Smart Contracts

I the undersigned do hereby endorse that the information contained herein is my original work under the management of my supervisor. Where necessary, citations have been added to acknowledge other researchers whose work I have referred to. Name Reg No.

Il rapporto tra scienza giuridica e tecnologie informatiche rappresenta una questione ormai ineludibile per chiunque intenda misurarsi con le istanze della società digitale. I due autori si confrontano su temi attuali e decisivi relativi all’informatica giuridica e al diritto dell’informatica, esaminando l’impatto della tecnologia sulla società nel suo complesso, sulla persona e i suoi diritti, sugli istituti e sugli strumenti del diritto. Le tematiche spaziano dalla problematica tutela dei dati personali e del right to be forgotten al riconoscimento dei diritti digitali, dal governo di dati e algoritmi alle questioni poste dall’intelligenza artificiale e dalla blockchain, dall’affermarsi pervasivo di documenti informatici, firme elettroniche e contratti telematici alla complessa protezione di opere digitali e beni informatici, dalla necessità di un’amministrazione digitale e aperta all’emersione di nuove geometrie di potere, dagli inediti bilanciamenti tra interessi ai difficili equilibri in tema di responsabilità, dalla diffusione endemica della criminalità informatica ai nuovi e cupi scenari della guerra cibernetica. L’obiettivo del volume è quello di proporre al lettore alcuni punti di osservazione privilegiati per riflettere sul destino della scienza giuridica nell’era tecnologica, avvalendosi anche dell’analisi di significativi casi di studio: regolare la dimensione digitale della vita umana costituisce una sfida impegnativa ma inevitabile, cui il diritto è chiamato a rispondere.

Blockchain has numerous benefits such as decentralisation, persistency, anonymity and auditability. There is a wide spectrum of blockchain applications ranging from cryptocurrency, financial services, risk management, internet of things (IoT) to public and social services. Although a number of studies focus on using the blockchain technology in various application aspects, there is no comprehensive survey on the blockchain technology in both technological and application perspectives. To fill this gap, we conduct a comprehensive survey on the blockchain technology. In particular, this paper gives the blockchain taxonomy, introduces typical blockchain consensus algorithms, reviews blockchain applications and discusses technical challenges as well as recent advances in tackling the challenges. Moreover, this paper also points out the future directions in the blockchain technology.

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ether encourage the owners of computing resources to bring ever-increasing levels of processing power to bear in validating the distributed ledger of cryptocurrency purchases and sales.  Initial coin offerings (ICOs) involve the sale of cryptocurrency coins or tokens with the aid of on white papers.  Crypto coin white papers involve a mixture of scientific, sociopolitical, and economic speech.  They often contain extended arguments for how users of the coins and the Internet or society in general could benefit from a new way of organizing economic relations, assembling and deploying assets, or exchanging messages or entitlements.  While they share some similarities with forms of commercial speech that enjoy quite limited First Amendment protection, they are arguably more similar to other economic statements that enjoy First Amendment protection against censorship, or to direct advertisements that are deemed insufficiently misleading to result in civil liability.  Nevertheless, some interpretations of U.S. securities and commodities law would prohibit authors of such white papers from raising funds for crypto coin platforms if the coin's users expect to earn a return on their investment and rely on the coin issuer's expertise or representations. 

This article explores principles of free expression that could shield truthful speech and subjective opinions about new crypto coins from some of the worst chilling effects of U.S. laws.  It examines ways in which crypto coins may benefit marketplace participants and economic efficiency, including by providing a beneficial alternative to traditional software app stores, logistics infrastructures, or banking and payment systems.  It then surveys the First Amendment and other constitutional issues that onerous regulations raise, and draws analogies to doctrines that reconcile the freedom of economic expression with the cause of consumer or investor protection under the Lanham Act, the Securities Exchange Act, state deceptive practices laws, and the law of warranties.  Several themes in the case law are ripe for application to ICOs: the need for precision and proportionality in framing regulation, the proscription against regulatory overkill and one-size-fits-all approaches, and the requirement that basic freedoms be preserved.  More specifically, the securities or commodities are not properly read as applying to many crypto coin offering papers, and describes other concepts such as virtual commodities or virtual barter systems from other jurisdictions that may be a better fit. 

The article urges American lawyers and judges to probe thoroughly whether the interests served by prohibitions and penalties on crypto coin speech justify the burdens imposed on information providers. Regulating false statements of existing fact and enhancing the remedies for making them will be more effective and less constitutionally infirm measures than those aimed at preempting merely potential harm.  Courts must balance the values of fraud prevention and remediation with the values of freedom of expression and expanded economic opportunity.  Analogous fields of law provide several tools with which to achieve this balance, including the distinction between general or universal fraud prohibitions and narrower securities or commodities regulation regimes, the difference between forward-looking and other statements in several area of fraud law, First Amendment principles governing professional and occupational licensing, and rules against vague or discriminatorily enforced regulations. 

keywords: cryptocurrencies, tokens, appcoins, altcoins, coins, coin offerings, ICOs, "initial coin offerings", free speech, freedom of speech, freedom of expression, freedom of information, cloud computing, virtualization, virtual communities,  virtual currencies, virtual commodities, digital barter, securities law, regulation, consumer protection, false advertising, Lanham Act, misleading, First Amendment, commercial speech, least restrictive means, overbreadth, vagueness, Fifth Amendment, due process, human rights, Telegram, TON, Kik, Kin, Kik Interactive, Bitcoin, Ether, smart contracts, crowdfunding, SEC, The DAO, CFTC, CFPB, European Union, EU, banking, risk, innovation, technology, financial technology, payment systems, multistakeholder governance, polycentric governance, puffery, bespeaks caution doctrine, California, New York, Texas, occupational licensing, libertarianism

Eser iki bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde iktisadi ve teknolojik açıklamalara yer verilmiştir. Bu kapsamda Blockchain ve kripto paralara ilişkin temel terimler, bazı ödeme yöntemleri, para kavramı ve paranın kısa tarihçesi, paranın özellikleri, paranın işlevleri, para türleri, para standartları, sağlam ve ucuz para kavramları, kripto paraların temelinde yatan Blockchain ve Tangle yapıları, Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple, Litecoin, IOTA gibi bazı kripto paralar, kripto paraların olumlu ve olumsuz yönleri, yasal para birimleri karşısında konvertibl olup olmadıklarına göre sanal/kripto para sistemleri, kripto paraların fiat paralarla değişim platformları, kripto para cüzdanları, Blockchain ve kripto paralara ilişkin kronoloji ve ülkemizde resmi makamların kripto paralara yaklaşımı gibi konular incelenmiştir.
İkinci bölümde ise kripto paralara ilişkin işlemlerin Türkiye’de yasak olup olmadığı, Bitcoin özelinde kripto paraların eşya niteliği, borçlar hukuku boyutuyla Bitcoin özelinde kripto paralar, akıllı sözleşmeler, Bitcoin özelinde kripto paraların ticaret şirketlerine sermaye olarak getirilmesi, Tokenlar ve hukuki değerlendirilmesi, medeni usul hukukunda ispat aracı olarak Blockchain teknolojisi, icra ve iflas hukuku yönüyle kripto paralara ilişkin bazı sorunlar ve nihayet kripto paralara ilişkin miras hukuku, kıymetli evrak hukuku gibi özel hukukun diğer alanlarına ilişkin konulara temas edilmiştir.

İçindekiler

1. Blockchaın ve Kripto Paralara İlişkin Temel Terimler
2. Bazı Ödeme Yöntemleri
3. Para Kavramı ve Paranın Kısa Tarihi
4. Kripto Paraların Temelindeki Yapılar
5. Kripto Paralar
6. Kripto Paralara İlişkin İşlemlerin Yasak Olmaması ve Suç Teşkil Etmemesi
7. Bıtcoın Özelinde Kripto Paraların Eşya Niteliği Sorunu
8. Borçlar Hukuku Boyutuyla Bıtcoın Özelinde Kripto Paralar
9. Akıllı Sözleşmeler
10. Bıtcoin Özelinde Kripto Paraların Ticaret Şirketlerine Sermaye Olarak Getirilmesi
11.Token
12. Medeni Usul Hukukunda İspat Aracı Olarak Blockchaın Teknolojisi
13. İcra ve İflas Hukuku Yönüyle Kripto Paralara İlişkin Bazı Meseleler
14. Kripto Paralara İlişkin Diğer Bazı Meseleler

Through extensive study of literature, this Master’s dissertation aims to identify the opportunities created by the advent of first and second generation distributed ledger technology in the context of the financial sector. It also assesses the regulatability of various distributed ledger configurations, and their relation to the pre-existing legal framework. Finally, it identifies a number of priorities for suggested future law changes.
Our research leads to a categorization of possible distributed ledger technology applications, based on a varying degree of decentralization: from highly decentralized native crypto-asset blockchains to permissioned interbank payment and settlement ledgers; from irreversible smart contracts that are meant to embody the legal agreement to smart contracts with a point of entry for judicial intervention and which co-exist with a prevailing traditional contract. This dissertation establishes that all degrees of decentralization are or can be regulated by one way or another and that certain changes to the existing legal framework are desirable to maximally benefit from the unique capacities of distributed ledger technology.

Osservazione

L'industria vinicola è laica. Ma un'industria moderna, con l'aiuto della tecnologia, può mantenere la tradizione di prodotti e servizi e utilizzare nuovi strumenti per migliorare l'ecosistema produttore, consumatore, società, governo e ambiente.
Gli sviluppi tecnologici possono aiutare l'intera catena di prodotti e servizi. L'aiuto è collegato al miglioramento di prodotti e servizi che ha l'effetto di migliorare il business e la vita delle persone.
Con l'aiuto della tecnologia, è possibile migliorare l'intera catena dell'uva? Dal seme al consumatore finale?
Questa domanda è vera se si considera che è possibile migliorare prodotti e servizi con la tecnologia. Il controllo dei dati climatici è una tecnologia che migliora i prodotti e i servizi della persona e dell'azienda. Lo stesso per il controllo di qualità nella produzione di vino e sottoprodotti.
Proprio come esiste la tecnologia per migliorare prodotti e servizi in qualsiasi settore e catena industriale, è necessario studiare la tecnologia e applicarla alla catena di conflitto tra persone, imprese e governo. Lo scopo è trovare una soluzione decentralizzata per risolvere i conflitti nella catena del vino senza intermediari come sistema legale.
In questo saggio, esaminiamo la catena del vino. L'obiettivo è comprendere i dati di base per creare un ecosistema per trovare conflitti e utilizzare la tecnologia Legal Smart Contract per risolvere.
Questo non è un documento finale. Lo studio si evolve.

Argumento

In che modo Legale Smart Contract può aiutare l'industria vinicola in Italia?

Paying for electronic commerce products with cryptocurrencies is an increasingly popular method. However, the situations where a seller expects one specific cryptocurrency as a payment while a buyer only possesses another, inevitably create inconvenience to the buyer, which may lead to cancellation of purchase. In this paper, we propose a light-weighted software architecture of a payment system called NAGA platform that works with a number of crypto blockchain networks to support cross-cryptocurrency payments where buyers can pay in one currency, and the seller automatically receives another of his/her choice. This minimizes the complexity and inconvenience of the buyer, leading to an increase in sales and revenues of the electronic commerce system. With the built-in crypto exchange, crosscryptocurrency payment can be processed with real-time exchange rates that enables both buyers and sellers to receive cryptocurrency of their preferred choices.

Increased collaborative production and dynamic selection of production partners within industry 4.0 manufacturing leads to ever-increasing automatic data exchange between companies. Automatic and unsupervised data exchange creates new attack vectors, which could be used by a malicious insider to leak secrets via an otherwise considered secure channel without anyone noticing. In this paper we reflect upon approaches to prevent the exposure of secret data via blockchain technology, while also providing auditable proof of data exchange. We show that previous blockchain based privacy protection approaches offer protection, but give the control of the data to (potentially not trustworthy) third parties, which also can be considered a privacy violation. The approach taken in this paper is not utilize centralized data storage for data. It realizes data confidentiality of P2P communication and data processing in smart contracts of blockchains.

As internet users become subjected to stricter and more developed means of surveillance and censorship, the developments towards a decentralised version of the network move forwards by providing functional and scalable alternatives. These blockchain inventions are definitely marvelous from the perspective of engineering and cryptography, but they raise important questions about legitimacy and governance. By employing qualitative data analysis and comparisons, this paper aims to present the current state of the internet, explain the origins and nature of the blockchain as the underlying source of immutable decentralisation, and ultimately ask the question " What are the possible solutions to create a truly decentralised internet which makes use of all the new technological advancements but is simultaneously accountable to national, transnational, and international polities? ". According to the findings, a framework of trust, collaboration and consensus must be established between those who govern and those who are governed, as new cryptographic innovations are led by autonomous " law is code " systems.

Risk insurance for disasters plays a relevant part in the implementation of risk reduction strategies during the pre-disaster phase. This is essential to support risk management towards decreasing the marginal risk allowing policy holders to transfer risk to avoid considerable financial loads from the costs incurred during the recovery phase in a post-disaster phase. There is evidence that the introduction of an integrated risk insurance strategy for community resilience planning is still lacking. Thus, this undermines the possibility to have proper optimized holistic risk management; on the one hand this strengthens pre-disaster risk mitigation measures, mostly relying on mitigative infrastructural solutions, and on the other hand it better defines risk prevention strategies mostly connected to land planning and urban development. This paper will show how insurance markets can play a key role towards mitigating the economic consequences of natural and climate change disasters, and ...

https://ar.lejister.com/articulos.php?Hash=f9d580bdec6077c2868728d8e0a1a679&hash_t=3e328165b85d67cb3e96569b3cbbd44d

En la presente investigación, se aborda la Organizaciones Autónomas Descentralizadas, desde un aspecto de representación, función ejecutiva y actos de administración en los gobiernos contemporáneos. Se realiza un estudio sobre la tecnología Blockchain en armonía con las circunstancias de participación social actual, concluyendo en un contrato social tecnológico como espina dorsal de la era de la información y comunicación.

The interrelatedness between computer systems, networks, code, and traditional law and legal frameworks continues to pose a number of important and vexed questions. This report will consider one area of the relationship: legal recognition of distributed ledger technology (DLT) or blockchain applications. Specifically, registers appended to blockchains (thereby creating “blockchain registries”), and “smart contracts” executed on blockchains

Blockchain technology is new technology for digital asset tracking and management. Initially Blockchain was implemented as a financial solution, through the Bitcoin and its digital cryptocurrency. This was changed with the development of Ethereum new approach for management of digital assets. The existence of Smart contracts in the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EMV), introduced new ways for dealing the problems with third-parties. This opens opportunities for plethora of new Blockchain implementations for smart homes, smart objects, healthcare, finance management, insurance, supply chain management and many others. This survey paper addresses the state-of-the-art and highlights the possibilities for integration of Blockchain technology and IoT, with main focus to healthcare systems. Due to the Blockchain specifics, there are many unsolved issues and open challenges for the researchers in this area.

Este livro, disponível na Amazon, é composto por quatro partes.
A primeira investiga o potencial blockchain, da euforia à esperança.
A segunda parte, entitulada de Realidade, traz os fundamentos, conceito, tipos, e estruturas Blockchain; conceitua e explica os mecanismos de consenso mais populares; traz uma ampla visão de contratos inteligentes, dApps, DAGs, DAOs, tokens e incentivos.
A terceira parte traz estudos de caso de soluções blockchain nos diversos setores e indústrias.
Por fim, a última parte fala do papel das Blockchains na Evolução da Internet.

ISBN-10 1687405719
ISBN-13 978-1687405715

Internet of Things (IoT) has been the primary way for assuring the usable devices becoming smart and intelligent. The main challenge in IoT is to identify effective IoT issues. There are many challenges and difficulties have to face with this technology in the area of security and storage. In this regard, it is the responsibility to assure the user that devices are trustworthy. Blockchain technology is the key technology to provide every kind of security to Internet of Things using the decentralized architecture and peer-to-peer network connection. Cloud storage technology is very much reliable about the data storage. In this paper, we proposed a novel model for smart home application which focuses about the challenges while integrating blockchain technology with Internet of Things.

In today's scenario, many news related to counterfeit land titles, fraud land registry, delay in ownership transfer, the involvement of government officers in fraudulent activities is frequently being heard. However, this depicts that the existing land registry system is not efficient to provide security and timely set

Blockchains-based smart contracts are disrupting the smart real estate sector of the smart cities. The current study explores the literature focused on blockchain smart contracts in smart real estate and proposes a conceptual framework for its adoption in smart cities. Based on a systematic review method, the literature published between 2000 and 2020 is explored and analyzed. From the literature, ten key aspects of the blockchain smart contracts are highlighted that are grouped into six layers for adopting the smart contracts in smart real estate. The decentralized application and its interactions with Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) are presented to show the development of a smart contract that can be used for blockchain smart contracts in real estate. Further, a detailed design and interaction mechanism are highlighted for the real estate owners and users as parties to a smart contract. A list of functions for initiating, creating, modifying, or terminating a smart contract is presented along with a stepwise procedure for establishing and terminating smart contracts. The current study can help the users enjoy a more immersive, user-friendly, and visualized contracting process, whereas the owners, property technologies (Proptech) companies, and real estate agents can enjoy more business and sales. This can help disrupt traditional real estate and transform it into smart real estate in line with industry 4.0 requirements.

RIAT is an institute for research, development, communication and education in the fields of crypto-economics and the blockchain.

Our academy is aimed at different skill-levels and prepares entrepreneurs, developers and non-developers alike to become part of the crypto-economy. We offer workshops, extensive training and consulting in planning, design and development of blockchain technologies, smart contracts and decentralised applications.

http://riat.academy

Today, despite the legal gray zone the smart contracts continue to operate in under the traditional norms of contract law, corporate law, and securities regulation in many jurisdictions, entities such as national governments, central banks, financial institutions, clearing houses, fund managers, large and small corporations are actively conducting research about potential ways to integrate various blockchain solutions into their operations in order to better streamline their operations and reduce various administrative and transactional costs.  Yet, despite the enormous potential of their wide-ranging practical implementations, in reality the legality of smart contracts and DAOs hang on very complex questions regarding smart contract design, and their current, as well as future regulatory treatment.  Ironically, although the proponents of smart contracting often draw parallelisms with traditional legal tools in their pursuit of robust digital contract systems, this absolutist approach often mistakenly assumes “law” and “legality” as a rigid concept, ignoring various equitable doctrines and the relevant complexities of modern contract and corporate law.  Under the current law smart contracts cannot be seen as binding legal documents.  Rather, parties should resort to them as tools of risk shifting, a digital alternative to secured transactions where the role of an escrow agent is replaced by an automatized ledger system to maximize transparency and ensure digital custody and control over various records.   
This paper aims to provide a background on the development of DAOs and smart contracting together with the underlying basic concepts.  Furthermore, the paper will analyze the DAO phenomenon as deployed in real world examples against the current doctrines of contracts law, corporate law, and securities law.

One of the major concerns for the government in terms of security is the safety of the citizens. We have come across many cases in which the individuals have access to the ammunition without having the required license. Inadequacy in the management of weapons, especially those which remain reserved is the major contributing factor. Individuals submit counterfeit documents to some third party dealers who help them in getting a fake arms license. That's not all, no one knows whether the individuals who use the ammunition with the fake license have any criminal background at that time. The production of such reserved deteriorating weapons is creating a huge problem leading to an unsafe environment among the citizenry. In this chapter, we lay forward a model that helps to overcome these challenges with the help of blockchain technology. In our model, we provided a simple solution on how the transfer of guns can take place between the dealer and the seller using digital signatures and a digital gun safe just like a bitcoin (BTC) wallet which stores each and every information about an individual securely and it helps us in identifying whether the person who has a weapon holds an original arms license or has a fake one and also checks whether the person has a previous criminal record on his name. Since blockchain is immutable and hackproof, this technology can be used to eliminate the above claims and improve the ownership, traceability of the weapon and keeps the records securely inside the digital safe. Although the use of blockchain technology has some constraints when a large number of records are to be stored inside the safe, it's properties can be used to improve the current scenario.

Esse texto apresentar os principais conceitos para a compreensão das emissões e negociação de criptoativos, bem como o funcionamento das aplicações baseadas em blockchain. Trata-se de uma descrição voltada para pessoas que não têm familiaridade com conceitos e métodos da ciência da computação e que têm interesse no tema, seja porque desejam ser investidores em criptoativos, empreender se valendo da tecnologia blockchain ou, ainda, mapear os riscos envolvidos para poder decidir se e como regular a matéria. “Você tem alguns minutos para ouvir a palavra do blockchain?” foi o título escolhido  com o intuito de explicitar o caráter quase evangelizador das ideias do “universo cripto” que se desenvolveu desde o aumento significativo da popularidade da Bitcoin em 2015 e, posteriormente, de outros criptoativos e da adoção de soluções baseadas na tecnologia blockchain. Não raro, encontramos pessoas interessadas em conhecer o funcionamento da tecnologia ou mesmo investir em criptoativos, sem ter noção alguma da essência econômica daquilo em que estão depositando seus recursos ou dos riscos envolvidos. Procuramos suprir, assim, essa lacuna de conteúdo em língua portuguesa, adotando um imperativo de máxima deferência ao leitor, procurando, sempre que possível, explicar os conceitos a partir de analogias ou mesmo superficialmente, pois almejamos homogeneizar o vocabulário e a gramática – e por que não dizer o evangelho – da tecnologia blockchain para um público-alvo bastante heterogêneo: administradores, advogados, contabilistas, economistas, engenheiros, profissionais de tecnologia da informação e, enfim, um investidor médio que tenha interesse no assunto.

Internet of Things (IoT) has been the primary way for assuring the usable devices becoming smart and intelligent. The main challenge in IoT is to identify effective IoT issues. There are many challenges and difficulties have to face with this technology in the area of security and storage. In this regard, it is the responsibility to assure the user that devices are trustworthy. Blockchain technology is the key technology to provide every kind of security to Internet of Things using the decentralized architecture and peer-to-peer network connection. Cloud storage technology is very much reliable about the data storage. In this paper, we proposed a novel model for smart home application which focuses about the challenges while integrating blockchain technology with Internet of Things.

Crowd funding is an online money-raising strategy that began as a way for the public to donate small amounts of money to help creative people finance their projects. Through crowdfunding, individuals are able to invest in entrepreneurial start-ups through an intermediary, such as a broker-dealer. The problem with the current sites is they don't provide the Donor Guarantee Policy and they don't have control over the money they donated. This paper is to propose crowdfunding using blockchain technology. Through this, we can provide a safe, secure and transparent way for crowdfunding. This work of this paper is to provide interactive forms for campaign creation, donation and request approval through which both campaign creators and donors can easily create and fund the campaigns. The Donor can able to track the money that they were sent. The Blockchain will record all the transaction and store as a block.

A system with a porous electoral process will produce the wrong leadership. The quality of an election determines the quality of the selected leadership of a community, state, and nation at large. Over the years, different solutions ranging from the manual method to electronic methods have been proposed to address the various electoral malpractices associated with elections, however, the key issues of privacy, trust, and fairness in elections yet remain. In this research, we proposed an electronic voting system based on blockchain technology to address the identified issues of privacy, trust, and fairness. Smart contracts which kept track of votes in real-time and maintained the security of the electoral process were also proposed. The system was implemented on the Ethereum blockchain network, where Ganache was used to perform simulations of the voting process. We finally recommended that small-scale and medium-scale businesses could firstly adopt the system, after which, it could be implemented on a larger scale such as in national elections.

The present communication proposes a digitally operative Unique Digital Identification Number leveraging the Distributed Ledger Technology. DLT is a protocol that allows secure functioning of a digital database that exists across several locations. It could be a Blockchain, DAG, Hashgraph, Holochain or Tempo (Radix). DLT backs up all information in a secure and accurate manner using cryptography.

The digital identity ecosystem can work seamlessly across administrative domain viz. educational sector, health-care, finance, telecommunications, crowd operations, public distribution, taxation, legal enforcement and others. The system assures privacy and trust, with least involvement of bureaucracy.

Key words: Blockchain, Citizen ID, DAG, Digital Identity, EPIC, Hashgraph, Holochain, Multipurpose ID, OCI, PAN, PIOC, Tempo, UID.

This article examines the impact of blockchain technology in the financial sector and international trade. The aim of the article is to measure the effect of blockchain technology on international trade and financial business. The paper uses methods of analysis and synthesis of information from researched academic articles, government programs, reports, and statistical data. The averages and regression analysis (in particular, the calculation of the Pearson coefficient) are used for getting analytical results. Graphic methods are used to summarize the information and to present the understudy materials. According to the results of the study, it can be concluded that blockchain technology has great potential for the development of international trade and financial business. It is possible by improving the settlement of international trade, applying smart contracts in the formation of the transaction, improving logistics chains, and reducing the speed of information and delivery processing, increasing the economic turnover. Blockchain has a positive impact on reducing costs for merchants and the banking sector, predicted by 2030 to decrease costs by 11% using this technology. The technology will have a very significant impact on the development of intellectual property, which could be particularly activated by the possibility of reducing the impact of pirated copying. It is possible to reduce corruption and fraud by applying blockchain technology in public procurement, which currently accounts for the bulk of international trade. Blockchain technology will add $3 trillion in additional business value by 2030 and $866 bln in international trade, including financial business.

Through the analysis of a recent conduct adopted by Google on the online advertising platform Google Ads, the essay provides insights on some commercial practices opted for by the giants of web marketing with the purpose to deepen the future legal and market challenges.

The constant evolution of technology often needs for a change in its corresponding laws as well! This paper intends to make a small comparison between the conventional and smart contracts to show us the need (or not) for the use of smart contracts.

7 chapters. 963 pages. #OpenSource.
Web3, DLTs, Blockchain 3.0.
CBDCs
Sandbox
Token taxonomy
Blockchains taxonomy
LegalFinTech
SSID
BaaS
Compliance by design
KYC-AML-in-built
RegTech
GovTech
Tokenized green bonds
DAOs, BBLLC, LLAOs
Tech4Good

Voting is a very important issue which can be beneficial in term of choosing the right leader in an election. A good leader can bring prosperity to a country and also can lead the country in the right direction every time. However, elections are surrounds with ballot forgery, coercion and multiple voting issues. Moreover, while giving votes, a person has to wait in a long queue and it is a very time consuming process. Blockchain is a distributed database in which data are shared with the participant of the node and each participant holds the same copy of the data. Blockchain has properties like distributed, pseudonymous, data integrity etc. In the paper, a fully decentralized evoting system based on blockchain technology is proposed. This protocol utilizes smart contract into the evoting system to deal with security issues, accuracy and voters privacy during the vote. The protocol results in a transparent, non editable and independently verifiable procedure that discards all the int...

Cenni di carattere sistematico Il continuo e ininterrotto progresso tecnico della società digitalizzata degli anni duemila ha 1 influenzato significativamente il settore della contrattualistica, il quale grazie all'autonomia privata dei soggetti si è spinto verso nuovi modelli negoziali , che tendono progressivamente a 2 dileguarsi dalla disciplina vigente. Il nostro ordinamento in materia di contratti è ancora saldamente ancorato alla disciplina codicistica del 1942, un insieme di norme dettate da un legislatore scrupolosissimo, molto preciso e attento nel predeterminare le fattispecie, che tuttavia non poteva essere in grado di prevedere in alcun modo il così rapido sviluppo tecnologico del successivo millennio. Appare dunque fondamentale che il giurista dell'era digitale, acquisisca la consapevolezza della necessità di un repentino adeguamento del mondo del diritto, a volte considerato distante dalla tecnologia, ai rapidissimi progressi degli ultimi anni nel mondo dell'informatica, che influenzando significativamente la vita quotidiana delle persone, ricade inevitabilmente sull'attività posta in essere da esse nell'esercizio dell'autonomia privata.

Resumen
Este trabajo realiza una aproximación sintética sobre la ejecución automático de los contratos aplicada al sector asegurador apuntando medidas de política legislativa que habrían de considerarse para encauzar óptimamente las cuestiones que se están planteando en dicho sector a propósito de las nuevas tecnologías digitales aplicadas a la contratación de seguros.

Abstract
This paper makes an approach to the self-executing contracts applied to the insurance sector, pointing out legislative policy measures that should be considered to optimally address the issues that are being raised in said market regarding the new digital technologies applied to insurance contracts.

Palabras clave
Derecho del seguro, contratación inteligente, contratos de seguros, sector asegurador

Keywords
Insurance law, smart contracts, insurance contracts, insurance sector

In construction industry, business failures are generally resulted in payments withheld or refused to be paid. By taking advantage of blockchain technology, cryptocurrencies and smart contracts in this industry such problems could be mitigated. Within the proposed framework, funding of each item of the contract is blocked unless the contractual conditions agreed upon are fully satisfied. Set of instructions and conditions could be coded in smart contracts such that payment will be made automatically only when the stipulated conditions are reached. This concept guarantees establishing a trustful chain of payments between the parties. Proposed concept also minimizes the time-cost overruns due to dispute reduction and maximize the trust between contract parties in construction industry. Although the construction industry is recalled as being slow at adapting to new technologies, the prospect of having a protection against late payments might be a driving force for acquiring the smart contracts. The proposed framework is and pros as well as cons of this framework is discussed in this study.

Global society is currently witnessing the development of ‘decentralized digital networks’ and applications that run on them. The text briefly describes the main underlying idea of this pragmatic and revolutionary new technology as well as some of its societal potentials.

Cet article a pour objet l'étude des smart contracts dans le commerce international. Il présente les avantages et les désavantages de l'utilisation de cette technologie par les acteurs du marché international, notamment à partir de deux types de blockchains, la blockchain publique et la blockchain privative.

For the past twenty years, the use of the Internet has facilitated international commercial relations between people who do not know each other and who are geographically distant. Disputes resulting from e-commerce have undermined the supremacy of state courts, which have proved unable to provide an appropriate response to small claims arising in an international context and raising delicate questions as to jurisdiction and applicable law. The length, cost and complexity of the procedure, as well as the risk associated with the international enforcement of the judgment are deterrent factors that led e-commerce platforms to develop online dispute resolution (ODR).

Thanks in part to the removal of intermediaries, the transfer of cryptocurrencies and other crypto assets using blockchain technology has further facilitated international commercial relations. The decentralized and distributed characteristics of blockchain technology and the pseudonymity of its transactions has led to a new economy growing independently from nation states. This technology has brought an additional degree of complication in the application of private international law (PIL) rules by removing the illusion that online transactions can be linked to the territory of a state. Smart contracts also allow the creation of digital entities that can enter into commercial relations. The first decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) was the source of a resounding dispute between parties with diverging interests, which had to be urgently resolved without any access to state courts or a dispute resolution mechanism. This case revealed the risk of disputes in the blockchain environment and the resulting legal uncertainty, and led to the emergence of various models of blockchain dispute resolution (BDR) mechanisms (BDRs) inspired by the solutions developed in e-commerce.

This chapter deals with the application of PIL rules to the resolution of disputes involving DAOs. The authors first analyze what is a DAO and whether DAOs legally qualify as companies. What is at stake is the legal personality of DAOs and their capacity to conduct legal proceedings. The authors then examine whether disputes involving DAOs may be brought before state. This analysis highlights the problems related to the location, pseudonymity, and uncertainty regarding the legal personality of the participants of the blockchain environment, which challenge the jurisdiction of state courts in case of a dispute. The authors then draw on the experience acquired in the field of e-commerce to examine the advisability of setting up alternative dispute resolution mechanisms available to the actors of the blockchain environment. Based on an analysis of existing BDRs, the authors examine whether and how BDRs are likely to avoid a denial of justice and bring legal certainty to disputes related to contractual relationships with DAOs formalized through smart contracts as well as disputes related to the governance of DAOs. The authors find that a BDR decision which can be directly enforced through smart contracts confers effective justice to the actors of the blockchain environment. Finally, the authors address the more delicate issue of the enforcement of a BDR decision on non-crypto assets. This approach shows that a type of justice based on cryptoeconomic incentives challenges the concept of fair justice. This could be an impediment to obtaining the assistance of state authorities for the enforcement of a BDR decision outside of the blockchain environment as this type of decision could be considered contrary to public policy.

The analysis is mostly based on Swiss private international law and major private international law conventions. In this chapter, the authors outline the contours of a new private justice system designed to provide decentralized autonomous justice to the actors of the crypto economy.

Banking and Financial Law are radically changing thanks to new technologies. In this paper, I try to offer a definition of blockchain and smart contracts, looking at the main features of these new tools and analyzing the recent action by the Italian legislator in order to define and regulate these new technologies, in the European context of reference.

With companies becoming increasingly complex and their operations involving multiple types of documents, it is imperative that organizations use new technologies to control and authenticate their documents. With this, the use of a secure and distributed database such as the blockchain can have a significant impact on business. The type of research is characterized as a descriptive research, where a qualitative case study was carried, since the analysis is based on the data made available by companies that use blockchain as an online document authentication tool, and in the available theoretical framework about the subject. About the theoretical framework, articles, books, technology sites, and several works on the subject were consulted, and it sought to address the basic concepts of blockchain technology and how it can contribute to business facilitating the process of document validation and authentication online. The main results showed that insurance companies can experience savings in data storage and document authentication through the use of digital solutions based on blockchain and smart contracts, but this technology is still in the experimental phase and has limitations. It can be concluded that blockchain-based document authentication services can bring benefits to insurance companies and to many other types of business in terms of information security, data control, information management, and transparency.

Com as empresas se tornando cada vez complexas e suas operações envolvendo diversos tipos de documentos, é imprescindível que as organizações utilizem novas tecnologias para controle e autenticação de seus documentos. Com isso, a utilização de um banco de dados seguro e distribuído como o ​ blockchain pode ter um impacto significante nos negócios. O tipo de pesquisa é caracterizado como uma pesquisa descritiva, onde foi realizado um estudo de caso de gênero qualitativo, visto que a análise está embasada nos dados disponibilizados por empresas que utilizam o ​ blockchain como ferramenta de autenticação de documentos on-line, e no referencial teórico disponível sobre o assunto. Sobre o referencial teórico, artigos, livros, sites de tecnologia, e diversas obras sobre o assunto foram consultadas, e buscou-se abordar os conceitos básicos da tecnologia ​ blockchain e como ela pode contribuir para os negócios facilitando o processo de validação e autenticação de documentos on-line. Os principais resultados encontrados evidenciaram que empresas seguradoras podem experimentar economia no armazenamento de dados e na autenticação de documentos por meio da utilização de soluções digitais baseados em ​ blockchain e contratos inteligentes, porém está tecnologia ainda está em fase experimental e possui limitações. Conclui-se que certamente os serviços de autenticação de documentos baseados em ​ blockchain podem trazer benefícios para as empresas seguradoras e para diversos outros tipos de negócios em relação a segurança da informação, controle dos dados, gestão das informações, e transparência.

ISSN: 2594-8504