that outstands.

ABSTRACT: Architect by education, Ðurde Bošković (1904–1990) devoted himself to research into the history of architecture and art and heritage conservation. Between the two World Wars, he was one of the most active interpreters of architectural development in Belgrade. He made record of important architectural exhibitions in the period when Modernism was emerging and was also a prominent participant in the debate on the ‘National Style’, which started among the professional community in the 1930s on the occasion of the construction of St Sava’s and St Mark’s Churches and the Bridge of King Aleksandar I the Unifier across the Sava river in Belgrade. Before the outbreak of World War II, he was among those who opposed the construction of an Olympic Stadium according to the project by the German architect Werner March at Kalemegdan. Bošković belonged to the group of Modernist-oriented critics and his observations have been an indispensable source in the historiographical interpretation of architectural works and phenomena in Belgrade architecture in the interwar period. In order to reach a correct interpretation and valorization of Ðurde Bošković’s ideas, it is necessary to place them in the context of the aesthetic and ideological trends in architectural criticism in Belgrade between the two World Wars.

APSTRAKT: Arhitekt po profesiji, Đurđe Bošković (1904–1990) se opredelio za naučni rad na polju istorije arhitekture, umetnosti i zaštite spomenika kulture. U periodu između dva svetska rata bio je jedan od najangažovanijih tumača razvoja graditeljstva u Beogradu. Beležio je značajne arhitektonske izložbe u vreme rađanja modernizma, bio je zapaženi učesnik polemike o nacionalnom stilu, pokrenute u stručnoj javnosti tridesetih godina XX veka, povodom podizanja Hrama Sv. Save, Crkve Sv. Marka i Mosta kralja Aleksandra I Ujedinitelja preko Save. Pred izbijanje Drugog svetskog rata bio je jedan od protivnika izgradnje Olimpijskog Stadiona po projektu nemačkog arhitekte Vernera Marha na Kalemegdanu. Pripadao je krilu modernistički orijentisanih kritičara i njegova zapažanja do sada su bila nezaobilazan izvor u istoriografskom tumačenju arhitektonskih dela i pojava u međuratnoj arhitekturi Beograda. Da bi se ispravno protumačili i valorizovali, potrebno je da se stavovi Đurđa Boškovića postave u okvir estetskih i ideoloških usmerenja beogradske arhitektonske kritike između dva svetska rata.

SUMMARY: Architect Ðurde Bošković (1904–1990), who dedicated himself to scholarly work on the history of architecture and art, as well as heritage conservation, studied and interpreted the architectural development of Belgrade between the two World Wars.
When Bošković entered the public life as a critic in 1928 on the occasion of the Fourth Exhibition of the Architectural Students’ Club, he put forward the opinion that contemporary architecture revived the Byzantine aspiration to an extremely constructive approach, favoring the ‘national’, i.e. the Modern Byzantine style. In the next year, at the exhibition of the Artistic Group Oblik, his views took definite shape and he sided with Modernist-oriented critics, advocating the abandonment of the imitation of all styles of the past. His reviews of an exhibition of Nikola and Petar Dobrović (1930) and the First and Second Exhibitions of Contemporary Yugoslav Architecture (1931 and 1933) were particularly affirmative.  In the same spirit he praised the works of Petar and Branko Krstić, Branislav Kojić, Milan Zloković, Jan Dubový and other Modernist Belgrade architects.
Not infrequently, his explicit struggle for a free architectural expression, underlain by the idea of reshaping Belgrade, led to an ironic and resolute attitude to phenomena which did not support the principles of modern architecture. Such assessments, sometimes very harsh, like his opinion about Petar and Branko Krstić’s design of the Church of St Mark, or Nikolai (Nikolay) Krasnov’s pylons of the Zemun Bridge, would make an impact in Serbian historiography and influence the attitudes of subsequent interpreters of Belgrade architecture between the two World Wars.
In the years preceding the outbreak of World War II, Bošković was one of the opponents of the construction of an Olympic Stadium according to the project by the German architect Werner March at Kalemegdan. Although admitting that the architecture of the stadium looked very representative, he deemed that from an urbanistic point of view and taking into account the cultural and historical significance of the Belgrade Fortress, Lower Kalemegdan was not an appropriate location for that type of building.
Ðurde Bošković’s criticism was socially engaged, progressive and it stemmed from the views and architecture of a modernist man. From the present-day perspective, his reproaches were not a matter of momentary inspiration; they were clearly spoken out at a time when it was the only way to impose progressive ideas on a conservative milieu where architecture was often a means of achieving national and political goals. Along with being an indispensable source for the interpretation of the trends that led to the formation of modern architecture, Bošković’s pieces of criticism are also valuable as an ideological testimony about a period when professionals, led by sincere desire for creative autonomy and pursuing the best urbanistic and architectural solutions, presented their views in daily newspapers and scholarly publications, initiated forums at the Architects’ Club and took part in public discussions.

The 1929 Barcelona International Exposition became the driving force in the modernization of the city and at the same time, a propaganda tool for diffusion of a new image of progress and modernity. This paper deals the study of the transformation of Montjuïc Mountain, the site where the Exposition was located, as a new public space of leisure, entertainment and sport. Closely related to the previous point, sport became one of the three areas in which the event took place. This paper analyses the role of sport in the Exposition as a vehicle for improve the construction of new sports facilities and the spread of this practice between Catalans and Spanish working class.

Stadiums constitute distinctive characteristics taking its source from several factors such as influence of crowd size, crowd motion and slenderness of the structure. Although many of the existing codes and guidance are being applied during the design stage of these structures, the efficiency of those become questionable especially under dynamic loading. The investigation of the literature clearly states that the real outcomes of this problem need further understanding. This can only be achieved by going deeply into the critical matters such as generating accurate load models and expanding it to lively crowds, using the correct methodology to identify human structure interaction and operational effects of crowd motion on the dynamic properties. This study intends to give a brief explanation about the problems of this phenomenon, addressing the remedies that have been tried so far and giving a roadmap of a continuous research project for this purpose.

In South African history, monuments have contributed to both the development and implementation of the apartheid social framework, yet monumental architecture has also continued to redefine the complex cultural narrative surrounding this contested history, offering a path to reconciliation and a new identity. As spaces embedded with specific sociopolitical meanings, monuments offer particular insight into the changing cultural landscape of South Africa. However, the stadium construction for the 2010 World Cup represents some of the first non-memorializing monumental architecture since the first elections almost twenty years ago.  They are cultural monoliths of a traditionally egalitarian sport, built amid the tension and complexity of a racially charged society. The renovated Soccer City Stadium in Soweto and five new stadiums – Green Point Stadium in Cape Town, Moses Mabhida Stadium in Durban, Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium in Port Elizabeth, Peter Mokaba Stadium in Polokwane, and the Mbombela Stadium in Nelspruit – stand as architectural monuments to a “new” South African nation as it attempts to launch itself into the global arena. Innovatively progressive and technologically state-of-the-art, these stadiums were explicitly built to signal South Africa’s entrance as a global leader through design excellence and modern technological prowess.  Yet these stadiums also contain stereotypical elements based on patterns of colonialism and exclusion, thus providing a somewhat indistinct narrative that reveals a nation conflicted with issues of inequality, globalization, and domestic conflict.  However, this fragmentation ironically reflects the disunity and complex political framework, making this conceptually fractured collection a unique glimpse into South Africa’s living history.

Stadiums like those used for sporting or concert events are distinct from other civil engineering structures due to several different characteristics. Some challenges mainly originate from the interaction with the human factor, as stadiums are subjected to both synchronized and random motion of large crowds. The investigations in the literature on this topic clearly state that stadiums designs are in urgent need of more reliable load quantification and modeling strategies, deeper understanding of structural response, generation of simple but efficient human–structure interaction models, and more accurate criteria for vibration acceptability. Although many esthetically pleasing and technologically advanced stadiums have been designed and constructed using structurally innovative methods, recent research on this field still calls for less conservative and more realistic designs. This article aims to highlight the recent advances in this field and to provide a follow-up to the literature review covering until 2008 (Jones et al., 2011a) on vibration serviceability of stadiums structures. The article will also discuss new sensing and monitoring techniques on load-time history measurements and their regeneration, as well as crowd motion, stadium health monitoring, and human comfort analysis. Operational effects of crowds on the dynamic properties are also discussed. The article concludes with a forward look on the recommended work and research for dynamic assessment of stadiums.

Post-Tsunami Rugby: Kamaishi Stadium as a tool for post-disaster reconstruction?
On March 11, 2011, at 2:46 pm, the earth shook and the waters poured onto the coast of Japan.
Kamaishi, a port on the Pacific coast, was hit hard by the devastation.
A few months later, under the influence of former players of the local rugby team that was very famous in the 1970s, the city decided to bid to host the 2019 Rugby World Cup.
In August 2018, Kamashi Stadium, the only stadium built for the occasion, emerged on the site of the destroyed middle and high school. This event of international scale impacts the territories and their planning on a local scale. The investigation is thus an opportunity to understand this reconstruction project where economic, media, tourist and sporting interests are mixed, sometimes far from local concerns.
Resilience through rugby and its values? The resilience of a country that would be admired by the whole world? Resilience that hides a society's deepest ills?
This investigation is an opportunity to highlight the time of controversy through a project in the Anthropocene era.

This paper will try to review the near past of the mega-event stadium construction, and the recent approaches in stadium-building in terms of sustainable urban development and architecture. The research will cover the period of 1990-2012, from the start of sustainability discussions and their revealing implications on stadium-construction up to the forthcoming London 2012 Olympic Games and its stadium. The focus will be on the notions of “flexibility in stadium design” and “post-event maintenance of stadiums for sustainable urban environment”.

Ce texte est l'avant-propos du livre: "Supporters du PSG. Une enquête dans les tribunes populaires du parc des Princes" (Editions Le Bord de l'eau 2014), le premier livre sur les supporters du PSG fondé sur une véritable enquête de terrain, menée parmi les plus connus d’entre eux : les « ultras » du « kop de Boulogne ».
Il revient sur une époque récente mais révolue, où les supporters de football représentaient une forme d’expression populaire qui a été peu à peu étouffée par les intérêts économiques et la « disneylandisation » des stades.

Sport-Arenen sind Kristallisationspunkte herrschender Verhältnisse und gesellschaftlicher Aushandlungsprozesse. Stadien, Sportpaläste, Velodrome verheißen emotionale Massenspektakel, dienen als sportliche Performanzorte und politische Geltungsbauten. Sport-Arenen lokalisieren Sport-Welten und Sport-Kulturen an einem konkreten Ort, erlauben aber darüber hinaus auch identifikatorische Effekte. Die Autorinnen und Autoren beleuchten Sport-Arenen in transnationaler Warte und loten Potentiale einer deutsch-französischen Sportgeschichte im europäischen wie globalen Kontext aus.

The Summer Olympic Games have the ability to significantly change the urban fabric through modification of the existing or the redevelopment of sites, depending on the choice of site procurement (Gold & Gold, 2008). Over the course of the twentieth century, models and visions for Olympic urban development shifted as the possibility for events to create infrastructural change in host cities and regenerate urban areas was realised. Whilst this had potential benefits for host cities, it also brought challenges for reuse, raising concerns around the sustainability of mega events. To deliver a more sustainable Games (International Olympic Committee (IOC), 2018), the current trend is to reuse existing buildings constructed for previous Olympics or other mega events. To assess the impact of the Games on the urban fabric, this study performs a historic survey of Olympic sites in three cities that have thrice been awarded the Summer Olympic Games (

ENG: This article examines American festivities in light of sports, in particular baseball spectatorship. Baseball occupies a distinct place in the American psyche and sports contests share a lot of characteristics with ritualized festivities; yet, scholars have argued against the mythology of sports gatherings as sites for communitas, because of the complicated nature of social relations during sports events (Bain-Selbo). In order to escape a purely revisionist reading of sports festivities, the article uses the theoretical framework provided by Elias’ and Dunning’s concepts of “quest for excitement” and “controlled decontrolling of restraints on emotions” (1986). Based on historical sources, the article argues that there have been three phases in baseball spectatorship (1840s-1880s; 1880s-1950s; 1950s-present) each presenting a distinct relation with the double notion of engagement in physical excitement and dependence on normative discourses. The last part of the article wonders whether Elias’s theory remains applicable given the current nature of sports as socially repressive hypercommodified events. What does this disempowerment of spectators reveal of American festivities?

FR: Cet article interroge la problématique des festivités aux États-Unis du point de vue du sport et en particulier des modes d' "être spectateur" lors des matches de baseball. Ce sport occupe une place toute particulière dans l'imaginaire américain ; de plus, les compétitions sportives partagent de nombreux traits avec les rituels festifs. Toutefois, l'état des connaissances scientifiques ne permet pas de conclure à une fabrique de communitas par le sport étant donnée la complexité des rapports sociaux dans les stades (Bain-Selbo 2007). Pour renouveler le regard sur cette question sont mobilisés les concepts de « recherche d'exci-tation » et de « libération contrôlée des contraintes sur les émotions » développés par Elias et Dunning (1986). Les sources historiques utilisées suggèrent que trois régimes de spectatorisme sont identifiables (1840-1880; 1880-1950; 1950-présent). Chacun présente un rapport particulier à la double notion d'investissement physique dans la quête du plaisir et de dépendance aux discours normatifs sur les bonnes conduites. La dernière partie porte sur la pertinence de conserver la théorie d'Elias à l'heure où les compétitions sportives dont devenues socialement répressives du fait d'une marchandisation galopante. L'hypothèse avancée est que ce reflux de la « recherche d'excitation » dans le baseball américain n'est qu'une étape dans un long processus où alternent dépossession et réappropriation.

Ikonična je arhitektura tema aktualna još od vremena piramida i antičkih civilizacija – vladari i elite društva htjeli su arhitekturom naznačiti važnost i uspješnost svojih država, gradova ili zajednica. Međutim, u 20. i 21. stoljeću tema ikonične arhitekture je postala simbol talenta i kreativnosti i samih arhitekata, koji više nisu ostajali anonimni iza mecena što su ih financirali, već je i njihovo ime raslo svakom novom zapaženom, često i ekstravagantnom zgradom. Vrhunac toga novog vala arhitekata koji su počeli obilježavati gradove i stavljati ih na mapu svijeta – takozvani starhitekti – obilježen je prijelazom u 21. stoljeće muzejskom zgradom Franka Gehrya. 'Bilbao efekt' pokazao je kako arhitektura može stvoriti turističku atrakciju od gotovo nepoznatoga grada i svojom neuobičajenom formom postati tema svih svjetskih medija.

Iako ovo predavanje nema iluziju da je potrebno uspoređivati Gehrya i Magaša, ideja je ipak prikazati važnost Borisa Magaša kao možda najkompleksnijeg arhitekta u našoj novijoj povijesti. Predavanje ispituje, kroz nekoliko njegovih kapitalnih djela, kojim je to arhitektonskim alatima stvarao ikone gradova ili naselja što su prije njegovih realizacija ili idejnih rješenja bila nedovoljno poznata. I dok se objekti koje diljem svijeta grade Gehry, Eisenman ili Zaha Hadid čuvaju i obnavljaju jer ih se smatra velikom vrijednošću za grad ili državu, bit će zanimljivo promotriti koje su to sudbine doživjele Magaševe zgrade, unatoč svojemu antologijskom značenju. Krajnje, postavlja se pomalo provokativno pitanje – je li Magaš bio naš starhitekt? I to je posebno izazovno propitati u gradu u kojem se Magaš rodio – Karlovcu.

Rising nations in the early twentieth century in the Arab world saw the popularity of football as a tool for distilling their identity and policy in the populous. The paper explores how the architecture of football stadiums reflected their country's identity, in particularly: Cairo International Stadium, Al Shaab Stadium, and King Fahd International Stadium.

Desde que o estágio Jornalista Mário Filho, mais conhecido como Maracanã,foi inaugurado o futebol se fez presente no dia-a-dia da sociedade carioca, dos integrantes mais abastados aos mais desfavorecidos financeiramente. Por décadas, todas essas pessoas tiveram condições de frequentá-lo, mas, após a última reforma estrutural do estádio, o mesmo se modificou um pouco. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a relação desta mudança física com o comportamento de integrantes de uma torcida organizada do Clube de Regadas do Flamengo, a Torcida Jovem do Flamengo. Para tal, foram utilizadas imagens para realizar um comparativo dos diferentes momentos da torcida dentro do Maracanã, antes e depois da reforma. Foram detectadas mudanças no comportamento dos integrantes da mesma, o que se observou ter relação total com a plástica pela qual passou o local.