SPI

Drought is a climatological phenomenon that occurs across all climate zones of the world. It causes environmental and economic loss and can negatively affect agricultural profit, especially in dry and semi-arid areas. This study used the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to model drought impacts on agricultural production. The role of meteorological and hydrological parameters was considered simultaneously. The results revealed that: (1) the increase of drought intensity leads to the reduction of crop production, while in the case of high-level drought, the production stays consistent; (2) NDVI could model the impacts of drought on crops production (R 2 = 0.60 and RMSE = 0.42); (3) NDVI had a better ability for showing SPI fluctuations, but in higher drought intensities, it was less sensitive to SPI fluctuations; (4) the spatial pattern of drought in the study area showed that the northern parts of the Basrah Governorate have the highest sensitivity to drought; (5) the temporal pattern of long-term SPI showed a high level of risk for agricultural activities due to drought; and (6) air temperature and humidity are the main meteorological parameters of crops production affecting the interpretation of the impacts of drought on agriculture production in Basrah, Iraq.

PT. Data Utama is a company that organizes professional-international trade shows that have 500 permanent employees, 50 contract employees and 10 daily employees. PT. Data Utama has many divisions / department, one of which is the Human Resources Department (HRD) which has many documents for all employees. One of the duties of HRD is to manage the employee's Application for Permit (SPI). During this time in managing SPI, the HR department still collected SPI forms from employees. In the process of applying for permits and taking leave of leave, the manual process still uses the application letter submitted to the supervisor. Then the SPI that has been approved by the employer, therefore needs to submit an SPI form to the admin section of the HRD for ratification of the employee permit application. This causes the work of employees & HRD to be ineffective and inefficient. For this problem, an online Employee Self Service (ESS) information system was created. The study was conduct...

PT. Data Utama is a company that organizes professional-international trade shows that have 500 permanent employees, 50 contract employees and 10 daily employees. PT. Data Utama has many divisions / department, one of which is the Human Resources Department (HRD) which has many documents for all employees. One of the duties of HRD is to manage the employee's Application for Permit (SPI). During this time in managing SPI, the HR department still collected SPI forms from employees. In the process of applying for permits and taking leave of leave, the manual process still uses the application letter submitted to the supervisor. Then the SPI that has been approved by the employer, therefore needs to submit an SPI form to the admin section of the HRD for ratification of the employee permit application. This causes the work of employees & HRD to be ineffective and inefficient. For this problem, an online Employee Self Service (ESS) information system was created. The study was conducted using survey techniques, where primary data collection was taken by distributing questionnaires to several parts of PT. Data Utama. The expected results are knowing that this application can facilitate the management of employee permit applications, so that from the input process to the search for data that becomes easier, faster and more efficient.

PT. Data Utama is a company that organizes professional-international trade shows that have 500 permanent employees, 50 contract employees and 10 daily employees. PT. Data Utama has many divisions / department, one of which is the Human Resources Department (HRD) which has many documents for all employees. One of the duties of HRD is to manage the employee's Application for Permit (SPI). During this time in managing SPI, the HR department still collected SPI forms from employees. In the process of applying for permits and taking leave of leave, the manual process still uses the application letter submitted to the supervisor. Then the SPI that has been approved by the employer, therefore needs to submit an SPI form to the admin section of the HRD for ratification of the employee permit application. This causes the work of employees & HRD to be ineffective and inefficient. For this problem, an online Employee Self Service (ESS) information system was created. The study was conduct...

Drought is a climatological phenomenon that occurs across all climate zones of the world. It causes environmental and economic loss and can negatively affect agricultural profit, especially in dry and semi-arid areas. This study used the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to model drought impacts on agricultural production. The role of meteorological and hydrological parameters was considered simultaneously. The results revealed that: (1) the increase of drought intensity leads to the reduction of crop production, while in the case of high-level drought, the production stays consistent; (2) NDVI could model the impacts of drought on crops production (R 2 = 0.60 and RMSE = 0.42); (3) NDVI had a better ability for showing SPI fluctuations, but in higher drought intensities, it was less sensitive to SPI fluctuations; (4) the spatial pattern of drought in the study area showed that the northern parts of the Basrah Governorate have th...

The aim of this research is to find out drought periods, percent of occurrence and spatial distribution of drought in the whole of Iraq in order to reduce it and take the necessary precautions to face it. The study utilizes the standardized precipitation index (SPI) to determine drought depending on monthly rainfall data that were collected from 24 stations during the period 1950-2016. Short term drought represents agricultural drought taken for six months (SPI 6) and long term drought represents hydrological drought taken for twelve months (SPI 12). The results showed that the study area (Iraq) was exposed to varied drought especially in the last decades (1997-2016) for both long and short terms. To represent the results of SPI for April and October of 2015, the Geographic information system (GIS) was used with the aid of Inverse distance weighted (IDW). It can be seen that these months suffered from varied drought levels in different regions of Iraq ranging from mild to extreme drought.

Abstract—A bevy of low cost, small size, and low power consumption sensors are called wireless sensor networks (WSNs). These networks have wide variety of applications with energy efficient protocols. In sensor networks data collision is a big problem which will cause to retransmit the same data. So MAC (Medium Access Control) protocols came into picture. Although different types of MAC protocols are available to implement the communication between the nodes, time based approach protocols gives better energy utilization than contention based protocols. In accordance with the TDMA protocol, channel time is divided into small time slots, each of which is assigned to a different node. It is necessary that all nodes in the network be synchronized. An Incorrectly Synchronized node can’t communicate or it will cause the entire TDMA network to collapse. So it is necessary to synchronize all nodes of the network by implementing a suitable synchronization algorithm. In this paper, the design...

Background and Objectives: Flood is one of the deadliest natural disasters in the world, which causes enormous sufferings to human societies and changes in environment. In recent years, flooding has become a growing concern for both communities and governments across several parts of the world. This problem, has made the needs for the experienced managers and flood engineers to reduce the flood impact on the society and environment. Flood forecasting is one of the non-structural flood risk management method which gives valuable information for flood alert services and people and various organizations will have enough time to prepare flood control measures in emergency situations.
Materials and Methods: In this study standardized precipitation index (SPI) and standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI) in Darzikala and Sangadeh weather stations located in Kasilian basin, Mazandaran province were calculated using R codes to determine the wet period. In order to explore the efficiency of SPI and SPEI in flood detection, the results were compared with river discharge time series in Valikbon gage station. To compare the results of SPI and SPEI indices, probability of detection (POD), false alarm ratio (FAR), and critical success index (CSI) were applied.
Results: The results showed that maximum and minimum POD for SPI and SPEI were 0.89 and 0.68 respectively. These values for CSI were 0.71 and 0.61 and for FAR parameter were 0.32 and 0.11 respectively. The trend analysis of mentioned indices showed that the SPEI index was relatively better than SPI due to the use of temperature data and hence the calculation of evapotranspiration, especially at the end of spring and summer in the Kasilian basin which has rainfall–snow regime
Conclusion: Based on the POD, FAR, and CSI statistics, it is suggested that the application of SPEI index is more suitable for flood forecasting in rainfall-snow regime due to the use of temperature data for snow melt, especially in spring and summer. The SPI index is also an important indicator because of its ability in providing desirable results in flood forecasting with only one parameter and also due to this fact that the rainfall is the only accurate data with appropriate historical period in all watersheds, and at least two organs in the country are collecting information about it.
Conclusion: Based on the POD, FAR, and CSI statistics, it is suggested that the application of SPEI index is more suitable for flood forecasting in rainfall-snow regime due to the use of temperature data for snow melt, especially in spring and summer. The SPI index is also an important indicator because of its ability in providing desirable results in flood forecasting with only one parameter and also due to this fact that the rainfall is the only accurate data with appropriate historical period in all watersheds, and at least two organs in the country are collecting information about it.

In Least Developed tropical Countries, the vulnerability assessment to climate change (CC) at local scale follows an indicator-based approach and uses information gathered mainly through household surveys or focus groups. Conceived in this way, the vulnerability assessment is rarely repeatable in time, cannot be compared with those carried out in other contexts and usually has low spatial coverage. The growing availability of open data at municipal level, routinely collected, now allows us to switch to vulnerability tracking (continuous, low cost, consistent with global monitoring systems). The aim of this chapter is to propose and verify the applicability of a VICC-Vulnerability Index to Climate Change on a municipal scale for Haiti. The chapter identifies open data on national, departmental and municipal scale, selects the information on a municipal scale on the basis of quality, identifies the indicators, evaluates the robustness of the index and measures it. The index consists of 10 indicators created using information relating to monthly precipitations, population density, flood prone areas, crop deficit, farmers for self-consumption, rural accessibility, local plans for CC adaptation, irrigated agriculture and cholera incidence. This information is gathered for the 125 mainly rural municipalities of Haiti. The description and discussion of the results is followed by suggestions to improve the index aimed at donors, local authorities and users.

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), climate change is manifested by the increase in average surface atmospheric temperatures and a decrease in rainfall. The impacts are multiple, complex and differentiated from one region to another in the world. In the Guelmim region (southern Morocco), climate change is manifested by severe droughts and/or recurrent floods. The objective of this study is to characterize the recent and future climate variability in the Guelmim region based on time series of precipitation, the study period goes from 1985 to 2017, and from 2020 to 2099 using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI).Results of SPI analysis indicate that the most notable droughts for their varying intensity, duration and frequency occurred during the 1992-94 and 1997-2000 periods. Future analysis indicates the study area will face several extended periods of drought and wet during 2020 to 2099. The results of this study show also the link between North Atla...

Günümüzün en yıkıcı ve en az farkında olunan afetlerinden birisi de kuraklıktır. Türkiye’de son dönemlerde, kuraklık koşullarında artış olduğu dikkati çekmektedir. Türkiye’de kuraklık ve çölleşme gibi tehlikelerden en fazla etkilenen bölgelerden birisi de Güneydoğu Anadolu’dur (GDA). Bu çalışmada GDA bölgesinde kuraklık, çölleşme ve tarım arasındaki ilişkiler incelenmiştir. GDA Bölgesi’nin son 38 yıllık sürecine ait mevsimlik Standartlaştırılmış Yağış İndeksi (SPI) analizi yapılmıştır. Günümüzde farklı türlerde kullanılan kuraklık analizi yöntemleri bulunur. Türkiye’de son yıllarda, kuraklık bakımından farklılaşma olduğu dikkati çekmektedir. Bunun sebeplerinden birisi olarak, Türkiye’yi de etkisi altına alan Kuzey Atlantik Salınımındaki (NAO) varyasyonların olduğu görülmektedir. Araştırmada kuraklığın zamansal eğilimini tespit etmek amacıyla Mann-Kendall testi uygulanmıştır. Bu parametrik olmayan Mann-Kendall testi zaman serilerinin eğilimlerinin belirlenmesinde yaygın olarak tercih edilen testlerden birisidir. Çalışma alanında Kış mevsiminde kuraklık eğilimi ve frekansı artmaktadır. En fazla yağışını kış mevsiminde alan GDA bölgesi için bu durum ciddi bir risktir. Aynı zamanda çalışma alanında ortalama her 3 yılda 1 ciddi kuraklık yaşanmaktadır. Örnek vermek gerekirse, 2006-2007 yağış noksanlığında buğday verimi % 14 civarında, arpa verimi ise % 24 oranında rekolte kaybı yaşamıştır. Bu sonuç kuraklığın tarımsal ürün verimi ve gıda arzı bağlamında bölgede hangi oranda risk oluşturduğunun göstergesidir. Bu bağlamda GDA bölgesinde ve Türkiye’nin genelinde kuraklık ve tarımsal ürün verimi arasındaki ilişkiselliği tespit ve analiz edip gerekli önlemleri alan merkezlerin kurulması elzemdir. Tüm bunlar beraberinde çölleşme ve tarımsal verim düşüklüğüne işaret etmektedir. Zira yapılan çalışmalar Türkiye’nin yaklaşık olarak yarısını çölleşme riski altında gösterirken, GDA bölgesinin % 80’lik kısmının çölleşme riski ile karşı karşıya olduğunu göstermektedir.